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UHB 2422 : ADVANCED ENGLISH ACADEMIC
COMMUNICATION
Title : A study of a shortage of
organ donors in Malaysia
Group Members:
NAME MATRIX NO.
FATIN HAMIMAH BINTI MOHAMED
SALLEHSX090583EEJ03
SITI SURIYAH BINTI MAT LAZIM SX090632EEJ03
MOHD SHAHRIZAL ABDUL RAHIM SX090603EEJ03
ZAITON BT BAKAR
UMA A/P BUN KING
LECTURER: PN SALWA BT ABD WAHID
i
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Malaysia is faced with a serious problem of organ supply which leads increasing
number of patients in waiting list as well as the subsidies money by government for
dialysis. Even though there are a lot of affords have been taken to increase the number of
donor, the result is still same. Questions may comes to mind about our community
awareness of the needs and the moment we want to figured out the answer, thousands of
lives in need of organs is at stake as these patients condition become worse day by day.
Sadly to think that some of them are counting to the end of their days as the expected
donor does not appear as expected. This patient comes from various categories of races,
ages and gender, who suffer while waiting for generous donors to come forward to
donate suitable organ for them. However, donating organ is not easy like donating money
where there is some test need to do to obtain suitable donor for the patient.
According to the World Health Organisation, the organ donor rate in Malaysia is
only 1.4 per one million people. This is in sharp contrast to developed countries, such as
Spain, which is at the top with 34.4 per one million. Although 194,001 people have
pledged their organs so far, there have been only 370 actual donors since 1976 which is
below 500.
Based on the statistic from National Transplant Resource Centre, there are 15395
patients is currently in waiting list for a kidney transplant till 31st May 2012. There are
two patients are still waiting for heart and lung transplant while another two patients
waiting for lung transplant. It is not exaggerated to say that a shortage of organ donors
gives suffers to the patients. The patient is not only suffering from their illness but may
also lose their hope to survive. Thus, a study is conducted for the purpose to identify the
factors of why a person finds it difficult to register as organ donors, especially among
ii
people in Malaysia and finding suggestion for this matter. In the first chapter, brief
discussion on background information, statement of problems, research objectives and
research questions, significance of study, scope, limitation and methodology will be
given.
1.1 Background of the Study
Organ transplantation is an operation, which involves the replacement of diseased
and defective organs and tissues with healthy ones from donors. In other words, it is a
process of removing an organ from the body of one individual and transferring it to
others. Generally, organ that can be transplant are the heart, kidneys, livers, lungs,
pancreas, small bowel and the skin. Also bones, tendons, cornea, heart valves, vein and
arm for tissues.
Organ transplant has been in Malaysia since 1970. However, the procedure was
only actively performed since 1997, when the National Transplant Centre was set up at
Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Among the successful transplant reported are kindly transplant,
cornea transplant and bone marrow transplant. Thus the increasing success rate of organ
transplant procedures is one reason that organ transplant waiting lists have risen so
dramatically since the late 1997s.Currently, the need for organ transplant in Malaysia
more exceeds the supply that was donated.
In Malaysia, more than 14,000 people are on the waiting list for organ transplant,
with the great majority of patients diagnosed with end stage kidney failure. According to
World Health Organisation (WHO) report placed Malaysia among the lowest in terms of
organ donation. As of April 2012, only 194,846 from the Malaysian population of 28
million signed up as organ donors, there are only 0.66 donors per million. This figure is
positively miniscule, when compared with that of Spain, which has a rate of 35 donors
per million, the highest in the world.
There are some factors causes lack of people contribute in organ donation in
Malaysia. Lack of awareness about organ donation is one of the causes for the fewer
organ donations. This is due to difference level of awareness of people and lack of
iii
understanding by the people about organ donation. Another factor behind the organ
shortage is obligation from family. Family members not support and even oppose the
donor.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Recently, issued regarding about organ donation become crucial when there are a
lots of patients waiting for an organ transplant from a donor. Many patients or their
family comes forward through a media asking a helps from people to safe life. Although
there are a lot of efforts taking by the National Transplant Centre in order to increase the
number of donors through mass media and others, there are still lacks of people to
register as organ donors. This can be seen through the statistics of organ donor and
pledges from the National Transplant Centre where only 373 organ donations have been
recorded till 31st May 2012, while 195921 have been registered as organ donor pledges.
However, the number of patients is still in waiting list for kidneys transplant is 15395.
It’s cannot be denied that the donation from living or deceased person can help
the patient, but still not enough to cater the needs of organ donation. In order to survive,
the patient need to go abroad to get an organ transplant that cost a lot of money for them.
