A Simple Treaty for Protection BORIS

7/25/2019 A Simple Treaty for Protection BORIS

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LAW OF NATIONS: CHAP. XVI. : OF THE PROTECTION SOUGHT BY A NATION, AND ITSVOLUNTARY SUBMISSION TO A FOREIGN POWER.

192. Protection.WHEN a nation is not capable of preserving herself from insult and oppression, she may procurethe protection of a more powerful state. If she obtains this by only engaging to performcertain articles, as to pay a tribute in return for the safety obtained, to furnish herprotector with troops, and to embark in all his wars as a joint concern, but still reservingto herself the right of administering her own government at pleasure, it is a simpletreaty of protection, that does not all derogate from her sovereignty, and differs notfrom the ordinary treaties of alliance, otherwise than as it creates a difference in thedignity of the contracting parties.

193. Voluntary submission of one nation to another.But this matter is sometimes carried still farther and, although a nation is under an obligation topreserve with the utmost care the liberty and independence it inherits from nature, yet when ithas not sufficient strength of itself, and feels itself unable to resist its enemies, it may lawfullysubject itself to a more powerful nation on certain conditions agreed to by both parties: and the

compact or treaty of submission will thenceforward be the measure and rule of the rights of eachFor, since the people who enter into subjection resign a right which naturally belongs to them,and transfer it to the other nation, they are perfectly at liberty to annex what conditions theyplease to this transfer and the other party, by accepting their submission on this footing,engages to observe religiously all the clauses of the treaty.

194. Several kinds of submission.This submission may be varied to infinity, according to the will of the contracting parties: it mayeither leave the inferior nation a part of the sovereignty, restraining it only in certain respects, oit may totally abolish it, so that the superior nation shall become the sovereign of the other, ofinally, the lesser nation may be incorporated with the greater, in order thenceforward to form

with it but one and the same state: and then the citizens of the former will have the sameprivileges as those with whom they are united. The Roman history furnishes examples of each ofthese three kinds of submission, 1. The allies of the Roman people, such as the inhabitants ofLatium were for a long time, who, in several respects, depended on Rome, but, in all others, wergoverned according to their own laws, and by their own magistrates 2. The countries reducedto Roman provinces, as Capua, whose inhabitants submitted absolutely to the Romans 1 3.The nations to which Rome granted the freedom of the city. In after times the emperors grantedthat privilege to all the nations subject to the empire, and thus transformed all their subjects intocitizens.

195. Right of the citizens when the nation submits to a foreign power.In the case of a real subjection to a foreign power, the citizens who do not approve this change

are not obliged to submit to it: they ought to be allowed to sell their effects and retireelsewhere. For, my having entered into a society does not oblige me to follow its fate, when itdissolves itself in order to submit to a foreign dominion. I submitted to the society as it then wasto live in that society as the member of a sovereign state, and not in another I am bound toobey it, while it remains a political society: but, when it divests itself of the quality in order toreceive its laws from another state, it breaks the bond of union between its members, andreleases them from their obligations.

196. These compacts annulled by the failure of protection.When a nation has placed itself under the protection of another that is more powerful, or haseven entered into subjection to it with a view to receiving its protection, if the latter does not


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effectually protect the other in case of need, it is manifest, that, by failing in its engagements, itloses all the rights it had acquired by the convention, and that the other, being disengaged fromthe obligation it had contracted, re-enters into the possession of all its rights, and recovers itsindependence, or its liberty. It is to be observed that this takes place even in cases where theprotector does not fail in his engagements through the want of good faith, but merely throughinability. For, the weaker nation having submitted only for the sake of obtaining protection, ifthe other proves unable to fulfil that essential condition, the compact is dissolved the weakerresumes its rights, and may, if it thinks proper, have recourse to a more effectual protection.2Thus, the dukes of Austria, who had acquired a right of protection, and in some sort a sovereignt

over the city of Lucerne, being unwilling or unable to protect it effectually, that city concluded analliance with the three first cantons and the dukes having carried their complaint to the emperothe inhabitants of Lucerne replied, "that they had used the natural right common to all men,by which every one is permitted to endeavour to procure his own safety when he isabandoned by those who are obliged to grant him assistance."

