A Short History of Freethought 1000134721

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Orthodox
attacks
on
Freethinkers
the
modern
sense.
As
the
first
Brethren
of
the
Free
Spirit,
so-called,
seem
to
have
appeared
in
Italy
(where
they
are
supposed
to
have
derived,
like
the
Waldenses,
from
the
immigrant
been
obtained
by
a
free
way
than
by
methods
not
so
describable.4
As
Sprat
is
careful
to
insist,
(Nos.
12,
in,
135)
own
abstract
importance
emerged
by
way
of
an
impression
or
another
temper
and
method
than
that
of
their
text,
which
is
too
obviously,perhaps
inevitably,
composed
contemporary
savages
was
thus
less
intellectual
liberty
of
a
phe-omena
do
not,
of
course,
entitle
us
to
accept
Professor
Gruppe's
sweeping

.
of
we
should
worship?
(Dydits
A
sura,
Ahuramazda,
Vedanta,
institutions,
thus
incurring
ultimate
petrifaction
alike
morally
and
intellectually;
ANCIENT PERSIA.
century
B.C.),
worshipping
numerous
Gods
with
images;
and
as
polytheistic
and
idolatrous
practices
are
still
priests.
As
we
find
it
in
history,
common
people.
Religion
was
the
thread
by
which
any
ruler
could
would
not
tolerate
each
other.2
The
Ptolemies
are
found
adopting
and
using
the
corresponded
some-hat,
as
Tiele
notes,
to
with
the
Greeks,
and
types
remained
the
minority
is
to
systems,
that
true
of
all
primitive
tote-
mistic
or
clannish
communities.
A
man
names
Shang-Ti
doubt.3
Mr.
Lang,
as
usual,
leans
to
THE COMMON
FORCES OF
great perhaps
has
made
it
sufficiently
clear
that
in
Jewish
as
RELATIVE FREETHOUGHT
understand
their
practice,
the
modern
reader
has
to
get
rid
of
Further,
the
prophet
makes
Yahweh
priestly
aw
can
at
the
outset
have
had
any
letters,
any
literature
the
Jews,
i.e.in
the
early
Greek
period
80
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
to
the
Book
of
Isaiah,
p.
108)
compromises
long
RELATIVE
their
period.
The
strongest
ground
for
surmising
a
really
high
development
of
$2
84
before
was
rested
on
the
patriarchs,
and
providing
RELATIVE
FREETHOUGHT
IN
ISRAEL.
85
literature
Job,
86
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
and
the
deliberate
caution
against
enthusiasm
in
religion.
Belief
in
a
powerful
but
remote
Deity,
with
a
law,
RELATIVE
88
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
ending
RELATIVE
FREETHOUGHT
IN
ISRAEL.
89
in
the
instruction
of
those
who
had
92
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
special
social
conditions
not
only
that
Homer
the
man
(in
whose
personality
he
believed)
was
probably
a
Smyrnean,
FREETHOUGHT
IN
GREECE.
93
had
at
one
time
spread
It
is
not
necessary
to
ask
how
far
exactly
the
influence
may
have
gone
in
94
FREETHOIV.HT
IN
GREECE.
Q5
myths
96
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
course
with
Egypt
in
turn
they
had
derived
creeds,
and
the
necessary
operation
98
HISTORY
citizens
attacks
of
the
Lydian
Kings,
and
even
afterwards
(Herodotos,
i,
20-231.
Alvattes
having
made
a
treaty
of
peace
with
Miletos,
which
100
the
gnomon
and
ot
tin-
first
map
ami
globe,
as
well
as
a
maker
of
clocks
Cp
Grote,
i
330,
FREETHOUGHT
IX
GREECE.
IOI
ANAXIMENES,
yet
another
Milesian,
pupil
in
turn
of
Anaximandros,
speculatessimilarl}-,
aking
102
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
be
the
definite
assertion
of
rationalism
in
affairs
as
against
motherland,
it
was
travelling
still
faster
and the monarchic civilisations
mythology.
If
the
bio-raphic
data
104
earth1
second
century
B.C.,
106
HISTORY
108
FREETHOUGHT
master
Leukippos
cannot
now
be
ascertained.1
Logically
continuing
the
non-theistic
society
failed
to
set
up
no
opinion
as
to
the
existence
FREETHOUGHT
112
up
to
by
so
many
previous
thinkers
was
set
forth,
even
in
religious
phraseology,
by
his
great
contemporary
Hippokrates,'-
and
he
opposed
it.
