A Royal Visit Nitric Acid Boiling Rig Changes for MPC & Dalton

The Newsletter of The Materials Performance CentreIssue 10 - Autumn 2009

A Royal VisitNitric Acid Boiling RigChanges for MPC & DaltonSpotlight on Dr Patrick Massin

www.manchester.ac.uk/mpc

J2389 MPC newsletter:Layout 1 21/08/2009 16:19 Page 1

On Tuesday, 10 March, His Royal Highness the Duke of York made a specially-arranged visit to the Dalton Nuclear Institute, where delegations from all theresearch groups integral to Dalton made poster presentations to the Duke. Inattendance were the President and Vice-Chancellor of the University, Professor AlanGilbert and the Dean of Faculty, Professor John Perkins. The High Sheriff ofManchester, the Lord Mayor of Manchester and the Lady Mayoress were also present.

The MPC was represented by two groups: Professor Andrew Sherry, DrJonathan Duff and Kerry Taylor-Kousoulou presented on “Improving theunderstanding of materials performance in nuclear power plants”. Whilst thegraphite group, represented by Professor Barry Marsden, Dr Abbie Jones andPhD student Lorraine McDermott, made the presentation “Research ongraphite reactors cores to support the safe operation of the UK’s reactors”.

The MPC group reported that the Duke was very knowledgeable about thearea, and actively engaged with the presentations, making astute observationsand asking some challenging questions. Overall, the day was a success and it isa great credit to the MPC and to Dalton to be accorded such a visit.

Welcome to the latest issue of the MPC Newsletter, which providesnews and research updates on the Materials Performance Centre(MPC) at The University of Manchester and looks forward to futuredevelopments. We’ve had some major changes here at the MPC overthe last few months – most obvious of which being that I have takenover the role of Director from Professor Andrew Sherry, who hasmoved across to become the Executive Director of the Dalton NuclearInstitute. You can read more about these developments on page 3.

Our cover image for this issue comes from a visit to the Universityin March by HRH The Duke of York. Several members of the MPCrepresented our Centre and its research (see page 2).

This issue’s centre feature is on the nitric acid boiling rig which hasbeen installed as part of a collaborative project between the MPC, theSchool of Chemical Engineering and the National Nuclear Laboratoryto investigate the corrosion of steels in boiling nitric acids. Otherfeatures within include an overview of Manchester’s new EDF-fundedCentre for Modelling and Simulation, a report from the annual BritishEnergy Graphite meeting, and “Spotlight on…” Patrick Massin of EDF.

In other items of news, last month we held a research day atSerco, at which all PhD and EngD students working in the area offracture gave presentations to Serco staff. Earlier in the year ElsieOnumonu organised a trip to Serco for PhD students to get a tasteof working in industry. Both of these events were a success, andones which we hope to repeat.

Professor Barry Marsden and Dr Abbie Jones are collaborating withcolleagues at Idaho National Lab, setting up foundation studies toconduct a joint irradiation program between the INL and UoMusing the INL Materials Test Reactor, to compare various types ofNuclear graphite. Techniques will include in Situ Tomographymeasurements, RAMAN, FIB -SEM and HRTEM. We also continueto hold regular teleconferences with colleagues at the SavannahRiver National Laboratory, exploring possible areas of mutual work.

Many MPC staff and students are attending and presenting atconferences in the current season, including sizeable delegationsat ICF-12 in Ottawa, PVP in Prague and Eurocorr in Nice. Dr TonyCook presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the InternationalSociety of Electrochemistry in Beijing, on atmospheric inducedstress corrosion cracking of stainless steel. MPC members will alsobe attending the 50th Anniversary Corrosion Science Symposium,taking place in September here in Manchester.

Meanwhile, we have received a large number of visitors recently.These include Dr Ivan Cole, Deputy Chief of CSIRO’s MaterialsScience & Engineering Division, Melbourne, Australia. Dr Colerecently visited the MPC for three months in the capacity ofDistinguished Visiting Fellow from the Royal Academy ofEngineering, and will continue in the role of Visiting Professor inCorrosion for the next three years.

Finally, congratulations to Jonathan Duff, Maria Ivermark, KarenShapiro and Guy Woodhouse, who have all recently successfullypassed their PhD viva. Well done!