197. Or by the infidelity of the party protected.The law is the same with respect to both the contracting parties: if the party protected do notfulfil their engagements with fidelity, the protector is discharged from his he may afterwardsrefuse his protection, and declare the treaty broken, in case the situation of his affairs renderssuch a step advisable.

198. And by the encroachments of the protector.In virtue of the same principle which discharges one of the contracting parties when the otherfails in his engagements, if the more powerful nation should assume a greater authority over theweaker one than the treaty of protection or submission allows, the latter may consider the treatyas broken, and provide for its safety according to its own discretion. If it were otherwise, theinferior nation would lose by a convention which it had only formed with a view to its safety andif it were still bound by its engagements when its protector abuses them and openly violates hisown, the treaty would, to the weaker party, prove a downright deception. However, as somepeople maintain, that, in this case, the inferior nation has only the right of resistance and ofimploring foreign aid, and particularly as the weak cannot take too many precautions againstthe powerful, who are skilful in colouring over their enterprises, the safest way is to insert in

this kind of treaty a clause declaring it null and void whenever the superior power shall arrogateto itself any rights not expressly granted by the treaty.

199. How the right of the nation protected is lost by its silence.But if the nation that is protected, or that has placed itself in subjection on certain conditions,does not resist the encroachments of that power from which it has sought support if it makesno opposition to them if it preserves a profound silence, when it might and ought to speak its patient acquiescence becomes in length of time a tacit consent that legitimates the rights ofthe usurper. There would be no stabiliity in the affairs of men, and especially in those of nations,if long possession, accompanied by the silence of the persons concerned, did not produce adegree of right. But it must be observed, that silence, in order to show tacit consent, ought to be

voluntary. If the inferior nation proves that violence and fear prevented its giving testimonies ofits opposition, nothing can be concluded from its silence, which therefore gives no right to theusurper.

Book 2 CHAP. VIII. Law of Nations: RULES WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGNERS

104. Protection due to foreigners.The sovereign ought not to grant an entrance into his state for the purpose of drawingforeigners into a snare as soon as he admits them, he engages to protect them as hisown subjects, and to afford them perfect security, as far as depends on him. Accordinglywe see that every sovereign who has given an asylum to a foreigner, considers himself no lessoffended by an injury done to the latter, than he would be by an act of violence committed on hi


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own subject. Hospitality was in great honour among the ancients, and even among barbarousnations, such as the Germans. Those savage nations who treated strangers ill, that Scythian tribwho sacrificed them to Diana,1 were universally held in abhorrence and Grotius justly says2 thatheir extreme ferocity excluded them from the great society of mankind. All other nations had aright to unite their forces in order to chastise them.

105. Their duties.From a sense of gratitude for the protection granted to him, and the other advantages

he enjoys, the foreigner ought not to content himself with barely respecting the laws of thecountry he ought to assist it upon occasion, and contribute to its defence, as far as isconsistent with his duty as citizen of another state. We shall see elsewhere what he can anought to do, when the country is engaged in a war. But there is nothing to hinder him fromdefending it against pirates or robbers, against the ravages of an inundation, or thedevastations of fire. Can he pretend to live under the protection of a state, to participate in avariety of advantages that it affords, and yet make no exertion for its defence, but remain anunconcerned spectator of the dangers to which the citizens are exposed?

106. To what burdens they are subject.He cannot, indeed, be subject to those burdens that have only a relation to the quality of citizensbut he ought to bear his share of all the others. Being exempted from serving in the militia, andfrom paying those taxes destined for the support of the rights of the nation, he will pay the dutieimposed upon provisions, merchandise, &c., and, in a word, every thing that has only a relationto his residence in the country, or to the affairs which brought him thither.

