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A STUDY OF SWEAR WORDS USED BY THE CHARACTERS
IN JOJO MOYES : ME BEFORE YOU
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Reinildis Agrini Dewi
Student Number : 121214150
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
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DEDICATION PAGE
For nothing will be impossible for God
(Luke 1:37)
I dedicate this thesis
for my lovely family
and my own future
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 12 July 2017
Reinildis Agrini Dewi
121214150
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Reinildis Agrini Dewi
Nomor Mahasiswa : 121214150
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
A STUDY OF SWEAR WORDS USED BY THE CHARACTERS
IN JOJO MOYES : ME BEFORE YOU
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 12 Juli 2017
Yang menyatakan,
Reinildis Agrini Dewi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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ABSTRACT
Dewi, Reinildis Agrini. (2017) A study of of swear words used by the characters
in Jojo Moyes : Me Before You. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
In the society, profanity is considered as an unaccepted behavior among
people. An example of profanity behavior is swear words utterance. Nowadays
many people including students are easily exposed by swear words especially
those which appear in media and in written form. Me Before You is a novel which
are written by an English author, Jojo Moyes. It was published in 2016. In
addition, it is one of best seller literature work in the world. It consists of some
swear words in it. The researcher believes that swear words exposure might
influence how people think and speak in daily life. This research was conducted in
order to gain the information about swear words and why do people swear
according to the novel. Therefore, to get the information, the researcher comes up
with two research questions: What types of swear words are found and what are
the possible reasons for swear words utterances in Me Before You novel?
The researcher implemented content analysis to dig out information. First,
the researcher selected all swearing expressions in Me Before You novel. After
sorting and selecting processes, the researcher classified the words into its type
based on the combination of Wardhaugh‘s and Hughes‘s theories; they are
excretion terms, death terms, body function terms, religious terms, animal terms,
and imbecilic terms. Furthermore, she also analyzes reasons for swear words
utterances based on Rothwell‘s theory which are to get attention, to discredit
someone or something, to provoke, to create interpersonal identification, and also
to provide catharsis.
As the result, the researcher found 25 different swear words appeared in
the novel. Moreover, the total frequency of swear words utterances was 172 times.
The most frequent swear words type which appeared in the novel was in term of
body function (66 times) and the least was sex (genital) terms. Furthermore,
providing catharsis becomes the most frequent reasons to utter swear words (104
times). In other words, swear words are uttered in order to spontaneously release
emotion.
Keywords : Swear words, profanity, novel, sociolinguistics
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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ABSTRAK
Dewi, Reinildis Agrini. (2017) A study of of swear words used by the characters
in Jojo Moyes : Me Before You. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Dalam lingkungan sekitar, pengucapan kata-kata tidak senonoh merupakan
kebiasaan yang kurang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat.salah satu contoh
pengucapan kata tidak senonoh adalah kata-kata dalam bentuk umpatan. Saat ini,
masyarakat termasuk para siswa dapat dengan mudah menemukan kata-kata
umpatan terlebih kata-kata yang muncul di media terlebih dalam bentuk tulisan.
Me Before You adalah sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh seorang penulis Inggris
bernama Jojo Moyes. Novel ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2016, dan menjadi salah
satu novel dengan penjualan terlaris di dunia. Di dalam novel tersebut terdapat
kata-kata umpatan. Peneliti percaya bahwa paparan terhadap kata-kata umpatan
dapat memengaruhi cara berpikir dan berbicara masyarakat. Karya ini dibuat
dengan tujuan untuk menggali informasi mengenai kata-kata umpatan dan alasan
di balik pengucapan kata-kata tersebut sesuai dengan konteks novel tersebut.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka penulis merangkum dengan membuat 2
rumusan masalah: tipe kata umpatan apa yang muncul dalam novel serta apa
alasan dari pengucapan kata-kata umpatan dalam novel Me Before You?.
Peneliti menggunakan teknik konten analisis untuk menjawab rumusan
masalah tersebut. Pertama, peneliti memilah kata-kata dan ungkapan yang
mengandung ungkapan dalam novel tersebut. Selanjutnya peneliti
mengelompokkan kata-kata dan ungkapan tersebut ke dalam tipe berdasarkan
kombinasi antara teori Wardhaugh dan Hughes: excretion terms, death terms,
body function terms, religious terms, animal terms, dan imbecilic terms. Peneliti
juga mengelompokkan berdasarkan alasan dibalik pengucapan kata umpatan
tersebut berdasarkan teori Rothwell: to get attention, to discredit someone or
something, to provoke, to create interpersonal identification, dan juga to provide
catharsis.
Hasilnya, peneliti menemukan 25 jenis kata umpatan yang berbeda di dalam novel
tersebut. Namun jumlah frekuensi keseluruhan dari kata-kata umpatan oleh
seluruh karakter adalah 172 kali. Tipe kata umpatan yang paling sering muncul
adalah body function terms (66 kali). Sedangkan tipe yang paling sedikit adalah
sex term (genital terms). Selanjutnya providing catharsis merupakan alasan yang
paling sering digunakan dibalik pengucapan kata umpatan (104 kali). Dengan kata
lain karakter dalam novel tersebut mengumpat untuk mengeluarkan atau
melegakan perasaan.
Kata kunci : kata-kata umpatan, kata-kata tidak senonoh, novel, sosiolinguistik
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all I want to give my gratitude to my one and only Lord Jesus
Christ because of His blessing and grace, I have chance to write and finish my
thesis. I also thank Him for guiding me in the whole process of my life.
My grateful thanks also go to my parents Rosa Siti Widyastuti and
Petrus Sukamso for being the biggest and greatest supporters during the whole of
my life. I also thank them for their prayer and trust in every step that I choose.
Thank you to my lovely brother Valentinus Tri Askumdana and his wife Arika
Marheni for their support and motivation when I felt down in the process of
finishing my study.
My sincere gratitude also goes to my former advisor Drs. J.B. Gunawan,
M.A. and also my major advisor Carla S. Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum. for their
patience, attention, guidance, advice, criticism, suggestion, and feedback in the
whole process my writing process. I also thank Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd.,
M.Trans.St. for being my academic advisor since the beginning of my journey in
Sanata Dharma University. My thankfulness also goes to all PBI lecturers and
staffs for their humble heart to accompany me during my study.
Furthermore, I give thanks to my best friends Elma, Venny, Agnes,
Lintang, Chaco, and Adi for our four-years of friendship and togetherness in this
university, through their companion, now I know the real meaning of friendship.
In addition, I also would like to thank Bunga, Anggi, Ami, Deta, Mona Ika,
Chandra, and Ote for their endless support to me. I also want to say thank you to
all my friends and communities, PBI E 2012, PSM Cantus Firmus, Kelompok 10
KKN USD LI, PPL SMP N 15 YK for their companion during my study in the
university.
Last but not least, I would like to thank the 7th
AYD committees
especially General Secretary team for motivating and allowing me to use the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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secretariat in order to accomplish my work whenever I visited Sanata Dharma
University library.
Finally, I thank everyone whose name I cannot mention one by one, who
helped and supported me during my thesis writing process. May God bless them.
Reinildis Agrini Dewi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF WORK‘S ORIGINALITY ....................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI................................. vi
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
A. Research Background................................................................................... 1
B. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 5
C. Research Significance .................................................................................. 5
D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 8
A. Theoretical Description ................................................................................ 8
1. The Use of Language in the Society......................................................... 8
2. Concept of Taboo Words ....................................................................... 10
3. Concept of Swear Words ........................................................................ 11
4. Types of Swear Words ........................................................................... 12
5. Reasons of Swear Words Utterances ...................................................... 17
B. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 20
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 22
A. Research Method ........................................................................................ 22
B. Source of Data ............................................................................................ 23
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............................................... 24
D. Data Analysis Technique ........................................................................... 25
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CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .......................... 28
A. Types of Swear Words ............................................................................... 28
1. Excretion terms ....................................................................................... 31
2. Death terms ............................................................................................. 32
3. Body function terms ............................................................................... 33
4. Religious terms ....................................................................................... 35
5. Animal terms .......................................................................................... 35
7. Imbecilic term ......................................................................................... 37
B. Reasons of swear words ............................................................................. 37
1. To Get Attention ..................................................................................... 39
2. To Discredit Something or Someone ..................................................... 40
3. To Provoke ............................................................................................. 43
4. To Create Interpersonal Identification.................................................... 44
5. To Provide Catharsis .............................................................................. 45
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... 50
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 50
B. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 51
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 53
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 55
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.1 The Format of Table of Types of Swear Words in Me Before You
Novel……………………………………………………………………… 25
Table 3.2 The Format of Table of Reasons of Swear Words in Me Before
You Novel…………………………………………………………………. 25
Table 4.1 List of Words which are appeared in the novel Me Before You………… 48
Table 4.2 Data finding of swear-words type in Me Before You……………………... 49
Table 4.3 Data finding of swear-words reasons in Me Before You............................57
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A…………………………………………………………………… 53
Appendix B…………………………………………………………………… 75
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is aimed to elaborate the background and the reason why the
study is conducted. It also elaborates the problems in this study. In this chapter,
the researcher divides the explanation into four parts. They are research
background, research questions, research significance, and definition of terms.
Research background explains problems and the reasons why the researcher
conducts this study. Moreover, in the second part, the researcher formulates two
research questions in order to lead discussion of this study. Meanwhile, research
significance is written to identify the contribution of the study. Last, in the end of
this chapter, the researcher provides definition of terms to make every term that is
frequently discussed in this study clear.
A. Research Background
Everyone in the world has ideas in their mind. In order to show the idea
people need to communicate with others. Language is an important medium for
communication. By using language, people can share their ideas with others.
According to Fromkin, Blaire, and Collins (2000) when somebody knows a
language and another person speaks the same language, they will be able to
understand his or her ideas. Furthermore Fromkin, et al. (2000) claim that
knowing a language means ―the capacity to produce sounds that signify certain
meanings, and to understand or interpret the sound produces by others.‖ People
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can build a group and become a society by conveying their idea and try together to
find out others‘ ideas. (p.3).‖ On the other hand, language is also an instrument to
show a person‘s identity.‖ Chaika (1982 p.2) states that ―people use language to
reveal or conceal personal identity, character and background without realizing
that they are actually doing so‖. Therefore, by listening and identifying someone‘s
language we can identify or understand his or her character. In order to deliver the
idea or feeling properly, people emphasize and strengthen certain words and
phrases. The high tone of voice and diction of words are used to express the
emotion.
There are several ways for people to express their emotion. For example
low voice is produced when somebody wants to show hesitation. Meanwhile,
strong and bad words are also used to express anger. There are many reasons that
cause people to produce bad words. In many occasions, bad words are spoken to
show anger or just to make a joke. Bad words are often regarded as impolite and
rude way to express the emotion. However, bad words are often uttered as swear
words. Jay and Janschewitz (2008) state that swear words can be used in polite
and impolite way. Moreover, Jay and Janschweit (2008) also argue that swearing
is primarily used to convey emotional meaning. Based on the explanations, swear
words are not only considered as an instrument to offend but also to convey
emotion. In addition, Allan and Burridge (2006) mention ―taboo arise as social
constraints on the individual‘s behavior when it can cause discomfort, harm or
injury.‖ (p.1) Therefore, it must be avoided since it can ruin the value of certain
culture especially about politeness and manners. People sometimes get offended
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by swear words utterances, even though the aim of the speaker is to express the
proper feeling. Since taboo and swear words are considered as impolite way to
deliver message, those taboo words and swear words are avoided or often being
censored media.
Swear words production happens every day in the society, for example in
social media like twitter. It also occurs in television programs, movies, magazines,
and novels. Meanwhile, young people and children are getting more familiar with
technology and getting more exposed to media. Men, women, and even children
are familiar with swear words that occurred in those media. Hence, there is no
limitation for people to use swear words. Swear words are not only spoken in
certain country but also every region. It has its own terms that are considered as
swearing. Swear words are also spoken in English speaking countries. There are
many words that are considered as universal swear words. However, there are
differences terms between English variations. The examples of British swear
words which often appeared in the movies are bloody hell and holy shit.
Therefore, it might influence how people choose diction in the daily life. Thus, the
researcher wants to explore swear words in a novel since people are also getting
more familiar with not only spoken but also written swear words form.
Swear words are produced not only in spoken form but also in written
form. Taboo and swear words in spoken form can be found in daily conversation,
movies, talk show, and any other media that include speech and dialogue. While
swear and taboo words in written form appear in magazines, short stories, blog,
and also novel. The example of taboo and swear words that are usually found in
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written form is like shit and hell. Furthermore, taboo words are primarily taken
from sexual activities, sexual organs, or dirty things. A novel entitled Me Before
You stated several swear words in the story. For example, a sentence as stated in
the novel the story ‘Shit. I‘ve never seen Mum like that’ (p. 796). The word ‗shit‘
is commonly considered as a universal swearing word.
The reasons why the researcher chose a novel entitled Me Before You
because it contains swear words in the story. In addition, the novel is also adapted
to a film with the same title which also attracts more people to read the novel after
watching the movie in order to get more complete story. The characters in the
novel entitled Me Before You are men and women who use swear words in the
conversation. The swear words in the novel are primarily found in the characters‘
conversation rather than in the description. Besides, the novel became number one
New York Times bestseller novel. Therefore, it might have influence on the
readers‘ perspective and language style since many people read Me Before You
novel.
The novel tells about Will Traynor, a successful man who is hit by a
motorbike and becomes quadriplegic survivor for the rest of his life. He cannot
move his body except for his head, thumb, and index finger. Meanwhile Louisa
Clark, Will‘s helper, is also facing difficult situation in her life. Hard times that
they have make them express their feeling by producing swear words quite often.
On the other hand, this novel has a great moral value that life is precious even
though it is hard. It is very important for the readers to get deeper understanding
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of swear words in a novel and also additional information about the cultural
context of swear-words production.
B. Research Questions
According to background of this study, the researcher formulates two
research questions as follow:
1. What types of swear words are found in Me Before You novel?
2. What are the possible reasons for swear words utterances in Me Before You
novel?
C. Research Significance
The study hopefully can give contribution for the students in the English
Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University, educational
fields in general, Indonesian readers and other researchers.
1. For Students at Educational Fields in English Language Education Study
Program
This study hopefully can be beneficial for students to know further
understanding about taboo and swear words. They are expected to know the
concept of swear words. Therefore, by understanding the concept well, they will
know how swear words utterances impact the society especially in educational
area and their students in the future. It also can motivate students to learn more
about linguistics especially in sociolinguistic area.
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2. For Readers in General
This study hopefully could give deeper understanding to the readers about
swear words phenomena that happen either in media like movies, novel and
videos or in the real situations.
3. For Future Researchers
The researcher hopes that this study could inspire and give more
information for the future studies about taboo and swear words. In addition, this
study hopefully could help the next researchers who want to conduct the study in
similar area.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding in this study, the writer provides
definition of several terms that will be frequently appear in this study.
