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A STUDY ON SAFETY PERFORMANCE EXAMINATION OF
BDC/KENYALANG INTERCHANGE
Imelda Jelani
Master of Engineering
(Civil)
2012
Faculty of Engineering
i
DEDICATION
In memory of
Nani Barnabas Kawie (1945-1995)
&
Nick Heldreen (1987-2005)
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise the God Almighty; in Thee do I put my trust. Forever, I will thank Thee.
I would like to thank Mr. Ron Aldrino, who has diligently guided me throughout the
completion of this thesis.
To my family; Haben Sie vielen Dank!
To Sames, through constant provoke and continuous challenge, somehow you brought
out the best of me. Ich bin Ihnen sehr dankbar.
To Sarawak Government and everyone who has contributed and making this possible,
I am grateful and thank you all from the bottom of my heart for your kind assistance.
And to all readers, may this thesis enriching your knowledge.
iii
ABSTRACT
Road Safety Audit is relatively new in Sarawak. Unlike in West Malaysia, where
RSA has been introduced in the 90’s, there is only a handful of road projects in Sarawak
include RSA as part of its design requirements. In this study, the BDC Kenyalang
Interchange will be used as case study and scrutinized in term of its safety to road users by
conducting qualitative study on safety performance examination similar to RSA Stage 5
procedures and the collection of information through series of interviews with experts from
government agencies and private sectors. RSA was conducted to identify the problems such
as wear and tear due to environment maturity. The feedbacks obtain from the interviews are
used to assess the level of RSA awareness and its practices in implementation of public road
project. This study is essential and may provide a handy reference to the road authorities and
planner. Being proactive in nature, the outcome of this study can be used in value engineering
evaluation if required by interested party.
iv
ABSTRAK
Audit keselamatan jalan merupakan bidang yang baru di Sarawak. Di Sarawak hanya
sebilangan kecil projek jalan mengambilkira audit keselamatan jalan sebagai sebahagian
daripada keperluan rekabentuk berbanding dengan Semenanjung Malaysia di mana ianya
telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 90-an. Kajian ini akan akan merungkai isu keselamatan
jalan di Persimpangan BDC Kenyalang secara kualitatif dengan menggunapakai prosedur
audit keselamatan jalan peringkat 5 dan maklumbalas daripada pihak agensi kerajaan dan
swasta yang berkaitan akan diteliti untuk mengetahui tahap kesedaran tentang audit
keselamatan jalan serta kaedah yang diamalkan di organisasi masing-masing. Audit
keselamatan jalan dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti masalah penuaan dan kerosakan akibat
persekitaran yang kian matang. Hasil maklumbalas ini akan digunakan untuk mengetahui
tahap kesedaran dan amalan audit keselamatan jalan dalam pelaksanaan projek jalan awam.
Kajian ini adalah penting dan dapat dijadikan rujukan bagi pihak yang terlibat dengan kajian
nilai tambah dan perancangan pembangunan projek jalan.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Research Question 5
1.4 Significance of Study 6
1.5 Scope of Study 7
1.6 Organizations of Remaining Chapter 8
vi
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Road Safety-A Global Issue 9
2.2 Road Safety-A National Agenda 12
2.3 Road Safety-A Development Indicator 18
2.4 Road Safety Audit (RSA) 18
2.5 Qualification of RSA Auditor 21
2.6 Selection of Intersection Type 22
2.7 BDC Kenyalang Interchange 23
2.8 Intersection Safety 27
2.9 RSA Related Case Study by Others 29
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Obtaining Related Document 34
3.3 Road Safety Audit Stage 5 34
3.4 Questionnaires 38
3.5 Selection of Participants for Interview 39
3.6 Integration of Information 41
vii
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Summary of Previous Road Safety Audit Stage 4 and Stage 5 42
4.1.1 RSA Stage 4 42
4.1.2 RSA Stage 5 43
4.2 Road Safety Audit Stage 5 45
4.3 Summary of Interview Transcripts 51
4.4 Analysis of Interview Transcripts 59
4.4.1 Road safety awareness and practice in respective
department
59
4.4.2 Important factors in design consideration 59
4.4.3 General view and safety issue of BDC/Kenyalang
Interchange
60
4.4.4 Retrofit solution to overcome road safety deficiency 63
viii
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 65
5.2 Recommendation 66
REFERENCES 69
APPENDIX A
Road Safety Audit Guidelines-Australia, United Kingdom and Canada
74
APPENDIX B
Consent Form
75
APPENDIX C
JUGS Pro Sport Radar
76
APPENDIX D
Front Cover of Previous RSA Stage 4 and Stage5 Reports
77
APPENDIX E
Interview Transcript
78
ix
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Table 1.1: Accident Prone Stretches According to Division
Figure 2.1: Locality Plan
Figure 2.2: Typical Cross Section of Interchange and Connecting Roads
Table 2.1: The Five Pillars
Table 2.2: Chronology of Express Bus Tragedies in Malaysia Since 2006 to 2009
Table 2.3: Road Safety Audit Stages
Table 2.4: Selection of Intersection Type
Figure 2.1: Locality Plan
Figure 2.2: Typical Cross Section of Interchange and Connecting Roads
Table 3.1: Summary of Methodology for Data Collections
Table 3.2: Parameters for RSA Stage 5
Table 3.3: General Description of Participants
Figure 4.1: Guardrail as Protective Barrier to the Gantry Pole
x
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT.)