107. Foreigners continue members of their own nation.The citizen or the subject of a state who absents himself for a time without anyintention to abandon the society of which he is a member, does not lose his privilege bhis absence: he preserves his rights, and remains bound by the same obligations. Beingreceived in a foreign country, in virtue of the natural society, the communication, and commercewhich nations are obliged to cultivate with each other (Prelim. 11, 12 Book II. 21), heought to be considered there as a member of his own nation, and treated as such.

108. The state has no right over the person of a foreignerThe state, which ought to respect the rights of other nations, and in general those of all mankindcannot arrogate to herself any power over the person of a foreigner, who, though he has enteredher territory, has not become her subject. The foreigner cannot pretend to enjoy the liberty ofliving in the country without respecting the laws: if he violates them, he is punishable as adisturber of the public peace, and guilty of a crime against the society in which he lives: but he isnot obliged to submit, like the subjects, to all the commands of the sovereign: and, if such thingare required of him as he is unwilling to perform, he may quit the country. He is free at all timesto leave it nor have we a right to detain him, except for a time, and for very particular reasons,as, for instance, an apprehension, in war time, lest such foreigner, acquainted with the state ofthe country and of fortified places, should communicate his knowledge to the enemy. (113) Fromthe voyages of the Dutch to the East Indies, we learn that the kings of Corea forcibly detainforeigners who are shipwrecked on their coast and Bodinus assures us,3 that a custom socontrary to the law of nations was practised in his time in thiopa, and even in Muscovy. This isat once a violation of the rights of individuals, and of those of the state to which they belong.Things have been greatly changed in Russia in a single reign that of Peter the Great hasplaced that vast empire in the rank of civilized nations.

109. nor over his property.The property of an individual does not cease to belong to him on account of his being in a foreigncountry it still constitutes a part of the aggregate wealth of his nation ( 81). Any power,therefore, which the lord of the territory might claim over the property of a foreigner would be


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equally derogatory to the rights of the individual owner and to those of the nation of which he is member.(114)

Book 2 CHAP. X. Law of Nations : HOW A NATION IS TO USE HER RIGHT OF DOMAIN, IN ORDERTO DISCHARGE HER DUTIES TOWARDS OTHER NATIONS, WITH RESPECT TO THE INNOCENT US

OF THINGS.

132. Innocent passage.The introduction of property cannot be supposed to have deprived nations of the general right oftraversing the earth for the purposes of mutual intercourse, of carrying on commerce with eachother, and for other just reasons. It is only on particular occasions, when the owner of a countrythinks it would be prejudicial or dangerous to allow a passage through it, that he ought to refusepermission to pass. He is therefore bound to grant a passage for lawful purposes, whenever hecan do it without inconvenience to himself. And he cannot lawfully annex burdensome conditionsto a permission which he is obliged to grant, and which he cannot refuse if he wishes to discharghis duty, and not abuse his right of property. The count of Lupfen having improperly stoppedsome merchandise in Alsace, and complaints being made on the subject to the emperorSigismund, who was then at the council of Constance, that prince assembled the electors,princes, and deputies of towns, to examine the affair. The opinion of the burgrave of Nurembergdeserves to be mentioned: "God," said he, "has created heaven for himself and his saints,

and has given the earth to mankind, intending it for the advantage of the poor as wellas of the rich. The roads are for their use, and God has not subjected them to anytaxes." He condemned the count of Lupfen to restore the merchandise, and to pay costs anddamages, because he could not justify his seizure by any peculiar right. The emperor approvedthis opinion, and passed sentence accordingly.

133. Sureties may be required.But, if any apprehension of danger arise from the grant of liberty to pass through a country, thestate has a right to require sureties: the party who wishes to pass cannot refuse them, a passagbeing only so far due to him as it is attended with no inconvenience.

