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A ‘short’ list of methods we could discuss…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A ‘short’ list of methods we could discuss…•Agroecosystems Analysis (AEA), Beneficiary Assessment, Development Education Leadership Teams (DELTA), Diagnosis and Design (D&D), Diagnostico Rural Participativo (DRP), Farmer Participatory Research (FPR), Groupe de Recherche et d’Appui pour l’Auto-promotion Paysanne (GRAAP), Methode Active de Recherche et de Planification Participative (MARP), Participatory Analysis and Learning Methods (PALM), Participatory Action Research (PAR), Participatory Research Methodology (PRM), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning (PRAP), Participatory Technology Development (PTD), Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA), Planning for Real, Process Documentation, Rapid Appraisal (RA), Rapid Assessment for Agricultural Knowledge Systems (RAAKS), Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP), Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT), Rapid Catchment Analysis (RCA), Rapid Ethnographic Assessment (REA), Rapid Food Security Assessment (RFSA), Rapid Multi-perspective Appraisal (RMA), Rapid Organisational Assessment (ROA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Samuhik Brahman (Joint Trek), Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), Story Methodology (SM), Theatre for Development, Training for Transformation, Visualisation in Participatory Programmes (VIPP), ZOPP…
More is not necessarily better!
The Forages and Livestock Systems
Project (FLSP)
Laos
Process of Working with Farmers
1. The Conceptual Process
Participatory diagnosis
Active Farmer Participation
Evaluatetechnologies
Test technologies
Identify technologies to test and plan
the field trials
Formal experimentation
Expansion(Adaptation &
Adoption)
2. The Process in Practice
Selecting villages Agreeing on issues
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Select a focus-group Searching for options to test
Te
sti
ng
an
d e
va
lua
tin
g o
pti
on
s
Focus group MeetingVillage PlanningIntegrating solutions on farms
Agreeing on issues
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Select a focus-group Searching for options to test
Te
sti
ng
an
d e
va
lua
tin
g o
pti
on
s
Focus group MeetingVillage PlanningIntegrating solutions on farms
Selecting villages
Many projects have had problemsMany projects have had problems because they chose villages for because they chose villages for their convenience rather than their convenience rather than considering which villages have the best considering which villages have the best chance for successchance for success
Three questions will help you select villages Three questions will help you select villages and farmers for doing your research:and farmers for doing your research:
What do I have to offer?What do I have to offer?
What are my social goals?What are my social goals?
Where am I likely to have most impact?Where am I likely to have most impact?
Participatory diagnosis
Active Farmer Participation
Evaluatetechnologies
Test technologies
Identify technologies to test and plan
the field trials
Expansion(Adaptation &
Adoption)
Formal experimentation
Selecting villages
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Searching for options to test
Te
sti
ng
an
d e
va
lua
tin
g o
pti
on
s
Focus group MeetingVillage PlanningIntegrating solutions on farms
Agreeing on issues
Once you have selected places to work you Once you have selected places to work you need to confirm that there is real potential need to confirm that there is real potential for your research.for your research.
You need to know if the farmers have You need to know if the farmers have problems that could benefit from your your problems that could benefit from your your researchresearch
To find out, conduct Participatory DiagnosisTo find out, conduct Participatory Diagnosis
Select a focus-group
– is usually the ‘entry point’ for participatory research
– is one or two meetings with the village in which farmers and researchers discuss the problems (and opportunities) they are facing AND the farmers prioritise thoseproblems they would like to try to solve now
Participatory diagnosis...
an agreement between the community and the development workers on which problems to solve (or opportunities to develop) and
who in the communitywill be responsible for testing promising technology options (selecting a focus group)
The outputs of participatory diagnosis are...
Some tools to use:
• Resource Mapping
• Calendars (seasonal, historical)
• Social Equity analysis
• Prioritise Problems
• Resource Mapping
Useful Tool
Resource Mapping will help you start to understand village resources and the broad problems the farmers are facing
Resource Mapping
Mapping helps us start to understand village resources and the problems the farmers are facing
Mapping
• encourage all the farmers to participate in the mapping exercise.
• ask questions about some of the issues that the farmers raise.
In mapping…
• the boundary of all their land
• the village features
• the production areas (agriculture, livestock, forestry…)
• any other features important to them
In mapping, ask the farmers to draw…
• Can be used to understand resource flows and social divisions in the community
• Will take at least 1 hour
Mapping…
Some tools to use:
• Resource Mapping
• Calendars (seasonal, historical)
• Social Equity analysis
• Prioritise Problems
• Calendars (seasonal, historical)
Useful Tool
Calendars help us understand:
• when activities and problems (such as high labour demand, food shortages and disease) happen throughout the year (seasonal) and
• how the farming systems and problems are
changing with time (historical)
Calendars
• list their main farming activities throughout the year
• list the main problems they have that vary
throughout the year (you can also add some)
In preparing calendars, ask the farmers to…
• draw on the calendar when each activity occurs
• describe who is responsible for each activity (men or women)
• to rank or weight when each problem is important
In preparing calendars, ask the farmers to…
Some tools to use:
• Resource Mapping
• Calendars (seasonal, historical)
• Social Equity analysis
• Prioritise Problems
• Social Equity analysis
Useful Tool
In every community there are differencesbetween people such as wealth andgender. Some people are poor and other people are relatively better off.
