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IRA-International Journal of Management &
Social Sciences
ISSN 2455-2267; Vol.04, Issue 03 (2016)
Pg. no. 642-655
Institute of Research Advances
http://research-advances.org/index.php/RAJMSS
A Study of Gender Disparities among the
Districts of Haryana Shailendra Singh Rana
Assistant Professor
Amity Law School
Amity University, Lucknow, India.
Type of Review: Peer Reviewed.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n3.p15
How to cite this paper:
Rana, S. (2016). A Study of Gender Disparities among the Districts of Haryana. IRA-
International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267), 4(3), 642-
655. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n3.p15
© Institute of Research Advances
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0
International License subject to proper citation to the publication source of the work.
Disclaimer: The scholarly papers as reviewed and published by the Institute of Research
Advances (IRA) are the views and opinions of their respective authors and are not the
views or opinions of the IRA. The IRA disclaims of any harm or loss caused due to the
published content to any party.
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
643
ABSTRACT
“I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.”-
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
India’s demography is changing. At present, India is known worldwide for its demographic advantage on
account of the young population at the time when world’s population is rapidly aging. Different aspect of
this demographic advantage is the gender disparity.
Women comprise almost half of the human population of the world. No development can be thought
without their help and support. Manusmriti(the ancient legal text of Hinduism) says,“yatr naryasto
pojyantay, ramantay tatra devta [3/56](where women are provided place of honor, gods are pleased and
reside there in that household)”but in much of South Asia and particularly in India sons are preferred
over daughters and both are raised differently for a number of financial, economic, religious and social
reasons including property inheritance, old age security, dowry, family lineage, power and prestige,
rituals and beliefs about religious duties and salvation. A report by the United Nations' Department of
Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) has revealed that the Indian girl child is the most vulnerable in
world. Gender disparity is prevalent in different dimensions of life.
This paper is an attempt to study the inter district gender disparity in the Indian state of Haryana by
examining the variables which have a bearing on gender and equity issues.
I INTRODUCTION
“Women do two-thirds of the world’s work; receive ten percent of the world’s income and own one
percent of the means of production” (Robbins 1999: 354). Haryana is one of the richest states in India but
is often criticized for its low sex ratio and large gender disparities which begin in the womb itself where
female embryos are selectively aborted and continues as the girl child grows older in the form of smaller
ration of food and nutrition available to her, fewer schooling and higher education opportunities and
higher involvement of girls in household chores relatively to boys. This gender disparity goes on in the
later stages of a female’s life first in the labor market where they get fewer chances of employment and
lower wages relative to their male counterparts and at home where they have a lesser say in major
economic and financial decisions.
This paper focuses on inter district gender disparities in the areas of education, health, marriage and
nutritional status in Haryana.
II ABOUT HARYANA
Haryana is a north Indian state came into existence in 1966 on 1st of November when it was separated
from the state of Punjab on the grounds of different language. It stands 21st in terms of its area, which is
spread about 44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north and
by Rajasthan to the west and south. Haryana shares its capital with Punjab. There are total 21 districts in
Haryana out of which Gurgaon and Faridabad are among the fastest growing districts.
III OBJECTIVES
Objective of this research is to study the inter district gender disparity by using selected variables which
have direct bearing on gender issues like sex composition, education, marriage and health status.
IV METHODOLOGY
Area of study- All 21 districts of Haryana
Data used- secondary data
Sources of data-National Family Health Survey 4 and Census of India 2011
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
644
Figure 1
V DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS
(A)SEX COMPOSITION
Sex composition is one of the major demographic characteristic to measure the degree of gender disparity
and it is concluded from the discussion below that sex ratio and sex ratio at birth are not uniform across
the 21 districts in Haryana.
SEX RATIO
Lower value of Sex ratio is a major indicator of women disempowerment. Census data and the different
rounds of Sample Registration Surveys have revealed that the problem is acute in the economically
progressive northern states of Punjab,Haryana, Delhi and Gujarat.