For certain patient with wealthy family, they can afford the cost but for the poor family
they cannot afford it. In fact, they will suffer to death if there are no financial supports
from the public. Meanwhile, the patient with kidney problem also need more cost for
dialysis. It would also be beneficial to determine the factors that influence the shortage of
organ donors and levels of awareness people towards organ donation. For this purpose, a
study related to the issue of a shortage of organ donors was conducted on a people from
various backgrounds in Kedah and Pulau Pinang.
iv
1.3 Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are:
1. To identify the causes of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia.
2. To identify the effects of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia.
3. To suggest solution of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are:
1. What are the causes of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia?
2. What are the effects of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia?
3. What is the suggestion of solution towards a shortage of organ donors in
Malaysia?
1.5 Significance of Study
The findings of this report are to create awareness among people in Malaysia
regarding the shortage of organ donors. Apart from that, people will also gain knowledge
about the caused of shortage of organ donor, the effect of the shortage to the patient and
how to cater this problem in future. This report may also be crucial because it contribute
to the improvement of public attitude towards organ donation which will then increase
the number of organ donors in Malaysia. Consequently, it will also reduce the number of
patients in waiting list. By able to have organ donor, it will give new hope for the patient
as well as the cost.
v
1.6 Scope
This research is focused on a shortage of organ donor in Malaysia. The
respondents include 47 people with different background (students, private sector,
government sector & others) who are being chosen randomly. The venue of collecting
data will be set at Kedah and Pulau Pinang states.
1.7 Limitation
This study is limited to 47 respondents with various backgrounds, who are
students, government sector, private sector and others as Malaysian people due to the
time constrains. Therefore, the resource as references is limited as well as guidance from
the lecturer.
1.8 Methodology
This research will be conducted in Kedah and Pulau Pinang as represent
Malaysian people within a week. The total population of Malaysia is 29,428,625 people
at the time this research is undergoing. In this research, quantitative way (questionnaires)
will be considered in obtaining data instead of and qualitative way (interviews). The
survey questions will be created after being discussed and innovated according to the
statements gained from the literature review in Chapter 2. Relatively, more than 10
questions will be included in the questionnaire. The questionnaires will then be
distributed randomly to about 47 people who are chosen randomly in Kedah and Pulau
Pinang since there is nearest states for the researcher. Practically, Respondents will
answer the questionnaire anonymously and confidentially to avoid any other
inconveniences and problems will be brought to the answerer after completing it. The
result will be recorded and analysed. Primary data will be gained from methods stated
vi
above; in contrast, secondary data will be obtained from reading materials, such as books,
journals and online resources.
vii
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2005), organ is
defined as a part of the body such as the heart or lungs, which has a particular purpose.
While the term transplant based on The New Oxford Dictionary of English (2001), refers
to move or transfer something to another place or situation, with some effort or upheaval.
Abdi O. Shuriye (2006) stated from the previous research that the specific usage of
transplant refers to moving living tissue or an organ and implant them in another part of
the body or in another body as it indicates the operation in which an organ or tissues is
transplanted, or a person or a thing which has been moved to a new place or situation.
Based on the previous research, Abdi O. Suriye (2011) claim that the combination
of the two terms organ and transplantation, or organogenesis as it is also known, gives
the meaning of moving part of the biological organism from certain place in the body to
another place or from another person or animal to another. In other word, organ
transplant is the replacement of diseased and damaged organs. It is established treatment
for end stage organ failure. Organs for transplantation can be obtained from living or
deceased donors. A person can only donate part of their liver or one of their kidneys
while still alive compared to deceased donors where there are no risks to the donors.
viii
Statistics obtained (Table 1) from the National Transplant Resource Centre, Kuala
Lumpur (2012), found that only 373 donors were recorded from 1997 till 31st May 2012.
This been support by the statement of Dr Lela Yasmin, chief clinical manager of National
Transplant Resource Centre (The Malay Mail, March 21, 2012) said that “there had only
been 364 organ donations in Malaysia between 1976 and Feb 29 this year because most
of those who pledged were still alive”. Besides, from the previous studies Nazmi Nordin.
et. al (August 1, 2012) revealed that 6.36% of the donors contribute by the Malay
community while Chinese and Indian contribute 61.86% and 31.78% respectively. These
figures raise a question mark that leads us to initiate a study to identify the main factors
that contribute to these scenarios. The literature review will be delivered in this chapter
regarding on shortage of organ donors, factors, effects and suggestion for the
improvement of organ donation based on various journal, books and online resources.
Table 1: Statistics of organ donors since 1997 till May 2012 provided by
National Transplant Resource Centre (20120
ix
2.1 Factors that caused the shortage of organ donors
There are several factors that caused the willingness of people to be an organ
donor in Malaysia. It is important to identify why people unwilling to donate their organ
in order to help the patients. A significant number of researches obtained statistical
results about the factor that influenced the willingness of people to donate their organ
which is religious belief, the awareness and perception towards organ donation. In our
report, some of the common factors that caused a shortage of organ donors will be
concerned and discussed in texts.