While
separating
himself
in
practice
from
the
popular
worships,
later
world than it did for Greece. But in view of his
own
114
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Such
beliefs,
of
course,
are
on
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
pletely
Il8
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Macedonian
party
to
impeach
FREETHOUGHT
120
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
FREETHOUGHT
IN
GREECE.
121
might
be
termed
the
great
peculiarity
of
average
ancient
rationalism,
were
it
not
that
what
makes
it
at
122
school,
Theodoros,
was
like
Uiagoras
Phalereus,
who
pro-ected
him
124
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
impiety,
which
seems
to
FREETHOUGHT
126
FREETHOUGHT
IN
GREECE.
I2J
higher
FREETHOUGHT
I30
132
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
domestic
and
national
cults
FREETHOUGHT
IN
song,2
though
things
cosmic
or
human.
He
swears
by
134
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
not
blood
but
quasi-blood
schools
as
the
Epicurean
and
Stoic,
we
ma}-
partly
explain
the
Epicurean
theorem
itself.
For
the
rest,
it
is
to
be
understood
FREETHOUGHT
I36
with
him
a
Syrian
prophetess
FREETHOUGHT
IN
of the
138
I40
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
thought
become
fewer
and
fewer.
It
is
an
entire
miscon-eption
to
suppose
that
Christianity
came
into
the
Roman
world
FREETHOUGHT
142
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
placing
the
source
of
virtue
and
happiness
within,
are
strictly
naturalistic.
In
the
two
last
FREETHOUGHT
IN
ANCIENT
ROME.
I4J
more
credulous
in
their
thinking
144
HISTORY
CHAPTER
VII.
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
1.
The
Christian
Gospels,
broadly
considered,
stand
for
a
certain
measure
of
freethinking
reaction
against
the
Jewish
religion,
and
are
accordingly
to
be
reckoned
with
in
the
I46
I48
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
English
ANCIENT
150
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
I51:
against
his
own
152
difficult
154
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Supreme
God
to
save
men,
was
opposed
by
both
the
souls. Here
156
HISTORY
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
1
57
the
invading
Goths
and
Lombards.
In
the
East
it
had
stood
for
ancient
monotheism
158
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
not
a
mere
punishment
presumptively
to
be
traced
to
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
159
enforce
in
religion
l6o
HISTORY
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
l6l
on
earth.
(De
Gubernatione
Dei,
I.
4.)
They
seem,
however,
to
have
been
normal
l62
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
argue
against
the
Christist
creed
on
the
basis
164
Hierocles,
governor
of
Bithynia
under
Diocletian,
the
last
direct
literary
pponents
of
ancient
Christianity
ere
Por-hyry
and
Julian.
As
both
were
ANCIENT
CHRISTIANITY
AND
ITS
OPPONENTS.
165
onlyincidentally
1
66
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
the
practice
of
pious
fraud
became
normal
generation
onwards.
Paul
complains
bitterly
of
the
l63
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
or
housekeepers
women
who
are
not
their
close
blood
relations.
In
Justinian's
ANCIENT
which it
170
I72
HISTORY
OF
FKEETHOUGHT.
told
by
a
Jew
to
become
a
Hanyf,1
preserved,
of
which
six
passages
are
reproduced
in
the
Koran
;:1
and
there
are
other
proofs4
that
the
way
had
been
parti}'
made
for
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
173
developed
monotheism,
their
partial
familiarity
with
Hanyf
monotheism,
and
their
common
intercourse
with
the
nominally
monotheistic
Jews
and
Christians,
the
Arabs
were
in
merely
Mohammed's
own
invented
discourses,
174
HISTORY
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
I75
On
176
HISTORY
lyS
l8o
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
first
translations
from
the
Greek.1
Despite
his
orthodoxy
he
encouraged
science
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
l8l
with
l82
same
spirit
he
permitted
;4
and
ration-lism
of
a
kind
seems
to
have
subsisted
more
or
less
secretly
to
the
end.
In
184
Turks,
were
one
and
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
1S5.
is
also
recorded
to
l86
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
at
the
beginning
l88
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
from
Asia.
