A sample AP Chemistry Outline

7/29/2019 A sample AP Chemistry Outline

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FAIR LAWN H.S. Mr. William J. Oliver MA, MA

AP CHEMISTRY COURSE

Language Arts Literacy Standards 3.1, 3.2 3.4 and 3.5 apply to the entire

course.

I. LAB PROCEDURES AND SAFETY (5.1.12C.1)

II. STOICHIOMETRY (5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12.A-B, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 )

A. Molarity and Dilution Problems

B. Advanced Problems

1. Percentage Composition

2. Empirical & Molecular Formulas

3. Limiting Reactant Problems

4. Theoretical and Actual Yields

III. SOLUTION CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-D, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

A. Problem Solving (Review and Advanced Problems)

1. Molarity

2. Molality

3. Mass Percentage

4. Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression

5. Molecular Mass from Colligative Data

B. Additional Colligative Problems1. Vapor Pressure / Raoults Law

2. Osmotic Pressure

C. Precipitation Reactions / Solubility Rules

1. Ionic Equations

2. Net Ionic Equations

D. Solution Conductivity (Review)

1. Electrolytes

2. Nonelectrolytes

LAB Molecular Mass from Freezing Point Lowering

LAB Ionic Reaction and Reaction Types

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4)

IV.REDOX REACTIONS (5.6.12A.3, 5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-C, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 )

Balancing Redox Equations (Neutral, Acid, and Alkaline Conditions)

Writing Redox Equations (including the predicting of products)

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LAB Analysis of a Hydrogen Peroxide Solution

(Redox Titration)

LAB Corrosion- an Electrochemical Process

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4)

V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.3, 5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-D, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 )

A. Electrochemical and Electrolytic Cells

B. Eo and Spontaneity

C. Review Thermodynamics

D. Eo and Delta G

E. Review Equilibrium

F. K and Delta G

G. Eo and K

H. Effects of Concentration on Cell Voltage (Nernst

Equation)

I. Introduction to Batteries (Electrochemical Cells)

J. Electrolytic Cells

K. Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry/Faradays

Laws

LAB Electrochemical Cells

LAB Determination of the Faraday (An Electrolytic Process)

LAB Voltaic Cells. Nernst Equation (Interactive Computer Lab)

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

V. AP EQUATION WRITING (5.6.12A.6)

A. Predicting the Products of Reactions (Introduction)

B. Preparation of Acids, Bases, and Salts

C. Hydrolysis Reactions

D. Amphoteric Reactions

E. Complexation Reactions

VI. DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTUM THEORY

(5.6.12A.1.3.5.8, 5.2.12B.1-3, 5.4.12A.1)A. History of Atomic Structure (Review)

B. Bohr Model of the Atom

C. Bohr Equations (Derivation and Problem Solving)

D. Emission Spectroscopy (including Problem Solving)

VII. MODERN QUANTUM THEORY QUANTUM MECHANICS

(5.6.12A.1.3.5.8, 5.2.12B.1-3, 5.4.12A.1)

A. Electron Wave Particle Duality (Proof)

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B. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

C. Elementary Wave Mechanics (The Particle in the Box

Problem)

D. Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

1. Schroedinger Wave Equation (SWE) for the

Hydrogen Atom

2. The Wave Function, Probability, and Electron

Charge Density

3. Probability Distribution Plots for Electron

Orbitals (s,p,d,f)

4. Electron Configuration Diagrams, Orbital

Subshell Diagrams,

and Lewis Diagrams

5. Quantum Numbers and the Pauli Exclusion

Principle

LAB Beers Law (Using the Spectronic 20 Spectrophotometer)

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12C&D, 5.4.12A.1,

9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3 )

VIII. THE PERIODIC CHART (Review)

(5.6.12A.5, 5.2.12B.1-3, 5.4.12A.1)