2.1.1 Religious Belief
Religion is an important factor that affects an individual’s decision to become an
organ donor, although religion itself is never forbid them to do so (Bilgin, 1999). This
can be seen through previous studies Nazni Nordin. et. al (August 1, 2012) mentioned
that the shortage of organ donors is associated with the Malay religious factors as the
value of r=0.485 and p>0.5(p=0.000). Moreover, certain people in Malaysia are not clear
about the fact that their religion allows them to perform organ transplants in order to save
other human lives. In other word, lacks of religious knowledge regarding organ donation
caused people unwilling to donate their organ even though all of religious support organ
donation. As reviewed by H. Khalaf, M.I.M. Al Sebayel (2004), organ transplants are
generally accepted as a method or solution to the final stage of organ failure in the human
body.
x
2.1.2 The Awareness toward organ donation
The awareness towards organ donation is the second factor that influenced a
shortage of organ donor among people in Malaysia. Awareness raises an individual’s
desire to do something including donating their organ. However, it will only be
essentially available if they have little knowledge of something that is to be done.
According to Gupta, A., Jain, S., T., & Gupta K., (2009) states that knowledge is a major
step in raising awareness among the society. It also been mentioned in by Nazni Nordin.
et. al (August 1, 2012) where awareness contributed the most to the lack of organ
donation. Loch et. al (2010) also stated in his studies that 88.3% of their respondents
aware of organ transplant in general.
2.1.3 Perception towards organ donation
Perception towards organ donation is closely related to attitude in which they
influenced the people around them especially close family members. The decision to
participate as organ donors can be overshadowed by the insistence of family members
based on factors leading to the interest of their fellow family members. It includes
numerous assumptions that affect the donors themselves and also the immediately family
members. Nevertheless, it is unhealthy to be negative without thinking of the sacrifice
and the virtue in the effort in helping people who really need organ donations.
Educational factors play an important role in countering this. According to H. Bilgel, G.
Sadikoglu and N. Bilgel (2006), stated that many factors can influence the attitudes of
xi
people on the organ donation such as age, religion and education. This been supported by
Nazni Nordin. et. al (August 1, 2012) in their studied revealed that the shortage of organ
donors Malay is influenced by perception as r=0.441 and p< 0.05 (p=0.000).
Furthermore, Loch et. al (2010) stated that only 43.6% would donate their organ, 10.6%
would definitely not donate their organ and 45.8% were not sure in their previous studies.
2.2 Effects of a shortage of organ donors
Organ transplant is a medical procedure for the treatment of patients with end-
stage organ failure. It is proven to save lives and significantly improves quality of life.
Unfortunately, due to the shortage of organ donor, there are a lot of consequences affect
the patient as well as to their family. Below this are the effects of the shortage of organ
donors towards patients.
2.2.1 Waiting list
According to National Transplant Resource Centre (2012), stated that 15,395
patients currently in the waiting list for a kidneys transplant. Furthermore, there are 2
patients still waiting for heart and lungs transplant while another 2 patients for lung
transplant. Meanwhile, the number of organ donor in Malaysia is below 500 to meet the
demands. Sadly, the number of patients in waiting list is rising year by year. As
mentioned in The Star (July 12, 2012), an estimated 7,000 potential cadaveric organ
donors die in Malaysia every year yet there is an acute shortage of organs for transplant
here. It shows how critical this issues for us where patient who are waiting for organ
xii
donation suffer till death. To avoid death, some of the patient goes for illegal transplant in
other country even though our countries have all the facilities to do the organ transplant.
2.2.2 Financial
Due to the shortage of organ supply, certain patient needs to spend a lot of money
for the treatment especially to those who have kidneys failure where they need to spend
money for monthly dialysis. Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin (The Star
Online, 2012) mentioned that the Government had allocated RM171.1 million to non-
governmental organisations between 2001 till 2010 to provide subsidised dialysis
treatment for 23,390 individuals. Besides, there is RM20.1 million in capital grants also
provided to NGOs to buy dialysis machines over the last decade. Moreover, some of the
patient spends a lot of money for organ transplant in another country to saved life. This
been mentioned by Dr Ghazali (The Star, 2012), stated that the National Renal Registry
indicates that in 2010, 35 Malaysians had undergone kidney transplants in China and one
had his transplant done in India.