[1. secure purchase of estate and nationality by way of pledge to state and pledge ofassistance in state of emergency to United States for gift of safe harbor by way ofextension of hospitality [registration of birth]]

Affidavit of Nationality accept, declare, claim proper and lawful status as dual-citizenwith respect to nation and state citizenship as a capital contributor [humancapital]

(dual citizenship ... 14th Amendment, Section 1 ... no corporation can claim for no corporationhas birth certificate and ssn, thus no way to "prove live" because NAME + SSN + dude = no more"dead entity" (corporation) and in fact, it is the use of NAME + SSN to identify one that kicks allof this in to prevent tyranny ... allows for re-negotiation of the original contract provided the

beneficiaries and their benefits are not altered. In other words, keep the usufruct in place andyou can amend and alter the contract any way you wish. Just make sure the state and federal"interests" are protected... a fail-safe mechanism built within the operation of the nation toprevent implosion of the nation so a "government of the people, by the people, and for the peopshall never perish from this Earth.")

[2. re-organization of estate in acceptance of treaty: pledge of any kind of interest inany kind of property to State of as custodian of estate and receiver of title] [pledge ofany kind of right and in any kind of property to TRUST with TRUST appointed generalexecutor and general guardian of estate] [ remember: estate is just interests inproperty and Name and NAME provided are intellectual property into which youpledge interests as a capital contributor].


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11 USC 558

The estate (Name) shall have the benefit of any defense available to the debtor (NAME) asagainst any entity other than the estate (Name), including statutes of limitation, statutes offrauds, usury, and other personal defenses. A waiver of any such defense by the debtor (NAME)after the commencement of the case does not bind the estate (Name).

(8 USC 1101(a)(21) = Name is a person or child and owes a permanent allegiance to state as

its existence is the result of operation of law: a citizen and national of state).

(8 USC 1101(a)(22) = NAME is a person or citizen (infant) and owes United States permanentallegiance as the citizen only exists as a result of the 14th Amendment: citizen and US National.)

[3. now assign and pledge of reversion to and for the account of United States forcollateralization of SSN as consideration with Department of Transportation appointedreceiver of reversion upon condition any revenue received be used to reduce the publicdebt with any revenue in remainder be reserved for appropriation by Department ofTransportation for purposes established in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act o2009 and none other as a gift of gratitude for the hospitality extended with this gift ofsafe harbor.]

31 USC 3713

a.1. A claim of the United States Government shall be paid first when

A. a person indebted to the Government is insolvent and

i. the debtor without enough property to pay all debts makes avoluntary assignment of property

ii. property of the debtor, if absent, is attached or

iii. an act of bankruptcy is committed or

B. the estate of a deceased debtor, in the custody of the executor or administrator, inot enough to pay all debts of the debtor.

2. This subsection does not apply to a case under title 11.

b. A representative of a person or an estate (except a trustee acting under title 11) paying anypart of a debt of the person or estate before paying a claim of the Government is liable tothe extent of the payment for unpaid claims of the Government.

[4. terms and conditions to initiate treaty of protection]

12 USC 95a(2) Any payment, conveyance, transfer, assignment, or delivery of property or interest therein,made to or for the account of the United States, or as otherwise directed, pursuant to this sectioor any rule, regulation, instruction, or direction issued hereunder shall to the extent thereof be afull acquittance and discharge for all purposes of the obligation of the person making the sameand no person shall be held liable in any court for or in respect to anything done or omitted ingood faith in connection with the administration of, or in pursuance of and in reliance on, thissection, or any rule, regulation, instruction, or direction issued hereunder.


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[5. Ratification of acts of the one for engaging protection]

12 U.S. Code 95bThe actions, regulations, rules, licenses, orders and proclamations heretofore or hereafter taken,promulgated, made, or issued by the President of the United States or the Secretary of theTreasury since March 4, 1933, pursuant to the authority conferred by section 95a of this title, areapproved and confirmed.

[6. Ratification by the one of treaty for protection]

Subsequent use thereof by the appropriate person. (Birth Certificates, Driver License,Passports, etc). One used the property not a problem. One failed in ones duty to the contractthat was put into place to protect the nation and its assets problem.

