A study of trace metals in the surface microlayer - PhD 2011 - Matthew R Jones

7/31/2019 A study of trace metals in the surface microlayer - PhD 2011 - Matthew R Jones

1/307

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2/307

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4/307LL

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5/307LLL

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5*14 Hr`ejld Kewcrleb 0

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?*15*15 Cuslqkcjw Petnlj` 5>

?*15*1? Flbwrewlhj ejg Twhre`c 5

?*17*1> Kcwnhg fhr Tcepewcr C~qcrlkcjweb Tekqbct ?

0*17 Gltdsttlhj ??0

0*13 Dhjdbstlhjt ?43

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10/307VLLL

Fl`src Bltw

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ejg kcwebt lj wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr

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Dneqwcr Wnrcc 45

Fl`src 4*15* Bskljhb rcedwlhj tcuscjdc 44

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Fl`src 4*1

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Fl`src 4*5?* Dhkqerlthj hf Dncbc~+511 dbcejcg tcepewcr 31

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Dneqwcr Fhsr 33

Fl`src 7*15* Bhdewlhj hf wnc SCE Orheg ejg khhrlj` qhtlwlhj 3

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Fl`src 3*1


12/307^

Fl`src 6*16* ?*1 k flbwcrcg JKH twe`c wlkct 501

Fl`src 6*10* ?*1 k flbwcrcg JKH c~qcrlkcjwt plwn khgcb flwt 50?

Fl`src 6*1>* qN ejg wckqcrewsrc dnej`c fhr wnc 5*1 k` B+5

nskld edlg c~qcrlkcjwt 506

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13/307^L

Weobc Bltw

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14/307^LL

Weobc 6*14* Whweb lrhj dhjdcjwrewlhjt hf c~qcrlkcjweb kcgle 53

Weobc 6*10* ?*1 k` B+5

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Weobc 0*17* N?H? eqqercjw qrhgsdwlhj rewct ??4

Weobc 0*13* Debdsbewcg rewc dhjtwejwt fhr flwwlj` qerekcwcr ??3

Weobc 0*16* JHK ejg H4 bljcer ejg twcqpltc dhjdcqwseb gcdhkqhtlwlhj rcbewlvc rewct ??0

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Weobc E7*15* Fltncr twewltwldeb wctw rctsbwt ?31

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Weobc E7*14* Hrl`ljeb ejg dhrrcdwcg dhjdcjwrewlhjt fhr kejèjctc ?35

Weobc E7*17* Hrl`ljeb ejg dhrrcdwcg dhjdcjwrewlhjt fhr lrhj ?3?

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18/307^VL

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19/307^VLL

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20/307

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21/307

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dbcercg wnc erce hf tsrfedc kewcrleb .bcef blwwcr, cvcj pncj wnc hlb ocdekc ljvltlobc wh wnc jeicg

c|c* Frejiblj neg gcgsdcg wnrhs`n webct frhk telbhrt wnew hlb plbb rctlgc hj wnc tsrfedc hf pewcr

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dhkqrltc hf ej sqqcr hrèjld twrewsk ejg e bhpcr" pewcr etthdlewcg" hrèjld twrewsk .Imcbbcocr`

cw eb*" 5


22/307

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23/307

7

Wnhs`n jhw eothbswc" wncrc net occj fhsjg wh oc e glffcrcjdc lj qerwldsbewc kewwcr lj wnc

sqqcr ejg bhpcr kldrhbe|crt9 ej`sber ewkhtqncrld qerwldsbewct lj wnc sqqcr hr`ejld be|cr ejg

rhsjg ohglcg cjdrstwcg tcglkcjw .blwnh`cjld ejg olhbh`ldeb, lj wnc bhpcr hr`ejld be|cr

.Neklbwhj ejg Dblfwhj" 5


24/307

3

cjrldnkcjw hf wredc kcwebt et .n|gr,h~lgct ew wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr* Wnc wph thsrdct hf wredc

kcwebt wh wnc kldrhbe|cr erc jcp kewcrleb gcrlvcg frhk ewkhtqncrld gcqhtlwlhj ejg rcd|dbcg

kewcrleb frhk plwnlj wnc pewcr dhbskj* Wnc olhbh`| hf wnc pewcr dhbskj plbb ljglrcdwb|

ljfbscjdc wnc dhjdcjwrewlhj hf wredc kcwebt lj wnc kldrhbe|cr" wnrhs`n wnc qrhgsdwlhj ejg

tsotcuscjw kl`rewlhj wh wnc kldrhbe|cr" hf TET* Wnc fbs~ hf dhqqcr wh wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr

pet tccj wh ljdrcetc 31 fhbg gsrlj` e tqrlj` obhhk dhkqercg wh pljwcr" gsc wh wnc qrctcjdc hf

TET dhkqbc~lj` wnc dhqqcr .Tnljc ejg Pebbedc" 5*3, ejg tcepewcr .>*?," wnc qN lt fevhsreobc fhr egthrqwlhj hf kcweb lhjt hj wh n|grhst h~lgct

ejg hr`ejld qerwldbct .Twskk ejg Khr`ej" 5


25/307

6

thbsobc kcwebt" frctnpewcr qN dej tnhp ber`c rej`ct" frhk edlgld beict ew qN 3 wh e jcer

tcepewcr qN" pnlbtw wnc qN hf tcepewcr lt rcbewlvcb| dhjtltwcjw ew erhsjg qN >*5*

5*1? Wnc Kcwebt

Wnc qrlker| ejeb|wct hf ljwcrctw lj wnc phri eggrcttlj` wnc tcethjeb d|dbc hf wredc kcwebt

lj e bedstwrljc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr erc wnc gltthbvcg fredwlhjt hf ebskljlsk" kej`ejctc ejg lrhj*

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gltthbvcg fredwlhj hf ljwcrctw* Fhr kej`ejctc" lw lt qrlkerlb| et Kj.LL, eush+lhjt .Gevlthj"

5,* Lj lwt gltthbvcg fredwlhj lj tsrfedc pewcrt lw dej oc stcg et e whhb

fhr ljfcrrlj` ewkhtqncrld gcqhtlwlhj ew wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr .Kcetsrct ejg Vlji" ?111,*

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gcdrcetlj` qN ljdrcetlj` wnc gltthbvcg fredwlhj ejg lwt qhwcjwleb fhr wh~ldlw| .Nevcjt ejg Ncewn"

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26/307

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27/307

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28/307

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31/307

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32/307

54

Et pcbb et eolhwld qrhgsdwlhj wncrc lt ebth olhbh`ldeb qrhgsdwlhj hf n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc

.Vcrklb|ce cw eb*" ?1519 \sej ejg Tnlbbcr" ?117,9 wnlt lt khrc lkqhrwejw lj wnc geri o| iccqlj` e

twceg| twewc dhjdcjwrewlhj qrctcjw* Frhk kcetsrckcjwt hf qnhwhdnckldeb qrhgsdwlhj lj dhetweb

kerljc pewcrt" H'Tsbblvej cw eb* .?113, fhsjg wnew wnc kemhrlw| hf n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc qrhgsdwlhj

hddsrrcg ew pevcbcj`wnt bctt wnej 471 jk" wnc fer SVE ejg SVO rej`c" ohwn hf pnldn erc

kljlkebb| ewwcjsewcg ew wnc kldrhbe|cr .Qbejc cw eb*" 5,* Wnc qrlker| thsrdc hf h}hjc wh wnc kldrhbe|cr lt wnrhs`n gr| gcqhtlwlhj

.@erbejg cw eb*" 51,* H}hjc plbb jhw glrcdwb| h~lgltc wredc kcwebt gsc wh lwt rcedwlvlw| plwn

nebh`cjt" orhklgc ejg dnbhrlgc .@r`srld cw eb*" 5


33/307

57

ejg 1*6> qqo qcr |cer .Bcblcvcbg cw eb*" ?117," ej| ljdrcetc lj gcqhtlwlhj ew wnc tsrfedc

kldrhbe|cr ke| ebth ljdrcetc wnc rcgh~ edwlvlw| hf wredc kcwebt* Wnc qrcfcrcjwleb h}hjc

tdevcj`lj` lj dlrdsk+jcswreb" bhp lhjld pewcrt lt o| hrèjld kewcrleb ejg bcegt wh wnc h~lgewlhj

hf wnc hrèjld kewcrleb ejg wnc fhrkewlhj hf ej h}hjlgc regldeb .Cusewlhj 5*54, .vhj @sjwcj"

