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A Science of Education:Psychological Pedagogy
• G. Stanley Hall wrote “The Contents of Children’s Minds” 1883
• Psychology introduced as a topic in 1891 National Education Association meeting
• Hall spearheaded “child study movement at Clark University with local teachers• Use of surveys and questionnaires• New Journal: Pedagogical Seminary 1891• Child Study Clinic at Yale opened 1911
under Arnold Gesell
Second Great Awakening: 1790s-1840sReligious Revival Movement, withLarge Camp Meetings and Itinerant Preachers Stressed Personal Experience for Spiritual RebirthReforming Tendencies (led to suffragist, abolitionist movements)
Collection of the New York Historical Society, New York, City, negative no. 26275
The Mumler Case: Spirit Photographs?
Mrs. French with her spirit son
1.Mr. DOBBS, at the request of his Affianced,
sits for his Photograph. Unconsciously happens in at MUMLER'S.
2. Result--Portrait of DOBBS, with his Five Deceased Wives in Spirituo!!!
Harper's Weekly, May 8, 1869
FOUNDING MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR PSYCHICAL RESEARCH (1882)
Edmund Gurney, Henry Sedgwick & Frederick Myers
By 1895, the SPR claimed 900 members
Eleanor Sidgwick
Mathematician andmember of the SPR
The SPR claimed that their research did not “imply the acceptance of any particular
explanation of the phenomena investigated, nor any belief as to the operation in the
physical world, of forces other than those recognized by Physical Science.”
Experiment inThought-Transference
From “Third ReportOn thought-transference”
Society for PsychicalResearch
(1882-1883)Upper right drawing
original
From Noakes, 2004
Frederick Myers, Society of Psychical Research—1890s
• Subliminal Self: layer of the self just below consciousness, evidenced by trance, hypnotism and automatic writing.
Emanations from this self were not abnormal, and could even be supernormal, or from a wiser self, beyond the everyday, narrow self (examples were Joan of Arc and Socrates).
Debunking “Margery” the Medium
Prince, Bird, MargeryHoudini (left to right)
Bird on floor from Spirit shove
Overview of Founding of Psychological Societies
• British Society for Psychical Research, founded 1882.
• American Society for Psychical Research, founded 1884
-- in 1887 formed a committee on experimental psychology.
• American Psychological Association founded in 1892.