Figure 4.2: Crash Cushion as End Treatment
Figure 4.3: Speed Limit of 40 km/hr
Figure 4.4: Location of Speed Observer (X)
Figure 4.5: Inadequate Guide Sign
Figure 4.6 (a): Unsuitable Treatment to Guardrail End
Figure 4.6 (b): Improper Guardrail and Bridge Parapet Connection
Figure 4.6 (c): Poor Maintenance of Existing Road Furniture
Figure 4.6 (d): Improper removal of Superseded Road Marking
Figure 4.7: Unsuitable Parapet Type
Figure 4.8: Towards Jalan Datuk Bandar Mustapha approaching the sag portion
Table 4.1: Speed Observation Using Speed Radar Taken on 02.08.2012
Table 4.2 Summary of Interview with P1
Table 4.3 Summary of Interview with P2
Table 4.4 Summary of Interview with P3
xi
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT.)
Table 4.5 Summary of Interview with P4
Table 4.6 Summary of Interview with P5
Table 4.7 Summary of Interview with P6
Table 4.8 Summary of Interview with P7
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PWD Swk Public Works Department of Sarawak
WHO World Health Organisation
GDP Gross Domestic Product
RSA Road Safety Audit
ADB Asian Development Bank
UN United Nation
ASEAN Association of South East Asia Region
MKJR Road Safety Council of Malaysia
AAM Association of Automobile Malaysia
MUFORS Malaysia Unite For Road Safety
ATJ Arahan Teknik Jalan
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Road Safety Audit Guidelines-Australia,
United Kingdom and Canada
Appendix B Consent Form
Appendix C JUGS Pro Sports Radar
Appendix D Front Cover of Previous RSA Stage 4 and
Stage 5 Reports
Appendix E Interview Transcript
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Since 1963, the length of the roads connecting the people of Sarawak has been steadily
increased. In 2010, 9,064.97 km of roads maintained by Public Work Department of Sarawak
(PWD Swk) was opened to traffic, which consisted of 7,193.14 km of paved road and
1,961.51 km of unpaved road including 1573.62 km of paved and unpaved roads in Kuching
(PWD Swk, 2010). This does not include the roads under the jurisdiction of local
government.
The construction of road infrastructure has expedited development both in urban and
rural areas. Living quality has been improved gradually and vehicles ownership has rise
steadily over the years. However, increasing numbers of vehicles on the road increased the
risk of traffic crashes.
According to prediction by World Health Organisation (WHO) based on their
extensive study over the years, without effective prevention to overcome the road safety
problem, death due to road crashes will be in the top 5 causes of death by year 2030 way
2
ahead of HIV/AIDS and Malaria (WHO, 2009). Life is invaluable and cannot be price by
dollar and cent. For every life lost in road accident, to others, it is just a number added to the
statistic while to the surviving love ones; it was a devastated truth and life changing point.
The consequences of these, if translated to monetary lost, can amount to 70 times per capita
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for every road death while for serious injury estimated as 10
percent from the cost of death (iRAP, n.d.).