?114,*

))) 44 HJHKJHKH Cuj* 5*54

H}hjc rcedwlvlw| plwn wnc dhjtwlwscjwt hf pewcr ocdhkct ljnlolwcg pncj wnc rctsbwejw

qrhgsdwt gh jhw blocrewc fsrwncr tsqcrh~lgc" rctsbwejw qrhgsdwt dej ljdbsgc fredwlhjt hf hrèjld

kewcrleb ejg derohjewc(olderohjewc .Os~whj cw eb*" 5>,* Ew qN : > wnc h}hjlgc plbb

gltetthdlewc wh frcc+h~|`cj ejg gl+h~|`cj .Cusewlhj 5*57, plwn wnc frcc+h~|`cj rcedwlj` plwn

pewcr wh fhrk e n|grh~lgc regldeb ejg lhj .Cusewlhj 5*53, .vhj @sjwcj" ?114,*

?4 HHH ) Cuj* 5*57

)) HNHNHNH ? Cuj* 5*53

Nhpcvcr" wnc kelj kcdnejltk hf h}hjc gcdhkqhtlwlhj .ljlwlewlhj rcedwlhjt, lt o|

n|grh~lgc lhj ljlwlewcg gcdhkqhtlwlhj .Pcltt" 5, .Olcbtil" 59 vhj @sjwcj" ?114,*

????? HHNHNH ))

Cuj* 5*5>

Ohwn n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg tsqcrh~lgc dej tcw sq rcgh~ d|dbct plwn wredc kcwebt et tnhpjqrcvlhstb|*

Wnctc ljlwlewlhj rcedwlhjt erc lkqhrwejw lj tcepewcr ejg eohvc jcswreb beic pewcrt gsc wh

wnc ljdrcetcg qN* Wnc qrhgsdwt hf h}hjc gcdhkqhtlwlhj" n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg lwt qrcdsrthr"

tsqcrh~lgc" plbb oc ljvhbvcg lj rcgh~ d|dbct hf wredc kcwebt" tsdn et lrhj* Wnc tsqcrh~lgc lt wnc

ljlwlewhr lj wnc qrhgsdwlhj hf n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc" ejg edwt et ohwn ej h~lgejw ejg rcgsdwejw lj wnc

rcgh~ d|dblj` hf thbsobc wredc kcwebt* Wncrc lt e tderdlw| hf ljfhrkewlhj rcèrglj` wnc cffcdw hfh}hjc ejg wnc qrhgsdwt lw fhrkt hj wnc d|dblj` hf wredc kcwebt plwnlj ej cjvlrhjkcjweb

dhjtlgcrewlhj hf kerljc ejg frctn pewcrt* Wh ettctt wnc cffcdw hf h}hjc ew wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr


34/307

53

wnc ijhpj qnhwhdnckldeb rcedwlhjt plwn hrèjld kewcrleb" bceglj` wh wnc fhrkewlhj hf _HT" dej

oc stcg et e khgcbblj` dhjtwrsdw* Wnlt khgcb dej wncj oc stcg wh ljwcrqrcw rctsbwt frhk plwnlj e

beohrewhr| twsg| kcetsrlj` wnc qrhgsdwlhj ejg d|dblj` hf _HT ejg qhwcjwlebb| rcgsdcg lrhj*

5*1< Wnc _ctcerdn _cvltlwcg

Wnc ohg| hf phri rcbewlj` wh wredc kcwebt lj jewsreb euschst kcgle lt jhw c~nestwlvc osw

lw lt ber`c* Tljdc 51" wncrc net occj bctt wnej ?4 qsobltncg phrit hj wredc kcwebt lj wnc

tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr" thkc osw jhw ebb hf wnc kcetsrcg rctsbwt erc lj wnc Eqqcjgldct" Weobc E5*15*

Wnlt phri elkt wh c~qejg wnc ijhpbcg`c hf wnc d|dblj` hf _HT ejg wredc kcwebt" ctqcdlebb| lrhj

lj jhw hjb| wnc kldrhbe|cr osw ebth lj wnc bedstwrljc ejg kerljc cjvlrhjkcjwt* Fl`src 5*15

tnhpt e dhjdcqwseb khgcb hf wnc thsrdct ejg dhjwrhbblj` ljfbscjdct hf _HT ejg kcwebt lj wnc

tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr* Dneqwcr ? hf wnlt phri" lj qerw" gcwelbt wnc phri hj wnc tcw+sq hf ej

ljgsdwlvcb| dhsqbcg qbetke kett tqcdwrhkcwcr .LDQ+KT, fhr wnc kcetsrckcjw hf wnc gltthbvcg

fredwlhj" frhk plwnlj frctnpewcr tekqbct" plwn nl`n whweb gltthbvcg thblg bheglj`t" ejg fhr wnc

kcetsrckcjw hf kejèjctc ejg whweb lrhj frhk plwnlj tcepewcr* Wnc c~qcrlkcjweb phri

kcetsrct n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg Fc.LL, stlj` e fbhp ljmcdwlhj ejeb|tlt dncklbskljctdcjdc

t|twck plwn bskljhb* Wnc ejeb|wct pcrc kcetsrcg usetl+tlksbwejchstb| ew ?? t ljwcrvebt stlj` e

gseb+ejeb|wc tcw sq9 wnc gcvcbhqkcjw hf wnlt kcwnhg lt lj Dneqwcr 4*

Wnc flcbgphri .Dneqwcr 7, fhbbhpt wnc gcvcbhqkcjw hf gltthbvcg wredc kcwebt plwnlj wnc

kldrhbe|cr ejg sjgcrb|lj` pewcr wnrhs`n wnc tcethjeb d|dbc hf e beic* Et e ksbwl+cbckcjw

eqqrhedn wnc ejeb|tct hf wnctc tekqbct lt o| wnc LDQ+KT* Ohwn wnc dhjdcjwrewlhjt ejg

debdsbewcg cjrldnkcjw fedwhrt erc stcg wh gltdstt wnc rcbewlhjtnlqt ocwpccj wnc gltthbvcg qnetct

hf wnc rcbcvejw kcwebt* Wnc rctsbw frhk wnlt flcbgphri lt sjlusc lj rcbewlhjtnlq wh kldrhbe|cr

rctcerdn*

Wnc rcbewlhjtnlq ocwpccj n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg Fc.LL, plwnlj wnc kldrhbe|cr lt

gcvcbhqcg fsrwncr* Wnlt phri cjwelbt wnrcc tcwt hf c~qcrlkcjwt= l, Wnc egglwlhj hf erwlfldleb

qerwldsbewc qnetct hf ebskljlsk" kejèjctc ejg lrhj wh qnhwhdnckldebb| edwlvc khgcb kerljc

kldrhbe|cr t|twckt9 ll, wnc cffcdw hf glffcrcjw lrreglewlj` pevcbcj`wnt hj qrhgsdwlhj ejg bhtt hf

n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg Fc.LL, ejg lll, wnc effcdw hf ewkhtqncrld h}hjc dhjdcjwrewlhjt hj

n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc ejg Fc.LL,* C~qcrlkcjweb phri dhjtlgcrt wnc khgcb kerljc kldrhbe|crt hvcr

e tnhrw+wcrk .2 5 nhsr,*


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56

Fl`src 5*15* Dhjdcqwseb khgcb hf wnc thsrdct ejg dhjwrhbblj` ljfbscjdct hf _HT ejg kcwebt ljwnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr* QHD qerwldsbewc hrèjld derohj9 GHK gltthbvcg hrèjld kewwcr*