Different groups have different problems and opportunities
Wealth Analysis
• define these ‘wealth’ groups in a village
• understand the main characteristics of each group,
• understand why some people are poor while others are relatively better off, and
• identify who in the community belongs to each group.
Wealth Analysisis an approach that helps you…
• describe the different ‘wealth’ groups
• describe the main characteristics of each group,
• discuss why some people are poor while others are relatively better off, and
• identify who in the community belongs to each group.
Ask the farmers to…
1.Enough food (16 farmers)• surplus rice every year
• have both lowland and upland fields
• raise pigs, chickens, ducks and buffalo or cattle for sale
• can purchase replacement if animals die
• nice house
• have money/capital
• have education
• know how to utilize resources well
• settled earlier in the village
2. Food shortages sometimes (35 farmers)• sufficient/surplus rice in some years
• less land than the sufficient food group
• less livestock than the sufficient food group (sold only in times of need)
• can purchase replacement if animals die
• less nice house than food sufficient group
• have many different activities for income and livelihood
• weave for sale
• exchange labor
3. Food shortages each year (18 farmers) • rice shortage every year
• no lowland area
• have only chickens and ducks (not for sale)
• can not purchase replacement if animals die
• house not nice
• lack money to invest
• no education
• settled in the village after 1975
• You may need to work with women and men separately
• At all stages of your research, you need to keep asking yourself: – who is participating?, – who is making the decisions?, – who is doing the work?, – who has controls the resources?, – what are their opportunities, constraints, responsibilities, perceptions & interests? And– who is benefiting from your work?
Gender Analysis
Some tools to use:
• Resource Mapping
• Calendars (seasonal, historical)
• Social Equity analysis
• Prioritise Problems• Prioritise Problems
Useful Tool
In this first village meeting you need toknow how important all their problemsare in agriculture…not just the ones youthink you can research.
Asking farmers to list and prioritise all their agricultural problems will help you understand how important are the problems that you think you may be able to help solve with your research.
Prioritise Problems
Agreeing on issues Select a focus-groupSelecting villages
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Te
sti
ng
an
d e
va
lua
tin
g o
pti
on
s
Focus group MeetingVillage PlanningIntegrating solutions on farms
Now that you and the villagers Now that you and the villagers have agreed on the problems (orhave agreed on the problems (oropportunities) that you want to opportunities) that you want to research, you can now work with the focus research, you can now work with the focus group to understand these problems in more group to understand these problems in more detaildetail
Once you have done that you can then Once you have done that you can then discuss the technologies that could be discuss the technologies that could be tested and the farmers select which ones to tested and the farmers select which ones to testtest
Searching for options to test
A good tool to use:
• Problem Analysis
Useful Tool
• helps the focus group to define their problems and opportunities in detail
• helps them identify which are the high priority problems for research
• builds on the understanding you already gained in the maps and calendars
Problem Analysis…
1. to identify the causes of their main problems
In Problem Analysis, ask the farmers…
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Poor animalnutrition
Limited areafor grazing
Drought
Overworkedanimals
Parasites and disease
Lack ofinformation
Thin animals
Few calvesThin calves
Perceived problems
1. to identify the causes of their main problems
2. to prioritise these causes
In Problem Analysis, ask the farmers…
Perceived problems
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Few calvesThin calves
Thin animals
OverworkedanimalsLimited area
for grazing
Drought
Parasites and disease
Lack ofinformation
Poor animalnutrition
Selected by farmers as the highest
priority
1. to identify the causes of their main problems
2. to prioritise these causes
3. to identify which causes contribute to other problems
In Problem Analysis, ask the farmers…
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Poor animalnutrition
Limited areafor grazing
Drought
Thin animals
Perceived problems
Lack ofinformation
Parasites and disease
Overworkedanimals
Few calvesThin calves
4. what have they done to deal with these problems in the past?
In Problem Analysis, ask the farmers…
Limited areafor grazing
Drought Lack of feeds in the dry season
Poor animalnutrition
Thin animals
Past strategies
Overworkedanimals
Parasites and disease
Lack ofinformation
Few calvesThin calves
Reduce the number of animals
Seek veterinary
advice
Hire labour
Provide feed supplements
4. what have they done to deal with these problems in the past?
5. what would they like to solve now?