2.2.3 Mechanical Organs
Mechanical organ is an alternatives method used by medical as a way to helps
patients who had organ failure. This mechanical organ is built likely as human organ to
cater the crisis of shortage organ supply. Unfortunately, these mechanical organs have
their lifespan where a person who used it needs to change the part for a certain period.
xiii
Besides, not every patient can suite this mechanical organ compared to human organ.
According Bernama (2005), Tee Hui Yi who used mechanical heart has undergone a
heart transplant at National Heart Institute (IJN) after receiving a donor heart. This shows
that the mechanical organs used to helps the patient to survive until received an organ
from a donor.
2.3 Ways to increased the number of organ donors
To handle the shortage of organ donor problem in Malaysia, it is important to
diagnose the problem at the first hand and then try to find a best solution to overcome it.
Based on the previous studies, they suggested several ways to increase the number of
organ donors in Malaysia as stated below.
2.3.1 Promotion and campaign
Promotion regarding organ donation through mass media regarding organ
transplant is the best way to get attention from the public. This been support by Wong L
P (2010) from previous studies, mentioned that featuring the stories of potential organ
recipients and family members of cadaveric organ donors was the most effective way to
draw public attention to the issue. More campaign also needed to promote organ donation
among people in Malaysia.
2.3.2 Involvement religious leaders
Religious leaders play important role in multi-ethnic country like Malaysia
regarding religion. It is important to makes sure that all religious leaders participate in
xiv
promoting organ donation among public. As mentioned by Wong L P (2010) in his
previous studies, the involvement of community and religious authorities in education
and in the dissemination of information is required to eliminate sociocultural
misconception and perceived religious objections to organ donation.
2.3.3 Place for easy registration as organ donor
To gain the number of registered organ donor, a suitable place for easy
registration as organ donor must be set up by the authorities. This mentioned by Wong L
P (2010) in his studies that suggested having registration kiosks at workplace, in public
places like shopping centres or in busy areas such as bus and train station to increase
opportunities to sign up for organ donation. Furthermore, implementation an online
registration system also been suggested by Wong L P (2010) for easy registration.
xv
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
The objective of the research is to find out the causes of a shortage of organ
donors in Malaysia thus make great efforts to amend the discovered problems. In the
interest of investigation to the shortage of organ donors, the people from various
backgrounds will be selected randomly in Kedah and Pulau Pinang. Data of the study will
be collected through questionnaires. Questionnaires will consist of 11 questions but
Interview sessions are avoided.
3.1 Research Instruments
This research is built by using idea of quantitative and qualitative research
methodology. The questionnaire and interview session are the common way to conduct
study in each research. However, interview session will not be included in this research.
Questionnaires’ questions are constructed by closed-ended questions (scale, listing,
yes/no, ranking and category). The different sections of the questionnaires are divided to
different sections as below:-
I. Demographic information
II. The causes of a shortage of organ donors
III. The effects of a shortage of organ donors
Pilot studies are conducted to 20 undergraduate students of UTMSPACE before
actual study is being carried out to confirm the questionnaire is proper and straight to the
point.
xvi
III.2 Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study will only involve in people who are chosen
randomly from various background in Kedah and Pulau Pinang. A total of 47
questionnaires will be given out to the respondents of this study. Each questionnaire
consist of 11 questions which do help us to make research about the problem from their
impersonally opinions. The 47 respondents will be divided into male and female
randomly. Besides, the respondents will not be only involved in one particular races or
religions.
III.3 Research Procedure
A pilot study will be done before the real questionnaires are prepared to ensure
that the study questions are not biased and satisfied to the research. Other than that,
executors could also gain experience in it and they will be well prepared for distributing
actual study questionnaires next time. During the actual study, questionnaires will be
distributed to respondents at Kedah and Pulau Pinang states to represent the people of
Malaysia. The people of Kedah and Pulau Pinang states are chosen randomly from
various backgrounds by executors before questionnaires are spread to them.
III.4 Data Analysis
A few variables will be considered, namely causes, effects and suggestions
regarding the shortage of organ donors in Malaysia in order to analyse the data collected
from the questionnaire. The data from the questionnaire will be keyed into computer
using Microsoft Excel 2010. After that, the results will be presented through frequency
counts and other descriptive statistics.
xvii
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses the result of the research on ‘A study of a shortage of
organ donors in Malaysia’. The findings will be divided into important topics found from
a survey of 47 people selected randomly from Kedah and Pulau Pinang. The objective of
this research is to find out causes of shortage of organ donor, effects to the patients and
also suggestion to increase the number of organ donor. All the data that have been
collected is analyzed and presented in the tables, charts, and graphs.