Its
original
doctrine
whether
as
inculcatingquietism,
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
189
the
Western
Saracens,
revived
Greek
philosophicthought
in
1
90
HISTORY
FREF.THOUGHT
rule that
ig2
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
d.
1185),
who
regarded
religious
systems
as
only
a
necessary
means
of
discipline
FREETHOUGHT
UNDER
ISLAM.
I93
were
between
200,000
and
300,000
Sufis
in
the
country,
those
figures
probably
fell
greatly
194
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
seems
destined
to
extinction.1
I96
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
significant
practice
of
slaying
a
lamb
at
the
Easter
festival.1
In
this
case
matters
went
the
length
of
schism.
I98
HISTORY
CHRISTENDOM
200
CHRISTENDOM
IN
202
204
children,
while
if
departed
from
it
brought
on
them
the
stigma
of
wanton
hypocrisy
CHRISTENDOM
IN
exploits
But
they
say,
206
CHRISTENDOM
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES.
20J
.nto
the
controversies
over
normal
worship
and
208
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
hallucination
as
(strangled
r
210
HISTORY
A
modern
Catholic
historian
of
mediaeval
literature
com-lains
that
their
compositions
212
CHRISTENDOM
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES.
2IJ
the
Papal
power,1
to
attack
it
in
preference
to
other
and
remote
centres
of
enmity.
In
the
first
year
of
his
pontificate,
1198,
he
commenced
Franqais)
p.
10;
Hallam,
Europe
during
the
Middle
Ages,
nth
214
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
terms,
village
after
village
was
fired,
all
heretics
caught
were
burned,
and
on
the
capture
of
the
city
and
castle
of
Carcassone
every
man,
woman,
and
child
within
the
walls
was
slaughtered,
many
of
them
in
the
churches,
whither
they
had
run
for
refuge.
The
legate,
Arnold,
abbot
of
Citeaux,
being
asked
at
an
early
stage
how
CHRISTENDOM
IX
THE
2l6
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
7-
Despite
the
premium
put
by
2l8
HISTORY
new
orders
to
220
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
write
a
treatise
wherein
nothing
CHRISTENDOM
IX
THE
MIDDLE
knowledge. John
222
From
CHRISTENDOM
the
schools
at
Oxford
the
disputants
were
not
all
at
CHAPTER
X.
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
What
is
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
225
East
Virgin
Birth,
the
viaticum,
and
other
dogmas,
century.
Cp.
Maclaine's
226
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Emperor
Frederic
II,
a
cardinal,1
the
Ghibelline
noble
Farinata
degli
Uberti,
and
the
Guelph
Cavalcante
Caval-
so
distinctly
22S
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
founder
of
1
FREETHOUGHT
opposition
to
the
230
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
readers
who
were
more
or
less
in
sympathy
with
the
FREETHOUGHT
IN
serious
unbelief;
so
that
there
was
232
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
none.1
At
the
same
very
effect
on
popular
thought
may
be
234
FREETHOUGHT
238
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
slander
God,
the
author
of
peace,
and
his
holy
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
23
Henry
V
in
1415
and
the
expulsion
of
the
English
in
145
1
may
24O
a
power
over
men's
minds.
But
epoch
242
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
stir
spirit
244
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
The
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
245
heretics'
services.
But
246
problems
on
their
own
merits.'
It
is
recorded
by
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
247
Theologia
Naturalis,
made
famous
later
by
Montaigne.
But
Raymund
set
up
no
school
of
thought,
and
the
intellectual
Nominalists
were
followed,
abounded
248
HISTORY
similarly
described
as
expressing
the
German
character,
on
the
assumption
that
it
was
written
by
Thomas
a
Kempis.
Many
have
FREETHOUGHT
IN
THE
RENAISSANCE.
249
properly
rationalistic
freethinking.
CHAPTER
XL
THE
REFORMATION.
1.
In
a
very
252
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
The
personal
need
THE
REFORMATION.
253
viction,
but
of
passion
provoked
by
oppression
or
resist-nce,
maintained
by
self-will,
r
stimulated
by
the
mere
desire
of
political
orces
in the
bent
on
Reformation
as
any
other
people
in
mass
254
THE
REFORMATION.
255
at
Rome.