1. Swear Words
Ljung (2011) defines swear words as the use of offensive language
especially in anger which are uttered by involving emotive function. Furthermore
swear word does not refer to its literal meaning. In this research, swear words are
defined as taboo words which are considered as offensive and insulting terms and
uttered primarily to express human‘s feeling.
Moreover, Jay and Janschewitz (2008) define swear words as the words which
are well suited to express emotion as their primary meanings are connotative. In
addition they also explain that the purpose of swearing is to express emotion
especially anger and frustration.
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2. Characters
According to Abram (1999) Characters are the persons in a dramatic or
narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as a person who has moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities. The reader concludes the qualities by the
dialogue, and from what the characters are told in the story. In addition, a
character in a literature work is described as a person or animal in a book, play, or
movie (Oxford Dictionary). Therefore, in this research, characters refer to the
people which are mentioned or appeared in the novel. In the case of Me Before
You novel, the characters are Will, Louisa, Camilla, Treena, Josie and some other
characters.
3. Me Before You Novel
Me Before You (2016) is a novel that is written by Jojo Moyes, an English
author. It tells the readers about Louisa Clark and William Traynor. They are two
young people who live in small village in England. The novel has also become
number one New York Times best seller novel. Therefore, this novel is very
popular.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides the review of literature, theoretical, and other studies
that are related to this study. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part
is about theoretical description which elaborates the theories and description
related to this study. The second part is the theoretical framework which connects
the theories to answer every point from each elaboration.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, the writer uses the theoretical description that is closely related
to this study. This section provides a definition of each term. The researcher
provides the information about the concept of taboo and swear word, type of
swear words and also the purposes of swear words utterances.
1. The Use of Language in the Society
Creatures on earth have their own way to communicate to each other. To
be more specific, humans use language to communicate and interact to others, for
example verbal language, body, language, and sign language. Perception,
education, and society determine how a person thinks. Context, idea, habit and
politeness are things which are considered in the surrounding. It is a basic ability
to develop relationship among people. The relationship between language and
society is explained by Hudson (1996), sociolinguistics as the study of language
in relation to the society. In addition, other experts and sociolinguists tried
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
obtain information by conducting studies about phenomena of language and
society. Therefore, Holmes describes what sociolinguists do (2001) as follows :
Sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society. They
are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social
context, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of
language and the way it is used to convey social meaning. Examining the
way people use language in different social context provides a wealth of
information about the way language works, as well as about the social
relationship in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their
social identity through their language. (p.1)
In addition, Wardhaugh (2006) describes sociolinguistics by analyzing
each word. He describes society as ―a group of people who have certain purposes
or purposes. Meanwhile language is what the members of certain society speak.‖
(p.1). Hence, according to the experts, language and society cannot be separated.
They are connected one another.
Language is a part of people‘s identity and social life. Wardhaugh (2006)
adds ―identity is constructed from interaction with others and is the result of our
socialization‖ (p.7). Language reveals information of the speaker, for example by
listening to someone‘s speech, other people will be able to identify where he or
she comes from, since language which is spoken by the speaker is also
constructed from interaction with society in his or her origin. Thus, language and
society have strong connection. Since language is a product of society, it also has
impact for the society. Hence, sociolinguistics is studied to see how society and
language are connected.
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2. Concept of Taboo Words
The main topic of this study is about swear words, while it cannot be
separated from what it is called taboo words. Swear words usually come from
taboo words that are considered as inappropriate words to be spoken. Allan and
Buridge (2006) point out ―people constantly censor the language they use. We
examine politeness and impoliteness as they interact with straight talking‖ (p.1).
Moreover, Lindahl describes ―words that are not supposed to be said or used,
often because they are regarded as improper or immoral, or believed to be
supernaturally forbidden‖ (2008, p.1). Therefore, according to the description
above taboo words are supposed to be avoided. In addition, according to
Anderson, ―western cultures generally take their taboo words and thus swear
words from sexual organs, sexual relation, religion, excrement, death, physically
or mentally disabled, prostitution, narcotics, and crime‖ (as cited in Karjaleinen,
2002, p. 17). In a simple way taboo words can be described as the words which
are avoided and uncomfortable to be discussed. Instead of saying the taboo words
directly, the speakers prefer to use other words like poo and pee.
Since taboo is considered to be avoided, some taboo words are
implemented in swearing. It is considered as harmful, rude, and embarrassing to
be spoken. Karjaleinen (2002) adds :
There are both behavioral taboos, for instance the prohibition against
incestuous, relations, and linguistic taboos, for instance the use of swear
words. Our behavioral taboos will reflect on our language and with time
the actual words that are used to talk about the subject that is considered
taboo will themselves become taboo. These taboo words tend to become
swear words. (p.16)
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Therefore, taboo words that get through the unconscious system would become
behave or and also used to express the speaker‘s phrases then it becomes swear
words.
3. Concept of Swear Words
In society, swear words sometimes described as the language to insult or
offense other people. However, according to Allan and Buridge (2006) the verb
swear means to take an oath; make a solemn, declaration, statement, affirmation,
promise or undertaking. According to Allan and Buridge description, swear does
not always relate to insulting or offensive word. Swearing may deliver emotions
like anger more effectively. While in western culture the use of swear words
works in relationships and social interactions next (p. 14). It is quite difficult to
distinguish swear words and taboo words. Karjaleinen (2002, p. 18) argues a
layperson might think that all the use of taboo words or words that refer to taboo
is swearing, and although all swear words are taboo, but not all taboo words are
swear words. However, Ljung (2011) divides swear words into several criteria.
Those criteria are: swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words, taboo
words are used in swearing do not retain their literal meaning, swearing as
formulaic language, swearing is emotional language.
Swear words are influenced by the culture around people. Every region
has its own words in swearing. It is supported by Jay and Janschweitz (2006, p.
272) by saying ―sociocultural influences on swearing vary from culture to culture
and take some time and experience within a culture to be fully appreciated‖. For
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instance, American swearing can be different from another English speaking
country‘s swearing because of its culture diversity.
4. Types of Swear Words
There are some studies which are conducted about taboo and swear words.
Linguists and experts made group of swear words. In this research, the researcher
elaborates types of swear words according to four expert‘s classification. The
elaboration of swear words types are elaborated as follows :
a. Types of swear words according to Anderson and Trudgill
There are many swear words in the society. The experts conducted the
research in the past to investigate and get more information about swear words.
Swear words utterance is sometimes considered offensive toward other people.
The experts and linguists investigate and make swear words into groups.
Anderson and Trudgill (1992) categorize swear words into several types.
1) Expletive Swear Words
First type of swear words is expletive. Anderson and Trudgill (1992)
describe expletive swear words as swearing that is not uttered or pointed to other
people. On the other hand, the swearing expression functions to show emotion,
expression and feeling, for instance happiness, anger, frustration, sadness,
excitement and some others expression. It is not meant or to be said directly to
other people
As an example, when somebody is very surprised, the person would say
Oh shit! In this context, the word shit does not go to any person around the
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speaker. The speaker utters the swear words spontaneously to express his or her
feeling of surprise.
2) Abusive Swear Words
On the other hand, abusive swear words are the opposite side of expletive
swear words. The swear words are aimed and directly spoken to other people to
insult or offend other people. This type of swear words is primarily uttered to
show anger.
The example of abusive swear word is when someone gets very angry and
had argument to something or other person, then directly he or she says fuck you!
You shoud’ve told me earlier! The words are spoken to insult or offend other
people because of the speaker‘s anger.
3) Humorous Swear Words
Similar to expletive swear words, humorous swear words are not directly
pointed to other people. The purposes of this swear words are to make fun and
make the situation more relaxed between the speakers. This type of swear words
is usually uttered by those who have close and strong relationship.
The example of humorous swear words is when a boy wears funny
costume in front of his friend, and then his friend says hey, it looks like a shit,
man! Then both of them are laughing. They laugh because the boy knows that his
friend makes jokes by uttering swear word. The word shit functions to make fun
of the other speaker.
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4) Auxiliary Swear Words
Unlike the previous types of swear words, auxiliary swear words are not
related to people or feeling expression. On the other hand, auxiliary swear words
have non-significant meaning. Auxiliary swear words are often called as ―lazy
word‖. It is used to emphasize or strengthen the other word.
Auxilary swear words do not have certain meaning. For instance, in the
sentence it’s fucking great job, the word fucking does not mean to insult. It is
uttered only to emphasize the word great. In addition, bloody hell does not have
any significance meaning once they are uttered.
.
b. Types of Swear Words According to Wardhaugh
Moreover, another expert defines and classifies types of swear words.
Wardhaugh (1986) divides swear words into seven types. The swear words types
are elaborated as follows :
1) Excretion
Swear words in excretion type are swear word that is originally from
human‘s or excretion system. Human‘s excretion is considered as dirty and
impolite. The examples of this type are: shit and piss.
2) Death
The words which are used or uttered to swear are related to places related
to the death. The words are represented by place like go to hell or thing that might
happen after somebody passes away like damned or damn it.
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3) Body Function Term
Hidden parts of body are also used to insult other people or to convey
expression. The hidden parts of body are usually considered embarrassing or used
to do sexual activity. Ass in American English and arse in British English are
primarily uttered to represent this term.
4) Religious Matter
Swearing is not always related to bad business. Religious matter which
originally is meant to be good and polite words is also used to swear. Then the
words are considered to be bad words. Religious words are usually uttered to
express shock or amazement in swearing. The examples of swearing in religious
matter are: Jesus! Christ! For God’s sake!
5) Mother in Law
Mother in law is the term to describe woman‘s affair with many men or
partners. The examples of this type are slut, bitch, and motherfucker. The words
slut and bitch show are considered as woman‘s dirty job or habits.
6) Sex Term
A sexual activity is not supposed to be shown or discussed in the society.
Therefore, in the society a sexual activity is a topic which is embarrassing to be
discussed, so it is used to insult or offend other people. The words which are used
to swear come from sexual activity. Fuck and cunt are used to swear in English.
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c. Types of swear words according to Hughes
Besides, as Wardhaugh did, Hughes (1999) also describes that there are
five types of swear words based on the meaning of the words. The types are :
1) Genital terms
The first type of Hughes‘s classification is swear words which are formed
from genital organs of human body. This type is similar to Wardhaugh‘s sex term
of swear-words. It described swear words by human‘s sexual organ or sexual
activity terms.
2) Excretory terms
People also swear with excretory system in animal‘s or human‘s life. The
function of the use of excretory terms is similar to genital terms. It is regarded to a
dirty thing. Moreover, it is also an object that usually avoided by most people.
Therefore, the words which come from excretory system are used to profane
others.
3) Animal terms
Some people use animal words to profane others. Human is considered as
the cleverest and the smartest creature ever. Thus, the words related to animal are
used to offend and to swear. The example for this term is the word bitch. In
formal situation bitch. In the formal situation, bitch has the similar meaning like a
female dog. Animals are also considered as dirty creatures since the animals live
wildly in the nature.
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4) Anatomical terms
Anatomy of human and animal is also one of swear words classification.
People use the anatomical terms of the body as swear words. They are regarded as
an embarrassing and dirty thing. Thus the anatomical terms are also parts of the
body that must be hidden.
5) Imbecilic terms
Imbecilic terms come from the word imbecile which has the same meaning
as stupid or idiot. These swear words are linked to disability or low level of
intelligence. The examples of imbecilic term swear words are stupid, moron and
idiot.
6) General terms
Unlike the other swear words which are classified into its original word,
Hughes (1991) mentioned the last category based on the function of the swear
words. In this term, swear words are functioned to add strong emphasis to the
following or former words. The example of general terms are fucking crazy! and
bloody hell!
5. Reasons of Swear Words Utterances
Swear words utterances are caused by several purposes and reasons.
Therefore, in this research, the researcher elaborates reason of swear words
according to two experts. The reason is explained as follows :
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a. Reason of Swear Words Utterances According to Rothwell
Regarding to the society issues, there are many reasons and purposes
behind swear word utterances. The purpose of swear words is primarily to express
feelings especially excitement and anger. However there are 5 purposes of swear
words utterances which are explained by Rothwell (1973). Those purposes are :
1. To Get Attention
People utter swear words in order to get others‘ attention. Using swear
words is considered as having strong power. The speakers also emphasize certain
words to be the central of attention. They do the action which in this case is swear
words utterances to attract people to look at them or listen to them.
2. To Discredit Someone or Something
By analyzing several types of swear words there is a type which is aimed
to insult or offense to others. In this case swear words are spoken to express
disappointment. They put high expectation but the reality is in opposite side of
their expectation.
3. To Provoke
In most cases, swear words create bad interpretation among the society. By
listening to swear words someone gets angry easily. Thus, swear words can cause
violation to other people because the hearers are disappointed by swearing they
hear.
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4. To Create Interpersonal Identification
The next purpose is to create interpersonal identification. Swear words are
uttered to identify their colleague or friends in more specific way. However, only
close friends or colleague do swearing on this purpose.
5. To Provide Catharsis
The last purpose of swearing is to provide catharsis. It means that the
speaker literally wants to show their feeling. Swear words are produced to
emphasize the feeling like anger, excitement, frustration, and sadness.
b. Reason of Swear Words Utterances According to Anderson and Trudgill
Furthermore, Anderson and Trudgill describe the reason why people
swear. There are three motives why swear words are produced. They are
psychological motive, social motive, and linguistic motive.
1. Psychological Motive
The reason why swear words are produced is because people give reaction
to phenomena or incident around them. Swearing is considered as a normal
reaction toward incident which makes somebody shocked or angry. Ljung adds
―the swear words are not deliberate, but come more as a reflect. In psychological
motive, swear words are uttered unconsciously as normal reaction.‖
2. Social Motive
In social motive, Karjaleinen (2002) explains ―social swearing is differ
from psychological in that they involve more than one person, as social swearing
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20
depends on an audience to have any real function.‖. Therefore, sometimes swear
words are uttered to get attention from the society.
3. Linguistic Motive
In linguistic motive, swear words are produced to give emphasize to
certain word. They are also used to deliver the message properly and to express
amazement or shock. For example in the phrase ‗what the fucking are you doing?‘
The word fucking is applied to emphasize the word ―doing‖.
B. Theoretical Framework
In conclusion, the researcher uses some major theory in order to obtain the
result and draw the conclusion. The theory that will be used to conduct this study
is related to taboo words, swear words, and the usage of swear words in written
form or novel.
Considers the similarity, in order to answer the first research question, the
researcher combines Wardhaugh‘s and Hughes‘s theory and classifies swear
words into seven types. The two theories have similar explanation of each group.
However the researcher added one type of swear words based on Hughes‘s
elaboration. Wardhaugh and Hughes classify the swear words based on the origin
of the word. The swear words which are appeared in the novel would be classified
into Wardhaugh‘s elaboration: excretion terms or excretory terms in Hughes‘
theory, death term, body function term (anatomical term), religious terms, and
sex terms (genital terms). However imbecilic terms and animal terms by Hughes
were added to provide more complete classification.