4.1 Demographic
Age Be-low 20 years old
Age 20 to 30 years old
Age 31 to 40 years old
Age 41 years
old and above
Race Malay
Race Chinese
Race Indian
Race Others
Religion Muslim
Religion Chris-tian
Religion Buddha
Religion Hindu
Religion Others
Occupa-tion
Student
Occupa-tion Gov-ern-ment Sector
Occupa-tion
Private Sector
Occupa-tion
Others
Male
2 11 8 6 21 3 3 0 21 0 3 3 0 9 5 13 0
Fe-male
0 11 6 3 14 1 3 2 14 0 2 3 1 1 7 11 1
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
Demographic Infomation of Respondents
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
(%)
Figure 1 : Demographic Information of Respondents
xviii
Figure 1 shows the demographic information of respondents that answer our
questionnaire regarding a shortage of organ donors among people in Malaysia. These
data obtained from section A (refer to Appendix). There are 47 respondents selected
randomly from various backgrounds where 27 people of the total respondents are male
and 20 respondents are female. We can see that 22 person of the total respondents are
within the age of 20 to 30. Another 14 respondents are within the age of 31 to 40. While
others 9 respondents are above the age of 41. The ages below 20 are the lowest that was
just 2 respondents. Among all races, the Malay respondents are the highest respondents
that answer our questionnaire which means that majority of the respondents are Muslim
and there are 35 respondents. Meanwhile, Hindu and Buddha are 5 and 6 respondents
respectively. None of the respondents are Christian. The chart also shows the proportion
of respondents’ occupation where we can see that 24 of the respondents are working in
private sector. Another 12 respondents are government servant whereas 10 respondents
come from students. The number of others occupations are the lowest rate that was just 1
respondent
4.2 The causes of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia
RQ1: What are the causes of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia?
13%
43%
30%
13%
Causes of a shortage of organ donors
Religious beliefs
I don’t believe I am healthy enough
I don’t care
My family didn’t support it
Others
Figure 2: The causes of a shortage of organ donors
xix
The data for this section is obtained from section B question 4 (refer to
Appendix). Figure 2 shows the proportion of the causes of the shortage of organ donors.
The causes of the shortage of organ donors are “religious beliefs”, “I don’t believe I am
healthy enough “, “I don’t care”, “My family didn’t support it”, and “others”. The
proportion of “I don’t believe I am healthy enough” is the highest rate and there are 44%.
The second higher rate causes of the shortage of organ donors is 30% due to the
respondent’s family didn’t support it. Another 13% is because of religious beliefs and
others 13% also due to others causes. None of the respondents select “I don’t care”.
From our survey, it show that people nowadays are alert about organ donation but
the factor influence the shortage of organ donors is caused by the concern of health of
people who want to be a donor compared to religious belief and family obligation. The
condition of health of people makes people refused to donate their organ regarding family
obligation. These findings give new information regarding causes of a shortage of organ
donor compared to the previous finding.
However, the findings of the current study do not support the study conducted by
H. Bilgel, G. Sadikoglu and N. Bilgel (2006), Nazmi Nordin. et. al (August 1, 2012) and
Loch et. al (2010). According to H. Bilgel, G. Sadikoglu and N. Bilgel (2006), stated that
many factors can influence the attitudes of people on the organ donation such as age,
religion and education. This been supported by Nazmi Nordin. et. al (August 1, 2012) in
their studied revealed that the shortage of organ donors Malay is influenced by perception
as r=0.441 and p< 0.05 (p=0.000). Furthermore, Loch et. al (2010) stated that only 43.6%
would donate their organ, 10.6% would definitely not donate their organ and 45.8% were
not sure in their previous studies. These results of this study seemed to confirm the
findings of a study by them in this field. This may because of many respondents is lacks
of knowledge regarding organ donation that lead the misconception.
People nowadays are having unsafe lifestyle so that they are worried about their
health and decide not to be an organ donor. Some people we survey have own disease
such as heart disease, and diabetic because of smoking, drinking, and others. According
to Malaysian Transplantation Article, said that very few medical conditions automatically
disqualify somebody’s from donating organs. The decision to use an organ is based on
strict medical criteria. It may turn out that certain organs are not suitable for
xx
transplantation, but other organs and tissues may be fine. We can’t disqualify our self
prematurely. Only medical professionals at the time of our death can determine whether
our organs are suitable for transplantation.
Actually, all religion has gives their permission regarding organ donation in order
to saves other people life. The concern of their health has relationship with the family
obligation due to people who are willing to donate their organ may have bad lifestyle that
their family refuse their willingness.