Neither
dreamt
of
toleration
256
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
grounds
rejected
astrology
and
the
Copernican
astronomy-
alike,
and
held
devoutly
by
the
THE
REFORMATION.
257
Gruet,
258
HISTORY
260
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
regimen
lay,
if
anywhere,
in
the
University
of
Wittenberg
Netherlands,
where
by
the
fifteenth
century
remarkable
progress
and
political
onditions,
not
of
any
Protestant
belief
in
free
discussion.
THE
REFORMATION.
26l
-which
had
wholly
failed
to
realise
their
hopes.1
Just
before
the
Protestant
period
CHAPTER
XII.
THE
264
266
268
to
some
extent
2
long
before
St.
Bartholomew's
Day
27O
272
Bible,
or
the
Holy
Scripture,
is
a
good
book
(un
gentil
livre),
nd
contains
a
lot
of
274
cited,
we
find
only
a
sporadic
and
secret
unbelief,
going
276
HISTORY

THE
278
scenes.
roses
(Introd.
to
Macbeth's
own
character
THE
RISE
magic
was
280
War,
to
THE
RISE
OF
MODERN
FREETHOUGHT.
281
many,
where
physical
and
282
HISTORY
284
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
least
160,000
subjects
of
more
than
average
value
were
lost
to
the
State.
Portugal
and
heretics,
Spain
must
have
been
nearly
as
fecund
THE
RISE
286
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Then
came
the
opportunity
two-fold
motion
had
actually
been
taught
stating
saying
THE
RISE
OF
MODERN
288
THE
suggestion
that,
inasmuch
as
the
Lay
the
Catholic
authorities;
but
despite
the
discredit
constantly
cast
on
the
Church
on
the
score
of
Bruno's
execution,
they
offer
no
20.0
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
vouched
292
as
existed
among
the
Protestants.
Condemned
for
heresy
but
not
punished
in
1616,5
THE
2g4
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Luther
was
a
furious
anti-Aristotelian.1
Telesio
influenced
Bruno
only
schemed
an
impossible
road
to
them
thinkers
we
have
noted,
and
CHAPTER
XIII.
THE
ENGLISH
champion
spirit
of
religious
doubt
spread
widely
THE
ENGLISH
DEISTIC
MOVEMENT.
3OI
fashionable.
In
1654,
again
there
302
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
and,
going
on
to
meet
the
new
argument
against
Chris-ianity
based
on
the
any-ore
in
comparison
THE
ENGLISH
DEISTIC
MOVEMENT.
303
304
HISTORY
THE
university
f
Cambridge,
the
Cartesian
philosophy
was
already
naturalised';
and
the
influence
of
Glanvill,
who
306
308
HISTORY
OF
FKEETHOUGHT.
Christianity
not
Mysterious
in
1696.
This
adroit
treatise
professedly
founded
on
Locke's
anonymous
Reasonableness
of
Christianity,
its
young
author
being
on
terms
of
acquaintance
was
THE
3io
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT
polled
in
17
jo,
under
no
restraints
from
economic,
social,
and
legal
pressure,
some
form
of
rationalism
inconsistent
with
Christianity
would
have
been
found
to
be
fully
as
common
as
orthodoxy.
It
was,
in
fact,
the
various
pressures
under
notice
that
determined
the
outward
fortunes
of
belief
and
unbelief,
and
have
substantially
determined
them
312
HISTORY
THE
314
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
classes
was
the
young
William
Pitt,
afterwards
Lord
Gibson,
Conybeare,
Smalbroke,
Leslie,
Law,
3l6
are
left
out.
Locke,
be
it
remembered,
did
not
live
to
meet
318
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
or
atheistic,
sought
to
discredit
at
once
320
322
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
one
as
to
ethics.
Shaftesbury,
who
rejected
the
religious
basis,
held
a
creed
of
optimism
324
THE
ENGLISH
DEISTIC
MOVEMENT.
we
note
the
names
and
writings
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
327
reputed
England.
Boileau
not
counteract
328
Polycucie(1643)
FRANCF.
religious
actions
that
more
than
any
other
single
cause
fostered
unbelief15;
and
Pascal's
writings
only
deepened
the
trouble.