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Furthermore, in order to answer the second question, the purposes of the
swear words will be analyzed and categorized into Rothwell‘s theories which are
to get attention, to discredit someone or something, to provoke, to create
interpersonal identification, or to provide catharsis. The purpose and reason will
be analyzed by understanding the context and situation of the speakers into
Rothwell‘s classification.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the rationale of the methods and data analysis. This
chapter is divided into six parts. The first one is research method. In this part, the
writer presents about the method that is going to be used in conducting this study.
The second one is research setting. Research setting describes the time and the
place this study is done. The next one is research subject. Research subject
discusses further about the subject that is being used in this study. At the end of
this chapter, the writer will discuss research procedure further.
A. Research Method
The method that was used in this study is qualitative research. There are
eight types of qualitative research according to Ary, Jacob, and Razavieh (2002)
they are basic interpretative studies, case studies, document or data analysis,
ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, narrative inquiry, and
phenomenological studies. However, it was also described that ―document or data
analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting human recorded material to learn
about human behavior.‖ (p.29). Furthermore, Cohen et al. (2007, p.475) add that
content analysis is the process of summarizing the written data. Therefore, this
study deals with description and content analysis. Ary, et al. (2002, p.481) state
―data collection, analysis, and report writing do not occur in distinct steps as is
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23
typical in quantitative studies.‖ Since this study deals with document or content
analysis, qualitative method were applied to draw the conclusion.
Besides, Ary, et al. (2002) mention there are six steps needed in order to
conduct document or data analysis. First step was specifying the phenomena that
want to be investigated. After specifying the phenomena, the researcher needed to
select the media from which the observations are to be made. The next procedure
was formulating exhaustive and mutually exclusive coding categories so that the
verbal or symbolic content can be counted. Fourth, the researcher should decide
on the sampling plan to be used in order to obtain a representative sample of the
documents. Then the research also should train the coders so that they can
consistently apply the coding scheme that has been developed and thus contribute
to the reliability of the content analysis. Finally, at the end of conducting content
analysis, the researcher is analyzing the data itself based on the theory and the
coding that have been provided.
B. Source of Data
Me Before You is a novel written by English author named Jojo Moyes.
The setting of the novel is primarily taken in a small village in England. It is
published by Penguin Books publisher. Me Before You novel tells the life of a
successful young man, Will Traynor that suffers from quadriplegic. He could not
move his part of body from the neck below. At the beginning of the story, Will is
extremely upset and disappointed with his life, but since his mother hire a cheerful
woman to become his care taker his life is changed into a better life. Meanwhile
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Will‘s care taker, Louisa Clark does not have an easy life either. She has to work
for the Traynors because her father and she were just fired from their previous
jobs. After some times, Lou found out that Will wants to commit suicide and he
plans to go to ―Dignitas‖, an organization that serves legal suicide in Switzerland.
Lou tries very hard to change Will‘s mind to commit suicide because she realizes
that actually she loves Will. However at the end of the story, Will sticks to the
plan to go to Switzerland. Will Traynor dies peacefully, and he gives Louisa to
access his bank account in order to help Lou chases her dreams.
The researcher found many swear words in the novel. The author wrote
several English swear words which are familiarly uttered in England. However,
some universal English swear words are also found in the novel. The swear words
are primarily produced by the characters as they were important components to
deliver the plot of the story.
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In conducting this study, the researcher used human instrument as the
main tool or device in order to draw the conclusion. Ary, et al. (2002) state that
human can be used as the primary instrument to gather and analyze the data. In
this study, the researcher uses qualitative method and human is used as the
primary instrument to analyze the data by listening to the dialogues carefully.
Human instrument can describe quantitative and qualitative research. Meanwhile,
in qualitative research human is the main instrument to conduct the study. Human
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25
instrument in qualitative dealt with human experience and it is important for the
study to be examined by flexible instrument.
Moreover, Ary, et al. (2002) explain that in qualitative research, the
investigator or researcher was the primary instrument Hence, in order to collect
data, the researcher used the table to list down swear words which occurred in the
characters‘ monologue and dialogue. Furthermore, the data gathering process was
divided into two steps. First, the researcher read the novel as the main document
which would be analyzed. Second, the researcher selected sentences and phrases
that contained swear words in it.
D. Data Analysis Technique
In order to get the final result, the researcher divided the analysis
technique into several procedures. After the researcher read the main source
which was Me Before You novel, she specified the sentences and phrases that
contained swear words. After specifying process, the researcher analyzed and
categorized the data based on the type of swear words according to Anderson and
Trudgill (1992). The words were categorized into expletive, abusive, humorous,
or auxiliary swear words. In order to make the classification process easier, the
researcher used tables. By putting the script into the table, the swear words would
be easier to be seen and analyzed. In addition, the table was aimed to help the
researcher to answer the research questions. Therefore, according to Wardhaugh
and Hughe‘s classification, the researcher formulated as follows:
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Table 3.1 The Format of Table of Types of Swear Words in Me Before You
Novel
Case
No.
Page Desc SW
Type
Explanation
E D B
F
R A
T
S I
1 8 Lou : ―Will
you have a
go at
finding this
bloody arm
for me?
He‘s had me
looking for
half an hour
and I‘ve got
to get ready
for work.‖
Bloody
arm
√ The word
bloody is
originally
from the
word blood
Moreover, the researcher also formulated a table to classify the reasons of swear
words utterances according to Rothwell‘s theory. The table is provided as follows:
Table 3.2 The Format of Table of Reasons of Swear Words in Me Before You Novel
Case
No.
Page Desc SW
Reason
Explanation
C
A
D P C
I
I
P
C
1 8 Lou : ―Will you
have a go at
finding this bloody
arm for me? He‘s
had me looking for
half an hour and
I‘ve got to get
ready for work.‖
Bloody
arm
√
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Abbreviations :
SW = Swear Word CA = to Get Attention
E = Excretion terms D = to Discredit
D = Death terms P = to Provoke
BF = Body Function CII = Create Interpersonal Identification
R = Religious terms PC = to Provide Catharsis
AT = Animal terms
S = Sex terms
I = Imbecilic terms
Besides, the researcher also categorized them into purposes behind swear
words existence in the novel or the characters‘ aim producing the swear words.
Thus, the researcher classified the swear words based on Rothwell‘s (1973)
classification. However, the researcher also used other‘s experts and linguists
theories to support and deepen the research analysis. Moreover, in the analyzing
process, the researcher involved linguists to validate her analysis.
However, in the analysis process, the researcher found problems in form of
multi interpretations, especially in analyzing the reason of swear words utterances.
Therefore, in order to solve the problem, the researcher re-read the whole context
of the paragraphs and sentences which create multi interpretations.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher will elaborate and provide the finding of this
research. The discussion will be divided into two parts. The first part will discuss
the types of swear words which appeared and are written in Me Before You novel.
They are classified into excretion terms, death terms, and body function terms,
religious terms, animal terms, sex terms, and also imbecilic terms.
Meanwhile in the second part, the researcher also discusses the reason
behind swear-words utterances in Me Before You novel. The reasons of swear
words utterances in the novel are classified into the reason to get attention, to
discredit someone or something, to provoke, to provide interpersonal
identification, and also to provide catharsis.
A. Types of Swear Words
This part is to answer and elaborate about the first research question‘s. The
first question is about types of swear-words that occur in Me Before You novel
written by Jojo Moyes. In order to answer the first question, the researcher
classified the swear words into combination of Wardhaugh and Hughes theory.
There are 172 swear words found in the novel. First, the researcher divided into
the frequency. There are 26 variations of swear words found in the novel. The
following is the swear words and its frequency.
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Table 4.1 List of Words which are appeared in the novel Me Before You
No Words
Frequency
(times)
1 Death 1
2 Bloody 52
3 Hell 11
4 Fucking/Fuck 10
5 Jesus Christ/Christ 17
6 Bugger 3
7 God/Gosh 14
8 Arse 10
9 Utter dick/Dickhead 1
10 Piss off 8
11 Shit 8
12 Stupid 12
13 Lord 1
14 Idiot 4
15 Cowed 1
16 For Christ/God sake 8
17 Butt 1
18 Insane 2
19 Bullshit 1
20 Bitch 2
21 Suckered 1
22 Mucking up 1
23 Cripple 1
24 Wanky 1
25 Bum 1
As seen in the table above, the most frequent swear words that are found in in the
novel is bloody-. The word is usually attached to another word to emphasize the
meaning of the following word. However, a phrase might consist of two or more
swearing words for example the word bloody hell and bloody stupid.
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Furthermore, the researcher provides the data in the table. The following
table is formulated based on the combination of Wardhaugh and Hughes‘ theories.
on the number of each type, is presented in the table as follows:
Table 4.2 Data finding of swear-words type
No Type of SW
Numbers of
SW Precentage
1 Excretion terms 20 12%
2 Death terms 12 7%
3 Body function terms 66 38%
4 Religious terms 37 21,5%
5 Animal terms 2 1%
6 Sex terms 10 6%
7 Imbecilic terms 25 14,5%
Total 172 100%
There are seven types which are used to put the words into groups, those
are excretion terms, death terms, body function terms, religious terms, animal
terms, sex terms, and also imbecilic terms. As seen in the table body function
terms are the most swear words uttered by the characters in the novel. They are
appeared 66 times or 38% percent. It is followed by religious terms which are
uttered 37 times or 21,5%. The two terms are followed by imbecilic 25 times
(14.5%), excretion terms which occurred 20 times (12%). However, death term
takes 7% and sex terms contribute 6% for each term in the story. In addition, the
least number of swear words type is animal term. It only appeared 3 times in the
novel.
The researcher found there are 172 swear words written in Me Before You
novel. The words are divided into seven categories based on the real meaning of
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the words as it has been mentioned. The discussion and elaboration of each type
are provided as follow :
1. Excretion terms
According to Wardhaugh (1986) human‘s excretion system can be an
instrument to offense others and to swear. The example of excretion terms swear-
words is shit or shitty. In other word, shit has the same meaning as feces. The
following statement is uttered by Louisa. The example of swearing situation
Case: 17
I faced him, my heart thumping. ―your friends got the shitty treatment
Fine. They probably deserved it. But I‘m just here day by day trying to
do the best job I can. So I would really appreciate it if you didn‘t make
my life as unpleasant as you do everyone else‘s‖ (p.64)
The word shit or shitty that is seen in the example above actually means feces.
However in the context Louisa statement, the word shitty treatment means very
bad treatment. It happens because William is very angry with his friend, as the
effect he becomes very rude to everyone he met at that day. Louisa works as
William‘s caregiver, therefore she is always in the house with Will from early
morning until afternoon. Louisa, one of the main characters feels uncomfortable
with her situation. Thus she said shitty treatment instead of bad treatment.
Swear words production using excretion system also occurred in another
part of the novel. Another example of swear words is provided as follows:
Case: 31
Will said ―Bullshit‖ (p.95)
Lou said ―they might sound revolting to you, but astonishingly, Will
Traynor, not all girls get dressed just to please men
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Swear words production does not only deal with human. It also deals with animal
excretion. The example that has been provided above shows that bullshi‘ is an
expression of swearing. Literary, bull shit means bull‘s feces. However, bullshit
in the conversation above has similar meaning to unbelievable. It is an expression
of Will‘s disbelief toward Louisa‘s previous statement.
Furthermore, another example of excretion swear-words also appeared in
the novel like piss. It happens when Louisa, William and Nathan had a holiday.
Case: 101
―Piss off you two‖ Nathan grinned. (p.351)
Piss literally means urine. What Nathan wanted to say is not related to the urine or
excretion system. Piss off in Will‘s, Lou‘s, and Nathan‘s conversation refers to
‗shut up‘ in general. In that setting, Lou and Will are teasing Nathan when Nathan
introduce his new girlfriend to them, however, instead of supporting Nathan, Lou
and Will tease him in front of his girlfriend. He feels embarrassed and he needs to
stop them.
2. Death terms
Death regards to a scary phenomenon. Therefore, many people are afraid
of things that is related to death. Many people also use words that are related to
life after death. The following statements are the example of death terms that
function as swear words.
―I think that is a very responsible thing to do. Very civic-minded‖, I
(Louisa) agree
―I have always admired Nathan for his selflessness. Especially when it
comes to the fairer sex‖ (Will)
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Case: 18
Oh hell, I thought, as the reality of what I had just done began to sink in.
I‘ve really blown it this time. (p.65)
The word hell, in the sentences above does not literally mean the home of devil,
but it means unpleasant feeling or situation. It is told in the previous description
that Louisa had arguments with Will Traynor. Thus, the word ‗hell‘ means
unpleasant. It refers to the real hell that is described as the most unpleasant place
after death.
3. Body function terms
The third term of the classification is body function term. It appeared the
most frequently in the novel, it occurs 66 times. The body function terms as swear
words are illustrated in the following statements:
Case: 22
―It‘s not the bloody carrots that upset me. It‘s having them sneaked into
my food by a madwoman who addresses the cutlery as Mr. and Mrs. Fork‖
(p.70)
The word bloody carrots is illustrating this type. Meanwhile, the word bloody
comes from blood. According to Wardhaugh‘s theory, hidden part of body can be
functioned as swear words. However, bloody carrots is not the carrots that
covered by blood or bleeding. Instead, it means as bad carrots. It happens when
Lou tries to sneak vegetable into Will‘s food. However, Will knows Louisa‘s
trick, then he said bloody carrots to show the protest to Louisa. The following
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34
statement is the example of swear words between Louisa and William. According
to Oxford dictionary, the word bloody- is occurred in British English (BrE)
expression.
However, the other expression that is common in British English has close
relation to the sex term. The organ that is used as swear word usually functioned
to do sexual activity. The example of the swear word is provided as follows:
Case: 64
―you don‘t have to behave like an arse.‖ (p.64)
In the example above, the word arse is not common in American English style.
American English speakers prefer to use ass rather than arse. Both words have the
same meaning. They are part of the body which have a function to sit on.
However, arse in the example above means bad boy or annoying person. It is
because Lou feels that Will is being rude to her. Instead of using the word arse,
Lou can say you don’t have to be annoying to replace the swear word.
Meanwhile, another body function that is usually implemented to swear is
the genital parts. The example of genital function which occurred in the novel is
stated below:
Case: 15
I had a framed photograph at home where I was beaming at Patrick like he
had just called him an ―utter dick‖ and he had responded with a hearty
―Oh, piss off!‖ (p.61)
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Dick literally means man‘s penis or man‘s private area. It is considered as taboo
and slang word in both American and British English. However, in Lou‘s
monologue context above, she is not referring to the penis as the human‘s body
function but it refers to the feeling of embarrassment. In another word, by its
context dick has similar meaning as coward. Once Louisa looked at the picture of
her boyfriend then she imagined what happened at that moment.
4. Religious terms
Swear words are not only related to the bad issues. Even though religious
term is considered as holy and very good thing, people can still use the religious
term to swear and sometimes to offend. The use of religious term is illustrated as
follows:
Case: 24
―There. You sit there. Don‘t move until it‘s over. Never watched a foreign
film. For Christ‘s sake,‖ (p.72)
The phrase for Christ’s sake is not necessarily mentioning Jesus Christ in the
conversation. Since Jesus Christ is how Christians call their god, therefore it refers
to certain religion, in this case Christian. The Christian word is the expression of
Will‘s disbelief toward what Louisa is doing. The expression also can be replaced
by I don’t believe it since William really does not really believe that Lou has not
watched film with subtitle yet.
