A Study on Disaster Management

8/18/2019 A Study on Disaster Management

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“A STUDY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT-

MUMBAI FLOOD 2005”

MASTER OF COMMERCE

ACCOUNTANCY

SEMESTER II

(2015-16)

SUBMITTED BY:

AKSHATA RAINDRA GA!AND

ROLL NO" #

GUIDE NAME :

SHOBHA MATHE!

IEKANAND EDUCATION SOCIETY$S

COLLEGE OF ARTS% SCIENCE & COMMERCE

S'*' S+,'./% C*3 % M4'- 0001"


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“A STUDY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT-

MUMBAI FLOOD 2005 ”

MASTER OF COMMERCE

ACCOUNTANCY

SEMESTER II

S'..

I 743.'48 F89'88. +9 .* 3'3.;

F+3 .* A A,,+.4,/

B/

AKSHATA "R" GA!AND

#

IEKANAND EDUCATION SOCIETY$S COLLEGE OF

ARTS% SCIENCE & COMMERCE S'*' S+,'./%

C*3% M4'- 0001"


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IEKANAND EDUCATION SOCIETY$S

COLLEGE OF ARTS% SCIENCE & COMMERCE

S'*' S+,'./% C*3% M4'- 0001

CERTIFICATE

T*'; '; .+ ,3.'9/ .*4. S*3'?M';; A@;*4.4 R4'34 G4


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DECLARATION

I% A@;*4.4 R4'34 G4 S;.3 II (2015-16) *3/ ,843 .*4. I *4

,+8. .*'; 73+,. + A S./ + D';4;.3 M44=. >

M4' F8++ 2005

T* '9+34.'+ ;'.. '; .3 4 +3'='48 .+ .* ;. +9 /

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"he information collected is from secondary data.

S,+43/ S+3,; :

!econdary data is a data which is collected and complied for

different purpose, which is used in research for the study. "he secondary

data includes material collected from internet, newspaper, books and

maga#ines.


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E,.' S43/

$uly %&, %''( , a day of disaster due to the heavy rains, flooding and

loss of life in umbai. "here was flooding in many parts of India. )arge

numbers of people were stranded on the road, lost their homes, and many

walked for long distance back home from work that evening. *eople had

lost their houses in large number. Flood had caused massive losses to the

infrastructure and public utilities. In education sector more than %''''

classrooms had been damaged, and + school buildings had collapsed. "he

banking transactions across the countries were adversely affected and many

branches and commercial establishments were unable to function from late

evening of %& $uly %''(. A" transactions could not be carried out in several parts of India. For the -st time ever, umbais domestic and international

airports were shut for more than /' hours due to heavy flooding of the runways

and extremely poor visibility. "he government mounted a large scale rescue and

evacuation operation in all the areas affected by floods. "he food and

drinking water for all the evacuated people were arranged with the help of

0G1s and other local organi#ation . "he IAF planes and helicopters were used

for dropping food packets. "he government soon resumed the distribution of

food grains through ration shops. It was distributing coupons to the people

for getting the food grains free of cost. "he government was seeking to

involve the 0G1s in the distribution of foodgrains. "he government decided


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to provide textbooks to the children who lost them during the floods. "he

2hief inister convenced a meeting of the insurance companies and

re3uested them to settle insurance claims on a fast track basis. 1ver %('''

people were provided relief at -( locations across the city.

C+..;

Disaster1. Introduction2. Defnition3. Types o disaster4. Disaster eect5. Factors aecting disaster

Mumbai Flood 20056. Introduction7. Financial eect. T!reat to pu"lic !ealt!#. Factors aggra$ating t!e disaster in %u&"ai1'. Da&ages and losses

Disaster Management in Mumbai11. (escue and relie &easures12. (eco&&endation o )ood &itigation strategies or %u&"ai

13. *$erco&ing reco$ery i&ple&entation pro"le&s14. +onceptual &odel o t!e local reco$ery process15. %itigation &easures16. +onclusion17. ,i"liograp!y

D';4;.3:


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I.3+,.'+

A ';4;.3 is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses

and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to

cope using its own resources.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the conse3uence of

inappropriately managed risk . "hese risks are the product of a combination of bothha#ards and vulnerability. 4a#ards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will

never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

5eveloping countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits 6 more than +(

percent of all deaths caused by ha#ards occur in developing countries, and losses

due to natural ha#ards are %' times greater 7as a percentage of G5*8 in developing

countries than in industriali#ed countries.