Haryana is the state which lags behind the national average (943*).Sex ratio for almost every district of
Haryana suggests the same. Out of 21 districts in Haryana, 20 districts are below 943while Bhiwani is the
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
645
only district higher at 980.Panchkula which is second in women literacy rate(85.7)has the lowest sex ratio
of 780 while Ambala which is at the top in women literacy (90percent) is among the six districts having
the worst sex ratio. Contributing to the shock is the fact that Gurgaon often referred to as India’s fastest
growing city is the second district after panchkula which has the worst sex ratio(812) .While Mewat(35.6
percent women literacy rate) and Sirsa(70.3 percent women literacy rate)which are predominantly rural
and less literate have higher sex ratios of 932 and 913 respectively. This correlation between sex ratio
and literacy rate shows inverse relationship.
DISTRICT SEX
RATIO(arranged in
descending order)
WOMEN LITERACY RATE
Bhiwani 980 76.2
Mewat 932 35.6
Rohtak 916 78
Sirsa 913 70.3
Fatehabad 908 71.8
Jhajjar 894 82.5
Rewari 894 77.6
Jind 893 77.2
Kurukshetra 892 80.4
Kaithal 889 73.1
Hisar 883 73.3
Karnal 881 78.4
Palwal 880 59.8
Mahendragarh 876 79
Yamunanagar 867 84.3
Ambala 846 90
Panipat 846 78.6
Sonipat 830 82.1
Faridabad 826 74.2
Gurgaon 812 74.6
Panchula 780 85.7
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
646
Chart 1
846
980
826
908
812
883
894
893
889
881
892
876
932
880
780
846
894
916
913
830
867
Ambala
Bhiwani
Faridabad
Fatehabad
Gurgaon
Hisar
Jhajjar
Jind
Kaithal
Karnal
Kurukshetra
Mahendragarh
Mewat
Palwal
Panchkula
Panipat
Rewari
Rohtak
Sirsa
Sonipat
Yamunanagar
Sex ratio
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
647
Chart 2
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
In case of sex ratio at birth also, situation is not very different.Panchkula and Ambala which top the list in
women literacy rate are among the six states having the worst sex ratio at birth. Faridabad which is the
largest district (its population is almost the double of next most populated city Gurgaon) of Haryana and
has almost the same women literacy rate(74.2 percent) as Gurgaon(74.6) falters on sex ratio at birth front.
Out of 21 districts only 9 districts (Bhiwani Fatehabad,Gurgaon, jind, kaithal,Palwal)have the values of
sex ratios at birth more than their sex ratio.If we assume the effect of fertility,mortality and migration
constant,the higher values of sex ratio at birth when compared with the sex ratio will affect the sex ratio
positively in these nine districts in future.But in the remaining 12 districts sex ratio at birth is alarming
and it is below the sex ratio(except karnal where both the ratios are almost equal) which can again distort
the sex ratio in times to come.
90
76.2
74.2
71.8
74.6
73.3
82.5
77.2
73.1
78.4
80.4
79
35.6
59.8
85.7
78.6
77.6
78
70.3
82.1
84.3
Ambala
Bhiwani
Faridabad
Fatehabad
Gurgaon
Hisar
Jhajjar
Jind
Kaithal
Karnal
Kurukshetra
Mahendragarh
Mewat
Palwal
Panchkula
Panipat
Rewari
Rohtak
Sirsa
Sonipat
Yamunanagar
Women Literacy
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
648
SEX RATIO AND SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
Chart 3
(B) EDUCATION
Literacy is one of the main components of human development index.It is the component of gender
inequality index also which was introduced in 2010 in Human Development Report by United Nations
Development Programme.
COMPARISON OF WOMEN AND MEN LITERACY
Disparity in male and female literacy rate is a major indicator of gender based inequality.