5. Animal terms
Animal terms are swear words which describe as a female dog. As it has
been mentioned in chapter II, the examples of these terms is bitch. Furthermore,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
swear words in terms of mother in law only occurred three times in the novel. One
of the animal term swear word terms is stated as follows:
Case: 32
―And she will be a little bit cross with him all the time without really
knowing why and bitch about him at really awful dinner parties to the
embarrassment of their friends, and he won‘t want to leave because he‘ll
be scared of all the alimony.‖ (p.105)
The statement above is uttered by the main character, Louisa. The word bitch is
aimed to mention another character, named Alicia. Alicia is William‘s ex-
girlfriend who will marry Rupert, William‘s best friend. In the society bitch is
uttered to address a woman who has affair with many guys. Therefore, in this case,
the word bitch means a very bad girl or woman.
6. Sex term
In some occasion or condition many people use words which are related to
sexual activity to insult others. In the novel Me Before You sex terms also
occurred in order to swear or to emphasize certain words and phrases. One
example of sex term swear words examples is uttered by Katrina (Treena) in the
following dialogue
Case: 51
―I‘m a fucking genius‖ (p.141).
The word fuck itself is described as having sex with somebody. Meanwhile, in the
context of Treena and Louisa‘s conversation, fucking functions to emphasize the
following word. On the other word, fucking genius means extremely genius or
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37
very genius. Furthermore, in the novel Me Before You sex term swear words are
found quite often. They are stated 10 times in the novel which the most common
word is fuck.
7. Imbecilic term
According to Hughes, imbecilic swear words are described as the inability
of someone. On the other word, imbecilic term also refers to the low intelligence
term. In the novel, imbecilic terms occur twenty five (25) times. The following is
example of imbecilic term in the novel:
Case: 20
She made me feel like a first-class idiot, and consequently I became a
first-class idiot around her. (p.68)
The statement above comes from Louisa. She states the word idiot for herself.
Idiot has the similar meaning to fool. It conveys the low level of intelligence. On
the other hand, in Louisa‘s monologue the word idiot does not mean the low
intelligence. However it means as the silly act (funny act).
B. Reasons of swear words
The second part of this chapter is the elaboration to answer research
question number two. Research question number two is about the purpose or
reason behind swear–words production in Me Before You novel. Therefore,
Rothwell‘s theory of swear words reason is applied in order to answer the second
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
question. Result of swear words reason in Me Before You novel is provided in the
table as follows :
Table 4.2
Data finding of swear-words reasons
No Reason of SW
Numbers of
SW
1 To get attention 18
2 To discredit 36
3 To provoke 13
4
To provide interpersonal
identification 8
5 To provide catharsis 104
As it is seen in the table above, there are five reasons of swear words
according to Rothwell, that are used as the instrument to answer question number
two. The reason of swear-words production in the novel is divided into the reason
to get attention of people, to discredit someone or something, to provoke others, to
provide interpersonal identification, and also to provide catharsis. As seen in the
table most of the characters are swearing to provide catharsis. Swear words
production in order to provide catharsis occurred 104 times out of 172 swear
words. Meanwhile, the other reasons are divided into the purpose of discrediting
someone or something (36 times), followed by the purpose to get attention of
others (13 times), to provoke or invite response occurred (13 times), and the last is
for providing interpersonal identification (8 times).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
1. To Get Attention
The first reason of swear words production in the novel Me Before You is
to get attention from the society. Furthermore, Rothwell (1973) mention that the
speaker usually emphasize certain words in order to become the center of the
attention. In the novel Me Before You swear words utterances among the
characters are written eighteen (18) times. The following case is the example of
swear words utterances to create society‘s attention:
Case: 6
―She didn‘t say he couldn‘t talk, Mum.‖ I couldn‘t actually remember
what Mrs. Traynor had said. I was still vaguely in shock at actually having
been a given job.
―Maybe he talks through one of those devices. Like that scientist bloke.
The one on The Simpsons.‖
―Bugger,‖ said Thomas
―Nope,‖ said Dad (p.30)
The word bugger is swear word which is quite common among British
English speaker. Meanwhile in Oxford dictionary bugger is described as an
offensive word to insult somebody, especially a man to show anger or dislike.
However in the dialogue above, the swear word comes from Thomas, Treena‘s
little boy. The whole family is busy doing the morning routine and they are
discussing about how Louisa will deal with her new job, Thomas suddenly said
the bugger. He said it because he wants to get the grown-ups attention since they
are very busy and discussing. The following dialogue which is uttered by Louisa‘s
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
father also shows the reader that the family is surprised then suddenly pay
attention to what he says.
Case: 82
One-a big, bluff man with a cigar- seemed not to know what to say when
he was actually there in front of Will, and settled for ―Bloody nice
wedding, wasn‘t it? Thought the bride looked splendid‖. I guessed he
hadn‘t known Alicia‘s romantic history. (p.286-287)
The dialogue above happened between a stranger and William which is told by
Louisa. They are attending Rupert‘s and Alicia‘s wedding. The swear word is
uttered when a stranger comes and tries to have discussion with William. In
addition, the phrase seemed not to know what to say when he was actually there in
front of Will shows that swear word is functioned to get William‘s attention in
order to open discussion with him.
2. To Discredit Something or Someone
The second reason of swear words utterances in Rothwell‘s theory is to
discredit someone or something. In the whole story the reason to discredit
someone or something is quite common to occur. In addition, to discredit is also
interpreted into paying less respect to something or someone. In the novel Me
Before You, the characters, Louisa, Treena, and William sometimes swear to
discredit someone and even something. Here are few dialogues which describe
swear words utterances to discredit someone or something:
Case: 3
―Three months‖ Dad exploded, as my mother thrust a cup of sweet tea into
my hands. ―Well, that‘s a big of him, given she‘s worked like a ruddy
Trojan in that place for the last six years.‖
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41
―Bernard.‖ Mum shot him a warning look, nodding toward
Thomas. My parents minded him after school every day until Treena
finished work.
―What the hell is she supposed to do now? He could have given
her more than a day‘s bloody notice.‖
―Well… She‘ll just have to get another job.‖
―There are no bloody jobs, Josie. You know that as well as I do.
We‘re in the middle of a bloody recession.‖ (p.12)
The word hell and bloody describe how Bernard (Louisa‘s father)
underestimates and discredits Louisa‘s ability. In the story it is told that Louisa
just comes back home and tell her family that she loses her job. Her father
becomes a little bit angry because the family is depending on Louisa‘s wage to
support their life. Bernard does not trust Louisa since he thinks that his daughter
does not have any special skill to get another better job. Thus, the expression
What the hell is she supposed to do now and there are no bloody jobs, Josie are
written because Bernard discredit or being disrespects to Louisa‘s ability and
skill.
Case: 9
Just talk to him, for crying out loud. Of course he‘s miserable. He‘s stuck
in a bloody wheelchair. And you‘re probably being useless. Just talk to
him. Get to know him. What‘s the worst that can happen? (p.43)
The swear word is uttered by Treena, Louisa‘s sister. By stating He’s stuck in a
bloody wheelchair she thinks that wheelchair is a symbol of weakness. Therefore,
the word bloody is added because she wants to discredit the wheelchair. People
who sit in the wheelchair refer to the people who are not able to do something.
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42
Case: 19
I
had no idea what most of inhabitants of Granta House thought of me. Will
was unreadable. To Nathan, I was, I suspected, just the latest in a long line
of hired caregivers. He was friendly enough but a bit detached. I got the
feeling he wasn‘t convinced I was going to be there for long. Mr. Traynor
nodded at me politely when we passed in the hall, occasionally asking me
how the traffic was, or whether I had settled in all right. I‘m not sure he
would have recognized me if he‘d been introduced to me in another
setting.
But to Mrs. Traynor- oh Lord- to Mrs. Traynor I was apparently the
stupidest and the most irresponsible person on the planet.(p. 67)
In case 20, it is explicitly stated that Louisa is insecure about how William‘s
family thinks about her. She could not see her good side in their eyes. Therefore,
Louisa swears in order to discredit herself especially when she thinks about how
Mrs. Traynor looks at her.
Case: 30
―Jesus Christ.‖
I took another breath (p.94)
The conversation happens between Louisa and William. It is described
that previously William asked Louisa to entertain him. Louisa agrees and she
directly sings a ―Molahonkey Song‖. However, William feels that she is not a
good singer. It is proven in the following page, he said and you are a God-awful
singer. I hope your dad was better‘ (p.95).William also adds tell me something
else. Something that doesn’t involve singing. From William statements, we can
identify that he discredits Louisa‘s ability to sing a good song.
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43
Furthermore, this reason appears quite often on the novel. According to
data, the reason of to discredit someone or something in Me Before You novel
were found 43 times or 25 percent. This reason is the second most reason for
swear words utterances in the novel.
3. To Provoke
The next reason to swear according to Rothwell is to provoke other
people. As we know that uttering swear words is mostly considered offensive or
profane. Therefore, in the social life, people are supposed to use swear words
carefully so it does not cause any problems to others and not provoke them to do
worse thing. However, in the novel, the characters sometimes use swear words to
provoke another character. The reasons to provoke others occurred 13 times. The
example of swear words utterances to provoke other is stated in the following
reading:
Case: 34
―You know you don‘t dress like someone from around here. I quite
look forward to seeing what insane combination you‘re going to turn up in
next.‖ (p. 108)
In the novel it is told that Louisa has unusual taste of fashion, that
somehow other people around her find it weird. In case 36, William is mocking
Louisa for her ―unique‖ fashion. The word insane is not a nice word to describe
how Louisa dressed. The way William conveys his joke or his critics toward
Louisa‘s dress is supposed to invite her reaction. From the whole context it is told
that William is trying to tease Lou by mocking her. He wants to trigger Louisa‘s
reaction (anger) by telling bad thing about her taste of fashion.
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Case: 12
―Bloody man seems to work twenty-four hours a day and expects
everyone else to do the same.‖ You could hear the man‘s palpable relieve
at having found a topic he was comfortable with. ―You know the old Yank
work ethic- no more long lunches, no smutty jokes- Will, I tell you. The
whole atmosphere of the place has changed.‖ (p.55)
The dialogue is uttered by Rupert, William‘s best friend who will marry
his ex-girlfriend. Seeing deeper in case 12, Rupert tells William what is
happening in their office. They worked in the same office before Will suffers
from paralysis. The way Rupert tells the update of the company make William
uncomfortable. It is implicitly stated that Rupert is telling William that the office
or the company is getting better during Will‘s absence.
4. To Create Interpersonal Identification
Swear word utterances are not only the way to express anger or bad
emotion, it is also described as a word to show and express good things. Creating
interpersonal identification is described as a purpose to show strong relationship
between the speakers. The speakers produce swear words to build or to show
close relationship. The purpose of swear word in order to create interpersonal
identification occurred only 8 times. The example of swear words production to
create interpersonal identification is stated as follows:
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45
Case: 45
―Shut up. Not for you idiot girl. They‘ll have their own money.
And he‘s probably got a shedload of insurance of the accident. Well, you
tell them that you want a budget and then you used that money, and use
the—what was it?—four months you‘ve got left and you change Will
Traynor‘s mind.‖ (p.140)
The word idiot does not mean that Treena wants to offend Louisa. The swear
word only shows to the reader that Louisa and Katrina are sisters who are really
close to each other. They are discussing about asking money from the Traynors in
order to change Will‘s mind to commit suicide. Louisa does not agree with Treena
since she does not want to ask any money or burden the Traynors. However,
Katrina is really excited to give her opinion and suggestion to Louisa since she
knows that Louisa really loves Will. The word idiot girl is Treena‘s effort to
persuade her beloved sister.
5. To Provide Catharsis
The most frequently reason in swear words production is to provide
catharsis. It occurs 103 times of all reasons in the novel Me Before You. Uttering
swear words is spontaneous reaction to release emotion. In addition, swearing is
the instrument to provide catharsis or to emphasize certain feelings like anger,
excitement, frustration, etc. Here is the example of swearing to provide catharsis.
Case: 91
She studied me. She was wearing her thinking face. There is nothing more
terrifying than my sister‘s thinking face when it is trained directly on you.
―Oh, Shit.‖
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―Don‘t …‖
―So this is interesting,‖ she said.
―I know.‖ I dropped my arms
―You want a job. So that… ― (p.314)
The previous statement happens between Treena (Lou‘s sister) and Louisa. Swear
word is uttered to show Treena‘s amazement toward Louisa for her passion to
take care of a quadriplegic man. In the monologue, Louisa wonders if her sister is
studying her for her choice to look after Will. In addition, Treena‘s statement so
this is interesting after she uttered the swear words is explicitly indicating her
amazement.
Unpredictable situation also can cause someone to utter swear words. The
words represent the speakers‘ surprise feeling through the situation. The
following example is the situation that causes Louisa to swear
The rip was growing. I could see it creeping inexorably up my thigh. At
this rate, by the time I stood up I would look like a Vegas showgirl. (p.25)
The situation tells that Louisa is in the middle of interview session with Mrs.
Traynor and suddenly her skirt is ripped. She is so surprised that she did not
expect it to happen. Therefore, as seen in case number 5, she says oh hell, I
thought by her heart. In addition, in the interview session, Louisa finds that Mrs.
Traynor very intimidating. Thus, she expresses her feeling by producing bad
words like hell.
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Case: 10
Treena said nothing then, just looked at me for a while. She got up
and glanced out the door, as if checking whether there was anybody on the
landing.
―I‘m thinking of going back to college,‖ she said finally.
It took my brain a few seconds to register this change of track.
―Oh my God,‖ I said.‖But—― (p.46)
The sentences above tell the reader that Louisa does not expect Treena to
go back to college; meanwhile Louisa‘s family is in difficult situation where her
father is not able to support her family. She also thinks about Thomas, Treena‘s
son. She is surprised to hear that news and disagree with it. Therefore, the swear
word in this context is aimed to convey emotions spontaneously such as surprise
feeling.
Case: 14
―Who says it would be pity? You‘d be still the same person underneath.‖
―No, I wouldn‘t. I wouldn‘t be anything like the same person.‖ He
wrinkled his nose. ―I wouldn‘t want to live. Relying on other people for
every little thing. Having strangers wiping your arse—Jesus. Think of all
the things you couldn‘t do…‖ (p.60)
The conversation happens between Louisa and her boyfriend, Patrick.
Louisa is asking for Patrick‘s opinion about William‘s condition. He expresses his
disagreement toward Louisa‘s opinion. He also imagines what will happen if he is
in William‘s shoe. Swearing words functioned convey his feeling of agreement
and sadness.