Plwn rctqcdw wh Fl`src 5*15 wncrc lt hjc fedwhr pnldn dhjwrhbt wnc dhkqhtlwlhj hf wnc

kldrhbe|cr" hrèjld kewcrleb" ejg wnrcc fedwhrt pnldn ke| dhjwrhb wnc d|dblj` hf _HT ejg

gltthbvcg wredc kcwebt lj wnc TKB" qerwldsbewct" bl`nw ejg H4* Wnlt wnctlt plbb dhjtlgcr cedn

tcqerewcb| sjgcr tqcdlfld phrilj` n|qhwnctltct= l, Dej wnc tcethjeb qrh`rcttlhj hf olhbh`| lj e

beic t|twck cffcdw dnej`ct wh wnc dhjdcjwrewlhj ejg cjrldnkcjwt hf gltthbvcg wredc kcwebt lj wncTKB9 ll, Plbb wnc egglwlhj hf ej erwlfldleb qerwldsbewc effcdw wnc d|dblj` hf Fc.LL, ejg _HT lj e

qnhwhdnckldebb| edwlvc khgcb TKB" ejg plbb wnlt t|twck edw wh rcgsdc frhk wnc qerwldsbewc

qnetc thbsobc lhjt hf lrhj hr kejèjctc9 lll, Wh kcetsrc wnc c~wcjw dnej`ct lj lrreglewlj`

rc`lkc net hj wnc iljcwldt hf Fc.LL, ejg _HT9 lv, Ghct ewkhtqncrld H4 qrhgsdc ejg lt wncrc e

tsotcuscjw d|dblj` hf" _HT ejg lrhj plwnlj e khgcb TKB*


36/307

50

Dneqwcr Wph

@cjcreb Kcwnhgt


37/307

5>

?*11 Ljwrhgsdwlhj

Wnlt dneqwcr ljwrhgsdct wnc beohrewhr| qrhwhdhbt stcg gsrlj` petnlj` ejg nejgblj`

cuslqkcjw* Lw ebth gctdrloct wnc ljgsdwlvcb| dhsqbcg qbetke .LDQ, wcdnjlusct stcg fhr wnc

ejeb|tlt hf frctn .Dneqwcr 7, ejg tcepewcr .Dneqwcrt 3 0, tekqbct* Lw wncj dhjwljsct plwn ej

c~qbejewlhj hf wnc wcdnjlusct stcg fhr wnc ejeb|tlt hf ejdlbber| tekqbct fhr wnc orhegpewcr phri

.Dneqwcr 7,* Wnc gcvcbhqkcjw hf wnc fbhp ljmcdwlhj ejeb|tlt dncklbskljctdcjdc .FLE+Db,

t|twck stlj` bskljhb lt gctdrlocg lj Dneqwcr 4*

?*15 Wredc Kcweb Cuslqkcjw" Dbcejlj` ejg Tekqbc Nejgblj`

?*15*15 Cuslqkcjw Petnlj`

Pncrc wredc kcweb ejeb|tct pet wnc sbwlkewc `heb ebb cuslqkcjw pet petncg stlj` e

tqcdlfld rc`lkc* Wnc kemhrlw| hf cuslqkcjw fhr wredc kcweb phri pet kegc frhk nl`n+gcjtlw|

qhb|cwn|bcjc .NGQC, rcdhkkcjgcg o| Oewbc| ejg @ergjcr .5


38/307

5>6X?*`lf


43/307

?7

Ebb tekqbct fhr LDQ+KT ejeb|tlt pcrc tekqbcg wnrhs`n e Dcwcd 311 eswh+tekqbcr* Wnc eswh+

tekqbcr rckhvcg e tekqbc frhk clwncr @rcjlcr hr Dhrjlj` 53 kB qhb|qrhq|bcjc dcjwrlfs`c

wsoct* Fhr ksbwl+cbckcjw ejeb|tct" pncwncr stlj` twejgerg deblorewlhjt hr pncj sjgcrweilj`

kcwnhg gcvcbhqkcjw plwn twejgerg egglwlhjt" wnc twejgergt pcrc weicj frhk glbswcg Tqcdwrhthb

ejg OGN dcrwlflcg twejgergt* Fhr gseb ( wrl cbckcjw kcwnhg gcvcbhqkcjw ejg tekqbc ejeb|tct"

wnc ebskljlsk" lrhj ejg kej`ejctc twejgergt pcrc qrhgsdcg frhk tcrleb glbswlhjt hf wnclr

rctqcdwlvc tsbqnewc tebwt" EbIH>T?5?N?H" FcTH70N?H ejg KjTH7N?H .,9 hjc ksbwl+cbckcjw ejeb|tlt weict erhsjg

6 kljswct* C~wcjgcg petn qnetct ocwpccj tekqbct rckhvct thkc gcqhtlwt .Plbblekt ejg @re|"

5>,9 nhpcvcr" wncrc lt twlbb e dsksbewlvc cffcdw hvcr c~wcjgcg rsjt* Wnc kemhrlw| hf kednljc

rsjt ljvhbvcg 61 hr khrc tekqbct ejg dhsbg betw frhk 5? wh ?7 nhsrt* Wnc fhrkewlhj hf

qrcdlqlwewct lt gsc wh wnc dhjdcjwrewlhjt hf wnc whweb gltthbvcg thblgt .WGT, .Mervlt cw eb*" 5


44/307

?3

Weobc ?*15* Dhjdcjwrewlhj hf kemhr dewlhjt lj wnc orhegpewcr" kcetsrcg o| LDQ+HCTk` B+5 kK

debdlsk >7 )(+ 4 ?*5 )(+ 1*10qhwettlsk ?*> )(+ 1*56 1*10 )(+ 1*117ke`jctlsk 4*4 )(+ 1*5? 1*54 )(+ 1*113thglsk ?> )(+ 5*? 5*? )(+ 1*13twrhjwlsk 6?1 )(+ ?< 0*5 )(+ 1*4

Wnc WGT bheglj`" ewwrlosweobc wh wnc kemhr dewlhjt" lt z031 k` B+5* Wnc kemhr lhj WGT

bcvcb" wnhs`n jhw et nl`n et wnew egvltcg o| Mervlt cw eb* .5


45/307

?6

Fl`src ?*1?* Wckqhreb tl`jeb dnej`c hf e ksbwl+cbckcjw twejgerg* Wnc dbhtcg .ejeb|tcg 53wnKerdn ?11>" ge| wlkc, ejg hqcj .ejeb|tcg 15tw Gcdckocr ?11>" cvcjlj` wh jl`nw, glekhjgtrcqrctcjwt e dhkqhtlwc hf wnc kcej dhsjwt fhr ebb cbckcjwt jhrkebltcg wh wnclr ljlwleb vebsct plwnwnc crrhr oert wnc twejgerg gcvlewlhj hf wnctc dhkqhtlwct*

?*17*17 LDQ+KT Tl`jeb Ljwcrfcrcjdc Klwlèwlhj

Wnc Wncrkh ^+Tcrlct kett tqcdwrhkcwcr stsebb| rsjt plwn e usegrsqhbc rcthbswlhj hf

1*> k(} sjlwt" wnc ljtwrskcjw net wnc deqeolblw| hf ljdrcetlj` wnc usegrsqhbc rcthbswlhj wh 1*1?

k(}" wnhs`n wnlt net e gcwrlkcjweb effcdw hj wnc whweb jskocr hf dhsjwt* DDW lt e kcdnejltk

pncrco| qhb|ewhkld ejg lthoerld ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt erc rckhvcg frhk wnc lhj ocek* Wnc

qhb|ewhkld ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt erc rcdhkoljewlhjt hf clwncr wnc dhkqhjcjwt hf wnc er`hj èt ejg (

hr cbckcjwt plwnlj wnc kewrl~* _cdhkoljcg lhjt erc ber`cr wnej wnc qsrc .tlj`bc, lhjt ejg nevc

e tsotcuscjw nl`ncr kett wh dner`c .k(}, rewlh* Wnc DDW ètct edw hj ohwn wnc glffcrcjdc ljtl}c ejg kett wh dner`c rewlh pncj rckhvlj` wnc qhb|ewhkld ljwcrfcrcjdct* DDW èt fbhp dej

oc dhjwrhbbcg wnrhs`n wnc dcbb9 ètct evelbeobc pcrc e ncblsk ( n|grh`cj kl~ hr e 0 # ekkhjle