Ambala is the district having the highest women literacy(90 percent) and Mewat has the minimum
women literacy rate(35.6 percent).
730
999
686
922
916
776
713
1003
949
880
823
698
891
888
751
918
704
930
847
855
616
846
980
826
908
812
883
894
893
889
881
892
876
932
880
780
846
894
916
913
830
867
Ambala
Bhiwani
Faridabad
Fatehabad
Gurgaon
Hisar
Jhajjar
Jind
Kaithal
Karnal
Kurukshetra
Mahendragarh
Mewat
Palwal
Panchkula
Panipat
Rewari
Rohtak
Sirsa
Sonipat
Yamunanagar
Sex ratio at birth and sex ratio
Sex ratio
Sex ratio at birth
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
649
There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in the districts of Haryana though disparity as a whole
has decreased in 2015-16. Mewat has the maximum disparity and Ambala has the minimum disparity in
women and men literacy.
Chart 4
PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN WITH 10 OR MORE YEARS OF SCHOOLING-
Panchkula has the highest percentage of women with 10 or more years of schooling (67%) while Mewat
has the lowest percentage (12.7%).
90
76
.2
74
.2
71
.8
74
.6
73
.3
82
.5
77
.2
73
.1 78
.4
80
.4
79
35
.6
59
.8
85
.7
78
.6
77
.6
78
70
.3
82
.1
84
.3
96
.5
86
.3
96
.3
87
.3 90
.9
89
.4 94
.8
89
.5
84
.9
86
.5 92 93
.3
78
92
.2 95
.9
93 9
7.9
89
79
92
.5
94
.7
Women Literacy
Men literacy
SURVEY Male Female Maximum
disparity in
literacy
Minimum
disparity in
literacy
NFHS-4 90.6 75.4 Mewat Ambala
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
650
Chart 5
(C) MARRIAGE AND PREGNANCY
Early marriage cut shorts the childhood and compromise the fundamental rights of a child.
In 2006, "The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006" was passed to prohibit solemnization of child
marriages in India. This law states that men must be at least 21 years of age and women must but be at
least 18 years of age to marry. Practice of early marriages in Haryana is widespread for both the genders
but the percentage of men age 25-29 years married before 21 years is greater than the percentage of
women age 20-24 years married before 18 years for each district.
District with maximum and minimum percentage of women age 20-24 years married before 18 years are
Mewat(37.6%) and Yamunanagar (6.9%) respectively. For men maximum and minimum percentage of
25-29 years married before 21 years is found in Mewat (70.4%) and Ambala(14.5%) respectively.
Highest disparity is found in Hisar where 15.5% of women age 20-24 years are married before 18 years
and 48.6 % of men age 25-29 years married before 21 years. Lowest disparity is in Fatehabad where
almost the same percentage of women age 20-24 years married before 18 years and men age 25-29 years
married before 21 years is found.
64.2
45.342
38.3
51
42.8
53.2
47.8
40.8
46.649.5 49.6
12.7
33.2
67
54
43.146.7
36.2
54.450.5
Percentage of women age 15-49 years with 10 or years of education
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
651
Chart 6
PREGNANCY
Medical, economic and psychological impact of early childbearing can be significant for a women.
Mewat (14.2%) has the maximum percentage of women age 15-19 years who were already mother or
pregnant at the time of NFHS-4 survey while Panchkula (1.2%) has the lowest percentage of such
women. Other districts with high percentage of women age 15-19 years who were already mother or
pregnant at the time of NFHS-4 survey are Palwal (12.5%), Rewari (10.8%) and Rohtak(10.2%).