Case: 16
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―You thought you knew best. Everyone thinks they know what I
need. Let’s put the bloody photos together. Give the poor invalid
something to look at. I don‘t want to have those bloody pictures staring at
me every time I‘m stuck in my bed until someone comes and bloody well
gets me out again. Okay? Do you think you can get your head around
that?‖ (p.63)
In the previous paragraph it is clearly stated that William messes all the
photographs in his room. He is angry because Alicia and Rupert told him that they
are going to get married. Moreover, after the photographs, Louisa tried to fix them
up. Unfortunately William doesn‘t like the thing that Lou has done. He is really
mad and expresses it spontaneously by uttering swear word to Louisa.
Case: 36
―What about my hair?‖ he said
―You really want me to cut it?‖
―You might as well.‖
―I thought you didn‘t trust me.‖
He shrugged, as far as he could. It was the smallest movement of his
shoulders. ―if it will stop you moaning at me for a couple of weeks I figure
it‘s a small price to pay.‖
―Oh my God, your mum is going to be so delighted,‖ (p.112)
In the conversation and description above, it is explicitly stated that Louisa is very
happy since William allows her to cut his hair and shave his beard. Furthermore,
she is also very excited about knowing that Mrs.Traynor will be happy for what
he has done to Will‘s hair and beard.
However, there are several cases of swear word utterances which belong to
more than one reason. Multiple reasons of swear words utterances happened
because the story did not explicitly stated its purpose. For example in case 11, it
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49
belongs to these two reasons: to get attention and to provide catharsis. Alicia
wants to get William‘s attention, however it is also uttered in order to emphasize
the word cold. There are three cases which have multiple reasons; they are case
number 11, 74, and case number 80.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the conclusion of
the study which has been discussed in the previous chapter. Moreover as the
closing remark of this study, the researcher provide suggestion and
recommendation in the second part.
A. Conclusions
Based on the discussion in chapter IV, there are two conclusions in this
research. The first conclusion deals with the result of swear words type in the
novel, while the second conclusion deals with the conclusion and result of the
reason behind swear word utterances.
In order to answer the first research question, it is concluded that body
function term is the most frequent swear words occurred in the novel. The
characters use body function term such as bloody, and arse the swear words are
uttered by all characters. The least uttered swearing type which is uttered are sex
term. Sex term is not the favorite term to swear in the novel Me Before You.
Furthermore, to answer the second research question, the researcher found
that the most frequent reason to swear is to provide catharsis. The characters
simply spontaneously utter or say the bad words. Mostly they swear because they
are surprised and they want to show/convey their emotion especially anger. It can
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
be concluded that the swear words in the novel are mainly functioned to convey
and release emotion. On the contrary the least reason behind swear words
utterances is to create interpersonal identification.
B. Recommendations
The researcher realizes that this research is not perfect yet. Therefore, the
researcher wants to give recommendation and suggestion for the researchers and
people who are interested in the same topic. This research deals with swearing
words in the novel.
1. For English Language Study Program students and teachers
Swearing and swear words cannot be separated from human‘s life,
especially in the globalization era. People are always exposed by swear word
utterances. This study is hopefully beneficial for students and language teacher to
get deeper understanding about swear words and enrich their knowledge
phenomena of swearing in daily life
2. For future researchers
For the future researchers, the subject of this study is a novel that means
one-way communication where the readers can only interpret the meaning
personally. Consequently, the researcher somehow finds the real purpose of swear
words utterances still vague.
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The researcher suggests the next researchers who are interested in the
same topic to focus on the real situation in society by using a case study or
phenomenology. The future researchers also can do deeper analysis by conducting
research using interview method in order to dig out more elaboration.
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REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H., (1999). A glossary of literary terms (7th
Ed.). Boston :Heinle &
Heinle Pub. Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from
http://www.ohio.edu/people/hartleyg/ref../abrams_mh.pdf
Allan, K., Burridgee, K., (2006). Forbidden words : Taboo and the censoring of
language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, L. G., & Trudgill, P., (1992). Bad Language. London: Penguin Books.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C. Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to
research in education (5th
Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Chaika, E. (1982). Language the Social Mirror. New York: Newbury House
Publishers.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. (6th
.
Ed). London: Routledge
Fromkin, V., Blair, D., Collins, P. (2000). An introduction to language. Australia :
Harcourt Australia Pty Limited.
Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistic. New York: Routledge
Jay, T., Janschweitz, K. (2008). The Pragmatics of Swearing. Journal of
Politeness, 4, 267-288. Retrieved March 6, 2017, from
http://www.mcla.edu/Assets/MCLA-
Files/Academics/Undergraduate/Psychology/Pragmaticsofswearing.pdf
Hughes, G. (1991). Swearing : A social of Foul Language, oaths, and Profane in
English. New York : Blackwell.
Karjaleinen, M. (2002). Where have all the swear words gone? An analysis of the
loss of swear words in two Swedish translations of J. D. Salinger’s ‘Catcher
in the Rye’. Pro graduated thesis). University of Helsinki. Helsinki.
Retrieved March 15, 2017, from
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/karjalainen/wherehav.pdf
Lindahl, K. (2008). The X-word and its usage : Taboo words and swear words in
general, and x-words in newspapers. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from
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Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing; A Cross-Cultural Linguistic Study. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Moyes, J., (2016). Me before you. New York: Penguin Books, Ltd.
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Rothwell, J. D., (1973). Verbal Obscenity: Time for second thoughts. Inliedlich
(ed). Coming to terms with language: An anthology. London: John Wiley &
Sons.
Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics. (5th
ed.) Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Wardhaugh, R. (1986). An introduction to linguistics. (1st ed.) Victoria: Blackwell
Publishing
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
The Types of Swear Words Utterances in Me Before You
novel
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Table of Swear Words Type
No Page Description SW
Type Explanation
E D B
F
R A
T
S I
1 3 Mick shakes his head ―no sir, not
unless you‘ve got an inflatable
attachment. Or a death wish‖
death √
2 8 Lou :‖will you have a go at finding
this bloody arm for me? He‘s had
me looking for half an hour and
I‘ve got to get ready for work‖
Bloody arm √
3 12 Bernard :‖What the hell is she
supposed to do now? He could have
given her more than a day‘s bloody
notice
Bernard :‖There are no bloody jobs,
Josie. You know that as well as I
do. We‘re in the middle of a bloody
recessions‖
Bernard :‖Oh, fecking marvelous…
‗Louisa Clark is very good at
buttering toast, and a dab hand with
the old teapot‖
Hell
Bloody jobs
Bloody
recessions
Fecking
√
√
√
√
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No Page Description SW
Type
Explanation E D B
F
R A
T
S I
5 25 Monologue : Oh hell, I thought. Hell √
6 30 Thomas : ―Bugger,‖ Bugger √
7 32 Bernard : ―I bet you, once you slide
those feet of yours under the table
at the big house those buggers
won‘t want to let you go.‖
Thomas : ―Bugger,‖
Bugger √
8 36 Monologue : Oh God, I thought. God √
9 43 Treen : ―Just talk to him, for crying
out loud. Of course he‘s miserable.
He‘s stuck in a bloody wheelchair.
And you‘re….‖
Bloody
wheel-chair
√
10 46 Lou : ―Oh my God,‖ I said. ―But-― God √
11 54 Alicia : ―Gosh, it‘s cold outside‖ Gosh √
12 55 Rupert : ―Bloody man seems to
work twenty-four hours a day and
expects everyone else to do the
same.‖
Will : ―Oh God, yes. Presenteeism
writ large. Sometimes I feel like I
daren‘t leave my chair‖
Bloody man
God
√
√
13 58 Lou‘s monologue : Oh God, please
don‘t let him have hurt himself
God √
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59
No Page Description SW
Type
Explanation E D B
F
R A
T
S I
15 61 Lou ‗s monologue : I had a framed
photograph at home where I was
beaming at Patrick like he had just
called him an ―utter dick‖ and he
had responded with a hearty ―Oh,
piss off!‖.
Utter dick
Piss off
√
√
16 63 Will : ―You thought you knew best.
Everyone thinks the know what I
need. Let’s put the bloody photos
together. Give the poor invalid
something to look at. I don‘t want
to have those bloody pictures
staring at me every time I‘m stuck
in my bed until someone comes and
bloody well gets me out again.
Okay? Do you think you can get
your head around that?
Bloody well √
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No Page Description SW
Type
Explanation E D B
F
R A
T
S I
18 65 Lou‘s monologue‘s : Oh hell, I
thought, as the reality of what I had
just done began to sink in
Hell √
19 67 Lou‘s monologue : But to Mrs.
Traynor – oh Lord—to Mrs.
Traynor I was apparently the
stupidest and most irresponsible
person on the planet
Lord
Stupidest
√
√
20 68 Lou‘s monologue : She made me
feel like a first-class idiot, and
consequently I became a first-class
idiot around her.
Idiot √
21 69 Will : ―Why the hell are you trying
to sneak the carrots onto my fork?‖
Lou‘s monologue : It was pretty
stupid when he put it like that. But I
had learned it was important not to
look cowed by anything Will said
or did.
Hell
Stupid
Cowed
√
√
√
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23 71 Lou‘s monologue : I thought of
Will telling me if I didn‘t stop
bloody whistling he‘d be forced to
run me over.
Nathan : ―You just make sure
you‘re the butt of more of his jokes,
okay?‖
Bloody-
Butt
√
√
24 72 Will : ―Everything after local
bloody Hero has been a foreign
film. D‘you think Hollywood is a
suburb of Birmingham?‖
Will : ―There. You sit there. Don‘t
move until it‘s over. Never watched
a foreign film. For Christ‘s sake,‖
Bloody-
For Christ‘s
sake
√
√
25 73 Will : ―Oh, for Christ‘s sake. It‘s
hardly a state secret, your social
life, is it?‖
For Christ‘s
sake
√
26 77 Lou‘s monologue : It may sound
studpid, but I couldn‘t help but
laugh.
Stupid √
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28 84 Will : ―Jesus,‖
Will : ―Your hands are bloody
freezing.‖
Jesus
Bloody
√
√
29 87 Nathan : ―Jesus. All morning?
Didn‘t you know he can‘t regulate
his own temperature?‖
Nathan : ―It‘s in the bloody folder.
Look Will doesn‘t sweat like we
do. In fact he doesn‘t sweat at all
from the point of his injury
downward. It means if he gets a
slight chill his temperature gauge
goes haywire. Go find the fan.
We‘ll move that in there until he
cools down. And a damp towel, to
put around the back of his neck. We
won‘t be able to get him to a doctor
until the snow stops. Bloody
agency nurse. They should have
picked this up in the morning.‖
Jesus
Bloody
√
√
30 94 Will : ―Jesus Christ.‖
Jesus Christ √
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32 105 Lou : ―And she will be a little bit
cross with him all the time without
really knowing why and bitch about
him at really awful dinner parties to
the embarrassment of their friends,
and he won‘t want to leave because
he‘ll be scared of all the alimony.‖
Bitch √
33 106 Lou :‖—weekend or where they
went on a jolly and feel like
somehow—and he will never be
quite sure how—he got suckered.‖
Suckered √
34 108 Will : ―You know, you don‘t dress
like someone from around here. I
quite look forward to seeing what
insane combination you‘re going to
turn up in next.‖
Will : ―There‘s nothing wrong with
it per se. But… Christ. It‘s not
exactly dynamic, is it?—―
Insane
Christ
√
√
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36 112 Lou : ―Oh my God, your mum is
going to be so delighted.‖
Lou‘s monologue : -- even though
all my attention was actually
focused on not mucking up his hair.
Finally, I had the worst of it off,
and whipped around in front of him
to see how he looked.
Oh my God
Mucking up
√
√
37 116 Georgina : ―I can‘t believe you‘re
even agreeing to it. What about
your religion? What about
everything you‘ve done? What was
the point in you even bloody saving
him the last time?‖
Bloody- √
38 120 Camila‘s monologue : After Will‘s
accident I didn‘t garden for a year.
It wasn‘t just the time, although the
endless hours spent at the hospital,
the time spent to-ing and fro-ing in
the car, the meetings—Oh God, the
meetings—took up so much of it. I
took six months‘ compassionate
leave—
God √
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40 131 Neighbour : ―You must have
thought I was bloody stupid. She
was wearing your T-shirt! The one
I had made for your birthday!‖
Neighbour : ―I went in for your
bloody Scotch eggs! And I don‘t
even like Scotch eggs‖
Bloody
stupid
Bloody
Scotch eggs
√
√
41 132 ―You crazy bitch‖ crazy bitch √ √
43 138 Lou : ―We‘ve all got to stick at jobs
we hate just so little Katrina can
fulfill her bloody ambitions.‖
Lou : ―Don‘t you dare bloody
lecture me about the money, you
know.‖
Lou : ―Just piss off, Treen, okay?
Just piss off and leave me alone.‖
Bloody
ambitions
Bloody
lecture
Piss off
√
√
√
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45 140 Treena : ―Fuck. I can‘t even get my
head around it.‖
Treena : ―Shut up. Not for you idiot
girl. They‘ll have their own money.
And he‘s probably got a shedload
of insurance of the accident. Well,
you tell them that you want a
budget--
Fuck
Idiot girl
√
√
47 147 Treena : ―That‘s not the point.
Bloody hell, it‘s cold up here.‖
Bloody hell √ √
48 148 Treena : ―What, because you want
to take him on a few crummy days
out? Jesus. They should be grateful
someone‘s making the effort. It‘s
not like they are.‖
Jesus √
49 149 Treena : ―Well, I don‘t see you
coming up with anything more
bloody inspirational.‖
Bloody
inspirational
√
50 150 Lou‘s monologue : Well she could
go without my bloody lemon
washbag
Bloody
lemon
√
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52 165 Lou : ―Thanks for being so fucking
accommodating
Lou : ― Why, does that need a
bloody badge too?‖
Fucking
Bloody
badge
√
√
53 177 Will : ― Jesus, you‘re a pain in the
arse.‖
Jesus
Arse
√
√
54 180 Lou : ―Only you, Will Traynor,
could tell a woman how to wear a
bloody dress.‖
Bloody
dress
√
55 189 Lou : ―I‘m going to thank him,
anyway. I won‘t mention your
name, if you really want to be an
arse about it.‖
Arse √
56 190 Will‘s letter : Dear Clark, This is to
show you that I am not entirely
selfish arse. And I do appreciate
your efforts. Thank you. Will
Selfish arse √
57 192 Lou : ―Really? Oh God, if I tell her
she‘ll start polishing and dusting
this evening.‖
Oh God √
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59 202 Lou : ―Oh my God! Where did you
get these?‖
Bernard : ―Jesus Christ, she‘ll look
like Max Wall in a beehive
Oh my God!
Jesus Christ
√
60 205 Patrick : ―How could I be jealous of
a cripple?
Cripple √
61 210 Lou : ―What the hell is a
couscoussier anyway?‖
What the
hell
√
62 211 Lou : ―What if the genetically
superior male is actually a bit of
dickhead?‖
Dickhead √
63 212 Treena : ―It‘s best. I can‘t tell you,
Lou, the joy of using my brain
again. I feel like there‘s been this
big chunk of me missing for ages…
and it‘s like I‘ve found it again.