Dr James MarrowDirector, Materials Performance Centre

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THE DIRECTOR’S CUT A ROYAL APPOINTMENT

Congratulations to MPC members Dr Abbie Jones and Elsie Onumonu, whohave respectively been elected President and Vice-President of the ManchesterMetallurgical Society.

Earlier this year, MPC PhD student Fabien Leonard won the Manchester Heat(IoM3) and the regional final for the MMS-run Young Persons LectureCompetition 2009. Fabien won £100 for winning the Manchester heat and afurther £150 for the regional heat, both won on the same night. He thenrepresented the North West in the regional final held at Armourers and BrasiersHall in London on the 29 April In the Manchester heat, MPC students LorraineMcDermott and Ben Cordner came second third respectively.

The MMS celebrates its 90th anniversary this year. To mark this occasion ProfessorPhil Withers will be giving a guest lecture on next generation X-ray imaging onTuesday, 20 October. The lecture will be followed by a tour of the new x-rayfacilities at the Henry Mosley Institute. The will be an accompanying display on thehistory of the MMS, along with other displays, in the student common room, andrefreshments will be available. Please keep an eye on your emails for furtherinformation on this event, or contact Abbie Jones: [email protected].

MANCHESTERMETALLURGICAL SOCIETY


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NEW MANAGEMENT TEAM TAKES OVER AT NNL

NUCLEAR BODIES POWER UP TOGETHER

Changes for the MPC and Dalton

On 6 April 2009, a consortium of Serco, Battelleand The University of Manchester (SBM) formallytook over the management of the NationalNuclear Laboratory (NNL, formerly Nexia Solutions)on behalf of the Department for Energy andClimate Change (DECC). The NNL was originallylaunched in July 2008 by John Hutton, thenSecretary of State for Business. The Lab bringstogether expert nuclear research capabilities ofNexia Solutions with world-class nuclear facilities,such as the new Central Laboratory at Sellafield.

The consortium has plans to place the lab at thecentre of the research and development agendathat underpins the renaissance in the nuclearsector. Key objectives for the new team includethe maintaining and improving NNL’s best inclass safety record, significantly growingrevenues over the initial three year contractperiod and creating 180 new technical jobs inthe North West.

Another key driver is the commissioning of thePlutonium Laboratories (Phase 2) and High ActiveCells (Phase 3) of the new Central Laboratory atSellafield. A fully operational Central Laboratoryis a flagship for nuclear research anddevelopment in the UK and the world.

The University’s involvement in managing theUK NNL is a significant development in thevision to be renowned as a world-leadinguniversity in nuclear research and education.

Dr. Paul Howarth has been seconded from hisrole as Executive Director of the Dalton Instituteto the NNL on a permanent basis, where he willassume the role of Director of Science,Technology & Project Delivery. The consortiumwill be led by Mike Lawrence, who moves acrossfrom Battelle. Mike Lawrence said: “It’s anhonour and privilege to be the new ManagingDirector of the National Nuclear Laboratory. Ifeel a mixture of great pride and excitement aswe look forward to securing an exciting futurefor the NNL by taking it on to the next level.”

The MPC looks forward to this developmentfurther enhancing our already strongpartnership with the NNL, and to it creatingfurther opportunities for collaboration andcooperative working.

www.nnl.co.uk

The University of Manchester has signed amemorandum of understanding with theNational Nuclear Laboratory (NNL), spearheadedby the MPC, to share knowledge and developopportunities in a specialist field of the industry.

The MPC and the NNL will also jointly bid forfunding opportunities for new projects andwork pro-actively to secure the necessary funds.

NNL staff will contribute directly to jointresearch activities at the university andresearchers at the university will be able toaccess NNL equipment and active facilities andwork alongside NNL staff as part of jointresearch activities.

The two bodies will also work together todefine trends and requirements for skills innuclear materials for the nuclear industry andstrategically address any skills gaps.

The NNL will provide teaching material, guestlecturing and design projects and there will also bethe opportunity for secondments or placements,including visiting roles for both organisations tomake the maximum potential of the agreement.

Support will be made available for studentsusing bursaries, awards and vocationalplacements at NNL establishments, and theuniversity will assist the NNL in mentoring suchstudents throughout their degree course.