4.3 The effects of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia
RQ2: What are the effects of a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia?
yes noknowlegde regarding organ donation
02468
101214161820
The Knowlegde of Respondents Regarding Organ Donation
MaleFemale
Options
num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
Figure 3: The knowledge of respondents regarding organ donation
xxi
They use mechanical organ
They use animal organ
They still wait until end of life
They suffer the illness before get the donor
Others Eff
ects
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
FemaleMale
Figure 4: The effects of a shortage of organ donor
The effects if using donor from overseas Patient need to pay
higher costing of that place because is far
away
The effects if using donor from overseas Patient need to pay higher costing to do
the transplant
The effects if using donor from overseas
Patient do nothing
The effects if using donor from overseas
Others
Male 11 10 4 2
Female 6 11 0 3
13579
11
The effect if using donor from overseas
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
Figure 5: The effects of using donor from overseas
The data for this section are from section C question 7 till 9 (refer to Appendix).
In Figure 3, shows the porportion of male and female in their knowledge regarding organ
donation. There are similarity selection between the two genders where majority of them
xxii
select “no” knowledge regarding organ donation, in which male and female contributed
22 and 15 respondents respectively. Meanwhile, Figure 4 shows the proportion of male
and female in the selection of patient alternatively if they didn’t meet suitable organ or
nobody donor organ, according to the selection of “they suffer the illness before get
donor”, “they still wait until end of the life”, “they use animal organ”, “they use
mechanical organ” and “others”. There are similarity selection between two genders in
selection of “they use mechanical organ”. Both of the genders contributed 4 repondents
respectively in this selection which is the highest rate. In the selection of “they still wait
until end of life”, male made up 2 respondents, where as female made up 3 respondents.
None of the respondents select “they use animal organ” and “others”. Moreover, in
Figure 5 shows us the proportion of male and female in the selection of the effect if using
donor from overseas, according to the delection of “patient need to pay higher costing of
that place because is far away”, “patient need to pay higher costing to do the transplant”,
“patient do nothing” and “others”. From Figure 5, it is obvious that almost similar
number of respondents from two genders select “patient need to pay higher costing to do
the transplant”, where that was 11 respondents of female comparison to 10 respondents of
male. Also from the Figure 5, 11 repondents of male comparison to 6 respondents of
female perceived the effect if using donor from overseas is need to pay higher costing of
that place because is far away.
Based on our study, effects of a shortage of organ donors is obviously to the
patients where the patients will be in waiting list, death, high costing for monthly
treatment or use optional option. From the survey, most of the respondents (78% from
two genders) lack of knowledge of organ donation. Also majority of the respondents
(79% from two genders) respond that the main effect if using donors from overseas are
patient and family needs to pay higher costing. This is due to lack of awareness of the
issue organ donation in our multicultural communities and cause lack of organ donors in
Malaysia. This is why education is important. Thus the Government and Non Profit
Organizations should have an intensive public awareness campaign periodically.
The result obtained by the current study seemly agree with the previous study
where the effects of a shortage of organ donor influenced the patients in several aspects.
xxiii
The effects that influenced the patients are they need to be in waiting list to received new
organ from a donor. This been support by National Transplant Resource Centre (2012),
stated that 15,395 patients currently in the waiting list for a kidneys transplant.
Furthermore, there are 2 patients still waiting for heart and lungs transplant while another
2 patients for lung transplant. On the other hand, they need to wait until they found a
suitable donor for them. Moreover, financial aspects also influenced the patients where
they need to spend a lot of money for their treatment. According to Deputy Prime
Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin (The Star Online, 2012), mentioned that the
Government had allocated RM171.1 million to non-governmental organisations between
2001 till 2010 to provide subsidised dialysis treatment for 23,390 individuals. Besides,
there is RM20.1 million in capital grants also provided to NGOs to buy dialysis machines
over the last decade. Besides, to get organ transplant in other country seem to use a lot of
money in order to get better. This mean, a lot of money need to spend by the patients and
family for their treatment until they found a donor. Using mechanical organ is an option
for the patient while waiting for organ donor. Meaning that, this is the aspect that effects
of a shortage of organ donor where patients need to use mechanical organ to reduces their
suffer. In fact, this mechanical organ has their lifespan where it need a replacement for a
certain period. According Bernama (2005), Tee Hui Yi who used mechanical heart has
undergone a heart transplant at National Heart Institute (IJN) after receiving a donor
heart. This shows that the mechanical organs used to helps the patient to survive until
received an organ from a donor.
The results obtained by this study are unsatisfactory because only 15 of 47
respondents answer this question. It cannot show exactly all of the respondents agreed
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with effects of a shortage of organ donor. This may happen because of people did not
care about other people needs.
The effect that they suffer the illness before get the donor is least by using
mechanical organ or waiting until end of life among the respondents. This was expected
as the patients or their family will find other solution rather than suffer the illness. Apart
from that, using mechanical organ is the best option they got until they found suitable
donor.
4.4 The suggestion of solution towards a shortage of organ donors in Malaysia
RQ3: What is the suggestion of solution towards a shortage of organ donors in
Malaysia?