In Problem Analysis, ask the farmers…
Limited areafor grazing
Drought Lack of feeds in the dry season
Poor animalnutrition
Thin animals
Future plans
Overworkedanimals
Parasites and disease
Lack ofinformation
Few calvesThin calves
Reduce the number of animals
Seek veterinary
advice
Hire labour
Provide feed supplements
Try new ways of feeding animals
Seek information and advice
Cattle are thin and weak
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Cattle are thin and weak
CAUSES
Drought
Too many cattle in the village
Area of grazing land getting
smallerDiseases and parasites
No longer allowed to graze
in forest
Expanding area of crop land
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Cattle are thin and weak
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Drought
Too many cattle in the village
Area of grazing land getting
smaller
More disease problems
Diseases and parasites
Fewer calves
Thin calves
Less income
Ploughing takes longer
Need to hire labour for extra
ploughing
No longer allowed to graze
in forest
Expanding area of crop land
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Cattle are thin and weak
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Drought
Too many cattle in the village
Area of grazing land getting
smaller
More disease problems
Diseases and parasites
Fewer calves
Thin calves
Less income
Ploughing takes longer
Need to hire labour for extra
ploughing
No longer allowed to graze
in forest
Expanding area of crop land
Used traditional medicines
Provide extra cut feed
Sold some cattle
Lack of feeds in the dry season
Cattle are thin and weak
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Drought
Too many cattle in the village
Area of grazing land getting
smaller
More disease problems
Diseases and parasites
Fewer calves
Thin calves
Less income
Ploughing takes longer
Need to hire labour for extra
ploughing
No longer allowed to graze
in forest
Expanding area of crop land
Used traditional medicines
Provide extra cut feed
Sold some cattle
Try new ways of feeding animals
Need help with animal diseases
Searching for options to testAgreeing on issues Select a focus-groupSelecting villages
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Focus group MeetingVillage PlanningIntegrating solutions on farms
Once the focus-group farmers Once the focus-group farmers and the researchers have agreed and the researchers have agreed on which technologies to test on which technologies to test and how to test them, you are and how to test them, you are ready to start field experimentsready to start field experiments
Three important principles will Three important principles will help you at the beginning:help you at the beginning:
• Start small!Start small!• Keep the experiments as simple as Keep the experiments as simple as
possible!possible!• Encourage farmers to innovate!Encourage farmers to innovate!
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Testingtechnologies...
Farmers will need time to test the technology options before they areready to commit their opinions.
They need to be able to see it working on their own fields to be able to assess benefits and risks
Controlled experiments or farmer-run non-replicated trials?
It depends on your goals! Probably BOTH.
– Controlled experiments are really the only way to get accurate, reliable, rigorous data
– Farmer trials are really the only way to get good farmer feedback
Testingtechnologies...
Testingtechnologies...
How to deal withcomplexity in the field?
– Search for robust technologies
– Do careful site and farmer selection to understandthe niches where your technology works
– Do evaluations with many farmers across the variability
T
es
tin
g a
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ev
alu
ati
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tio
ns
Searching for options to testAgreeing on issues Select a focus-groupSelecting villages
Sharing with other villagesReaching other farmers
in the village
Integrating solutions on farms
As you start experiments with farmers, you As you start experiments with farmers, you want to understand which options they want to understand which options they prefer and why. prefer and why.
You can do this through:You can do this through:• Regular monitoringRegular monitoring• Technical measurementsTechnical measurements• Measure each farmer’s preferences and criteriaMeasure each farmer’s preferences and criteria• Focus-group meetingFocus-group meeting• Village feedback meetingVillage feedback meeting
Focus group MeetingVillage Planning
A good tool to use:
• Preference Analysis
Useful Tool
Some lessons we have learned…
1. This is a learning process. We need regular action followed by reflection
2. The key to successful use of the approach is active, decision-making involvement of farmers at ALL stages
3. At the beginning, try to offer a broad range of robust technical options with some ‘entry point’ technologies that give quick benefits
Some lessons we have learned…
4. It is an important role of researchers to clearly describe the technical limits of the options
5. work with the ‘right’ farmers
6. Start small – small successes are better than big failures
7. You can rarely “photocopy” technologies from one place to another
8. If you have ‘good’ technologies be prepared for expansion!
Two notes on ‘tools’ and ‘methods’…
A ‘short’ list of methods we could discuss…•Agroecosystems Analysis (AEA), Beneficiary Assessment, Development Education Leadership Teams (DELTA), Diagnosis and Design (D&D), Diagnostico Rural Participativo (DRP), Farmer Participatory Research (FPR), Groupe de Recherche et d’Appui pour l’Auto-promotion Paysanne (GRAAP), Methode Active de Recherche et de Planification Participative (MARP), Participatory Analysis and Learning Methods (PALM), Participatory Action Research (PAR), Participatory Research Methodology (PRM), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning (PRAP), Participatory Technology Development (PTD), Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA), Planning for Real, Process Documentation, Rapid Appraisal (RA), Rapid Assessment for Agricultural Knowledge Systems (RAAKS), Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP), Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT), Rapid Catchment Analysis (RCA), Rapid Ethnographic Assessment (REA), Rapid Food Security Assessment (RFSA), Rapid Multi-perspective Appraisal (RMA), Rapid Organisational Assessment (ROA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Samuhik Brahman (Joint Trek), Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), Story Methodology (SM), Theatre for Development, Training for Transformation, Visualisation in Participatory Programmes (VIPP), ZOPP…
More is not necessarily better!
Also, take note that…
The tools are NOT the output!
Better understanding of farmers’ opportunities, constraints and goals is the output
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