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a

community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental

losses that exceed the communitys or societys ability to cope using its own

resources. "hough often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins

D9''.'+

A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological

disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management


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scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected

community or area.

D9''.'+

5isaster is defined as a crisis situation causing wide spread damage which far

exceeds our ability to recover. "hus, by definition, there cannot be a perfect ideal

system that prevents damage, because then it would not be a disaster. It has to

suffocate our ability to recover. 1nly then it can be called as 9disaster. 5isasters

are not totally discrete events. "heir possibility of occurrence, time, place and

severity of the strike can be reasonably and in some cases accurately predicted by

technological and scientific advances. It has been established there is a definite pattern in their occurrences and hence we can to some extent reduce the impact of

damage though we cannot reduce the extent of damage itself.

T/; +9 D';4;.3 D';4;.3; 43 4'8/ +9 2 ./;:

-. 0atural disasters. :xample 6 earth3uakes, floods, landslides, etc.

%. an made disasters. :xample 6 war, bomb blasts, chemical leaks, etc.

N4.348 ';4;.3

0atural disasters are often extreme, sudden events that are usually caused by

abrupt climatic changes and certain environmental factors. A natural disaster can

cause property damage, econimic damage or loss of life. an has spent years

trying to find ways to predict weather patterns, but it seems that there;s still a long

way to go because windstorms, earth3uakes, floods, diseases, and other types of

natural disasters are still striking the earth with death tolls in the millions. 4ere;s a

list of the top -' natural disasters that changed the face of the world.


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1.) Floods

iver floods were the most disastrous ever recorded. "hey were caused by torrential rains

and killed more than /. million people in southern 2hina.

2") T+34+;

"ornadoes are violent, rotating, funnel?shaped clouds that usually extend from

thunderstorms to the ground and have wind speeds of between (' and /'' mph. A

tornados path of damage can exceed (' miles in some cases. !ome tornadoes are

clearly visible, while others are not. !imilarly, there can be only one tornado at a

time or there can be a large number of tornado outbreaks along, what are called

s3uall lines.

!+3;. C4;:

"ornadoes are responsible for causing an average of ' deaths and over -,(''

injuries in the @.!. each year. "he "ri?!tate tornado that hit Illinois, issouri, and


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Indiana in -+%( is still the deadliest tornado of all time with a death toll exceeding

&+(.

") E.3 T34.3;

:xtreme temperatures caused by a heat wave or cold wave are one of many

climatological ha#ards. A heat wave increases the temperature in a certain region

and pushes the human body beyond its limit. "he same is the case with a cold wave

that is accompanied with heavy snowfall and extreme cold, which may lead to

hypothermia.

!+3;. C4;:

"he deadliest heat wave of all time struck :urope in %''/ and led to ','''

casualties.

") A484,*;

An avalanche is a geophysical ha#ard caused by a large amount of snow sliding

down a mountainside. It is a common sight in some mountains in winter. apid wind speed, major temperature changes, and manmade

influences are other common factors causing avalanches.

!+3;. C4;:

"he 4uascarn avalanche in *eru is considered the deadliest in history 6 it was

triggered by the -+' Ancash earth3uake and killed more than %',''' people.


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5") D3+=*.;

A drought occurs when a region doesn;t receive enough rainfall which leads to a

severe deficiency in the water supply.


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natural disasters and can affect millions of people. "sunami waves get bigger as

they approach the coast and cause tremendous damage.

!+3;. C4;:

"he %''B Indian 1cean "sunami is the deadliest of all time causing about %D','''

deaths.

#") +8,4', E3.'+

A volcano is formed when magma from the earth;s upper mantle moves to the

surface. It takes the form of a pool filled with molten rock. A volcano erupts when

pressure builds. "his can cause hot ash flows, lava flows, lateral blasts, falling ash,

and avalanches. An erupting volcano can often trigger flash floods, tsunamis,

mudflows, earth3uakes, and rock falls.

!+3;. C4;:

Indonesia witnessed the deadliest volcanic eruption in -D-( when ount "ambora

erupted and killed over +%,''' people.

") H33',4;

2yclones, tropical storms, typhoons, and hurricanes describe the same disaster

type. Easically, these types of natural disasters refer to a closed circulation systemin the atmosphere that consists of strong winds and low pressure. "he winds rotate

clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the northern

hemisphere. A tropical cyclone is usually characteri#ed by a low?pressure center

with strong winds and spiral rain bands.