Prof Andrew Sherry said: “This agreementreinforces our existing links with the NNL andcreates new opportunities for young researchers tobenefit from the outstanding expertise and facilitiesat the NNL. We look forward to developing newcollaborative research programmes to addressmaterials performance in nuclear applications andto develop the UK skills base."

As a result of Dr Paul Howarth’s secondmentto the NNL, Professor Andrew Sherry hasmoved on from the Directorship of the MPCto become the next Executive Director of theDalton Nuclear Institute.

Dr James Marrow and the rest of the MPCwould like to express sincere gratitude toAndrew for nearly five years as Director,during which time the centre has gone fromstrength to strength. Congratulations toAndrew for this prestigious move, and welook forward to continuing and enhancing ourrelationship with Dalton under his leadership.

MOVING ON….

In early October NNL will be providing anintroductory training session on the nuclearindustry. This event has been held in previousyears and was well-attended byMPC/Manchester students as well as newrecruits and graduate employees from Serco,British Energy and other MPC-affiliatedorganisations. It has been well-received and isan invaluable introduction to a rapidly-expanding industry. For more information,please email [email protected].

INTRODUCTIONTO THENUCLEARINDUSTRY


Student Profile

MPCNEWSLETTER4

FEATURE

Corrosion Studies on StainlessSteel in Boiling Nitric AcidIn a collaboration between Professor Guy Whillockof the National Nuclear Laboratory, Dr NicholasStevens and student Ben Cordner of the MPC andDr Leo Lue of the School of Chemical Engineeringat Manchester, an EPSRC CASE PhD project toinvestigate the corrosion of steels in boiling nitricacids was begun in January 2008. As part of thisresearch, a new rig has been installed in theMorton Laboratory to conduct experiments underconditions which aim to reproduce those used inevaporators for concentrating nitric acid in thereprocessing of nuclear fuel at Sellafield.

In the UK nuclear industry, spent uranium fuel isreprocessed to recover 235U which has not beenused up in the fission process. This is necessarybecause the rates of burn up in the fuel are low,and only a small fraction of the fissile 235U isotopeis used before continued power generation fromthe fuel rod becomes inefficient due to the buildup of fission products and other minor actinideproducts formed in the fuel. The reprocessing isaccomplished by the Plutonium and UraniumRecovery by Extraction (PUREX) process in whichthe fuel is dissolved in hot concentrated nitric acid.A solvent extraction is then performed with anorganic solvent containing 30% tributyl phosphate(TBP) in kerosene, which is capable of extractingboth the Uranium and Plutonium species. Theremaining nitric acid containing the fissionproducts and actinides is then concentrated toreduce the volume of the waste, by boiling at lowpressure in evaporators before the waste is takenfor storage and eventual vitrification.

The evaporators are heavily contaminated by thisprocess and cannot be inspected or repaired oncein service, and therefore have to be constructed tovery high margins of safety against any corrosionfailures. This is a challenge, as the boiling nitricacid is capable of corroding many metallicmaterials at high rates. The material of choice forconstruction of evaporators in the UK nuclearindustry since the 1980s is a grade of niobiumstabilised 304L stainless steel, NAG 18/10L whichresists corrosion very well. To maximise the lifetimeof the evaporator vessels, the nitric acid is boiledunder reduced pressure, which brings down theboiling point of the acid from 111°C atatmospheric pressure to 70°C. The corrosion rateof the steel decreases by an order of magnitude asa result of this. The extreme sensitivity of the rateof corrosion to the temperature has led to somevariability in the results reported in the literaturefor corrosion rates, as it is a challenge to controlthe temperature of a boiling system reproducibly,when the boiling point is also a variable dependingstrongly on the concentration of the acid. Toenable precise control of the temperature in thenew boiling rig, which aims to provide accuratedata on the corrosion rates of steels under a rangeof conditions, it is advantageous to use steamheating, which can supply heat to a large samplewith little geometric or time variation. Thisrequirement has led to the location of the rig inthe Morton Laboratory, the medium scaleexperimental facility operated by the School ofChemical Engineering at Manchester, which has ahigh quality steam system running throughout thebuilding, and the technical support to build andinstall rigs larger than the normal laboratory scale.