Educational at school/ college/ university
Government (More campaign and advertisement)
Mass Media (documentary regarding sucessful of organ transplant
Others
Sugg
esti
on
s
2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5Sugges-tions
Educa-tional at school/ college/ univer-
sity
Sugges-tions
Govern-ment (More cam-paign
and ad-vertise-ment)
Sugges-tions Mass Media (docu-
mentary regard-
ing sucessful of organ
trans-plant
Sugges-tions
Others
Male
14 13 17 4
Fe-male
9 12 14 0
Suggestions of solution towards a shortage of organ donors
Figure 6: The suggestion of solution towards a shortage of organ donors
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The data for this section are from section C question 10(refer to Appendix).
Figure 6 shows the proportion of male and female in the selection of the suggestions of a
shortage of organ donors, according to the selection of “educational at school / college /
university”, “government (more campaign and advertisement)”, “mass media
(documentary regarding successful of organ transplant)” and “others”. From Figure 6, it
is obviously show that the respondents from two genders select the most effective way to
educating about organ donation is through mass media, where there are 17 respondents of
male comparison to 14 respondents of female. There are almost similar selection from
two genders to suggest government play a main role in educating about organ donation,
where male and female contributed 13 and 12 respondents respectively. In the selection
of education at school / college / university, male make up 14 respondents and female
make up 9 respondents.
Based on our findings, the suggestions of a shortage of organ donors are
educational at school / college / university, government (more campaign and
advertisement), mass media (documentary regarding successful of organ transplant and
others. From Figure 6, majority of respondents (38% from two genders) suggested that
mass media played an important role to educated awareness of organ donation to public.
Mass media are influences of different sources of information such as television, the
press and radio, magazines, hoardings and posters, campaign about donation, information
given by health professionals etc. towards organ donation and are the most effective way
to educated awareness of organ donation to public communities.
However, the currents finding similarly with the previous study by Wong L P
(2010) for a certain suggestions. In his previous studies stated that suggestion to increase
the number of organ donors are by promotion and campaign through mass media,
involvement of religious leaders and place for easy registration such as a kiosk.
According to Wong L P (2010) in his previous studies, the involvement of community
and religious authorities in education and in the dissemination of information is required
to eliminate sociocultural misconception and perceived religious objections to organ
donation. Wong L P (2010) also suggested in his studies to have registration kiosks at
workplace, in public places like shopping centres or in busy areas such as bus and train
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station to increase opportunities to sign up for organ donation. Furthermore,
implementation an online registration system also been suggested by Wong L P (2010)
for easy registration. Compared to our findings, it shows that the suggestion to increased
the number of organ donors are by giving educational at school/college/ university, more
campaign and advertisement through mass media and shows a documentary of successful
of organ transplants to the public. This may shows that currently all religious leaders
taking action to makes effort of increasing the number of organ donor as well as the
National Transplant Resource Centre.
The results obtained from the findings, have turned out to be successfully because
it gives new suggestion to us in order to increase the number of organ donors in
Malaysia. These findings suggested shows a documentary of successful of organ
transplant to the public to get their attention towards organ donation. Besides, it will gain
the confidents level of people to be an organ donor.
It is possible that with a lot of effort in showing documentary of successful
transplant, giving educational, more campaign and advertisement will increased the
number of organ donor among people in Malaysia.
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Chapter 5
Conclusion
This research investigated the shortage of organ donor in Malaysia. Primary data
were collected randomly by distributing questionnaires to 47 people from various
backgrounds. As mentioned in the earlier introduction, the purpose of this study is to
identify the factors of why a person finds it difficult to register as organ donors,
especially among people in Malaysia, effects of shortage of organ donor towards patients
and finding suggestion for this matter. It is necessary a right information about organ
donation. The great majority of those polled indicated that they would agree to be an
organ donor. The majority of the hospital staff had information about organ donation,
however a high percentage needs more information and considered the information
disseminated on the subject insufficient.
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the findings of the study:
1. This study has shown that most people in Malaysia are aware regarding organ
donation through mass media and others source.
2. The condition of health of people influences their willingness to be an organ
donor compared to religious belief and family obligation.
3. Lastly, show a documentary of a successfully transplant to attract people towards
organ donation in Malaysia.