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!+3;. C4;:

Ehola cyclone that hit Eangladesh in -+' is considered the deadliest since it

caused the deaths of over ('',''' lives.

10") E43.*4@;

:arth3uakes are one of those types of natural disasters that strike without an early

warning. An earth3uake is the result of the sudden break within the upper crust of

the earth, which may also break the surface and lead to the vibration of the

ground.

!+3;. C4;:

In %''D, the .+ magnitude earth3uake that struck


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0uclear disaster are the types of disaster that falls in this category is nuclear bomb.


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"hey are referred as poor mans nuclear bomb as they are easy to manufacture,

transport and have the ability to kill hundreds and thousands of people. "hey are

delivered using dusting airplanes or small perfumes atomi#ers. "hey have ability to

generate immediate effects.

&. T33+3';

"his is another type of disaster that results in loss of life and property. "errorists

use violence and strike without warning. "hey use bombs, guns etc to terrori#e

people.

. E'',

:pidemic occurs when a disesse attacks a large no of peopleat one time. It

spreads at rapid rate among human population. ost of diseases are spread after

natural disaster like tsunami, flood etc.

#" F'3 4,,'.;:

Accidents that are caused due to fire are 3uite common. Fire results in heavy

damage both in terms of life and property. )oss of life is high in a crowded

building.

D';4;.3 E99,.;:


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-. 5eaths

%. 5isability

/. Increase in communicable disease

B. *sychological problems

(. Food shortage

&. !ocioeconomic losses

. !hortage of drugs and medicial supplies

D. :nvironmental disruption

F4,.+3; 499,.'= ';4;.3

H+;. F4,.+3;

• Age

• Immuni#ation status

• 5egree of mobility

• :motional stability

E'3+.48 F4,.+3;


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• *hysical Factors

• 2hemical Factors

• Eiological Factors

• !ocial Factors

• *sychological Factors

C*434,.3';.', +9 ';4;.3

-. *redictability

%. 2ontrollability

/. !peed of onset

B. )ength of forewarning

(. 5uration of impact

&. !cope and intensity of impact

M4' 98++ 2005

I.3+,.'+


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"he 2005 M4' 98++; refers to the flooding of many parts of

the Indian stage of aharashtra including large areas of the metropolis umbai a

city located on the coast of the Arabian !ea, on the aigad, 2hiplun, hed, >atnagiri and alyan

in aharashtra and the southern state of Goa.

"he rains slackened between %D $uly and /' $uly but picked up in intensity on /-

$uly. "he aharashtra state government declared % $uly and %D $uly as a state

holiday for the affected regions. "he government also ordered all schools in the

affected areas to close on - August and % August. umbai*olice commissioner Anami 0arayan >oy re3uested all residents to stay indoors as

far as possible on /- $uly after heavy rains disrupted the city once again, grounding

all flights for the day.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Gujarat_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Gujarat_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminidivihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anami_Narayan_Royhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Gujarat_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Gujarat_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminidivihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anami_Narayan_Roy


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B=''=

"he %''( monsoon proved to be extremely erratic for aharashtra. In the

beginning, a serious deficiency of rainfall, particularly in the western Hidarbha and

arathwada, created a drought?like situation with shortage of drinking water and

fodder. "he situation changed dramatically in the course of a week from $uly %-,

when unusually heavy rains lashed the coastal areas of konkan and aigad and >atnagiri districts, with many towns

and villages under waters. 1n $uly %&, when the highest ever rainfall recorded in

the last -'' years in the country battered the suburban umbai and "hane,

aharashtra experienced one of the worst loods in its history. "he downpour was

heavy in other parts of the state too, particularly in 0anded and *arbhani. !oon the

Godavari was in spate, flooding a large number of towns and villages. 0o sooner

did the flooding !angli, olhapur, and !olapur districts.

Timeline

1n %& $uly %''(, around %'' p.m. the umbai etropolitan >egion was struck by a

severe storm and subse3uent deluge. "he Indian eteorological 5epartment 7I58

station in !antacru# recorded +BB mm. of rain for the %B hours ending D/' a.m. on

% $uly. "he unicipal 2orporation of Greater umbai 2GJ control room

started receiving phone calls reporting the heavy rain and subse3uent water logging

in suburban areas.