(The people never ratified the treaty (Declaration + Constitution) thus are usufruct of stateowned intellectual property as a foreigner and belligerent hostile who threatens the security othe homeland for the people only think of their own survival, thus are human (infant) or

monster. The person used in public (NAME) is an account receivable of the State and since thepeople made no deposit of any interest, has no matching account payable of which it can seekbalance and harmony and since the one using it withheld the equitable interest from deposit, the

the ass of the one using it holds the equity/surety that will be used for balancing the account.)

133. Sureties may be required.But, if any apprehension of danger arise from the grant of liberty to pass through a country, thestate has a right to require sureties: the party who wishes to pass cannot refuse them, a passagbeing only so far due to him as it is attended with no inconvenience.

132. Innocent passage.The introduction of property cannot be supposed to have deprived nations of the general right oftraversing the earth for the purposes of mutual intercourse, of carrying on commerce with each

other, and for other just reasons. It is only on particular occasions, when the owner of a countrythinks it would be prejudicial or dangerous to allow a passage through it, that he ought to refusepermission to pass. He is therefore bound to grant a passage for lawful purposes, whenever hecan do it without inconvenience to himself. And he cannot lawfully annex burdensome conditionsto a permission which he is obliged to grant, and which he cannot refuse if he wishes to discharghis duty, and not abuse his right of property. The count of Lupfen having improperly stoppedsome merchandise in Alsace, and complaints being made on the subject to the emperorSigismund, who was then at the council of Constance, that prince assembled the electors,princes, and deputies of towns, to examine the affair. The opinion of the burgrave of Nurembergdeserves to be mentioned: "God," said he, "has created heaven for himself and his saints,and has given the earth to mankind, intending it for the advantage of the poor as wellas of the rich. The roads are for their use, and God has not subjected them to any

taxes." He condemned the count of Lupfen to restore the merchandise, and to pay costs anddamages, because he could not justify his seizure by any peculiar right. The emperor approvedthis opinion, and passed sentence accordingly.

HOW A NATION IS TO USE HER RIGHT OF DOMAIN, IN ORDER TO DISCHARGE HER DUTIESTOWARDS OTHER NATIONS, WITH RESPECT TO THE INNOCENT USE OF THINGS: Book 2 CHAP

X. Law of Nations

109. nor over his property.The property of an individual does not cease to belong to him on account of his being in a foreigncountry it still constitutes a part of the aggregate wealth of his nation ( 81). Any power,


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therefore, which the lord of the territory might claim over the property of a foreigner would beequally derogatory to the rights of the individual owner and to those of the nation of which he is member.(114)

108. The state has no right over the person of a foreignerThe state, which ought to respect the rights of other nations, and in general those of all mankindcannot arrogate to herself any power over the person of a foreigner, who, though he has enteredher territory, has not become her subject. The foreigner cannot pretend to enjoy the liberty ofliving in the country without respecting the laws: if he violates them, he is punishable as a

disturber of the public peace, and guilty of a crime against the society in which he lives: but he isnot obliged to submit, like the subjects, to all the commands of the sovereign: and, if such thingare required of him as he is unwilling to perform, he may quit the country. He is free at all timesto leave it nor have we a right to detain him, except for a time, and for very particular reasons,as, for instance, an apprehension, in war time, lest such foreigner, acquainted with the state ofthe country and of fortified places, should communicate his knowledge to the enemy. (113) Fromthe voyages of the Dutch to the East Indies, we learn that the kings of Corea forcibly detainforeigners who are shipwrecked on their coast and Bodinus assures us,3 that a custom socontrary to the law of nations was practised in his time in thiopa, and even in Muscovy. This isat once a violation of the rights of individuals, and of those of the state to which they belong.Things have been greatly changed in Russia in a single reign that of Peter the Great hasplaced that vast empire in the rank of civilized nations.

107. Foreigners continue members of their own nation.The citizen or the subject of a state who absents himself for a time without anyintention to abandon the society of which he is a member, does not lose his privilege bhis absence: he preserves his rights, and remains bound by the same obligations. Beingreceived in a foreign country, in virtue of the natural society, the communication, and commercewhich nations are obliged to cultivate with each other (Prelim. 11, 12 Book II. 21), heought to be considered there as a member of his own nation, and treated as such.