Does that sound wanky?‖
Wanky √
64 215 Will : ―Okay. Jesus, that‘s hot. Give
me a minute.‖
Jesus √
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66 217 Will : ―—not looking away
hurriedly when they realize I‘m a
man in an overgrown bloody
pram.‖
Bloody
pram
√
67 218 Will : ―The day we go and I‘m in
this bloody contraption, all those
memories, those sensations, will be
wiped out, erased by the struggle to
get behind the table, up and down
Parisian curbs, the taxi drivers who
refuse to take us, and the
wheelchair bloody power pack that
wouldn‘t charge in a French socket.
Okay?‖
Bloody
contraption
√
68 226 Lou : ―God, Will. I wish you‘d stop
telling me what to do. What if I like
watching television? What if I don‘t
want to do much else other than
read a book?
God √
69 228 Will : ―That‘s why you piss me off,
Clark. Because I see all this talent,
all this…‖
Piss off √
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71 239 Lou : ―You‘re bad bloody influence
on me, Will Traynor,‖
Will : ―Oh, for Christ‘s sake, don‘t
get maudlin, Clark. It was meant to
be funny.‖
Bloody
influence
For Christ‘s
sake
√
√
72 244 Will : ―And you look bloody
awful.‖
Bloody
awful
√
√
73 250 Bernard : ―Well, it‘s really Will you
should thank. What a smashing
bloke. I‘m just bloody grateful that
he thought of me.‖
Bloody
grateful
√
74 258 Bernard : ―For goodness‘ sake,
love. It‘s time she moved on. She‘s
twenty-seven years old,‖
For
goodness‘
sake
√
75 264 Lou : ―I‘ve cleaned up after him.
I‘ve changed his bloody catheter.
I‘ve made him laugh. I‘ve done
more than your bloody family has
done.‖
Bloody
catheter
Bloody
family
√
√
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77 273 Lou : ―I haven‘t talked to anyone
about… it‘s… it‘s stupid. And a
long time ago. I didn‘t think… I
would…‖
Stupid √
78 274 Will : ―—nobody wants you to talk
about being afraid, or in pain, or
being scared of dying through some
stupid, random infection.—―
Stupid √
79 275 Will : ―are the only person I have
felt able to talk since I ended up in
this bloody thing.‖
Bloody
thing
√
80 280 Lou : ―It‘s the first time I‘ve gotten
him a proper distance from home
and it‘s going to be a bloody
disaster.‖
Bloody
disaster
√
81 285 Will‘s friend : So bloody good to
see you out again, Will.‖
Bloody
good
√
82 286 A stranger : ―Bloody nice wedding,
wasn‘t it? Thought the bride looked
splendid.‖
Bloody nice
wedding
√
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84 294 Lou : ―Come on. Let‘s give these
fuckers something to talk about.‖
Mary : ―Fucking marvelous.‖
Fuckers
Fucking
√
√
85 295 Will : ―Yes. But in my defense,
Clark, I was an arse.‖
Arse √
86 296 Will : ―Arses?‖
Lou : ―Arses. Say yes, Will. Go
on.‖
Arses √
87 299 Nathan‘s monologue : AD scared
the hell out of me because you
never knew which way it was going
to go.
Hell √
88 301 Nathan‘s monologue : (―Don‘t
laugh,‖ she said. ―At those prices,
Will paid for a bloody shampoo
factory.‖)
Bloody
shapoo
√
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90 312 Treena : ―Yu okay? You look like
shit.‖
Shit √
91 314 Treena : ―Oh, shit.‖ Shit √
92 315 Treena : ―Fuck,‖
Treena : ―You fucking mad
woman,‖
Lou : ― I‘m not going to do
anything stupid.‖
Fuck
Fucking
Stupid
√
93 316 Treena : ―And you might go off
Will again. I mean, I remember
when you thought he was an arse.‖
Arse √
94 317 Patrick : ―I was an idiot. You‘re
right. This job of yours is only for
six months, and I‘ve been behaving
like a child. I should be proud that
you‘re doing something so
worthwhile, and taking it all
seriously. I was just a bit… thrown.
So I‘m sorry. Really.‖
Idiot √
95 319 Patrick : ―This isn‘t work trip. This
is a bloody honeymoon.‖
Bloody
honeymoon
√
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97 328 Lou : ―Shit,‖
Lou : ―Shit, shit, shit. Can I go in?‖
Shit √
98 338 Nathan : ―—I‘ve sat there with him
and there is nothing I can say to the
guy, nothing that is going to make
it any better. He‘s been dealt the
shittiest hand of cards you can
imagine.‖
Shittiest
hand of
cards
√
99 339 Nathan : ―But I want him to live if
he wants to live. If he doesn‘t, then
by forcing him to carry on, you,
me—no matter how much we love
him—we become just another
shitty bunch of people taking away
his choices.‖
Shitty √
100 345 Treena‘s text : You can do this. Am
bloody proud of you.
Bloody
proud
√
101 351 Nathan : ―Piss off, you two.‖ Piss off √
102 357 Lou‘s monologue : And then, as
someone turned the music up by the
bar, I kicked off my shoes and I
began to dance. It sounds stupid—
the kind of behavior that on another
day you might be embarrassed by.
Stupid √
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104 363 Lou : ―You‘re so selfish, Will. So
stupid. Even if there was the
remotest possibility of me coming
with you—―
Stupid √
105 364 Lou : ―Fuck you, Will Traynor.
Fuck you. I wish I‘d never taken
this stupid job. I wish I‘d never met
you.‖
Fuck you
Stupid
√
√
106 374 Treena : ―Shit. Oh, Lou. I‘m really
sorry.‖
Shit √
107 375 Treena : ―I‘m not sure there‘s
anything you can do. God. All that
stuff you fixed up for him. All that
effort…‖
God √
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109 380 Bernard : ―Oh Jesus Christ, the
poor fella. And poor you. Oh
Jesus.‖
Bernard : ―What a bloody mess.‖
Josie : ―Well, not bloody taking
him to this clinic would be a start.‖
Jesus Christ
Jesus
Bloody
mess
Bloody
taking him
√
√
√
√
110 381 Josie : ―—And to think they got
Louisa involved in all this. She‘s a
magistrate, for goodness‘ sake.
You‘d think a magistrate would
know what was right or wrong.—―
Treena : ―Oh shit,‖
For
goodness‘
sake
Shit
√
√
111 384 Treena‘s monologue : I began to
push her up the stairs. God, she was
impossibly slow. It was like she
was half asleep.
Treena : ―No, it just means some
arse is trying to cash in.‖
God
Arse
√
√
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113 386 Treena‘s monologue : Twenty-six.
Twenty-six of the buggers. And all
sounding so nice, so understanding.
Some of them even offered her
money.
Treena :‖Oh, for Christ‘s sake, Lou.
For once in your life, just get a grip.
You won‘t know anything unless
you call. You don‘t have a bloody
choice.‖
Buggers
For Christ‘s
sake
Bloody
choice
√
√
√
114 391 Treena : ―Shit. I‘ve never seen
Mum like that,‖
Shit √
115 392 Treena : ―Now fuck off, if you miss
the bloody plane on top of me
getting six points on my license,
I‘m never talking to you again.‖
Fuck off
Bloody
√
√
116 407 Will‘s letter : Clark, I can
practically hear you starting to
hyperventilate from here. Don‘t
start panicking, or trying to give it
away—it‘s not enough for you to
sit on your arse for the rest of your
life.
Arse √
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117 408 Will‘s letter : I‘m not giving the
money to you because I want you to
feel wistful, or indebted to me, or to
feel that it‘s some kind of bloody
memorial.
Bloody
memorial
√
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APPENDIX B
The Reasons of Swear Words Utterances in Me Before You
novel
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1 3 Mick shakes his head ―no sir, not unless
you‘ve got an inflatable attachment. Or a death
wish‖
death √ The situation is raining
outside, Mike warns
Will by inviting his
reaction, so he will not
ride the motorbike
2 8 Lou :‖will you have a go at finding this bloody
arm for me? He‘s had me looking for half an
hour and I‘ve got to get ready for work‖
Bloody arm √ In the previous
monologue, it is stated
that the others are very
busy, while Louisa is
trying to get attention.
3 12 Bernard :‖What the hell is she supposed to do
now? He could have given her more than a
day‘s bloody notice
Bernard :‖There are no bloody jobs, Josie. You
know that as well as I do. We‘re in the middle
of a bloody recessions‖
Bernard :‖Oh, fecking marvelous… ‗Louisa
Clark is very good at buttering toast, and a dab
hand with the old teapot‖
Hell
Bloody jobs
Bloody
recessions
Fecking
√
√
√
√
All swear words
utterances in page 12
are in the same context.
Louisa‘s father is angry
because Louisa isjust
fired from her previous
job. Therefore, all
swear words utterances
are aimed to discredit
especially Louisa‘s
ability
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C
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4 19 Bernard :‖Jesus Christ,‖ said my (Louisa‘s)
father. ―Can you imagine? If it wasn‘t
punishment enough ending up in a ruddy
wheel-chair, then you get our Lou turning up
to keep you company‖
Jesus Christ √ This swearing belongs
to provocation because
in next dialogue her
father triggers Josie‘s
anger
5 25 Monologue : Oh hell, I thought. Hell √ Swear word is uttered
by Louisa. She swears
because her skirt is
ripped, therefore, she
spontaneously swears.
6 30 Thomas : ―Bugger,‖
Bugger √ Thomas is a very
young boy who seeks
for attention from the
adults. So the
motivation for swear
word utterances is to
get attention from the
adults
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7 32 Bernard : ―I bet you, once you slide those feet
of yours under the table at the big house those
buggers won‘t want to let you go.‖
Thomas : ―Bugger,‖
Bugger √ Thomas is a very
young boy who seeks
for attention from the
adults. So the
motivation for swear
word utterances is to
get attention from the
adults
8 36 Monologue : Oh God, I thought. God √ The following
statement is ―I‘m not
up to this‖ it shows her
disappointment of the
situation, because she
expected better
condition.
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9 43 Treen : ―Just talk to him, for crying out loud.
Of course he‘s miserable. He‘s stuck in a
bloody wheelchair. And you‘re….‖
Bloody
wheel-chair
√ Treena‘s statement ―of
course he‘s miserable.
He stuck in a bloody
wheelchair‖ shows that
she thinks about
unpleasant thing called
―wheelchair‖ she
discredits person who
sits on it will not be
able to do anything.
10 46 Lou : ―Oh my God,‖ I said. ―But-― God √ Previously, Treena said
to Lou that she wants to
go to the college again.
Louisa is surprised and
cannot believe that her
sister wants to go to
college in the middle of
difficult situation..
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11 54 Alicia : ―Gosh, it‘s cold outside‖ Gosh √ √ The situation between
William, Louisa, and
Alicia is quite
awkward. He asks
Louisa to get the logs
and make fire.
However, Alicia tried
to get Will‘s attention
and start conversation
with William. However
the swear word can be
functioned to
strengthen the word
―cold‖
12 55 Rupert : ―Bloody man seems to work twenty-
four hours a day and expects everyone else to
do the same.‖
Will : ―Oh God, yes. Presenteeism writ large.
Sometimes I feel like I daren‘t leave my chair‖
Bloody man
God
√
√
In the whole context,
Rupert tells William
about the success of
their company during
William‘s absence. he
invites Will‘s reaction
by his success.
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13 58 Lou‘s monologue : Oh God, please don‘t let
him have hurt himself
God √ The following
statement which ―I
panicked‖ explicitly
show that the swear
word is uttered
spontaneously
14 60 Patrick : ―I wouldn‘t want to live. Relying on
other people for every little thing. Having
strangers wipe your arse—Jesus. Think of all
the things you couldn‘t do…‖
Arse
Jesus
√
√
Arse and Jesus are
uttered to show
Patrick‘s disbelief of
William‘s condition.
He couldn‘t imagine if
he is in William‘s shoe
15 61 Lou ‗s monologue : I had a framed photograph
at home where I was beaming at Patrick like he
had just called him an ―utter dick‖ and he had
responded with a hearty ―Oh, piss off!‖.
Utter dick
Piss off
√
√
It happens in Louisa‘s
monologue (thought)
when she remembers
how she mocked
Patrick in order to
invite his reaction.
Meanwhile the second
swear word is the
response or
spontaneous reaction to
Louisa‘s mocking.
16 63 Will : ―You thought you knew best. Everyone Bloody well √ The swear word is
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thinks they know what I need. Let’s put the
bloody photos together. Give the poor invalid
something to look at. I don‘t want to have
those bloody pictures staring at me every time
I‘m stuck in my bed until someone comes and
bloody well gets me out again. Okay? Do you
think you can get your head around that?
uttered by William who
just welcome Alicia
and Rupert. He is really
angry because they tell
Will that they are going
to get married. He also
breaks Alicia‘s and his
photograph, while
Louisa tried to fix all of
them. Will is not happy
and spontaneously
swear to Louisa.
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17 64 Will : ―Oh Christ…‖
Will : ―Spare me the psychological therapy.
Just go and read your bloody gossip magazines
or whatever it is you do when you‘re not
making tea.‖
Lou : ―You don‘t have to behave like an arse.‖
Lou : ―Your friends got the shitty treatment.
Fine. They probably deserved it. But I‘m just
here……‖
Lou : ―I‘m not employed by you. I‘m
employed by your mother. And unless she tells
me she doesn‘t want me here anymore, I‘m
staying. Not because I particularly care about
you, or like this stupid job, or want to change
your life……‖
\
Christ
Bloody-
Arse
Shitty
Stupid
√
√
√
√
√
The swear words
uttered by William are
aimed to make Louisa
angry and quit her job
however, Louisa
utterances are aimed to
show her anger or
disappointment
(provide catharsis)
because William treats
her unpleasantly.
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18 65 Lou‘s monologue‘s : Oh hell, I thought, as the
reality of what I had just done began to sink in
Hell √ The previous paragraph
show that Louisa is
surprised with Will‘s
reaction, therefore, the
swearing comes into
her head to provide
catharsis, or
spontaneously
appeared.
19 67 Lou‘s monologue : But to Mrs. Traynor – oh
Lord—to Mrs. Traynor I was apparently the
stupidest and most irresponsible person on the
planet
Lord
Stupidest
√
√
Louisa is thinking
about how Mrs.
Traynor treats her. The
word ―Lord‖ is aimed
to show her
spontaneous expression
of her disbelief. The
second swear word is
aimed to discredit
herself because she
thinks how Mrs.
Traynor‘s thought of
her.
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20 68 Lou‘s monologue : She made me feel like a
first-class idiot, and consequently I became a
first-class idiot around her.
Idiot √ Similar with case
number 20, the swear
words are uttered to
discredit Louisa
because of her thought
of Mr. Traynor‘s
opinion.
21 69 Will : ―Why the hell are you trying to sneak
the carrots onto my fork?‖
Lou‘s monologue : It was pretty stupid when
he put it like that. But I had learned it was
important not to look cowed by anything Will
said or did.