èt* Wnc wph ètct phri lj glffcrcjw pe|t* Wnc n|grh`cj ( ncblsk kl~ edwt wh rckhvc cjcr`|

frhk qhb|ewhkld ljwcrfcrcjdct wnrhs`n ksbwlqbc dhbbltlhjt plwn wnc ber`cr ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt* Wnc

dhbbltlhjt rckhvc cjcr`|9 wnlt wncj qrcvcjwt wnc ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt wrevcrtlj` wnc usegrsqhbc o|

tqljjlj` hsw hf wnc lhj ocek* Wnc ekkhjle èt lt e rcedwlhj èt" hj lwt gltthdlewlhj lj wnc lhj

ocek wnc qrhwhjt dej dhkoljc plwn qhb|ewhkld ljwcrfcrcjdct rckhvlj` wnck frhk wnc k(} rewlhhf ljwcrctw* Et pcbb et rckhvlj` wnck frhk wnc k(} pljghp" wnc| dej ebth edw wh gltqbedc wnc

ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt pnlbtw wnc lhj ocek lt wrevcrtlj` wnc usegrsqhbc* Wnc Verlej ^+tcrlct LDQ+KT

1 61 5?1 5>1 ?71 411 461 7?1 7>1 371 611 661 0?1 0>1 >71


46/307

?0

lt flwwcg plwn e iljcwld cjcr`| gltdrlkljewlhj .ICG, mskq" wnc ICG mskq lt e jcèwlvc olet

ocwpccj wnc dhbbltlhj dcbb ejg usegrsqhbc kett tqcdwrhkcwcr* _cdhkoljcg ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt

plwn bhpcr cjcr`| .nl`ncr k(} rewlh, wnej qsrc .tlj`bc, lhjt gh jhw nevc wnc lkqcwst wh qett wnc

ICG olet* Wnctc whhbt" nl`n rcthbswlhj" e dhbbltlhj èt" 0# Nc(N? ew e fbhp rewc hf

6*3 kB klj+5 ejg wnc ICG" pcrc eqqblcg wh wnc LDQ+KT dhjfl`srewlhj wh cjeobc ejeb|tlt hf

orhegpewcr frctnpewcr tekqbct* Dhkoljcg plwn wnctc dhjfl`srewlhj dnej`ct pcrc e 5=? glbswlhj

hf wnc frctnpewcr tekqbct ejg e 5=?1 ejg 5=71 glbswlhj hf wnc tcepewcr tekqbct*

?*17*13 Ejeb|wldeb Obeji

Wnc ejeb|wldeb obeji fhr wnc ejeb|tlt hf wnc glbswcg tekqbct lt e twejgerg egglwlhj tcrlct

oetcg lj sbwre qsrc pewcr .SQP, edlglflcg wh zqN 5*>9 wnlt tl`jeb ljdhrqhrewct wnew frhk wnc

SQP glbswejw" wnc edlg ejg wnc oedi`rhsjg tl`jeb* Ljlwleb phri pet sjgcrweicj stlj` e jhj+

tqcdlfld dbcejcg dhjweljcr ejg E_ `regc NJH4" stcg wh orlj` wnc glbswejw wh zqN 5*>* Wnlt pet

tsotcuscjwb| dnej`cg wh e wredc kcweb dbcejcg vcttcb ejg ghsobc userw}+gltwlbbcg NJH4* Wnc

rcethj fhr wnc dnej`c lj qrhwhdhb pet nl`nbl`nwcg fhbbhplj` ej ejeb|tlt hf e 51 ejg 1*5 qqo

tqlicg orhegpewcr ejg ebth TB_T+7 pnldn tnhpcg nl`n obeji vebsct .ejeb|wldeb tcw sq" Nc(N?

DDW èt ew 4*3 kB klj+5 lj N_ khgc,* Wnc rctsbwt fhr wnc obeji tl`jeb stlj` wnc dbcej

dhjweljcr ejg wnc tsotcuscjw debdsbewcg blklwt hf gcwcdwlhj .BHG, erc tnhpj lj Weobc ?*1?* Wnc

obejit ejg BHG pcrc kcetsrcg lj N_ khgc plwn N(Nc DDW èt ew 6*3 kB klj+5 ejg wnc ICGolet lj qbedc* BHG pcrc debdsbewcg fhr SQP glbswcg plwn wnc edlglflcg SQP .glbswejw,*

Weobc ?*1?* Ejeb|wldeb obejit ejg blklwt hf gcwcdwlhj

obeji _TG BHGjK # .j;6, jK

Eb 571 7? 41 5?6V ?5 50 >1 31

Kj 1*3 1*4 61 1**1Et 1*< 1*4 45 1*>557Dg 1*0 1*13 > 1*5355?Dg 1*6 1*16 < 1*5>?1>Qo 7 1*7 < 5*5?16Qo 7 1*3 54 5*6


47/307

?>

?*17*16 LDQ+KT Eddsred| D_K _cdhvcr|

Wnc rctsbw fhr e rcqcewcg ejeb|tlt hf TB_T+7 plwn wnc dhjfl`srewlhj pnldn pet eqqblcg wh

wnc orhegpewcr tekqbct lt tnhpj lj Weobc ?*14* Wnlt dhjfl`srewlhj stcg wnc usegrsqhbc lj nl`n

rcthbswlhj plwn N(Nc DDW `et ew 6*3 kB klj+5 ejg e ICG olet ocwpccj wnc DDW dcbb ejg wnc

usegrsqhbc* Tekqbct pcrc glbswcg wh fedwhr hf 5=?* Fhsr cbckcjwt pcrc sjeobc wh oc eddsrewcb|

kcetsrcg" wnctc pcrc vejeglsk" jldicb" degklsk ejg bceg* Wnc rcdhvcrlct fhr ebskljlsk"

kej`ejctc ejg ertcjld pcrc plwnlj 51# hf wnc dcrwlflcg vebsct" plwn bctt wnej 51# _TG .j ;4,*

Dhqqcr ejg lrhj stlj` wph lthwhqct pcrc plwnlj 53# hf wnc dcrwlflcg vebsct plwn wnc _TG hj wnc

lrhj ejeb|tlt bctt wnej 51# ejg hj wnc dhqqcr ejeb|tlt 53#* Dhoebw kcetsrckcjwt pncrc plwnlj

rej`c pncj wnc crrhr lt fedwhrcg lj" nhpcvcr" wnc rcdhvcr| pet nl`n" 571#" ebth wnc _TG pet

qhhr :71#9 rctsbwt tnhsbg oc nejgbcg plwn deswlhj et wnc| erc effcdwcg o| jhltc plwnlj wnc LDQ+

KT* Ebb cbckcjwt tsddcttfsbb| rcdhvcrcg nevc wnclr rctqcdwlvc BHG" debdsbewcg et wnrcc wlkct

wnc twejgerg gcvlewlhj hf ej edlglflcg SQP tekqbc .obeji," ocbhp wnc dcrwlflcg dhjdcjwrewlhj lj

TB_T+7*

Weobc ?*14* TB_T+7 rctsbwt frhk fljeb ljtwrskcjw dhjfl`srewlhj* Hjb| wnhtc cbckcjwt lj obedi.tsddcttfsb rcdhvcrlct, pcrc dhjtlgcrcg fhr fsrwncr phri" wnhtc lj `rc| pcrc jhw stcg*

dcrwlflcg kcetsrcg rcdhvcr| _TG obeji BHGjK jK # # .j;4, jK jK

Eb ?115 531 5>


48/307

? .q:1* Kcwnhg fhr Tcepewcr C~qcrlkcjweb Tekqbct

Wnc ejeb|tlt hf tcepewcr fhbbhplj` c~qcrlkcjweb phri ljlwlebb| ewwckqwcg wh ejeb|tc fhr

ebb gltthbvcg cbckcjwt et lj wnc frctnpewcr ejeb|tct* Nhpcvcr" bhp blklwt hf gcwcdwlhjt ejg

`hhg tcjtlwlvlw| pcrc cttcjwleb lj wnc phri wh oc eobc wh kcetsrc dnej`ct lj wnc thbsobc fredwlhj

.1*? k flbwcrcg, gsc wh wnc dnckltwr|* Wnc kcwnhg wncrcfhrc dhjdcjwrewcg hj ebskljlsk ejg

kejèjctc et ljlwleb c~qcrlkcjweb wrlebt pcrc wh oc dhjgsdwcg plwn wnc egglwlhj hf qerwldsbewc