)ocal train movement came to a halt by %/' p.m. due to the water logging on the

tracks. "hus caused vehicular traffic intensity on roads to increase dramatically.


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as 5haravi, Eandra?urla 2omplex, 2hunabhatti, 2hembur , Ghatkopar , ilan !ubway

and !ion either slowed down traffic, or in some areas, brought it to a complete halt.


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"housands of school children were stranded due to flooding and could not reach

home for up to %B hours. "he following two days were declared as school and

college holidays by the state government.

F'4,'48 E99,.;

"he financial cost of floods was unprecedented and these floods caused a stoppage

of entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for days.

A" 0etwork of several banks stopped functioning.

"he Eombay !tock :xchange and the 0ational !tock :xchange of India, the

premier stock exchanges of India could function only partially.

"otal )oss in flood upto >s. ((' 2rores

Threat to public health

"he rain water caused the sewage system to overflow and all water lines were

contaminated. "he Government ordered all housing societies to add chlorine to their

water tanks while they decontaminate the water supply.

"housands of animal carcasses floated in the flood waters, raising concerns about

the possibility of disease.

>eports in the media warned of the threat of waterborne diseases, and hospitals and

health centers geared up to distribute free medicines to check any outbreak.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine


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Effect on Mumbai's links to the rest of the world

• For the first time ever, umbai;s airports 7 2hatrapati !hivaji International

Airport, !ahar and $uhu aerodrome8 were shut for more than /' hours due to heavyflooding of the runways, submerged Instrument )anding !ystem e3uipment and

extremely poor visibility. 1ver '' flights were cancelled or delayed. "he

airports reopened on the morning of %D $uly %''(. ail links were disrupted, and reports on late evening of /' $uly indicated

cancellation of several long distance trains till & August %''(.

• "he umbai?*une :xpressway, which witnessed a number of landslides, was

closed the first time ever in its history, for %B hours.

• According to the 4industan "imes, an unprecedented ( million mobile and %./

million "0) landline users were hit for over four hours.

• According to the .in registrar 7personal communication8, the .in 50! servers

in umbai had to be reconfigured because the servers were not operational.

F4,.+3; 4==344.'= .* ';4;.3 ' M4'

Antiquated drainage system:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahar,_Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhu_aerodromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhu_aerodromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Landing_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Landing_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai-Pune_Expresswayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahar,_Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhu_aerodromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Landing_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai-Pune_Expresswayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline


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"he present storm?water drainage system in umbai was put in place in the early

%'th century and is capable of carrying only %( millimetres of water per hour

which was extremely inade3uate on a day when ++/ mm of rain fell in the city. "he

drainage system was also clogged at several places.

1nly / ;outfalls; 7ways out to the sea8 are e3uipped with floodgates whereas the

remaining -'% open directly into the sea for more than %B hours. As a result, there

is no way to stop the seawater from rushing into the drainage system during high

tide.

In -++', an ambitious plan was drawn to overhaul the city;s storm water drainagesystem which had never been reviewed in over (' years. A project costing

approximately &''crore rupees was proposed by @ based consultants hired by

the Erihanmumbai unicipal 2orporation to study the matter. Implementation of the

project would have ensured that rainwater did not flood the streets of umbai. "he

project was planned to have completed by %''% and aimed to enhance the drainage

system through larger diameter storm water drains and pipes, using pumps

wherever necessary and removing encroachments. "he project, if implemented

would have doubled the storm water carrying capacity to (' mm per hour.

"he E2 committee had rejected the proposed project on the grounds that it was

Ltoo costlyL. "hese were few of the drawbacks due to which the city suffered so

gravely.

Uncontrolled, unplanned development in Northern uburbs:

5evelopment in certain parts of umbai is hapha#ard and buildings are

constructed without proper planning. "he drainage plans in northern suburbs is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Storm_Water_Disposal_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Storm_Water_Disposal_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation


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chalked out as and when re3uired in a particular area and not from an overall point

of view.