106. To what burdens they are subject.He cannot, indeed, be subject to those burdens that have only a relation to the quality of citizens

but he ought to bear his share of all the others. Being exempted from serving in the militia, andfrom paying those taxes destined for the support of the rights of the nation, he will pay the dutieimposed upon provisions, merchandise, &c., and, in a word, every thing that has only a relationto his residence in the country, or to the affairs which brought him thither.

105. Their duties.From a sense of gratitude for the protection granted to him, and the other advantageshe enjoys, the foreigner ought not to content himself with barely respecting the laws of thecountry he ought to assist it upon occasion, and contribute to its defence, as far as isconsistent with his duty as citizen of another state. We shall see elsewhere what he can anought to do, when the country is engaged in a war. But there is nothing to hinder him from

defending it against pirates or robbers, against the ravages of an inundation, or thedevastations of fire. Can he pretend to live under the protection of a state, to participate in avariety of advantages that it affords, and yet make no exertion for its defence, but remain anunconcerned spectator of the dangers to which the citizens are exposed?

104. Protection due to foreigners.The sovereign ought not to grant an entrance into his state for the purpose of drawingforeigners into a snare as soon as he admits them, he engages to protect them as hisown subjects, and to afford them perfect security, as far as depends on him. Accordinglywe see that every sovereign who has given an asylum to a foreigner, considers himself no lessoffended by an injury done to the latter, than he would be by an act of violence committed on hiown subject. Hospitality was in great honour among the ancients, and even among barbarous


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nations, such as the Germans. Those savage nations who treated strangers ill, that Scythian tribwho sacrificed them to Diana,1 were universally held in abhorrence and Grotius justly says2 thatheir extreme ferocity excluded them from the great society of mankind. All other nations had aright to unite their forces in order to chastise them.

RULES WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGNERS: Book 2 CHAP. VIII. Law of Nations

199. How the right of the nation protected is lost by its silence.But if the nation that is protected, or that has placed itself in subjection on certain conditions,does not resist the encroachments of that power from which it has sought support if it makesno opposition to them if it preserves a profound silence, when it might and ought to speak its patient acquiescence becomes in length of time a tacit consent that legitimates the rights ofthe usurper. There would be no stabiliity in the affairs of men, and especially in those of nations,if long possession, accompanied by the silence of the persons concerned, did not produce adegree of right. But it must be observed, that silence, in order to show tacit consent, ought to bevoluntary. If the inferior nation proves that violence and fear prevented its giving testimonies ofits opposition, nothing can be concluded from its silence, which therefore gives no right to theusurper.

198. And by the encroachments of the protector.

In virtue of the same principle which discharges one of the contracting parties when the otherfails in his engagements, if the more powerful nation should assume a greater authority over theweaker one than the treaty of protection or submission allows, the latter may consider the treatyas broken, and provide for its safety according to its own discretion. If it were otherwise, theinferior nation would lose by a convention which it had only formed with a view to its safety andif it were still bound by its engagements when its protector abuses them and openly violates hisown, the treaty would, to the weaker party, prove a downright deception. However, as somepeople maintain, that, in this case, the inferior nation has only the right of resistance and ofimploring foreign aid, and particularly as the weak cannot take too many precautions againstthe powerful, who are skilful in colouring over their enterprises, the safest way is to insert inthis kind of treaty a clause declaring it null and void whenever the superior power shall arrogateto itself any rights not expressly granted by the treaty.

197. Or by the infidelity of the party protected.The law is the same with respect to both the contracting parties: if the party protected do notfulfil their engagements with fidelity, the protector is discharged from his he may afterwardsrefuse his protection, and declare the treaty broken, in case the situation of his affairs renderssuch a step advisable.