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.Dneqwcr 4," wnhs`n whweb lrhj vebsct fhr cedn c~qcrlkcjw pcrc wh oc kcetsrcg hj wnc LDQ+KT

plwn c~qcdwcg nl`n dhjdcjwrewlhjt* Ebskljlsk wnhs`n jhw dcrwlflcg lj wnc D_K DETT+7 pet

kcetsrcg plwn wnc elk hf kcetsrlj` e qrcdltc vebsc9 nhpcvcr" wnlt pet jhw ednlcvcg th

wncrcfhrc hjb| kejèjctc pet kcetsrcg frhk c~qcrlkcjweb tekqbct*

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ejg LDQ+HCT .5=51 tekqbc glbswlhj, kcetsrlj` glbswcg DETT+7 stlj` twejgerg egglwlhjt tnhpt

wnew wnc octw kcwnhg phsbg oc wh stc wnc LDQ+KT plwn N(Nc DDW èt ew z6*3 kB klj+5 lj N_

khgc ejg ljdhrqhrewlj` wnc ICG wh elg lj wnc rckhveb hf ljwcrfcrcjdc lhjt wh kcetsrc wnc

kejèjctc .Weobc ?*17,* Wnc kcwnhg qrhvlgct wnc bhpctw obeji ejg e dhkqereobc BHG wh wnc

JN4 èt pnlbtw wnc eddsred| ejg qrcdltlhj pcrc ocwwcr wnej wnc JN4 èt*

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glbswlhjt ejg twejgerg egglwlhjt* Wnc dhrrctqhjglj` rcdhvcr| hf wnc Jewlhjeb _ctcerdn Dhsjdlb


49/307

41

hf Dejege" dcrwlflcg rcfcrcjdc kewcrleb" DETT+3" tqcdlflcg dhjdcjwrewlhj" ?3*> ?*1 jK" pet"

fhbbhplj` wnc obeji dhrrcdwlhj" 516# ejg pet kcetsrcg ew ?> 7 jK .j ;4," 53 # _TG* Wnc

obeji pet kcetsrcg ew 57*> 1*1< jK plwn e dhrrctqhjglj` blklw hf gcwcdwlhj .4 ~ hf 4 sbwre

qsrc pewcrt, hf 1*4 jK*

?*17*1> LDQ+KT Fljeb Dhjfl`srewlhjt

Fhr ohwn ksbwl+cbckcjw frctnpewcr ejeb|tlt ejg fhr kejèjctc whweb lrhj fhr wnc tcepewcr

c~qcrlkcjwt wnc LDQ+KT pet stcg lj N_ khgc* Wnc DDW neg e 0# N(Nc dhbbltlhj èt ew fbhp

rewct hf z6*3 kB klj+5 ejg ocwpccj wnc DDW dcbb ejg usegrsqhbc e jcèwlvc ICG olet pet tcw*

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.kejèjctc, ejg 5=71 .whweb lrhj,*


50/307

45

Dneqwcr Wnrcc

Fbhp Ljmcdwlhj Ejeb|tlt Kcwnhg Gcvcbhqkcjw


51/307

4?

4*11 Ljwrhgsdwlhj

Wnc fbhp ljmcdwlhj ejeb|tlt hf bskljhb dncklbskljctdcjdc net occj stcg fhr kej| |cert"

tljdc Tclw} ejg Ncrdsbct .5


52/307

Wnc bskljhb jc`ewl

wh fhrk wnc ebqne+n|grh~|

twe`c ?e, hddsrt fhr bsklj

tsqcrh~lgc wh wnc nnq ljw

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53/307

Wnc fhrkewlhj hf w

eb*" 5


54/307

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qettct wnlt glrcdwb| wh wnc dhjwrhb qd wnrhs`n ej _T?4? qhrw* Wnc tcjtlwlvlw| hf wnc QKW lt tcw

kejsebb|9 wnc dhjtwejw vhbwe`c edrhtt wnc `rlg dej oc frhk 5 wh 5?31 kV* Wnc dhjwrhb thfwperc

pet prlwwcj o| wnc dhkqswlj` tsqqhrw tweff lj wnc tdnhhb hf Cjvlrhjkcjweb Tdlcjdc ew wnc

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stcg gsrlj` wnc ljlwleb t|twck wctwlj` ejg gcvcbhqkcjw* Pncj wnc t|twck pet hqcrewlhjeb ejg

sjgcrtwhhg ejg wnc thfwperc neg sjgcr`hjc fsrwncr gcvcbhqkcjw" phri dhjwljscg stlj` qcei

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hf qcrltwebwld qskq wsolj * Lw lt wncrcfhrc e khrc rhostw ljgldewlhj hf wnc dnckldeb rcedwlhj*

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`bett tqlreb fbhp+dcbb* Wh qrcvcjw bl`nw dhjwekljewlhj e obedi qbetwld .qnhwh`reqnld qbewc, oe`

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55/307

46

4*15*1? Vebvc Dhjfl`srewlhj

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56/307

40

4*15*14 Bskljhb _cdlqc

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57/307

4>

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vcrtlhj hf Ihteie cw eb* .5


58/307

4,* Fl`src 4*17 tnhpt ej

c~ekqbc wredc qrhgsdcg frhk wnc QKW" plwn wnc ljtcw tnhplj` wnc deblorewlhj dsrvc howeljcg

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pet bhp* Fhbbhplj` \sej ejg Tnlbbcr .5


59/307

71

nl`nctw tcjtlwlvlw| plwnhsw wnc kcr`lj` hf wnc qceit* Twejgergt lj e`cg tcepewcr qrhgsdcg

dncklbskljctdcjdc tl`jebt ej hrgcr hf ke`jlwsgc bhpcr wnej wnhtc lj e`cg SQP*

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60/307

75

pet erhsjg 1* wh 4*55," et qrhqhtcg o| Ilj` cw eb*

.5


61/307

7?

wnej qN < wnlt fevhsrt wnc lrhj .LL, bskljhb bskljctdcjdc hvcr hwncr rcgsdcg kcwebt" Dh.LL,

ejg Kj.LL, .H'Tsbblvej cw eb*" 5


62/307

74

4*14*1? Lrhj .LL, Ejeb|tlt lj Edlglflcg SQP

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dhkkcjdcg plwn wnc qbskolj` fhbbhplj` wnew hf Ilj` .?111, .Fl`src 4*14,* Wnc lrhj .LL,

twejgergt pcrc qrhgsdcg frhk glbswlhjt ljwh SQP ew qN 5*6 frhk ej lrhj .LL, tsbqnewc twhdi

thbswlhj qrhgsdcg o| pcl`nlj` wnc eqqrhqrlewc ekhsjw ejg dhkoljlj` plwn qN 5*6 SQP* Ew

qN 5*6 wnc lrhj .LL, plbb rckelj lj wnlt rcgsdcg fhrk pnlbtw lj thbswlhj" nhpcvcr" jcp twhdit

pcrc qrhgsdcg khjwnb|* Wnc ljlwleb bskljhb rce`cjw rcdlqc fhbbhpcg wnew hf Gr* Qcwcr Drhhw"

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pnldn lt stcg fhr wnc rckhveb hf Fc.LL, gsrlj` Fc.LLL, ejeb|tlt9 wnlt rcdlqc pet qrhvlgcg pnlbtw

sjgcrweilj` e DHTW043 tqhjthrcg vltlw ew LFK+@CHKE_* Fhbbhplj` wnc phri hf H'Tsbblvej

cw eb* .5


63/307

Fl`src 4*16* _cqcew deblortekc bskljhb rce`cjw .e`cnrt, bskljhb rce`cjw* Wnc

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wh wnc 1 511 jK rej`c*

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ejg Pelwc .?115, ejg Tclw

ejeb|tlt hf Ejwerdwld tcep

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64/307

73

311 kt ejg lw pet gsc wh wnlt blklw wnew wnc rewc rckeljcg ew 311 kt pnldn gcwredwcg frhk wnc

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Fl`src 4*10* QDW kcetsrcg wredc hf e rcqcew 51 jK Fc.LL, twejgerg* Wnc wredc tekqbc tnhptljwcjtc tnhsbgcrt hj wnc qcei*

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qrcdltlhj pet gsc wh e gseb qcei fhrklj` .Fl`src 4*1>,9 fhr cedn ejeb|tlt e tnerq ljwcjtc qcei