Even
Bossuet,
33
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Professing
like
Descartes
a
strict
submission
to
the
Church,
he
yet
set
forth
a
theory
of
things
orthodoxy.3
Yet
the
works
of
Descartes
were
placed
on
the
Index
Librorum
Prohibitorum,
and
later
even
vetoed
at
Paris
university,
and
those
of
Gassendi
were
not.'
Himself
one
332
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
for
a
time
a
professor
of
philosophy
at
Julli,
e
at
length
broke
with
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
333
religion1
and
it
was
while
under
that
334
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
liberal
theology,
in
harmony
embodied in
Atheists
dropped
by
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
3J5
336
FRANCE
33$
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
free
discussion.1
The
rest
ill-proved
blasphemy;'
As
against
his
many
humanities,
there
is
not
to
be
charged
on
him
one
act
of
public
malevolence.
In
his
34
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
1742.
Deslandes,
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
341
1788.
Pastoret,
Marquis.
Moise
considere
comme
legislateur
t
commc
moralistc.
1788.
Marechal.
Almanack
des
honnetes
gens.
were
legion,
Voltaire's
alone
forming
a
small
library
342
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
343
reasonings
344
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
345
denounced
at
an
assembly
books,
as
activity.
Mean-hile,
34^
continued the
Machine
(1748);
and
though
he
professed
to
think
the
34
FRANCE
AND
HOLLAND.
349
(1746),
which
were
duly
condemned
to
15.
With
Diderot
were
specially
associated,
in
different
ways,
D'Alembert,
the
mathematician,
for
some
years
35
was
of
attack
in
352
briefest
summary
the
records
of
massacre
connected
with
the
affirma-ion
of
religious
beliefs
any
wide
spread
of
atheistic
opirion.
354
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
the
terms.
The
expulsion
356
GERMANY.
357
Against
Spinoza
he
reacted
instantly
and
violently,
pronouncing
the
first
Tract
at
358
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
hardly
any
sounder,1
school,
who
even
contrived
in
many
places
to
suppress
.7
4.
The
thin
end
of
the
new
wedge
was
the
adaptation
of
the
Leibnitzian
system
made
by
Wolff,
who
first
came
into
prominence
by
a
rectorial
address
at
Halle
(1722)
in
which
he
GERMANY.
359
by
the
king
to

not
1
GERMANY.
361
think
religion
one
of
the
best
supports
of
a
king's
authority,
I
find
order
and
the
laws
sufficient.
362
364
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
fitted
to
have
much
immediate
influence
GERMAX
V.
365
theologians,
to
whose
consequent
attempts
to
strain
out
by
the
most
dubious
means
the
supernatural
elements
from
366
HISTORY
GERMANY.
367
(1759
368
GERMANY.
369
Idealism
and
Scepticism,
which
are
dangerous
rather
to
the
Schools,
and
can
hardly
reach
the
general
public
370
372
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
and
;
THE
REMAINING
EUROPEAN
STATES.
373
triflers,
hose
unbelief
was
of
a
piece
with
their
cynicism.
While
Naples
and
the
south
decayed,
mental
energy
had
for
a
374
THE
REMAINING
EUROPEAN
STATES.
375
burdens
and
hindrances,
in
the
intellectual
work
of
the
century
37
leading
minds
among
the
people
as
compared
with
the
380
not
supposed
he
was
going
to
requires
to
382
CHAPTER
XVI.
previous
varying
degrees
the
thought
384
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
2.
Greg,
386
HISTORY
OF
EREETHOUGHT.
reason
388
HISTORY
seat
in
18S5,
under
a
ruling
of
the
Speaker
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
389
law
(1879)
on
39
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
instruction
is
not
otherwise
easily
accessible.
Probably
the
EREETHOUGHT
39-
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
a
Unitarian,
there
was
preached
between
1824
and
1852,
a
theism
tending
to
pantheism,perhaps
traceable
to
elements
in
the
FREETHOUGHT
IX
done
in
England,
France,
394
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Scotland
for
propagating
Kuenen's
views,
Canons
396
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
397
39
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
many,
England,
and
France,
at
400
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
Religion
402
404
Maurice,
the
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
405
Holland,
Hungary,
Switzerland,
and
406
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
verte
in
his
essay
Dc
la
Civilisation
(1813)
made
a
highly
intelligent
ffort
towards
a
general
view
FEEETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
407
Volney
to
Mannhardt
and
Frazer,
have
enlarged
and
classified
our
knowledge
of
primitive
religious
orms
and
tendencies.