Hell
Stupid
√
√
√
The first word is aimed
to get Louisa‘s
attention because it is
mentioned that Lou is
busy watching the
television. On the other
hand, it could be the
expression of Will‘s
anger, because he does
not like that Lou puts
vegetable into his food.
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22 70 Will : ―For Christ‘s sake!‖
Will : ―What the hell else have you been
sneaking into my food? You‘ll be telling me to
open the tunnel so that Mr. Train can deliver
some mushy Brussels sprouts to the red bloody
station next.‖
Lou : ―All right, all right. I‘ll take the bloody
carrots off, if they really upset you so much.‖
Will : ―It‘s not the bloody carrots that upset
me. It‘s having them sneaked into my food by
a madwoman who addresses…..‖
Will : ―And don‘t try and sneak a bloody
zucchini into it.‖
For Christ‘s
sake
What the hell
Bloody-
√
√
√
William Traynor
express his disbelief
toward what Louisa has
done to his food.
Meanwhile Louisa also
expresses annoyed
feeling because
William always put her
in the trouble
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23 71 Lou‘s monologue : I thought of Will telling me
if I didn‘t stop bloody whistling he‘d be forced
to run me over.
Nathan : ―You just make sure you‘re the butt
of more of his jokes, okay?‖
Bloody-
Butt
√
√ From the context of the
sentence, it is explicitly
stated that Will is
annoyed with Lou‘d
whistling. He find it
very uncomfortable for
him so he emphasize
the word whistling by
adding a swear word
before it. Meanwhile,
Nathan found that only
Louisa who can make
Will laughs again, the
phrase ―the butt of
more his jokes‖ is
functioned as
interpersonal
identification creator
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24 72 Will : ―Everything after local bloody Hero has
been a foreign film. D‘you think Hollywood is
a suburb of Birmingham?‖
Will : ―There. You sit there. Don‘t move until
it‘s over. Never watched a foreign film. For
Christ‘s sake,‖
Bloody-
For Christ‘s
sake
√
√
The situation is Louisa
never watched a film
with subtitle. He wants
to show disappointment
to Louisa who doesn‘t
want to watch the
movie at the beginning.
25 73 Will : ―Oh, for Christ‘s sake. It‘s hardly a state
secret, your social life, is it?‖
For Christ‘s
sake
√ It is told in the previous
paragraph, that Will
wants to know about
Louisa better, but Lou
think that is strange and
said it directly to him.
Then after that, Will
show his spontaneous
reaction by swearing.
26 77 Lou‘s monologue : It may sound stupid, but I
couldn‘t help but laugh.
Stupid √ Louisa is surprised by
William‘s joke ―come
on what‘s the worst
that could happen- I
end up in a
wheelchair?‖
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27 82 Stephan : ―Morning off. Of course it would be
today. Bloody agency nurse came and went in
six seconds flat. If this….‖
Bloody- √ William is sick again,
while Nathan is off to
take care of Will.
Stephen, is panic and
start to murmur
28 84 Will : ―Jesus,‖
Will : ―Your hands are bloody freezing.‖
Jesus
Bloody
√
√
William is surprised
that Louisa‘s hand feels
so cold, his swearing is
spontaneous reaction.
29 87 Nathan : ―Jesus. All morning? Didn‘t you
know he can‘t regulate his own temperature?‖
Nathan : ―It‘s in the bloody folder. Look Will
doesn‘t sweat like we do. In fact he doesn‘t
sweat at all from the point of his injury
downward. It means if he gets a slight chill his
temperature gauge goes haywire. Go find the
fan. We‘ll move that in there until he cools
down. And a damp towel, to put around the
back of his neck. We won‘t be able to get him
to a doctor until the snow stops. Bloody
agency nurse. They should have picked this up
in the morning.‖
Jesus
Bloody
√
√
Nathan says bad words
because he is panic
since Will‘s condition
is getting worse but no
one knows how to
handle.
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30 94 Will : ―Jesus Christ.‖ Jesus Christ √ Louisa sings a funny
song, and according to
Will, she sings badly,
while mocking. He
wants to express
disappointment toward
Lou‘s voice
31 95 Will : ―You are insane. Your whole family is
insane.‖
Will : ―Bullshit.‖
Insane
Bullshit
√
√
William is still shocked
to hear the story about
Louisa‘s family. The
swear words are the
expression of his
excitement to the story.
32 105 Lou : ―And she will be a little bit cross with
him all the time without really knowing why
and bitch about him at really awful dinner
parties to the embarrassment of their friends,
and he won‘t want to leave because he‘ll be
scared of all the alimony.‖
Bitch √ Louisa uttered a swear
word in order to
express her dislike to
Alicia‘s attitude who
has betray William.
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33 106 Lou :‖—weekend or where they went on a
jolly and feel like somehow—and he will
never be quite sure how—he got suckered.‖
Suckered √ This swearing is still
related to the previous
swearing. She give
spontaneous response
when she tells about
Alicia.
34 108 Will : ―You know, you don‘t dress like
someone from around here. I quite look
forward to seeing what insane combination
you‘re going to turn up in next.‖
Will : ―There‘s nothing wrong with it per se.
But… Christ. It‘s not exactly dynamic, is it?—
―
Insane
Christ
√
√
The aim for William to
utter swear word is
mainly to mock
Louisa‘s dressing. He
wants to invite Louisa
reaction by saying the
word. Meanwhile, the
second swearing is the
response to Louisa‘s
opinion about her
dress.
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35 109 Will : ―Jesus, for a girl who made tea for a
living you make a terrible cup.‖
Will : ―Well, it‘s better than this stair varnish.
Christ. You could stand a spoon up in that.‖
Lou : ―Well, you do look bloody awful. You
could shave, at least. Isn‘t all that facial hair
starting to get itchy?‖
Jesus
Christ
Bloody awful
√
√
√
It is explicitly stated
that Will discredits
Louisa for making him
a cup of tea. While the
next swearing is to get
Will‘s attention and
change the topic which
is being discussed.
36 112 Lou : ―Oh my God, your mum is going to be
so delighted.‖
Lou‘s monologue : -- even though all my
attention was actually focused on not mucking
up his hair. Finally, I had the worst of it off,
and whipped around in front of him to see how
he looked.
Oh my God
Mucking up
√
√ Louisa is expresses her
happiness because
William wants to shave
his beard. She also
discredits long hair.
37 116 Georgina : ―I can‘t believe you‘re even
agreeing to it. What about your religion? What
about everything you‘ve done? What was the
point in you even bloody saving him the last
time?‖
Bloody- √ Georgina is expressing
her anger because her
mother allows William
to go to ―Dignitas‖
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38 120 Camila‘s monologue : After Will‘s accident I
didn‘t garden for a year. It wasn‘t just the time,
although the endless hours spent at the
hospital, the time spent to-ing and fro-ing in
the car, the meetings—Oh God, the
meetings—took up so much of it. I took six
months‘ compassionate leave--
God √ The swear word is
aimed to express her
exhaust
39 129 Will : ―You look tired. I wasn‘t going to say
anything when you came in, but –hell—you
look terrible.‖
Hell √ It is explicitly stated
that William is
surprised with Louisa‘s
condition.
40 131 Neighbour : ―You must have thought I was
bloody stupid. She was wearing your T-shirt!
The one I had made for your birthday!‖
Neighbour : ―I went in for your bloody Scotch
eggs! And I don‘t even like Scotch eggs‖
Bloody
stupid
Bloody
Scotch eggs
√
√
On the other hand,
Lou‘s neighbor is
showing his anger.
41 132 ―You crazy bitch‖ crazy bitch √ In the previous
paragraphs it is told
that the neighbors are
in the middle of
arguments, they are
expressing anger one
another.
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42 137 Treena : I don‘t believe you. Mum‘s in bits
downstairs. Dad‘s pretending not to be, but he
is too. What are they supposed to do about
money? You know Dad‘s already panicking
about work. Why the hell would you throw
away a perfectly job?‖
Lou : ―You don‘t care what I do, as long as
you can still go and resurrect your high-flying
career. You just need me there propping up the
family funds and providing the bloody
childcare. Sod everyone else.‖
Bloody
believe
Hell
Bloody
childcare
√
√
√
―I don‘t bloody believe
you‖ is the expression
of the not satisfy
feeling. She does not
satisfy with Louisa‘s
reaction toward the
topic. Meanwhile the
second swearing comes
because Louisa is a
little bit angry to
Katrina since see is
very selfish and does
not think about the
others
43 138 Lou : ―We‘ve all got to stick at jobs we hate
just so little Katrina can fulfill her bloody
ambitions.‖
Lou : ―Don‘t you dare bloody lecture me about
the money, you know.‖
Lou : ―Just piss off, Treen, okay? Just piss off
and leave me alone.‖
Bloody
ambitions
Bloody
lecture
Piss off
√
√
√
Louisa is very angry to
Katrina, so she
expresses her anger by
uttering swear words
several times.
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44 139 Lou : ―Piss off, Katrina.‖
Treena : ―Look, let me in, for God‘s sake, or
Mum will hear me. I‘ve got two Bob the
Builder mugs stuck up my sweater, and you
know how she gets about us drinking upstairs.‖
Piss off
For God‘s
sake
√
√ Louisa is still
expressing her anger to
Treena, while after
being shut out, Treena
swears in order to
invite Louisa‘s reaction
to open the door
45 140 Treena : ―Fuck. I can‘t even get my head
around it.‖
Treena : ―Shut up. Not for you idiot girl.
They‘ll have their own money. And he‘s
probably got a shedload of insurance of the
accident. Well, you tell them that you want a
budget--
Fuck
Idiot girl
√
√ Treena is disappointed
with William‘s choice,
she expresses her
thought spontaneously,
while the word‖ idiot
girl refers to Louisa
according to Treena
46 141 Treena : ―I‘m a fucking genius.‖ Fucking √ It is stated that Treena
is clearly identifying
herself as genius
47 147 Treena : ―That‘s not the point. Bloody hell, it‘s
cold up here.‖
Bloody hell √ Katrina is swearing to
express her feeling. She
feels annoyed when
Louisa does not
understand what she
actually means
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48 148 Treena : ―What, because you want to take him
on a few crummy days out? Jesus. They should
be grateful someone‘s making the effort. It‘s
not like they are.‖
Jesus √ The swear word is an
expression of Treena to
show that she is
uncomfortable if Will‘s
family does not
appreciate their effort.
49 149 Treena : ―Well, I don‘t see you coming up with
anything more bloody inspirational.‖
Bloody
inspirational
√ The bad word is aimed
to provoke Louisa to
persuade William not
to stick to his plan.
50 150 Lou‘s monologue : Well she could go without
my bloody lemon washbag
Bloody
lemon
√ The swear word is
uttered in order to
express her annoyed
feeling toward
Katrina‘s selfishness
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51 152 Treena : ―Yes, well, if you weren‘t so thick
that you can‘t even get a proper job, you could
have gotten your own bloody place. You‘re old
enough. Or what‘s the matter? You‘ve finally
figured out that Patrick is never going to ask
you?‖
Treena : ―If you think I‘m helping you with
your stupid list, you‘ve got another thing
coming,‖
Bloody place
Stupid
√
√
Louisa and Katrina are
arguing each other. The
swear words are uttered
to express anger.
52 165 Lou : ―Thanks for being so fucking
accommodating
Lou : ― Why, does that need a bloody badge
too?‖
Fucking
Bloody
badge
√
√
Louisa feels hurt
because the waitress
does not allow Lou,
Will, and Nathan to
enter the restaurant.
She swears to show her
disappointment.
53 177 Will : ― Jesus, you‘re a pain in the arse.‖ Jesus
Arse
√
√
William shows his
surprised because
Louisa teases him.
54 180 Lou : ―Only you, Will Traynor, could tell a
woman how to wear a bloody dress.‖
Bloody dress √ The word ―bloody‖ is
Louisa‘s spontaneous
reaction to Will‘s
compliment.
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55 189 Lou : ―I‘m going to thank him, anyway. I
won‘t mention your name, if you really want to
be an arse about it.‖
Arse √ The swear word is
aimed to discredit
because she wants
express her
disappointment. She
expects Will to send
thanksgiving card for
the free tickets.
56 190 Will‘s letter : Dear Clark, This is to show you
that I am not entirely selfish arse. And I do
appreciate your efforts. Thank you. Will
Selfish arse √ In order to release his
burden he wrote his
letter containing a
swear word.
57 192 Lou : ―Really? Oh God, if I tell her she‘ll start
polishing and dusting this evening.‖
Oh God √ Louisa expresses her
happiness because
William is willing to
come for dinner with
her family.
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58 200 Lou‘s monologue : No wonder Patrick was
pissed off
Lou‘s monologue : More recently, there was a
picture of me and Patrick, the one when I was
actually telling him to piss off.
Pissed off
Piss off
√
√
Louisa is disappointed
with Patrick since
William always
impresses her family
during the dinner, on
the other hand, she
hoped that Patrick
behaves like William
did.
59 202 Lou : ―Oh my God! Where did you get these?‖
Bernard : ―Jesus Christ, she‘ll look like Max
Wall in a beehive
Oh my God!
Jesus Christ
√
√
Louisa is releasing her
happiness because
William gives her
stripes
60 205 Patrick : ―How could I be jealous of a cripple? Cripple √ Actually Patrick is
really mad and jealous
to William. So he
release his feeling by
swearing
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61 210 Lou : ―What the hell is a couscoussier
anyway?‖
What the hell √ The previous sentence
states ―Will‘s body was
a study in determined
indifference‖ and after
that Louisa is trying to
get more of Will‘s
attention
62 211 Lou : ―What if the genetically superior male is
actually a bit of dickhead?‖
Dickhead √ William is discrediting
himself because
previously he mentions
that usually woman
wants to be with strong
man, while he regards
that he is no longer
strong anymore.
63 212 Treena : ―It‘s best. I can‘t tell you, Lou, the joy
of using my brain again. I feel like there‘s been
this big chunk of me missing for ages… and
it‘s like I‘ve found it again. Does that sound
wanky?‖
Wanky √ Treena is really happy
and tell Lou that she
can go to the college.
She wants to get
Louisa‘s attention by
uttering swear word.
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64 215 Will : ―Okay. Jesus, that‘s hot. Give me a
minute.‖
Jesus √ He is shocked because
Louisa pours hot soup
accidently, then he
expresses it by
swearing.
65 216 Will : ―Not ‗perhaps‘. You‘ve got to get away
from here, Clark. Promise me you won‘t spend
the rest of your life stuck around this bloody
parody of a place mat.‖
Bloody
parody
√ Will is annoyed
because of Louisa‘s
uncertainty when she is
told to go abroad.
66 217 Will : ―—not looking away hurriedly when
they realize I‘m a man in an overgrown bloody
pram.‖
Bloody pram √ William is expressing
sadness. He remembers
his past.
67 218 Will : ―The day we go and I‘m in this bloody
contraption, all those memories, those
sensations, will be wiped out, erased by the
struggle to get behind the table, up and down
Parisian curbs, the taxi drivers who refuse to
take us, and the wheelchair bloody power pack
that wouldn‘t charge in a French socket.