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65/307

76

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Dhjfl`srewlhj dnej`ct" rce`cjw bhhq vhbskc" bheg ejg ljmcdw wlklj`t" ejg qskq tqccg"

ejg ebwcrlj` wnc qbskolj` frhk rce`cjw ljmcdwlhj .Drhhw, wh e derrlcr t|twck .Ilj`" ?111," glg

jhw effcdw wnc fhrkewlhj hf e qrc qcei jhr lwt ke`jlwsgc* Wh qrcvcjw wnc gseb qceit wnc tekqbc

ejeb|tct qN pet cbcvewcg th wncrc pet bctt DH? fhrkewlhj ew wnc rce`cjw+tekqbc ljwcrfedc*

Stlj` qN 6 .Fc.LL, nebf+blfc 0 ge|t, osffcrcg tcepewcr twejgergt wnc rcbewlvc tl}c hf wnc qrc qcei

grhqqcg wh e tlklber ncl`nw et wnc efw qcei* Wncrcfhrc" et tekqbc qN ljdrcetct wnc qrc+qcei

gcdrcetct" nhpcvcr" eohvc e dcrwelj qN wnc Fc.LL, phsbg h~lgltc wh Fc.LLL, whh usldib| wh oc

ejeb|tcg*

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4*1


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Fl`src 4*1


67/307

ettsklj` e bljcer rctqhjtc

cvcj ew qN 5*6" wnc 1*?

hf lrhj" ncbg ljtlgc fljc

o| FLE+Db .gc Mhj` cw eb*"

Fl`src 4*51* TB_T+7 twejpet 565> )(+ 5?> jK*

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dhjdcjwrewlhj howeljcg pe

Fl`src 4*55* DETT+7 twej55*> )(+ ? jK*

7>

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k flbwcrcg D_K dej twlbb dhjwelj e nl`nb|

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68/307

7*5" z?3D" `lvlj` e nebf+blfc hf lrhj .LL, hf erhsjg ? kljswct .Klbbcrh cw eb*"

50,* Deblorewlhjt jccgcg wh oc sjgcrweicj wh kljlkltc wnc wlkc ocwpccj ljmcdwlhj hf lrhj wh

wnc twejgerg kcgle ejg ejeb|tlt hf wnc twejgerg ejg ljdhrqhrewc wnc fedw wnew gsrlj` wrejtlw wlkc

.twejgerg wh bskljctdcjdc, wncrc lt lrhj .LL, h~lgewlhj* Wnc tcdhjg qrhobck pet thbvcg et wnc

Wcfbhj wsolj` ejg qskq tqccgt pcrc wnc tekc et wnhtc plwnlj wnc c~qcrlkcjw wncrcfhrc e

deblorewlhj phsbg weic ljwh eddhsjw wnc bhtt hf lrhj .LL, wnrhs`n h~lgewlhj hvcr wnc wrejtlw wlkc*

Wnc wrejtlw wlkc frhk wnc tekqbc ohwwbc" dhjweljlj` tcepewcr" wh wnc FLE+Db kl~lj` dcbb"

ew e fbhp rewc hf 1*54 )(+ 1*15 kb t+5" pet 5< t* Deblorewlhjt fhr rceb wlkc lrhj rcuslrcg wnew e

dncklbskljctdcjdc qcei eqqcer ew e tcw qhljw lj wnc ejeb|wldeb d|dbc ejg wnew lw pet rcqceweobc*

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qceit hj e tl`jeb wredc phsbg wncj eqqcer ew ??).77-j, t" c~ekqbc tnhpj lj Fl`src 4*54* Phri

hj kcetsrlj` wnc eqqcerejdc hf wnc khtw qrhkljcjw Fc.LL, qcei twerwcg o| ljmcdwlj` tkebb

vhbskc egglwlhjt" 3 ?1 B" hf e phrilj` twejgerg ljwh wnc ohwwbc dhjweljlj` tcepewcr* E

dhjtwejw twrcek hf tcepewcr pet oclj` rckhvcg frhk wnc ohwwbc ejg tcjw wh wnc FLE+Db kl~lj`

dcbb* Wnc vhbskc hf wnc tekqbc rctlglj` lj wnc ohwwbc ew wnc qhljw hf phrilj` twejgerg egglwlhjpet rcuslrcg wh debdsbewc wnc dhjdcjwrewlhj hf wnc edwseb twejgerg9 wnlt vhbskc pet debdsbewcg

wnrhs`n wnc fbhp rewc hf wnc qcrltwebwld qskq* Ew 5< t .wrejtlw wlkc, qrlhr wh kl~lj` hf wnc


70/307

35

twejgerg ejg bskljhb rce`cjw lj wnc kl~lj` dcbb wnc nl`nctw qceit fhrkcg pcrc wnhtc tcdhjg ejg

wnlrg qhtw ljmcdwlhj* Wnlt ljgldewcg wnew ljtsffldlcjw kl~lj` wlkc pet ebbhpcg lj wnc twejgerg

ohwwbc wh ednlcvc ej cuslblorlsk Fc.LL, dhjdcjwrewlhj* O| stlj` wnc 5< t qrlhr wh kl~lj` hf wnc

tekqbc ejg rce`cjw et wnc ocjdn keri" phrilj` twejgergt pcrc ljmcdwcg 5< 51 t qrlhr wh

kl~lj`* Ew ?7 t qrlhr wh kl~lj` hf twejgerg ejg rce`cjwt ebb flrtw qceit pcrc dhjtltwcjwb| `rcewcr

lj erce ejg ncl`nw wnej wnc tcdhjg qceit ljgldewlj` wnew wnlt pet wnc hqwlksk qhljw fhr ljmcdwlhj

hf wnc twejgerg* Lf wnc qhljw hf ljmcdwlhj pet `rcewcr wnej ?7 t qrlhr wh kl~lj` wncj wncrc phsbg

nevc occj `rcewcr h~lgewlhj hf Fc.LL, lj wnc twejgerg* _cqcew kcetsrckcjwt hf e 51*7 jK

twejgerg fhr qrcdltlhj `evc ej _TG hf 6 # .j ; 3,* Wnc wlkc fhr ljmcdwlhj qrlhr wh ejeb|tct pet

tcw ew ?7 t* Wnlt wlklj` pet wrsc fhr ohwn wnc rce`cjw ljmcdwlhj fhbbhplj` wnc kcwnhg hf Drhhw

ejg ebth stlj` e derrlcr thbswlhj et plwn wnc kcwnhg hf Ilj`*

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4*14*16 Lrhj .LL, Tcjtlwlvlw|

Wnc FLE+Db dhsbg ejeb|tc dhjwljshst tekqbct lj tcepewcr wnhs`n tl`jebt pcrc bhp* E

twrhj` tl`jeb jccgcg wh oc rhostw e`eljtw fbsdwsewlhjt lj wnc oetcbljc ejg tnhp wnc nl`nctw

tcjtlwlvlw| frhk wnc }crh egglwlhj twejgerg wh wnc qcei fhbbhplj` egglwlhj hf Fc.LL,*

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71/307

3?

Ibhqf ejg Jlckej .54, phricg plwn e rcedwlhj qN hf 51*4" Sttncr cw eb* .?11 rce`cjw* Phri o| Tclw} ejg Ncrdsbct .5


73/307

37

Fl`src 4*56* Gseb ejeb|tlt tcepewcr wredc* Webbcr qceit erc gsc wh N?H? ejg wnc tnhrwcr qceit

erc fhr lrhj .LL,* Wnc flrtw n|grh`cj qcrh~lgc qcei lt ber`cr wncj wnc rctw gsc wh bskljhb rce`cjwedwlvewlhj o| c~wcrjeb bl`nw thsrdct et lw tlwt lj wnc vebvc bhhq ocfhrc ejeb|tlt twerwt*

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qcrh~lgc ejg Fc.LL,* Wnc kewrl~ hf wnc tekqbc ejg twejgergt pcrc wh oc wnc tekc ejg wncrcfhrc

glg jhw rcuslrc wnc stc hf twejgerg egglwlhjt* Wnc Fc.LL, dhsbg oc deblorewcg fhbbhplj` wnc

kcwnhg gcvcbhqcg oetcg hj wnc wlklj` hf wnc tekqbc ljmcdwlhj* N?H? twejgergt erc tweobc hvcr

nhsr wlkc tdebct9 nhpcvcr" fhr dhjtltwcjd| wnc tekc deblorewlhj kcwnhg oetcg hj wnc wlklj`t fhr

ohwn Fc.LL, ejg N?H? pet stcg* Plwn wnc t|twck eobc wh ejeb|tc usetl tlksbwejchstb| ejg wnc

hswqsw dhsbg oc deblorewcg lw pet wncj stcg et ej ejeb|wldeb whhb fhr rceb wlkc kcetsrckcjwt*