"he :nvironment inistry of the Government of India was informed in the early

-++'s that sanctioning the Eandra?urla complex 7a commercial complex in northern

umbai8 was leading to disaster. 0o environment clearance is mandatory for large

urban construction projects in northern umbai. 1fficials in the environment

ministry claimed that it was not practical to impose new guidelines with

retrospective effect Las there are millions of buildingsL.

o !estruction o" mangrove ecosystems:

angrove ecosystems which exist along the ithi >iver and ahim 2reek are being

destroyed and replaced with construction. 4undreds of acres of swamps in ahim

creek have been reclaimed and put to use for construction by builders. "hese

ecosystems serve as a buffer between land and sea. It is estimated that umbai has

lost about B'C of its mangroves between -++( and %''(, some to builders and

some to encroachment 7slums8. !ewage and garbage dumps have also destroyed

mangroves. "he Eandra?urla complex in particular was created by replacing such

swamps. "he most acclaimed indspace 2E5 7I01>EI" A))8 in Goregaon K

alad has been built by destroying a large patch of mangroves in aharashtra.

D44=; 4 L+;;;:

"he Government had commenced an assessment of damages and losses caused by

floods. "he details of these damages and losses were being compiled at the district?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_complexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_complexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithi_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_complexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_complexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithi_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_complex


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level. All the departments had also been directed to report their losses and

damages.

A=3',8.3 :

In agriculture sector, approximately (.( lakh hectares of land had suffered crop

losses. Almost the entire harif crop in the onkan region had been destroyed by

the flooding. "he loss to the sugarcane crop in western aharashtra was also

extensive, which had a major impact on the production of local sugar mills.

ore than %',''' hectares of land had become waste due to the top soil having

been washed away, which would re3uire considerable investment for being

reclaimed. Farmers could not re?sow their crops in the entire region.

C4..8 L+;;;:

"he total number of cattle losses in the floods is -(,/%-.

H+;'=:

*eople had lost their houses in large numbers.

5istrict 4ouses 5amaged?Full 2ost7in lakhs8

umbai % - ' '

I934;.3,.3 4 78', U.'8'.';:

Floods had caused massive losses to the infrastructure and public utilities. In the

education sector, more than %',''' classrooms had been damaged, and + school

buildings had collapsed. About B/ *rimary 4ealth 2enters, rural hospitals, and

residential premises for health personnel had been damaged by flooding.

"he *ublic s. -,%'' crores for

repairing roads and bridges damaged by flooding. "he aharashtra !tate


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:lectricity Eoard has suffered huge losses?(,&& of its transformers were affected,

-% high?tension towers fell and -B small distribution stations were flooded. s (,''' crores.

F'4,'48:

"he financial cost of floods was unprecedented and these floods caused a stoppage

of entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for days. *reliminary

indications indicate that the floods caused a direct loss of about >s, B(' crores. "he

financial impacts of the floods were manifested in a variety of ways.

D';4;.3 M44=. ' M4'

R;, 4 R8'9 M4;3;

"he entire Government machinery along with the local offices of the 2G

immediately got into action for the desired relief, rescue and thereafter in the


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mission for restoring the city to normalcy. "he unicipal machinery tried to

organi#e safe evacuation of people through boats and buses. "he evacuated people

were sheltered in public buildings including schools and transit shelters.

2ommunity kitchens were started and free food grains were provided by the

Government of aharashtra G1J and 2G as well as voluntary 0G1s and

individuals.

"he "raffic *olice and Fire Erigade cleared %&,''' vehicles stranded by the

roadside on the following day. *ower and water supply were restored gradually.

"rain services returned to normalcy on %D $uly. %B,''' animal carcasses were

disposed and more than % lakhs tonnes of garbage was mopped up with the help of

about -,''' dumpers K $.2.Es deployed from all over the !tate with the support of

0G1s and the "ransport 2ommissionerate. "he E.:.!.". plied extra buses to

ahim and !ion to facilitate movement of around -.( lakh stranded commuters at

the 2.!.". K 2hurchgate >ailway !tations. "he Fire Erigade and the L>escue

"eamsL of 2G undertook %D% major and minor rescue operations of around

/,'' stranded people including rescuing school children as well as rescuing

people from -B' marooned E:!" buses. >escue boats of the 0avy were

re3uisitioned and deployed in urla and alina.