The rig itself was initially constructed at theWorkington Rig Hall for Professor Whillock, buthas been relocated to form part of Ben’s PhDstudies and to widen the scope for collaborationwith the Chemical Engineering department. Since

installation, Ben Cordner and Professor GuyWhillock have used the rig for a series of studiesto calibrate the temperature measuring equipmentinstalled, which aims to allow the precisemeasurement of both the temperature profile inthe rig, but also the heat flux across the test plate,as it is an open question as to whether there areeffects from the heat flux, as well as just from thetemperature of the nitric acid. The results of theseexperiments will support the design of futureevaporators for the UK nuclear industry, but alsoprovide a test bed for changes to the managementof existing equipment to be investigated.

I began my PhD within the MaterialsPerformance Centre in January 2008. I obtained my Physics B/Sc from the Universityof Leeds in 2004, I worked as a NetworkConsultant for a medical networkingcompany for a little over a year then wenttravelling for a few years before embarkingon my post-graduate degree. The title of myproject is ‘Heat transfer corrosion of stainlesssteel in nitric acid’ and is run in closecollaboration with the National NuclearLaboratory. Nitric acid is the primary processmedium in the nuclear reprocessing industryand is utilised in predominantly stainless steelvessels. The highly radioactive nature of thefissile products present in all major stages ofnuclear reprocessing dictates that a thorough,quantitative appreciation of the corrosionrates of stainless steel in nitric acid under avariety of thermal conditions is necessary tocalculate the working life of such vessels andother components.

Outside of my studies my main hobby isskydiving which ensures I remain poor, but Iam also an enthusiastic long distance runnerand I occasionally play a bit of bass guitar.

Ben Cordner


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s

British Energy Annual Graphite Meeting at Manchester

The British Energy Graphite Research meetingwas held at the Materials Performance Centreon 21 April 2009. This was the 10th annualmeeting, and the third successive event atManchester. These meetings aim to disseminatecurrent graphite research, particularly thatsupported by British Energy. It was attended bystudents and staff from the Universities ofManchester, Sussex, Strathclyde, Salford,Birmingham, Hull and Cardiff, as well as byresearchers from organisations including BritishEnergy, Serco, Magnox, Frazer-Nash, AMEC,Nexia Solutions, National Nuclear Lab, theHealth and Safety Executive and NRG Petten(The Netherlands).

The research presented ranged from themodelling the effects of neutron irradiation at theatomic scale up to whole reactor core behaviour.Other topics included core condition monitoring

methods, microstructure-based modelling ofgraphite behaviour and novel experimental methodsto assess graphite properties.

The next meeting is scheduled to in Manchesteron 15 April 2010. Please contact the MPC forfurther details: email: [email protected], tel:0161 306 4838.

Measurement of displacements in themicrostructure of AGR nuclear graphite, by theapplication of digital image correlation to in-situthermal experiments on the Swiss Light SourceTOMCAT synchrotron tomography beamline. DavidJames (British Energy sponsored PhD at theMaterials Performance Centre). The samplediameter is 1 mm, the displacements due to a 30°Ctemperature change are less than [XXX] µm. Suchobservations are used to validate microstructure-based models for dimensional changes.

Spotlight On...

Patrick Massin has recently been appointeddirector of the Laboratory for the Mechanics ofAgeing Industrial Structures, which is a mixedEDF-CNRS research unit. This laboratoryconducts three main research operations:

• damage and rupture of structures (metallic and civil engineering),

• data identification, assimilation, exploitation,reduction and coupled problems involvingstructures,

• computational mechanics: methods,formulation and algorithms for non linearstructural calculations.

Dr Massin is leading the third research operationof the Laboratory. Dr Massin is also involved in thesetting up of research partnerships withuniversities or industries willing to use freesoftwares developed by EDF R&D in the field ofcomputational mecahincs. Recently heparticipated in the creation of the Modelling andSimulation Centre at the University of Manchester.