A. Periodic Law & Periodicity

B. Periodic Properties

C. History of the Periodic Chart

D. Classes of Elements

1. Metals

2.Nonmetals

3. Metalloids

E. Types of Activity

1. Metallic

2. Nonmetallic

F. Groups and Families of Elements

G. Predicting Properties using the Periodic Chart

IX. CHEMICAL BONDING

( 5.6.12A.3, 5.6.12A.4, 5.6.12A.6, 5.6.12A.7, 5.6.12B.2,

5.2.12B.1-3, 5.4.12A.1)

A. Electronegativity and Ionic Character

B. Ionic Bonding

1. Born Haber Cycle

2. Lewis Diagrams

C. Covalent Bonding

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1. Energy Considerations

2. Lewis and Structural Diagrams

3. Polar and Nonpolar Bonds

4. Molecular Geometry and Molecular Polarity

D. Hybridization of Orbitals (sp3, sp2, sp) in Carbon and

other Elements

E. Expanded Octet Structures

1. sp3d2 and sp3d hybridization

2. Geometries

F. Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory

LAB Covalent Model Building and Analysis

LAB Molecular Modeling using the computer

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4, 5.3.12B-C )

X. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.7)

A. Types of Organic Compounds

1. Saturated Hydrocarbons

2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

4. Substituted Hydrocarbons

B. Types of Organic Reactions

1. Oxidation

2. Addition

3. Substitution

4. Esterification

5. Saponification

6. Polymerization

7. Synthesis

C. Isomerism

1. Structural

2. Geometrical (Cis-Trans)

3. Optical

LAB Isomer Model Building and Analysis(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4, 5.3.12B-C )

XI. PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF GASES

(5.6.12A.6, 5.2.12B.1-3, 5.3.12A-D, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 )

A. Ideal Gas Laws Review (including Problem Solving)

B. Behavior of Real and Ideal Gases

C. Van der Waals Equation (including Problem Solving)

D. Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gases

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E. Kinetic Equations (Derivation and Problem Solving)

1. Fundamental Kinetic Equation

2. Average Molecular Velocity

3. Average Translational Energy

F. Distribution of Molecular Speeds and Energies in

Gases

LAB Molecular Mass of a Vapor

(5.1.12C.1 , 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4)

XII. GASEOUS EQUILIBRIUM (5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-C)

A. Kc Problem Solving

B. Kp Problem Solving

C. Le Chateliers Principle and Problem Solving

D. Delta G and K

XIII. THERMOCHEMISTRY (5.6.12B.2, 5.3.12A-B, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

A. Enthalpy of Formation

B. Enthalpy Change (Delta H) (Heat of Reaction)

C. Thermochemical Equations and Hesss Law

D. Calorimetry

1. Coffee Cup Calorimeter

2. Bomb Callorimeter

E. First Law of Thermodynamics

1. Delta E = Q + W

2. Application of the First Law to Chemical Reactions

a. System at Constant Volume (W = 0)

b. System at Constant Pressure (W = P V)

LAB Enthapy of Formation Determination

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12A-C, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XIV. THERMODYNAMICS

(5.6.12A.6, 5.6.12B.2, 5.3.12 A&B, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)A. Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions

B. Factors that Affect the Spontaneity of a Reaction

1. Enthalpy Change

2. Entropy Change

C. Third Law of Thermodynamics

D. Second Law of Thermodynamics

E. First Law of Thermodynamics

F. The Gibbs- Helmholtz Equation and the Effect of Temperature on

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Reaction Spontaneity

G. The Four Thermodynamic Situations

H. Problem Solving (H, S, G, and K)

XV. REACTION KINETICS/ RATE OF REACTION (Theory & Problem Solving)

(5.6.12A.6, 5.6.12B.1, 5.3.12A-D, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

A.Meaning of Reaction RateB.Dependence of Reaction Rate upon Concentration

1. Zero Order Reactions

2.First Order Reactions

3. Second Order Reactions

C.Dependence of Reaction Rate upon Temperature

1. Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation

2. The Activated Complex

D.Catalysis

E.Reaction Mechanism1. Multistep Mechanism and the Rate Determining Step

2. Chain Reactions

3. Surface Reactions

LAB Rate of Reaction

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12C&D, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XVI. IONIC EQUILIBRIUM (5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-C, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