:mergency relief arrangements were organi#ed on a war footing. Food packets and

drinking water was arranged for the stranded people with the help of 0G1s and

!ocial 1rgani#ations on % $uly. 1ver %(,''' people were provided relief at -(

locations across the city including Air India 2olony, ranti 0agar 7$ari ari

>oad8, Filter pada at Ehandup and *anchsheel 0agar. Affected people were shifted

to nearby unicipal schools, local buildings and halls on % $uly. D,(' and /,%('

food packets were distributed in 2ity and


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R,+4.'+; +9 F8++ M'.'=4.'+ S.34.='; 9+3

M4':

"he heavy rains that have been inundating the city of umbai and it surrounding

regions time and again during the monsoons every year indicate that the city is still

short of a sound flood mitigation framework. "he existing efforts by the citys

governing and planning authorities towards formulating flood alleviation strategies

have only been marginally successful in fulfilling their purpose. oreover, the

national disaster management framework released in the year %''B takes a holistic

approach at managing and reducing disasters by suggesting general policiesapplicable to all the states in the country and not just the umbai region in

particular. "he framework also considers floods only as one of the many natural

disasters that it suggests strategies for. It does not provide any flood?specific

mitigation strategies so to speak of.

"he 2hitale 2ommittee appointed by the governing authorities of umbai,

following the floods of %''(, does provide some mitigation strategies specific to

flooding. 4owever, these strategies have succeeded only partially in tackling the

flooding in the following year. "hus, this study aims at suggesting improvements

to the existing flood?mitigation framework of the city to minimi#e or if possible,

completely avoid the destruction of life and property and the disruption of the

normal functioning of the city which results from the floods. For this purpose, this

study conducts case?studies of other flood stricken areas and refers other

professional literature as a guideline to suggest additional flood mitigation

strategies specific to the city and the region of umbai. "he flood mitigation

framework can be broadly classified into pre?event measures and post?disaster

measures. In an approximate chronological order these are as follows

1" 73-98++ M'.'=4.'+ M4;3;:


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a. itigation of floods

? 5ata 2ollection and Analysis

? Hulnerability >eduction

b. *reparation for Floods

?*rediction

? :mergency *reparedness 7including monitoring, alerts8

? :ducation, "raining and Awareness

2" 7+;.-98++ M'.'=4.'+ M4;3;:

? >escue and evacuation

? >elief

? >ehabilitation and >econstruction

" R+8 +9 G+3. 4 73'4. S,.+3 ' .* 98++ '.'=4.'+ 934iver which were existed till -+&

in the map of umbai now disappeared on the cost of development.


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5eveloping a new action plan for these holding rivers by developing new drain in

city and suburbs, and installing new gates and pumping stations is under progress.

M44=. +9 8+,48 ';+;48 4


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disaster periodM >esource dependence on the state governmentM lack of ade3uate

numbers of professionali#ed staffM poor leadership and bureaucratic and legal

constraintsM and the lack of awareness among powerful citi#en and business groups

that overshadow local government officials efforts. "he locally based

reconstruction efforts, such as aid that does not meet the needs of the victims and

the possibility to delegate all responsibility on local involvement. 1n the basis of a

study of the recovery processes after the flood of %& $uly %''( in umbai, public

opinion clearly indicates that government jurisdictions, especially local

governments, have little guidance to direct their recovery activities.

O3,+'= 3,+3/ '8.4.'+ 3+8;

Is it possible to overcome the ;;problem;; of local government capacity to manage

the disaster recovery processN >esearchers showed successful local recovery by

communities at their own level. I studied -B municipal


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importance of collective action involving multiple organi#ations?from both the

public and private sectors?which cross governmental jurisdictions.

1ne promising fOnding from the :mergency preparedness recovery plans comes

from an assessment of the umbai;s roads, railways, drainage system, waste

disposal system, municipality proactiveness in future. "he citi#ens and local

ofOcials improvised a successful ;;adaptive strategy;; that should implemented in the

city directly for managing the recovery process.

I.3 4 '.34-,+'./ .esearch 2enter, L the stronger and more well deOP ned the inter?

organi#ational linkages are prior to an event, the ;smoother; subse3uent rescue

related activities will go;;. 2E1 preparedness is synonymous to :mergency

preparedness which re3uires response effectiveness, and strong structural inter?

organi#ational relations.

"he role of ;;self?evident natural networks;; and ;;self?organi#ation;; in emergency

preparedness is necessary and re3uired very much. After ( years


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C+,.48 +8 +9 .* 8+,48 3,+3/ 3+,;;

"he response phase of emergency management of flood like situations in umbai,

some of the lessons learned in that context may be transferable to the recovery andreconstruction phases. A variety of studies suggesting that ;;the capacity of citi#ens

and organi#ations involved in recovery to adapt to changing conditions is higher

and inter?organi#ational aid delivery systems are more capable of meeting the

needs and capacities of disaster stricken citi#ens when intra?2E1 and inter?

governmental ties are strong;;.