Okay?‖
Bloody
contraption
√ William is expressing
sadness. He remembers
his past.
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68 226 Lou : ―God, Will. I wish you‘d stop telling me
what to do. What if I like watching television?
What if I don‘t want to do much else other
than read a book?
God √ √ Louisa is swearing to in
order to get Will‘s
attention. It is because
William always focuses
on what Louisa
supposed to do.
Meanwhile it also can
be an expression
because she feels
annoyed and
spontaneously shows
her feeling
69 228 Will : ―That‘s why you piss me off, Clark.
Because I see all this talent, all this…‖
Piss off √ In this context, William
is releasing his emotion
because in the whole
chapter, it is told that
Louisa does not want to
do Will‘s suggestion.
(go abroad)
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70 236 Will : ―You know I can‘t do that. Oh God,
you‘re not going to have some Indian Sanskrit
proverb or something, are you? What doesn’t
kill me makes me stronger.‖
Oh God √ William feds up with
Louisa. Because at the
beginning she rejected
to make tattoo on her
body, however William
is annoyed if Louisa
does not want to live
boldly as he suggested.
71 239 Lou : ―You‘re bad bloody influence on me,
Will Traynor,‖
Will : ―Oh, for Christ‘s sake, don‘t get
maudlin, Clark. It was meant to be funny.‖
Bloody
influence
For Christ‘s
sake
√
√
Both of Louisa and
William are expressing
their feeling because
they are insisting one
another.
72 244 Will : ―And you look bloody awful.‖ Bloody awful √ William shows his
wonder. Because
previously he said ―It‘s
the second time you‘ve
fallen asleep in three
days.‖
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73 250 Bernard : ―Well, it‘s really Will you should
thank. What a smashing bloke. I‘m just bloody
grateful that he thought of me.‖
Bloody
grateful
√ √ Bernard says the swear
word because he is
going to tell important
thing to the whole
family (he gets new
job).
74 258 Bernard : ―For goodness‘ sake, love. It‘s time
she moved on. She‘s twenty-seven years old,‖
For
goodness‘
sake
√ Bernard is showing the
expression of
disagreement to his
wife. He allows his
daughter to move out
from the house, while
his wife disagrees with
the idea.
75 264 Lou : ―I‘ve cleaned up after him. I‘ve changed
his bloody catheter. I‘ve made him laugh. I‘ve
done more than your bloody family has done.‖
Bloody
catheter
Bloody
family
√
√
Louisa is showing her
anger since Mrs.
Traynor does not allow
her to move with her
boyfriend. Moreover
she thinks that move
with her boyfriend is
all up to her.
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76 272 Will : ―Oh Jesus, what the-- ? Come here,
Clark.‖
Will : ―Bloody useless thing… it‘s okay. Just
breathe. Come here. Just breathe. Slowly.‖
Jesus
Bloody
√
√
William expresses his
worried to Louisa since
she showed that she is
afraid of unclear thing
(phobia).
77 273 Lou : ―I haven‘t talked to anyone about…
it‘s… it‘s stupid. And a long time ago. I didn‘t
think… I would…‖
Stupid √ Louisa is discrediting
herself by uttering
swear word. She thinks
that being afraid of lost
in certain area will not
accepted by the society.
78 274 Will : ―—nobody wants you to talk about
being afraid, or in pain, or being scared of
dying through some stupid, random
infection.—―
Stupid √ In the whole paragraph
Will tells Louisa how
miserable his life is
since he stuck in a
wheelchair forever. He
dislikes the situation
where he is not able to
do anything again.
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79 275 Will : ―are the only person I have felt able to
talk since I ended up in this bloody thing.‖
Bloody thing √ n the whole paragraph
Will tells Louisa how
miserable his life is
since he stuck in a
wheelchair forever. He
dislikes the situation
where he is not able to
do anything again.
80 280 Lou : ―It‘s the first time I‘ve gotten him a
proper distance from home and it‘s going to be
a bloody disaster.‖
Bloody
disaster
√ Louisa is expressing
(spontaneous) her
anxiousness or
nervousness since
William decided to go
to his ex-girlfriend
wedding.
81 285 Will‘s friend : So bloody good to see you out
again, Will.‖
Bloody good √ William‘s friend is
shocked by his
presence in Alicia‘s
wedding. Because since
the accident, his friends
never see him go out.
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82 286 A stranger : ―Bloody nice wedding, wasn‘t it?
Thought the bride looked splendid.‖
Bloody nice
wedding
√ A stranger wants to get
William‘s attention in
the crowd situation.
They produce swear
word in order to start
the discussion with
William.
83 292 Lou : ―God, no.‖
Mary : ―Jolly sensible of you. I‘ve seen better
dancing at a bloody Young Farmers Club disco
God
Bloody-
√
√ Louisa swears in order
to convey surprised
feeling. It is because
Marry Rawlinson
suddenly ask her to go
and strut her stuff.
Meanwhile. Marry
swears because after
swearing she
mentioned a name of a
group. So the swear
word has purpose to
create interpersonal
identification.
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84 294 Lou : ―Come on. Let‘s give these fuckers
something to talk about.‖
Mary : ―Fucking marvelous.‖
Fuckers
Fucking
√
√
Louisa thinks that
being a quadriplegic is
not a weird thing,
however the way
society treats Williamis
not good. Therefore,
she dislikes and
discredit other people.
the second swear word
is given by Mary in
order to give
compliment.
85 295 Will : ―Yes. But in my defense, Clark, I was an
arse.‖
Arse √ William called himself
as an arse for not being
able to do anything..
86 296 Will : ―Arses?‖
Lou : ―Arses. Say yes, Will. Go on.‖
Arses √ Both of Will and
Louisa is disappointed
to what society has
done to Will, both of
them also discredit the
people who treat
disable people badly.
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87 299 Nathan‘s monologue : AD scared the hell out
of me because you never knew which way it
was going to go.
Hell √ Nathan is
spontaneously swearing
because he is panic and
wondering William‘s
condition.
88 301 Nathan‘s monologue : (―Don‘t laugh,‖ she
said. ―At those prices, Will paid for a bloody
shampoo factory.‖)
Bloody
shampoo
√ Nathan rethink about
Louisa‘s statement.
Louisa realizes that
Nathan is going to
laugh at her, then she
spontaneously convey
her emotion.
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89 302 Nathan‘s monologue : I had to take my hat off
to the girl. If you had told me four months ago
that we‘d get Will off on a long-haul holiday—
hell, that we would get him out of this house—
.‖
Nathan‘s monologue : I even forgave Louisa
for being stupid enough to listen to Will when
he said he hadn‘t wanted to do his tubes.
Nathan‘s monologue : And believe me, I had
been pretty pissed about that.
Hell
Stupid
Pissed
√
√
√
The first word is aimed
to show that Nathan is
discrediting Louisa. he
expected Louisa can
take care of Will‘s
health properly, but she
actually she cannot.
The second word is
aimed to show that
Nathan is really mad to
Louisa since she listen
to William instead of
him.
90 312 Treena : ―Yu okay? You look like shit.‖ Shit √ Treena uses swear
word to mock and
offense Louisa. She
invites Louisa‘s
reaction (expecting that
Lou will tell her what is
happening)
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91 314 Treena : ―Oh, shit.‖ Shit √ Treena is showing her
excitement. We can
indicate by seeing at
her following statement
―this is interesting‖.
92 315 Treena : ―Fuck,‖
Treena : ―You fucking mad woman,‖
Lou : ― I‘m not going to do anything stupid.‖
Fuck
Fucking
Stupid
√
√
√
Treena is excited
knowing that Louisa is
fall for William.
Meanwhile, Louisa also
give spontaneous
recation in form of bad
word like saying
―stupid‖
93 316 Treena : ―And you might go off Will again. I
mean, I remember when you thought he was an
arse.‖
Arse √ Louisa expected nice
guy, but on the other
hand, William is not
the guy like she was
expected.
94 317 Patrick : ―I was an idiot. You‘re right. This job
of yours is only for six months, and I‘ve been
behaving like a child. I should be proud that
you‘re doing something so worthwhile, and
taking it all seriously. I was just a bit…
thrown. So I‘m sorry. Really.‖
Idiot √ The situation is Patrick
is very angry to Louisa
because he found that
Louisa is pay more
attention to William
rather than him.
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95 319 Patrick : ―This isn‘t work trip. This is a bloody
honeymoon.‖
Bloody
honeymoon
√ Patrick thought that
Lou‘s and Will‘s trip is
a common trip. He
expresses that he is
really angry as the
effect he spontaneously
uttering the swear
word.
96 320 Lou : ―He‘s not ‗a bit down‘, Pat. He wants to
kill himself. He wants to take himself off to
Dignitas, and end his own bloody life.‖
Bloody life √ Louisa feels that take
care of Will and keep
him alive are parts of
his job. She is upset
and mad because
Patrick say bad thing
about Will.
97 328 Lou : ―Shit,‖
Lou : ―Shit, shit, shit. Can I go in?‖
Shit √ Louisa is panic and she
expresses it by
swearing. She is panic
because it is told that
William is hospitalized.
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98 338 Nathan : ―—I‘ve sat there with him and there
is nothing I can say to the guy, nothing that is
going to make it any better. He‘s been dealt the
shittiest hand of cards you can imagine.‖
Shittiest hand
of cards
√ Nathan is telling about
how William deals with
his condition that
makes him sad. He
uttered swear words
spontaneously to
release his sadness.
99 339 Nathan : ―But I want him to live if he wants to
live. If he doesn‘t, then by forcing him to carry
on, you, me—no matter how much we love
him—we become just another shitty bunch of
people taking away his choices.‖
Shitty √ Nathan is telling about
how William deals with
his condition that
makes him sad. He
uttered swear words
spontaneously to
release his sadness.
100 345 Treena‘s text : You can do this. Am bloody
proud of you.
Bloody
proud
√ Treena utters swear
word in order to
convey her proud
feeling of Louisa.
101 351 Nathan : ―Piss off, you two.‖ Piss off √ Nathan is annoyed
because William and
Louisa always tease
him for having a date.
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102 357 Lou‘s monologue : And then, as someone
turned the music up by the bar, I kicked off my
shoes and I began to dance. It sounds stupid—
the kind of behavior that on another day you
might be embarrassed by.
Stupid √ Louisa thinks that she
is not really good at
dancing. She discredit
herself for not able to
dance nicely.
103 362 Will : ―—What you have told me, what you
have done in bringing me here… knowing that,
somehow, from the complete arse I was at the
start of this, you manage to salvage something
to love is astonishing to me.‖
Arse √ Will is extremely sad,
and he told Louisa why
he wants to commit
suicide. He swears
spontaneously in order
to damn his miserable
life.
104 363 Lou : ―You‘re so selfish, Will. So stupid. Even
if there was the remotest possibility of me
coming with you—―
Stupid √ Louisa is disappointed
with Will‘s choice to
commit suicide. She
discredits William for
not being able to
respect his own life and
his family.
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105 364 Lou : ―Fuck you, Will Traynor. Fuck you. I
wish I‘d never taken this stupid job. I wish I‘d
never met you.‖
Fuck you
Stupid
√
√
Louisa is disappointed
with Will‘s choice to
commit suicide. She
discredits William for
not being able to
respect his own life and
his family.
106 374 Treena : ―Shit. Oh, Lou. I‘m really sorry.‖ Shit √ The swear word is
functioned to show
Treena‘s feeling. She is
surprised to know that
William stick to his
plan.
107 375 Treena : ―I‘m not sure there‘s anything you
can do. God. All that stuff you fixed up for
him. All that effort…‖
God √ The swear word is
functioned to show
Treena‘s feeling. She is
surprised to know that
William stick to his
plan.
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108 377 Treena : ―Listen, Lou. They don‘t give
interviews out like bread for ducks, you idiot.
This is a big deal. They know you‘re a mature
student, you‘re applying at the wrong time of
year, and they‘re still going to see you. You
can‘t muck them around.‖
Idiot
√
The word ―idiot‖ is
addressed to Louisa.
However she
mentioned the word
because she they have
close relationship to
each other in order to
entertain Lou.
109 380 Bernard : ―Oh Jesus Christ, the poor fella. And
poor you. Oh Jesus.‖
Bernard : ―What a bloody mess.‖
Josie : ―Well, not bloody taking him to this
clinic would be a start.‖
Jesus Christ
Jesus
Bloody mess
Bloody
taking him
√
√
√
√
Louisa‘s parents are
shocked knowing that
Will‘s wants to commit
suicide. They disagree
with William‘s choice.
They consider that
Will‘s action is not
suitable with public
value.
110 381 Josie : ―—And to think they got Louisa
involved in all this. She‘s a magistrate, for
goodness‘ sake. You‘d think a magistrate
would know what was right or wrong.—―
Treena : ―Oh shit,‖
For
goodness‘
sake
Shit
√
√
Lou‘s parents also
surprised knowing that
Louisa already know
about William‘s plan to
commit suicide
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111 384 Treena‘s monologue : I began to push her up
the stairs. God, she was impossibly slow. It
was like she was half asleep.
Treena : ―No, it just means some arse is trying
to cash in.‖
God
Arse
√
√
Treena swears in order
to show Louisa that she
is impassion knowing
that Louisa was
impossibly slow. The
second swearing is
aimed to get the people
attention. Treena is
trying to help Louisa
from the journalists
question, so she tries to
get their attention.
112 385 Treena : ―You shitbag,‖
Treena : ―I‘m going to kick your stupid
marathon-running shins so hard you‘re going
to think 157th
was actually a good result.‖
Shitbag
Stupid
√
√
Treena is angry to
Patrick since he told
the journalists about
Will‘s plan. She invites
Patrick‘s reaction to
make him regretful.
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113 386 Treena‘s monologue : Twenty-six. Twenty-six
of the buggers. And all sounding so nice, so
understanding. Some of them even offered her
money.
Treena :‖Oh, for Christ‘s sake, Lou. For once
in your life, just get a grip. You won‘t know
anything unless you call. You don‘t have a
bloody choice.‖
Buggers
For Christ‘s
sake
Bloody
choice
√
√
√
Treena is expressing
spontaneous expression
because of the hectic
situation. She does not
believe what the
journalists and Louisa
have done.
114 391 Treena : ―Shit. I‘ve never seen Mum like that,‖ Shit √ Treena is shocked to
see her mother being
freak out.
115 392 Treena : ―Now fuck off, if you miss the bloody
plane on top of me getting six points on my
license, I‘m never talking to you again.‖
Fuck off
Bloody
√
√
Treena is freaking out
because Louisa is still
confused whether she
wants to go to William
or not.
116 407 Will‘s letter : Clark, I can practically hear you
starting to hyperventilate from here. Don‘t start
panicking, or trying to give it away—it‘s not
enough for you to sit on your arse for the rest
of your life.
Arse √ The strong word is
uttered in order to
discredit Louisa for
always live in a simple
way.
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117 408 Will‘s letter : I‘m not giving the money to you
because I want you to feel wistful, or indebted
to me, or to feel that it‘s some kind of bloody
memorial.
Bloody
memorial
√
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