Doctor Massin graduated from Ecole NormaleSupérieure de la Rue d’Ulm in 1989 and gaineda Masters Degree from Paris VI University in1991. He was awarded a PhD in 1994 from theUniversity of Michigan, for research into visco-plastic instabilities of geological formationslinked with oil research for petroleum industries.He started his professional career at EDF R&D,working in the development of structural finiteelements of Code_Aster software such as pipes,plates and shells. He also started working oncontact-friction algorithms implementationinside Code_Aster in collaboration with Profesor

Ben Dhia of Ecole Centrale de Paris. During hissubsequent career he was appointed projectmanager in the field of multi-axial fatigue, workingon crack problems affecting rotor shafts undermixed mode loading conditions and then teammanager in the field of computational mechanics.Following this he spent four year directing theteam that developed the different softwares thatare used for mechanical studies at EDF:Code_Aster in the field of thermo-mechanicalanalyses in static and dynamics and Europlexuswhich is co-developed with the CEA, ONERA, CCRand Samtech for fast dynamics.

Since 1 January 2008, Dr Massin has led the thirdoperation of the LaMSID on ComputationalMechanics. His most recent work concerns:

• Contact mechanics with friction: Dr Massindeveloped and implemented several contactalgorithms in Code_Aster, including discreteand continuous formulations, the first onebased on force and the second one based onpressure. This work is associated with a ten yearcollaboration with Prof Hachmi Ben Dhia fromEcole Centrale de Paris and the work of threePhD students. The first work concerned theformulation itself with a shift from discrete ornodal contact force formulations to a mixedpressure displacement formulation derived froma continuous approach of contact conditionsintroduced in the principle of virtual work andthen discretised. The latest works concern wearapplications and compatibility of contactalgorithms with boundary conditions.

• X-FEM elements for the description ofdiscontinuities. The advantage of theseelements is that you don’t need to take intoaccount in the mesh itself the discontinuity.The discontinuity is embedded inside theelement and is fully described by an enrichedkinematics. Thanks to a long term partnershipwith Ecole Centrale de Nantes (Nicolas Moës)and IFP (Martin Guiton), the elements thatwere first developed in 3D with contact-friction in small displacement are nowextended to large sliding. The aim is to beable to treat in the future crack arrays withcontact-friction, to set up criteria for crackpropagation and to be able to follow thepropagation in the context of X-FEM frame.

Patrick Massin


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A NEW CENTRE FOR MODELLING AND SIMULATION

MPCVISITORS

Electricité de France (EDF) has signed an £0.8 million agreement to fund a Chair and aResearch Fellow in Computational Mechanics, aspart of a plan towards the creation of a newCentre for Modelling and Simulation, expected tobe launched at the end of 2009. The Centre willlink with Manchester’s existing MaterialsPerformance Centre, Dalton Nuclear Institute,and Tyndall Centre. Commenting on the plans,Pierre-Louis Viollet, from EDF's research anddevelopment branch, said: "For EDF, the jointcreation of the Modelling and Simulation Centrerepresents a major partnership. It will benefitfrom over 10 years of cooperation between The University of Manchester and EDF R&D onsimulation, and enhance worldwide developmentof energy research for the development ofrenewables as well as nuclear energy in the UK"

The new centre, building on open-sourcesoftware provided by Electricite de France (EDF)and long-established strengths of the School ofMechanical, Civil and Aerospace Engineering incomputational fluid dynamics (CFD) andturbulence modelling, will expand to solidmechanics and continuum mechanics moregenerally. The code base will be broad with

finite-element solid and non-linear mechanicsmodelling, including damage, plasticity, micro-macro scales, and geo-materials (seewww.code-aster.org), finite-volume CFD methods(www.code-saturne.org), finite-element wave,current and sediment transport methods(www.telemacsystem.com), finite-differenceacoustics methods (SAFARI) and meshless particle

methods (SPARTACUS), and the OpenTURNScode for probabilistic approaches. There will beno restriction on development and use ofexternal (non-EDF) commercial code ortransferring the mostly open source codes tothird parties, and it is vital that “in house”/academic codes continue to be developed fortesting fundamental ideas and algorithms.

Maturity of computational mechanics modellingmeans that the more promising researchavenues are found at crossroads, eg betweenfluids, solids and materials; betweenengineering and computational mathematics;between sophisticated theoretical models andindustrial practice or standards, which althoughwell established, are in need of constantimprovement. Another research opportunity ismultiscale modelling which has recently beenmade possible through ever-increasing computer

power: coupling of Reynolds averaged CFD withLarge Eddy Simulation in fluids; modelling offailure in solids at structure level or grain boundarylevel. A strong theme will be coupling codes formulti-disciplinary problems, such as turbulent flowinduced thermal stresses or flow inducedvibrations, with the availability of the general codeinterfacing and coupling tool SALOME.