"he importance of three key variables related to 2E1 problem?solving capacity

hori#ontal integration, vertical integration, and network centrali#ation. 4ori#ontal

integration refers to relations among the individuals and organi#ations within a

community. "hus, a 2E1 with a high degree of hori#ontal integration is

characteri#ed by a tightly knit social network with relatively e3ual power

distributions and features fre3uent, sustained interactions and communications.

2onversely, communities with a low degree of hori#ontal integration have a

weakly knit social fabric. Hertical integration de?scribes a 2E1;s relations with

extra 2E1 systems. A 2E1;s ties with larger political, social, and economic

institutions may explain resource and information transfers and inOPQuence the

extent to which these institutions are dependent on their environment.

0etwork centrali#ation refers to ;;the power and control structure of the network,

and whether network links and activities are organi#ed around any particular one or

small group of organi#ations;;. Integration and centrali#ation are important

complementary measures. Integration is a measure of the extent to which

organi#ations in a system are interconnectedM centrali#ation describes the extent to

which hori#ontal and vertical cohesion is organi#ed around particular focal points.


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4ori#ontal and Hertical Integration and the >ole of Focal 1rgani#ations

"he potential relationships between hori#ontal and vertical integration and depicts

four types of communities. "he dominant recovery strategies that characteri#e each

type of 2E1. A type I 2E1 is ideally suited for an effective recovery effort.

2ommunities of this type have well?developed ties to external resources and

programs as well as viable hori#ontal networks that enable it to exert inOPQuence

over 2E1 recovery activities. !uch type of communities rely on preexisting stores

of social capacity and cohesion are formed in umbai they are showing ;;self?

organi#ing;; behavior.

2E1 types by degree of hori#ontal and vertical integration and disaster recovery

strategies. 4ori#ontal integration was high owing to the high degree of interest in

and experience with political activities on the part of the citi#en ship. "he local

government develops new partnerships and capabilities with its citi#ens. A

cooperative association of households known as the 0eighborhood !urvival

0etwork 70!08 was established to facilitate citi#en self?help in future disasters.

"he high degree of hori#ontal integration played a vital role in aiding overlooked

minority and low?income populations in rural mountain neighborhoods and in

providing a basis for increasing vertical integration. "he central :mergency

anagement Agency 7F:A8 utili#ed the well?established ties developed by the

0!0 to assess needs and distribute assistance. :mergency experienced by the

people of umbai that day stimulated local hori#ontal integration. !ubse3uently,

local problem?solving capacity was expanded by vertical integration between

federal relief efforts and local 2E1 organi#ations.

A type II 2E1 is an autonomous, relatively isolated 2E1 with few vertical ties.

"hese types of communities are also formed in umbai they have viable


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hori#ontal social networksM they suffer from a lack of knowledge about and

interaction with important external resources. 2ommunities of this type will adopt

a strategy of cooperation with potential resources providers, such as the state or

federal government. In type II 2E1 they have a highly active network of, social

clubs, and 2E1 groups. 1wing to the high degree of hori#ontal integration, the

2E1 rapidly mobili#ed its limited resources to set up evacuation centers, provide

food and safe drinking water, and establish communication channels to disseminate

recovery information. Eut the scale of the disaster, coupled with the inexperience

of local public officials with central governmental disaster aid programs. "he city

received assurances from F:A that they would be helped ;;every step of the

way;;. 2orruption and bureaucracy is a part our system that had eaten up a large

share of the relief package. 5espite the public pleadings of civic leaders,

governments; aid was delayed for several weeks. eanwhile, people discovered

that the governments; monies would cover only a small portion of the damages.

A type III 2E1 is in a classic state of dependency. "hey also involved in number in

umbai lacking a viable hori#ontal network, it is less likely to take into account

local needs, concerns, or values in the recovery effort. A type III 2E1 does have

the advantage of strong vertical ties and channels to facilitate the delivery external

aid. "hey have disproportionate share of disaster?related resources are allocated by

the central government. "hese types of communities will adopt a dual strategy of

recovery. Eecause hori#ontal cohesion is weak, local policy makers must engage in

a strategy based on the cooptation of important constituencies within the 2E1.