A. Water Ionization Equilibrium (Kw) (Review)

B. pH, pH Scale, and pOH ( Theory and Problems ) (Review)C. Ionization Equilibrium (Ka) (Kb) Theory and Problems

D. Solubility Equilibrium (Ksp) Theory and Problems

XVII. ACID BASE CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.6, 5.3.12A-D)

A.Acids and Bases (Review)

1 . The Nature of Acids and Bases before being dissolved in

water

2. The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases

3. The Factors that affect the Strength of Acids and Bases4. Acid-Base Neutralization

5. The Taste and Feel of Acids and Bases

B. Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases (in detail)

including Conjugate Acid-Base Theory

C. Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases

D. Titration (Theory and Problem Solving)

E.Buffer Solutions (Theory and Problem Solving)

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LAB Preparation and Standardization of a Basic Solution

LAB Determining the Molecular Mass of Oxalic Acid by

Titration with a Base

LAB - Titration Curve and Acid Base Indicators

LAB - The Preparation and Testing of a Buffer Solution

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12C&D, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XIII. LIQUID CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.6)

A. Interparticle Forces of Attraction in Liquids

B. Liquid Vapor Equilibrium (Review)

1. Molar Heat of Vaporization

2. Beading and Surface Tension

3. Wetting Ability

C. Volatile/ Nonvolatile (Review)

D. Vapor Pressure (Review)

E. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation (Derivation and Problem Solving)F. Boiling Point and the Factors that Affect it (Review)

G. Troutons Rule

H. Liquefaction of Gases (Review)

1.Critical Pressure

2. Critical Temperature

I. Phase Diagrams (Review)

1. Water

2. Carbon Dioxide

LAB Separation by Distillation

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12C&D, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XIV. SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.6, 5.6.12A.7)

A. Classification of Solids by Symmetry (Review)

1. Crystalline

a. Space Lattices and Unit Cells

b. Six Symmetry Systems ( Crystal Systems )

c. Symmetry Relationships

( Unit Cell- Space Lattice- Crystal )d. Crystals (optional)

2. Amorphous

B. Classification of Crystalline Solids by Structure (Review)

1. Ionic

2. Metallic

3. Covalent Network

4. Molecular- Nonpolar

5. Molecular- Polar

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LAB Crystalline Structure (Model Building & Analysis)

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 9.1.12B.4, 5.3.12A-D )

XV. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS / COMPLEX IONS (5.6.12A.7)

A. Structure of Coordination Compounds

B. Composition and Geometry of Complex Ions

C. Uses of Coordination Compounds

LAB - Preparation of a Coordination Compound

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12A-C, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XVI. SEMIMICRO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (THEORY & LAB)

LAB Semimicro Qualitative Analysis of the Silver Group

(5.1.12C.1, 5.1.12B.1-2, 5.1.12A.1&3, 5.3.12A-C, 9.1.12B.4, 8.1.12A.3)

XVII. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (5.6.12A.1-2, 5.2.12B.1-3, 5.4.12A.1)

A.Radioactivity

1. Natural Radioactivity

2. Uranium 238 Series

3. Induced Radioactivity / Bombardment Reactions

4. Radioactivity and Health

a. Quantifying Exposureb. Health Effects

5. Rate of Nuclear Decay / First Order Rate Law

6. Instruments used in detecting and measuring radioactivity

B. Mass Energy Relations (E= mc2)

C. Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy

D. Nuclear Fission

1. Theory

2. Fission Bomb (A Bomb)

3. Fission ReactorsE. Nuclear Fusion

1. Theory

2. Fusion Bomb (H Bomb)

3. Fusion Reactors (Tokamak & Laser Designs)

Materials

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1. Textbooks: Chemistry The Central Science, 9th Edition

Brown, LeMay, Burstein

Prentice Hall, 2003

2. Overhead Transparencies on all topics (teacher made and commercial)

3. Videos on selected topics (VHS, Laserdisc and DVD)

4. Laboratory Materials5. Computer: Graphing of Laboratory Data

Interactive Video Labs

Internet Assignment

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Documents

A sample AP Chemistry Outline