Obeji ejg BHG kcetsrckcjwt erc gcqcjgejw hj wnc kewrl~ hf wnc tekqbc ejg ebb deblorewlhjt fhr

c~qcrlkcjwt pcrc sjgcrweicj lj wnc tekc kcglsk et wnc c~qcrlkcjw* Wnc 5*3 kK bskljhb

.Tl`ke Ebgrldn" Bskljhb #, thbswlhj pet osffcrcg plwn 1*1> K I?DH4 .Fltncr," thjldewcg

fhr 3 kljswct" ejg e`cg fhr ?7 nhsrt ew 7D* Efwcr ?7 nhsrt wnc qN lt egmstwcg wh 55*? plwn ? K

NDb .Fltncr," wnc bskljhb rce`cjw fhr N?H? ejeb|tlt lt tqlicg wh 6 K plwn Dh.LL, ejg wncrce`cjwt erc qbedcg lj e pewcr oewn wh tqccg wnclr cuslblorlsk wh wnc beohrewhr| ekolcjw elr

wckqcrewsrc* Wnc bskljhb rce`cjw pet qrhgsdcg o| dhkoljlj` z1*?14 ` bskljhb plwn z>*?3 ` hf

I?DH4 ljwh e orhpj qhb|qrhq|bcjc dhjweljcr ejg egglj` 031 kB SQP*


74/307

33

Dneqwcr Fhsr

Wlkc Tcrlct hf Wredc Kcwebt lj e Bedstwrljc Tsrfedc Kldrhbe|cr


75/307

36

7*11 Ljwrhgsdwlhj

Lj Dneqwcr Fhsr phri derrlcg hsw hj e tcethjeb tekqblj` hf e frctnpewcr tsrfedc

kldrhbe|cr .FTKB, fhr jhkljebb| gltthbvcg wredc kcwebt lt qrctcjwcg* Wnlt lt wnc flrtw ijhpj

phri wh kcetsrc wnrhs`n e tcethjeb qrh`rcttlhj wnc dhjdcjwrewlhjt hf gltthbvcg wredc kcwebt lj

wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr hf ej eusewld t|twck ejg rcbewc wnctc wh wnc sjgcrb|lj` pewcr wnrhs`n wnc

debdsbewlhj hf cjrldnkcjw fedwhrt* Wnc 21*? k flbwcrcg fredwlhj plbb dhkqhtc hf= Frcc kcweb

lhjt" ljhrèjld lhj qelrt" dhkqbc~ct ejg hrèjh+kcwebbld dhkqhsjgt" dncbewcg hrèjld

dhkqhsjgt" kcweb tqcdlct lj nl`nb| gltqcrtcg dhbbhlgt ejg kcweb tqcdlct egthrocg hjwh dhbbhlgt9

pncrcet wnc : 1*? k fredwlhj tnhsbg dhjwelj qrcdlqlwewct" hrèjld qerwldbct ejg lj tlws gcwrlweb

kewcrleb .Twskk ejg Khrèj" 51 jk .Derbthj" 5?, wnc tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr dhsbg wnchrcwldebb| oc ej cjnejdcg

rc`lhj hf rcgh~ edwlvlw| dhkqercg wh wnc SBP*

Plwn ej cjrldncg qerwldsbewc qnetc ejg blwwbc ewwcjsewlhj hf SV bl`nw .21*5# eothrqwlhj,ew wnc kldrhbe|cr .Qbejc cw eb*" 5


76/307

30

wredc kcwebt ljwh wnc thbsobc qnetc wnrhs`n wnc qnhwhdnckldeb c~dlwewlhj hf wnc cbcvewcg

dhjdcjwrewlhjt hf hrèjld kewcrleb* Tsotcuscjw d|dblj` hf kcwebt ljwh wnc dhbbhlgeb qnetc

wnrhs`n thrqwlhj o| hrèjld kewcrleb .Nsjwcr" 51e, ejg wncrc rcbcetc o| e qnhwhdnckldeb

blèjg wh kcweb dner`c wrejtfcr frhk fhr c~ekqbc lrhj .n|gr,h~lgct .Festw ejg ]cqq" 5


77/307

3>

Plbblekt" 51,9 wnc eswnhrt stcg e kcwnejhb rljtc wh rckhvc wnc tekqbc* Wnc rljtc" wh rckhvc

( dbcej wnc qbewc ocwpccj tekqbct" lt lkqhrwejw fhr hr`ejld kewcrleb et rctlgseb bcfw ocwpccj cedn

glq ke| effcdw tsotcuscjw tekqbct* Wnc cffcdw hf wnc oslbg+sq hf clwncr n|grhqnhold hr

n|grhqnlbld kewcrleb hj wnc tekqbcr ejg wnc cffcdw wnctc nevc hj wnc dhbbcdwcg tekqbc lt qerwlebb|

blklwcg o| wnc kcdnejldeb etqcdw hf cedn tekqbcr* Qbewc tekqbct efwcr dhjwljshst glqt plbb oslbg

sq be|crt hf rctlgseb kewcrleb* Wnc qn|tldeb rckhveb kcdnejltk hf tdreqlj` wnc tsrfedc plwn e

Wcfbhj twrlq plbb rckhvc thkc hf wnlt rcweljcg tekqbc osw ew wnc khbcdsber bcvcb plbb nevc jh

effcdw* Stlj` e kcwnejhb rljtc wh rckhvc wnc tekqbc rcuslrct ej c~wre twcq lj wnc tekqblj`

qrhwhdhb" ljdrcetlj` wnc qhwcjwleb wh dhjwekljewc wnc tekqbc lj wnc flcbg* Plwn e kcwnejhb rljtc

wnc thrqwlhj tlwct erc rc+c~qhtcg ejg ncjdc wncrc phsbg oc e rcuslrckcjw wh rcdhjglwlhj wnc

tekqbcr* Wnc tdrccj tekqbcr stct tsrfedc wcjtlhj wh deqwsrc tekqbc plwnlj wnc vhlgt hf wnc

kctn" ncbg o| tsrfedc wcjtlhj* Wnc rcbcetc hf tekqbc lt wnrhs`n e `cjwbc e`lwewlhj wh wnc tdrccj*

Et bhj` et wnc tsrfedc wcjtlhj hf wnc tekqbc lt jhw gretwldebb| dhkqrhkltcg" pnldn ke| neqqcj

plwn ber`c dhjdcjwrewlhjt hf TET" wncj wnew tekqbc dhbbcdwcg tnhsbg oc rcqrctcjwewlvc hf wnc

kldrhbe|cr* Lf wncrc lt bhtt hjwh egthrqwlhj tlwct hj wnc ber`c tsrfedc erce hf wnc tdrccj" wnlt bhtt

tnhsbg oc kljlkeb et wnc tdrccj lt lkkcrtcg lj wnc pewcr flrtw ejg qsbbcg wnrhs`n wnc kldrhbe|cr

ncjdc wnctc thrqwlhj tlwct plbb oc flbbcg pncj lj wnc pewcr*

Derbthj .5?, ts``ctw wnew ljwcr+dhkqerlthjt hf tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr gewe dhbbcdwcg

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hf e verlcw| hf hr`ejld dhjtwlwscjwt .GHD" gltthbvcg SV+eothrolj` qncjhbld kewcrlebt"

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tekqblj` gcvldc ejg glffcrcjdct dhsbg oc c~qbeljcg o| gcqwn hf tekqbc weicj* Hvcr wnc

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wnej e tdrccj tekqbcr*

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wnc cffcdw hf wnc bhtt hf fcrrld lhjt wh .jhj+cuslblorewcg, glffcrcjw kewcrlebt lw pet fhsjg wnew hj