7.2
21
.5
21
.2
16
.4
36
.8
15
.5
15
.6
15
.8
16
.8
8.4 9
.9
16
.8
37
.6
28
.3
9.6
15
.1 20 2
1.8
15
.6 20
.4
6.9
14
.5
22
.1
16
.2
49
.9
48
.6
25
.1
33
.7
26
.1
38
.1
30
.1
70
.4
42
.9
27
.7
41
.9
23
.6 26
17
.7
Am
bal
a
Bh
iwan
i
Fari
dab
ad
Fate
hab
ad
Gu
rgao
n
His
ar
Jhaj
jar
Jin
d
Kai
thal
Kar
nal
Ku
ruks
het
ra
Mah
end
raga
rh
Mew
at
Pal
wal
Pan
chku
la
Pan
ipat
Rew
ari
Ro
hta
k
Sirs
a
Son
ipat
Yam
un
anag
ar
Percentage of women age 20-24 years married before 18 years and men age 25-29 years
married before 21 years
Women age 20-24 years married before 18 years
Men age 25-29 years married before 21 years
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
652
Chart 7
(D) NUTRITIONAL DISPARITIES
Adequate nutrition, a fundamental cornerstone of any individual's health, is especially critical for women
because inadequate nutrition wreaks havoc not only on women's own health but also on the health of their
children(Elizabeth I. Ransom and Leslie K. Elder)
BODY MASS INDEX(BMI)
The BMI is an attempt to quantify the amount of tissue mass (muscle, fat, and bone) in an individual, and
then categorize that person as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese based on that value.
Commonly accepted BMI ranges are underweight: under 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5 to 25,
overweight: 25 to 30, obese: over 30.
Highest percentage of women as well as men age 15-49 years whose BMI is below normal is in
Mewat(27.1% women and 30.4% men )but it is lesser in case of women. Panchkula(6.8%) has the lowest
percentage of women whose BMI is below normal while Sonipat(4.3%)has least percentage of men with
below normal BMI. Ambala, Kaithal and Mewat are the only districts where percentage of men with
lower BMI is more than the percentage of such women. In restof the districts percentage of women with
below normal BMI is more than the men and the highest disparity is in Sirsa where percentage of women
and men with below normal BMI are 20.6 % and 10.9 % respectively.
2.6
4.3
5.8
3.8
1.3
4.6
6.5
4.14.6 4.5 4.1 4.5
14.2
12.5
1.2
6.5
10.810.2
3.9
6.8
1.4
Percentage of women age 15-19 years who are already mother or pregnant at the time of
survey
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
653
Chart 8
ANAEMIA-
Nutritional disparity is clearly visible when comparing the percentage of anaemic women and men across
the districts of Haryana.For women the highest percentage of anaemic women is 73.2% found in
Gurgaon.The lowest percentage of anameic women is in Faridabad(54.1%) which is even greater than the
highest percentage of anaemic men found in Yamunanagar(33.7%).Across all the districts of Haryana
percentage of anaemic women is more than the percentage of anaemic men.
11
.1
21
.4
14
.4
22
.2
12
.5
14
.9
12
.4
17
15
.3
12
.9
9.2
19
.2
27
.1
16
.9
6.8
10
.4
21
.4
16
.1
20
.6
14
.1
16
.2
11
.4
19
.8
10
.7
13
.2
7.1
9.9
12
.1
11
16
.1
6.4
3.9
14
.7
30
.4
12
.2
7.2
5.5
14
.4
10
.7
10
.9
4.3
6.1
Am
bal
a
Bh
iwan
i
Fari
dab
ad
Fate
hab
ad
Gu
rgao
n
His
ar
Jhaj
jar
Jin
d
Kai
thal
Kar
nal
Ku
ruks
het
ra
Mah
end
raga
rh
Mew
at
Pal
wal
Pan
chku
la
Pan
ipat
Rew
ari
Ro
hta
k
Sirs
a
Son
ipat
Yam
un
anag
ar
Percnetage of women and men age 15-49 years whose BMI is below normal
PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 WHOSE BODY MASS INDEX(BMI) IS BELOW NORMAL
PERCENTAGE OF MEN AGE 15-49 WHOSE BODY MASS INDEX(BMI) IS BELOW NORMAL
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
654
Chart 9
Since anemia develops during pregnancy, Comparison of anemic men with non pregnant anemic women
was again done but the results didn’t very much.