The Centre, with its critical mass, is expected to bea major hub for modelling and simulation code

users in the UK and wider English speakingworld, hosting not only a software-base anddata-base of test cases, but most of all a“knowledge-base” around the software,contributing to verification and validation (V&V)and best practise guidelines (BPG), and most ofall a place for sharing know-how and novelideas around common sophisticated butpowerful and efficient numerical tools, inworkshops, seminars, courses, internships, andindustrial exchanges.

As well as Dr Ivan Cole (Director’s Cut) the MPChas had, and continues to have a number ofvisitors here working with us. These include PierreRoy and Takayuki Mori, three MSc students fromthe University of Birmingham, Carl Pearson, PhilipHay-Dutton and Thomas Richards, here tocomplete their final projects, Shwan Said, JohnBowmer, Abdelkader Mehrez, Magda Kinavuidiand Peter Williams (MSc students on the NTEC

programme), Christophe Mansoulie from EDF(working on leak before break), interns CaroleAlaux (INSA-Lyon), Remy Delorme & MehdiGherrab, (both ENSICAEN), and a workexperience student from the nearby Trinity CofEHigh School, in Hulme. It is always a pleasure tohave visitors here at the MPC, workingcollaboratively with our researchers and bringingin new projects and ideas.

Multi-crystal aggregates (Aster – EDF AMA)

Fluid temperatures, pipe-wall temperatures, pipe-wall stress field (Saturne, Syrthes & Aster codes – EDF MFEE)

(Aster – EDF AMA)


7MPCNEWSLETTER


MPCNEWSLETTER8

MPC TEAM

PhD and PDRA

Opportunitieswith the

MPCVisit our website to find out more:

www.manchester.ac.uk/mpc

Professor Andrew Sherry

Associate Director

Structural Integrity, Fracture,SCC, [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4842

Professor Barry Marsden

Associate DirectorNuclear Graphite [email protected]+44 (0)161 275 4399

Dr Nick Stevens

LecturerElectrochemistry, Corrosion,[email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3621

Miss Freyja Peters

PA to Dr James [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4838

Professor Ping Xiao

Associate ScientistMaterials Chemistry, CVD ofGraphite, [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 5941

Professor Philip Withers FREng

Associate DirectorResidual Stress, DamageCharacterisation, Structural [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 8872

Dr Jane Deakin

Business [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4840

Professor Guy Whillock

Visiting Professor, NNL Senior Research [email protected]+44 (01946 779 297

Mr Walter Weaver

Visiting Senior Research FellowMaterials Characterisation &[email protected]+44 (0)177 276 3928

Professor David Tice

Visiting ProfessorSerco Chief Corrosion Scientist& Technical Director forMPC/Serco research partnershipon corrosion & environmentally-assisted cracking research

[email protected]+44 (0) 01925 253819

Dr Paul Mummery

Associate ScientistGraphite, Composites,[email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3686

Professor Stuart Lyon

Associate ScientistCorrosion, AtmosphericDeposition, [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4846

Dr Michael Preuss

Senior LecturerResidual Stress, Zirconium,Microstructures, HighTemperature [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3601

Dr João Quinta da Fonseca

LecturerResidual Stress, Modelling,Surface Strain [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4844

Dr Bob Cottis

Associate ScientistCorrosion, ElectrochemicalNoise, SCC, [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 4843

Dr Joe Robson

Associate Scientist, Lecturer inPhysical Metallurgy [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3560

Professor Colin English

Visiting Professor, NNL Senior Research [email protected]+44 (0)870 190 8443

Dr Martin Goldthorpe

ConsultantFracture Mechanics, StructuralIntegrity, Finite Element [email protected]

Dr James Marrow

Director

Tomography, Failure Mechanisms,Stress Corrosion, [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3611

The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL Royal Charter Number RC000797 J2389 08.09

Professor Ted Smith

Associate ScientistStructural [email protected]+44 (0)161 306 3556


Documents

A Royal Visit Nitric Acid Boiling Rig Changes for MPC & Dalton