This study may pave the way for improvements by the Government to act more
actively in creating awareness to all Malaysians on the importance of organ donation in
creating a society that is mutually helpful, and share their joy and sorrow that is based on
the "1Malaysia" concept. It involves an emphasis on awareness programs, but also to a
level that is more significant by creation of certain policies in order to increase the
number of donors, such as introducing certain benefits and incentive to organ donors. As
for Non-governmental organizations, related campaigns should be intensified to support
the government along with sponsorships of organizations.
xxviii
Chapter 6
Recommendations
6.0 Recommendation
According to previous survey, public didn’t get information or education about
organ donation. They said can't be a donor because of their religion belief. But, based on
our previous finding, by Wong L P, Singapore Med J (2010), all organized religions
support organ donation as it is typically considered a generous act. For those unsure of or
uncomfortable with your faith's position on donation, they need to ask a member of
clergy.
To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, suggestion to support organ
donation are make organ transplant easy which is avoid delay in funeral, public
awareness of benefit of transplant to society, introduce an education system and legal
definition of organ transplantation. Public society also can give awards to donor's family.
All of these recommendations hopefully can avoid unsupported issue by family and
religious objection transplant.
xxix
REFERENCES
Bilgin N. (1999). The Dilemma Of Cadaver Organ Donation. Transplant Proc, 31, 3265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(99)00719-8
Gupta, A., Jain, S., Jain, T., & Gupta K. (2009). Awareness and Perception Regarding
Eye Donation in Students of a Nursing College in Bangalore. Indian Journal of
Community Medicine, 34(2), 122-125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.51235
H., Bilgel, G. Sadikoglu, & N. Bilgel. (2006). Transplantationsmedizin, 18. Jahrg., S. 91.
H. Khalaf, & M.I.M. Al Sebayel. (2004). Knowledge and Attitude of Intensivists Toward
Organ Donation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Transplantation Proceeding, 36, 1883-1884.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.08.147
Nazni Nordin. et. al (2012). Organ Donation Among Malaysian: The Malay Dilemma
toward Social Development.Vol 8, No. 10; August 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n10p8
Wong L P (2010). Information needs, preferred educational messages and chanel of
delivery, and opinion on strategies to promote organ donation: a multicultural
perspective. Singapore Med J 2010;51(10): 790
Loch et al (2010). Differences in attitude towards cadaveric organ donation:
observations in a multiracial Malaysian society. Hong Kong j.emerg.med Vol.17(3)
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2005), definition of organ noun from the
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ©Pearson Education Limited , 1978,
2003.
xxx
The New Oxford Dictionary of English (2001), definition of transplant noun from the
New Oxford Dictionary of English © Oxfords University Press.
http://www.mmail.com.my/story/more-make-organ-donation-pledges
http://www.thestaronline.com.my
http://www.agiftoflife.gov.my/eng/statistics2.html
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APPENDIX
xxxii
QUESTIONNAIREQUESTIONNAIRE
A SURVEY REGARDING A SHORTAGE OF ORGAN DONORS AMONG PEOPLE IN MALAYSIA
Sir/Madam:This research is to identify a shortage of organ donors among people in Malaysia. The
questionnaire contains 3 sections which are:
Part A: DemographicPart B: Causes of a shortage of organ donorsPart C: Effect of a shortage of organ donorsPlease answer the question using your own experience. Your answer will be only conducted in
educational usage. Details are kept confidential.
Thank you for your time and cooperation.
Part A: Demographic
Gender
Male Female
Age
Below 20 years old20 to 30 years old31 to 40 years old41 years old and above
Race
MalayChineseIndianOthers
Religion
MuslimChristianBuddhaHindu Others
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Occupation
StudentGovernment SectorPrivate SectorOthers
Part B: Causes of a shortage organ donors
1. Do you know about organ donation?
Yes No
If Yes, please state where do you know about organ donation?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Do you support organ donation?
Yes No
If Yes, give your reason: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Do you want to be an organ donor?
Yes No
If No, please answer question 4.
4. Why you don’t want to donate your organ?
Religious beliefsI don’t believe I am healthy enoughI don’t careMy family didn’t support itOthers: _____________________________________
5. If you or your family member need an organ, would you or your family accept an organ from other people?
Yes No
If No, give your reason:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
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Part C: Effect of a shortage of organ donors
6. Do you know how many patients waiting for an organ donation?
Yes No
7. Do you know any alternative, patient do if they didn’t meet suitable organ or nobody donor his/her organ?
Yes No
8. If yes, what do you think?
They use mechanical organThey use animal organThey still wait until end of lifeThey suffer the illness before get the donorOthers: _____________________________________
9. How about if the donor is from overseas. What will happen?
Patient need to pay higher costing of that place because is far way Patient need to pay higher costing to do the transplantPatient do nothingOthers: _____________________________________
10. Who do you think is responsible for educating about this organ transplant?
Educational at school/ college/ universityGovernment (More campaign and advertisement)Mass Media (documentary regarding sucessful of organ transplantOthers: _____________________________________
11. After you already answer this questionnaire, are you willing to be an organ donor?
Yes No
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