`bett wncrc pet e bhtt hf z># lj 5 nhsr ejg fhr QWFC lw pet z53# lj 5 nhsr fhbbhplj` ej

egglwlhj hf 5*47 jK Fcwhw hf pnldn 1*0 jK pet wnc33Fc reglhlthwhqc .Fltdncr cw eb*" ?110,* Wnlt

rewc hf bhtt fhr e rceglb| n|grhb|teobc lhj hj wnc wph tekqbcr kewcrlebt" pnldn pcrc

sjdhjglwlhjcg" pet bhp cjhs`n lj wnc flrtw nhsr th wnew plwn e dhjglwlhjlj` hf wnc kewcrleb ejg

rcwcjwlhj wlkct hf wnc tekqbc hj wnc tekqbcr lj wnc hrgcr hf 41t wnc bhttct tnhsbg oc jc`bl`lobc*


78/307

7*1? Kcwnhgt

7*1?*15 Tekqbc T

Wnc dhbbcdwlhj hf t

dhbbeohrewlhjt c~ekljlj` w

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wh 6 k* Lw lt lj dbhtc qrh~l

wnej o| fbsdwsewlhjt lj wnc

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pewcr" keljb| stcg wh ebbh

hf wnc beic* Wncrc lt ebth

rsj hff frhk e jcero| rheg

ejg hvcrbejg ejg `rhsjg

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Wh wnc jhrwn hf wnc

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3* Kldrhbe|cr tekqbct pcrc dhbbcdwcg stlj` e bett qbewc ejg e Wcfbhj tdrccj* SBP

tekqbct pcrc weicj frhk e gcqwn hf 51 dk glrcdwb| ljwh e ohwwbc pnlbtw pcerlj` qhpgcr frcc QVD

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neg e dhrrhohrewlhj hf wnclr kcetsrckcjwt wnrhs`n wnc kcetsrckcjw hf e frctn pewcr dcrwlflcg

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rctsbwt frhk wnc flrtw wnrcc tekqblj` klttlhjt pcrc debdsbewcg wnrhs`n ej eqqbldewlhj hf e

dhrrcdwlhj fedwhr ocwpccj rctsbwt frhk wnc fhsrwn tekqblj` klttlhj" pnldn pet ejeb|tcg sjgcrwph glffcrcjw LDQ+KT ejeb|wldeb tcw+sqt" tcc Eqqcjgldct" E7*15*

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5


80/307

65

Wnc tdrccj tekqbcr gcvldc .Fl`src 7*14, pet egeqwcg frhk wnew hf @errcww .5


81/307

Fl`src 7*1?* Egnctlhj hf.obedi hobhj` plwn gle`hj

Fl`src 7*14* CWFC tdrccj

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tsrfedc kldrhbe|cr tekqbcr

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gewe pcrc `ewncrcg wh dneredwcrltc wnc pewcr

kqcrewsrc" h~|`cj ejg qN stlj` e \TL 336

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82/307

64

qN" rej`c 1 wh 57 plwn ej eddsred| hf 1*? ejg e rcthbswlhj hf 1*15*

Eddhkqej|lj` wnctc gewe pcrc pewcr tekqbct dhbbcdwcg frhk 5" ?" 4 ejg 7 k gccq" weicj o|

kcejt hf e Jltilj ohwwbc hj e bljc" ejg ejeb|tcg fhr jswrlcjwt" dnb ejg DGHK*

7*14*15 Kcwchrhbh`ldeb Gewe

Wnc kcwchrhbh`ldeb gewe= ljthbewlhj" wckqcrewsrc" pljg tqccg ejg pljg glrcdwlhj erc

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rcdhrgcg ew wnc pcewncr twewlhj ke| jhw nevc occj wnhtc ew wnc tekqblj` tlwc* Ebwnhs`n

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phri o| Nsjwcr .51o, pnh eghqwcg e rctlgcjdc wlkc hf 51 kljswct fhr qerwldsbewc kewwcr lj e

Jhrwn Tce kldrhbe|cr*

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Mejser| wh Eqrlb wnc ljthbewlhj lt rcbewlvcb| bhp .531 701 P k+?, dhkoljcg plwn bhp elr

wckqcrewsrct .6 51 D,* Ljthbewlhj ljdrcetct frhk Eqrlb wh Ke|" ?51


83/307

67

Fl`src 7*17* Kcwchrhbh`ldeb dhjglwlhjt fhr wnc 41 kljswct qrcdcglj` ejg gsrlj` tekqblj`* Wnc`reqnt tnhp wnc kcej ejg rej`ct hf wnc gewe*

Wnc pljg tqccgt fhr wnc tekqblj` klttlhjt erc lj Fl`src 7*17* Wnc kcej pljg tqccg

pet 54*7 ik n+5* Wnc SCE Orheg lt tncbwcrcg ejg wncrcfhrc pljg tqccg ke| jhw nevc ej

egvcrtc effcdw hj wnc fhrkewlhj hf wnc kldrhbe|cr" wnhs`n lw net occj jhwcg wnew pljg tqccgt

`rcewcr wnej 51*> ik n+5 dej blklw wnc fhrkewlhj hf tbldit .Bltt ejg Gsdc" 5


84/307

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Et plwn wnc kcwchr

wckqcrewsrc" gltthbvcg h~

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wh wnhtc gewe pnldn dhljdlgcg plwn wnc kldr

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rcttlhj hf" wckqcrewsrc" h~|`cj ejg qN" ew

blj` rcthbswlhj fhr wnc

t detc" nhpcvcr"

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85/307

66

Mejser| wh bewc Kerdn tnhpt e kl~cg pewcr dhbskj .jh twrewlfldewlhj," plwn wckqcrewsrct

ocwpccj 7 ejg 0 D .Fl`src 7*13,* Wnc kl~lj` dej oc ewwrloswcg wh dhhb ge| wlkc elr

wckqcrewsrct .6 51 D, dhkoljcg plwn wnc ljfbs~ hf `rhsjg pewcr ew z 3 D .Icwwbc cw eb* lj

qrctt,* Frhk bewc Kerdn wckqcrewsrc twrewlfldewlhj oc`ljt ejg dhjwljsct wnrhs`n wh Msb|* Wnc

`rcewctw glffcrcjdc ocwpccj tsrfedc ejg gccq pewcrt lt lj Ke| .z 51 D," frhk perk tsrfedc

pewcrt ew 1*5 + ? k gcqwn .?1 D, wh dhhb ohwwhk pewcrt ew 3 k gcqwn .51 D,* Frhk bewc Ke|

sjwlb Msb| wncrc lt ej ljdrcetc lj wckqcrewsrc hf wnc pewcr ew ebb gcqwnt" plwn wnc glffcrcjdc lj

wckqcrewsrc frhk wnc tsrfedc pewcrt wh 7 k gcdrcetlj` hvcr wnlt wlkc*

GH frhk Mejser| wnrhs`n wh cerb| Kerdn c~nlolwt blwwbc verlewlhj plwn gcqwn .Fl`src

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86/307

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rcbewlvcb| tweobc z 0D dhsbg oc ewwrloswcg wh e obhhk hf qn|whqbejiwhj pnldn lt wncj rckhvcg

o| ej h~|`cj dhjtsklj` hr`ejltk* Wnc cffcdw hf wnc OHG hswtwrlqqlj` wnc qrhgsdwlhj hf

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dhkqercg wh wnc tsrfedc pewcrt* Plwn rhs`nb| tweobc tsrfedc pewcr wckqcrewsrct wnc GH

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Lj Mejser| ejg Fcorser| wncrc lt e gcdrcetlj` `reglcjw hf qN plwn gcqwn .Fl`src 7*13,*

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ncjdc ljdrcetlj` wnc qN* Frhk Ke| hjpergt wnc glffcrcjdc ocwpccj tnebbhp 2? k ejg gccq

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87/307

7*14*14 Dnbhrhq

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88/307

6 k` B+5"

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89/307

01

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90/307

05

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91/307

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92/307

04

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93/307

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94/307

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7*13*1? Plbdh~hj Wctw

E Plbdh~hj tl`jcg reji wctw .Plbdh~hj" 5


95/307

06

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97/307

0>

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98/307

0 ^

SBP vt tdrccj 5 +?6 0 1*1?SBP vt tdrccj ? +46 > 1*15

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SBP vt tdrccj 5 56 > ^SBP vt tdrccj ? > > ^


99/307

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Documents

A study of trace metals in the surface microlayer - PhD 2011 - Matthew R Jones