Chart 10
68
.6
64
.8
54
.1
65
.4 73
.2
59
.5
61
.1
62
.7
59
.8 67
54
.6 63
.5 70
.1
60
.2
55
.4
66
.2
65
.1
57
.8
59
.3 66
.5
57
.1
25
.5
14
.2
14
.7
32
23
.1 30
.2
18
.3 21
.5
13
.6
14
.6
25
.9 34
.1
23
.6
11
.9
29
.3
8.7
17
16 1
9.5 23
.7
33
.7
Am
bal
a
Bh
iwan
i
Fari
dab
ad
Fate
hab
ad
Gu
rgao
n
His
ar
Jhaj
jar
Jin
d
Kai
thal
Kar
nal
Ku
ruks
het
ra
Mah
end
raga
rh
Mew
at
Pal
wal
Pan
chku
la
Pan
ipat
Rew
ari
Ro
hta
k
Sirs
a
Son
ipat
Yam
un
anag
ar
Percenatage of women and men age 15-49 years who are anameic
PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 WHO ARE ANAEMIC
PRECENTAGE OF MEN AGE 15-49 WHO ARE ANAEMIC
69
.8
65
.6
55
.5 65
.3 73
.6
60
.1
61
.2
62
.7
60
.1 67
.1
55
.9 64
.3 69
.1
60
.3
56
.5 67
.2
65
.6
57
.8
59
.7 66
.5
57
.1
25
.5
14
.2
14
.7
32
23
.1 30
.2
18
.3
21
.5
13
.6
14
.6 25
.9 34
.1
23
.6
11
.9
29
.3
8.7 1
7
16 19
.5
23
.7 33
.7
Am
bal
a
Bh
iwan
i
Fari
dab
ad
Fate
hab
ad
Gu
rgao
n
His
ar
Jhaj
jar
Jin
d
Kai
thal
Kar
nal
Ku
ruks
het
ra
Mah
end
raga
rh
Mew
at
Pal
wal
Pan
chku
la
Pan
ipat
Rew
ari
Ro
hta
k
Sirs
a
Son
ipat
Yam
un
anag
ar
Percentage of non pregnant women age 15-49 who are anameic and men age 15-49 who are
anaemic
PERCENTAGE OF NON PREGNANT WOMEN AGE 15-49 WHO ARE ANAEMIC
PRECENTAGE OF MEN AGE 15-49 WHO ARE ANAEMIC
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences
655
VI CONCLUSION
This paper found regional disparities in gender equality. It is found that sex ratio is low in
Gurgaon,Faridabad and Panchkula districts where the migration rate is high due to industrial development
and their proximity to Delhi or to Chandigarh. Since the women’s education helps in averting child
marriage and early peregnancy,Mewat tops in both due to least female literacy and highest gender
disparity in literacy rate among all the districts of Haryana. Regional disparities are also found in
nutritional status of females and males.Compared with males,females are at higher risk of below normal
BMI and anemia.
Females in Mewat district have the worst nutrition status but few more developed districts like Gurgaon
and Faridabad also falter with high percentage of anemic women relatively to men.
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George, D. & Dahiya, R. 1998: Female Foeticide in Rural Haryana. Economic & Political Weekly,
33(32), 2191-2198.
Visaria, L. 2002
Deficit of women in India: Magnitude, trends, regional variations and determinants.
The National Medical Journal of India-2, Vol. 15, 195.
Sekher T.V. and Neelambar Hatti. eds. (2010). Unwanted Daughters: Gender Discrimination in Modern
India, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
Agnihotri, S.B. 2000: Sex Ratio Patterns in the Indian Population: A fresh exploration. New Delhi: Sage
Publications.