4owever, owing to strong vertical linkages, these communities will be able to

make claims on external resources. In umbai such communities are politically

powerful communities can bypass normal relief channels and, in effect, coerce the

central government into providing massive aid.


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1verall hori#ontal integration in such communities is low. Its vertical ties,

particularly with corporators and relief and emergency management agencies, are

3uite strong. As a conse3uence, these type of communities bypass many of the

intergovernmental aid hurdles that other jurisdictions OP nd so difficult. Indeed,

owing to corporator;s intervention and the high level of government interest, the

aid was mobili#ed with speed. "he main point is to ensure that large amounts of

government aid poured into the city and to placate affected groups in the

communities. 5espite the rapid government response, weak hori#ontal linkages

slowed reconstruction efforts as private property owners and local officials

s3uabbled over the details of 2E1 recovery.

A type IH type of 2E1 is in large number in umbai. "hey face signiOP cant

obstacles in undertaking successful recovery efforts because it lacks access to

external resources. :ven if these vertical channels are activated, the lack of intra

2E1 integration severely limits the ability to man?age the aid process or to

influence the direction of recovery efforts. 2E1 leaders in this situation will and

their strategic options limited to attempting to mediate conOPQict. "hey had a much

lower capacity to cope with the demands of disaster recovery than the

communities. any nongovernmental organi#ation operating in umbai after the

disaster, with good administrative staff residing in the 2E1.

A low degree of hori#ontal and vertical integration was that disaster recovery

initiatives were, for the most part, organi#ed outside of the 2E1, with little input

from the local people. A disaster recovery board was created to oversee recovery

and reconstruction. !ometimes committee suffers from internal politics and social

resistance.


39/42

"he ability or inability of a 2E1 to activate hori#ontal and vertical networks to

engage in reconstruction activities is likely related to the presence or absence of

focal organi#ations in the 2E1. "he focal organi#ations may or may not

governmental entities. 2ooperative 2E1 groups are perfectly capable of taking on

this role.

"he importance of centrali#ed, coordinating mechanisms in disaster response

networks are significant. "he key actors at the focal points of emergency response

networks tend to play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of inter

organi#ational relationships. It is not yet known precisely what role centrali#ed

personnel play in the recovery and reconstruction processes.

M'.'=4.'+ M4;3;:

I934;.3,.3 I3+.

o "ransport Infrastructure

o !ervice and related Infrastructure

o 4ousing Infrastructure

C+',4.'+ 4 78', I9+34.'+ ;/;.;

o @pgrading


40/42

L4 ; +8','; 4 84'=

o Improvement and protection of landfill sites

o 2ontrol on land reclamation

o !hifting of storage and ha#ardous units from residential areas.

C+,8;'+

"he umbai flood %''( , had destroyed many areas in umbai. "here

was flooding in many parts of India. *eople had lost their houses in large

number. Flood had caused massive losses. "he food and drinking water for all the

affected people were arranged with the help of 0G1s and other local by

organi#ation. "he government soon resumed the distribution of food grains.

Although %&th $uly %''( umbai flood was uni3ue , there are lessons that can be

learned by examining the successes and failures of other parts of country that

have been visited by same type of emergency. )ocal government officials

should develop relationships with their counterparts in communities that have

been through disaster to share information about the recovery process. 1ver %('''


41/42

people were provided relief at -( location across the city. "he 2hief inister

convened a meeting of insurance companies and re3uested them to settle

insurance claim on a fast track basis. After this flood in umbai 2E1 leaders and

local government ofOcials take steps before and after such event to enhance the

likelihood of achieving successful recovery and reconstruction outcomes; analysis.

B'8'+=34*/

-. httpRRwww.slideshare.netRrohitkirulkarRmumbai?mega?flood?%''(

%. httpsRRen.wikipedia.orgRwikiRaharashtraSfloodsSofS%''(

/. httpRRwww.preventionweb.netRapplicationsRhfaRlgsatRenRimageRhrefRB'

B. www.google.com

http://www.slideshare.net/rohitkirulkar/mumbai-mega-flood-2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_floods_of_2005http://www.preventionweb.net/applications/hfa/lgsat/en/image/href/470http://www.google.com/http://www.slideshare.net/rohitkirulkar/mumbai-mega-flood-2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_floods_of_2005http://www.preventionweb.net/applications/hfa/lgsat/en/image/href/470http://www.google.com/


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Documents

A Study on Disaster Management