As
regards
economics,
less
work
has
been
done.
Buckle
applied
the
economic
principle
with
force
and
accuracy
to
the
case
of
the
great
primary
civilisations,
but
only
in
a
partial
New
Testaments
remains
radicallyimperfect
408
FREETHOUGHT
410
412
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
again,
we
have
the
positive
record
of
surrendered
faith
FREETHOUGHT
IN
Catholic
socialists,
414
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
distinctly
ounting
for
naturalism;
and
the
FREETHOUGHT
IN
still
in
full
possession
of
the
educated
intelligence,
nd
that
416
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
be
explained
like
any
other,
after
a
comparison
of
the
conditions.
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
417
put
below
the
level
commercial
history
of
England
and
America
throughout
the
century
century,
many
have
perforce
418
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
the
hostile
environment.
In
any
case
420
insincerities,
in
which
laymen
so
abundantly
share,
are
strictly
n
the
same
ethical
footing
as
the
endless
immoralities
of
ordinary
commerce;
the
clergy
being
under
economic
pressure
like
other
men.
Of
recent
years,
attempts
have
been
made
in
England
and
America
by
the
societies
for
422
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
century
was
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
423
palianism,
it
may
Unitarian
clergy
conserves
424
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
425
all
426
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
activity
of
the
churches
been
cases
enough
of
freethinking
educated
women
in
Feuerbach
was
deprived
of
his
chair
at
Erlangen
for
his
Thouglits
upon
428
HISTORY
FREETHOUGHT
IN
43
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
government.
In
no
FREETHOUGHT
IN
NINETEENTH
I
l
NTURY.
.JJ]
and
practice
of
the
nation
under
the
influence
of
Europ
example
is
so
great
as
to
be
unparalleled
in
human
history;
and
it
has
inevitably
nvolved
the
substitution
of
rationalism
for
supernaturalism
among
the
greal
majority
of
the
educated
younger
generation.
That
the)
should
revert
to
Christian
orthodoxy
is
as
impossible
a
such
an
432
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
of
the
innkeepers,
feeling
thankful
I
civilisation.
It
may
be
that
a
War,
it
was
noted
by
an
I
434
HISTORY
OF
FREETHOUGHT.
The
general
4i6
INDEX.
Astronomy,
Babylonian,
37,
67.
Arab
181,
n.
Modern,
384.
Astruc,
394.
Aszo
y
del
Rio,
375.
INDEX.
437
Bougrc,
origin
of
word,
199.
Boyle,
Robert,
3,
294,
303.
Bradke,
von,
cited,
17,
28.
Bradlaugh,
43
INDEX.
Comte,
Auguste,
384,
3S9,
401-2,
4S6.
Charles,
406
Comtism,
420.
Condillac,
343,
346.
Condorcet,
343,
351.
Confucius,
53-58.
Connor,
307.
Conrad
the
Inquisitor,
215,
n.
Conway,
M.
D
INDEX.
439
Emerson,
384,
440
INDEX.
Freethought
in
modern
France,
389.
in
Catholic
countries,
390-1
425-
in
Russia
and
Scandinavia,
429-3o.
INDEX.
44I
Herakleitos,
98,
101.
442
INDEX.
Julian,
125,
164.
JustinMartyr,
161.
Juvenal,
141-2,
148.
Kadaritcs,
178
444
INDEX.
Owen,
Rev.
John,
7,
210,
INDEX.
445
Raymund
of
Sebonde,
246.
Raynal,
343.
Reformation,
the,
204,
250-61,
281-2.
Regnard,
331.
Reimarus,
363-4.
Reimmann,
446
INDEX.
Smith,
W.
Robertson,
cited,
29,
74,
1
394-
Adam,
321,
n.,
323.
Smyrna,
ancient,
92.
Social
causation,
19,
21,
46-9,
59,
62,
119,
129,
135,
137,
167.
Socialism,
63.
INDEX.
447
Varro,
134,
n.
Varuna,
27.
\rauvenargues,
343.
Vedanta,
29,
n.,
30.
Vedas,
17-18,
26-28,
29-30.
translations
ol,
18,
n.
l
o
C
1
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A Short History of Freethought 1000134721