196. These compacts annulled by the failure of protection.When a nation has placed itself under the protection of another that is more powerful, or haseven entered into subjection to it with a view to receiving its protection, if the latter does noteffectually protect the other in case of need, it is manifest, that, by failing in its engagements, it

loses all the rights it had acquired by the convention, and that the other, being disengaged fromthe obligation it had contracted, re-enters into the possession of all its rights, and recovers itsindependence, or its liberty. It is to be observed that this takes place even in cases where theprotector does not fail in his engagements through the want of good faith, but merely throughinability. For, the weaker nation having submitted only for the sake of obtaining protection, ifthe other proves unable to fulfil that essential condition, the compact is dissolved the weakerresumes its rights, and may, if it thinks proper, have recourse to a more effectual protection.2Thus, the dukes of Austria, who had acquired a right of protection, and in some sort a sovereigntover the city of Lucerne, being unwilling or unable to protect it effectually, that city concluded analliance with the three first cantons and the dukes having carried their complaint to the emperothe inhabitants of Lucerne replied, "that they had used the natural right common to all men,by which every one is permitted to endeavour to procure his own safety when he is


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abandoned by those who are obliged to grant him assistance."

195. Right of the citizens when the nation submits to a foreign power.In the case of a real subjection to a foreign power, the citizens who do not approve this changeare not obliged to submit to it: they ought to be allowed to sell their effects and retireelsewhere. For, my having entered into a society does not oblige me to follow its fate, when itdissolves itself in order to submit to a foreign dominion. I submitted to the society as it then wasto live in that society as the member of a sovereign state, and not in another I am bound to

obey it, while it remains a political society: but, when it divests itself of the quality in order toreceive its laws from another state, it breaks the bond of union between its members, andreleases them from their obligations.

194. Several kinds of submission.This submission may be varied to infinity, according to the will of the contracting parties: it mayeither leave the inferior nation a part of the sovereignty, restraining it only in certain respects, oit may totally abolish it, so that the superior nation shall become the sovereign of the other, ofinally, the lesser nation may be incorporated with the greater, in order thenceforward to formwith it but one and the same state: and then the citizens of the former will have the sameprivileges as those with whom they are united. The Roman history furnishes examples of each ofthese three kinds of submission, 1. The allies of the Roman people, such as the inhabitants of

Latium were for a long time, who, in several respects, depended on Rome, but, in all others, wergoverned according to their own laws, and by their own magistrates 2. The countries reducedto Roman provinces, as Capua, whose inhabitants submitted absolutely to the Romans 1 3.The nations to which Rome granted the freedom of the city. In after times the emperors grantedthat privilege to all the nations subject to the empire, and thus transformed all their subjects intocitizens.

193. Voluntary submission of one nation to another.But this matter is sometimes carried still farther and, although a nation is under an obligation topreserve with the utmost care the liberty and independence it inherits from nature, yet when ithas not sufficient strength of itself, and feels itself unable to resist its enemies, it may lawfully

subject itself to a more powerful nation on certain conditions agreed to by both parties: and thecompact or treaty of submission will thenceforward be the measure and rule of the rights of eachFor, since the people who enter into subjection resign a right which naturally belongs to them,and transfer it to the other nation, they are perfectly at liberty to annex what conditions theyplease to this transfer and the other party, by accepting their submission on this footing,engages to observe religiously all the clauses of the treaty.

192. Protection.WHEN a nation is not capable of preserving herself from insult and oppression, she may procurethe protection of a more powerful state. If she obtains this by only engaging to performcertain articles, as to pay a tribute in return for the safety obtained, to furnish herprotector with troops, and to embark in all his wars as a joint concern, but still reserving

to herself the right of administering her own government at pleasure, it is a simpletreaty of protection, that does not all derogate from her sovereignty, and differs notfrom the ordinary treaties of alliance, otherwise than as it creates a difference in thedignity of the contracting parties.

CHAP. XVI.: OF THE PROTECTION SOUGHT BY A NATION, AND ITS VOLUNTARY SUBMISSION TOA FOREIGN POWER: LAW OF NATIONS

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A Simple Treaty for Protection BORIS