Road Safety Audit (RSA) is one of the accident preventive measures. The RSA was
pioneered by the United Kingdom in 1989. Due to its prevalent cost benefit ratio, countries
such as Australia, Denmark, and New Zealand including Malaysia and Singapore have
develop and adopt similar systems.
Road accident can be defined as an occurrence on a road due to the negligence or
omission by any party concerned or due to environmental factor resulting in a collision that
involved at least one moving vehicle whereby damage or injury is caused to any person,
property, vehicle, structure, or animal and is recorded by the police. A fatality due to traffic
accident is defined as immediate death or death within 30 days after an accident. This term
has been accepted internationally through Vienna Convention, 1968 (Jacobs et. al., 2000). In
Malaysia, number of death often reported as death for per 10,000 registered vehicles.
In 2011 for example, 25 accident prone stretches of road in Sarawak has been
identified by the Sarawak Road Safety Department as listed in Table 1.1.
3
Table 1.1: Accident Prone Stretches According to Division
Division Stretches
Kuching Sultan Tengah Road
Km 7 to Km 15 Matang Road
Stephen Yong Road
7th to 15
th Mile of Kuching-Serian Roan
Km 69 Lundu Road
Tabuan Jaya-Kota Samarahan Road
Samarahan Km 38 to Km 59 of Kuching-Serian Road
Km 86 to Km 87 of Kuching-Serian Road
Tondong-Bau Road
Sri Aman Km 6 of Sri Aman-Kuching Road
Km 106-Km 112 of Sri Aman-Kuchinf Road
Km 20 of Sri Aman-Sarikei Road
Km 16-Km 19 Simpang Bukit Punda Road
Miri Km 40 of Miri-Bintulu Coastal Road
Bakam-Luak Road
Km 9 of Pujut-Lutong Road
Km 5 of Miri Bypass
Km 13 Lambir-Niah-Bintulu Road
Sarikei Km 33-Km 38 of Saratok-Sarikei Road
Km 25 Bukit Sebangkoi Road
Sibu 6th to 13
th Mile of Oya Road
32nd to 37
th Mile of Sibu-Bintulu Road
Bintulu Km 23 Bintulu-Sibu Road
Km 15 Kidurong-Bintulu Road
Km 30 Similajau-Niah Road
Source: The Borneo Post, 15th August 2011
4
In view of this, it is utmost important to ensure that road user is protected from traffic
hazard by designing safer roads and improved traffic management for all traffic. Road safety
audit is a tool for identifying the potential hazard and is part of quality management in road
engineering. Incorporating RSA in all road projects will minimize the risk of a road
becoming an accident prone road.
1.2 Problem Statement
Accident occurrence at intersection has been a subject of interest for many road safety
researchers in Malaysia. The intersection is a connection of roads where conflict occurs and
accident is likely to occur.
Sohadi et. al. (2005) and Harnen et. al (2004) had focused their studies on the
occurrence of crashes at the intersection. The former has concluded that the rising numbers of
accidents are related to the increment in traffic volume and numbers of minor intersection.
On the other hand, the latter has revealed that by adopting their prediction of models for
motorcycle crashes, the design parameters of intersections can be further improve to
accommodate the vulnerable road users. Both studies were based on data analyzed using
generalized linear modeling.
Ismail et.al. (2011) has carried out a research to analyze the interchange ramps for five
accident blackspot interchange in West Malaysia. By using SPPS statistical package version
18.0 (USA) and Microsoft Office Excel 2007, they claimed that their study has revealed that
majority of the crashes were caused by overspeeding.
5
Post evaluation by analyzing historical accident data is a reactive reaction. It’s
normally done once an area was identified as “blackspot” or accident prone area. On the other
hand, RSA is a qualitative assessment which is useful in recognizes the problem and finding
the retrofit improvement solution to the loopholes in the safety aspect of a road (FHWA,
2009)
In Sarawak, road safety audit itself is rare and to the best of writer’s knowledge this is
the first post assessment ever carried out for interchanges in Sarawak. The selected
interchange was among the pioneer project that has been audited. However, there is no
assessment has been done to review its effectiveness. With limited RSA reports available as
reference in regards to local environment, planners and road authorities have to rely on other
sources which may not applicable and representative.
1.3 Research Questions
The purpose of this study is to examine the safety performance of BDC/Kenyalang
Interchange via Road Safety Audit (RSA) and assessed the road safety audit awareness and its
practice in Kuching. This research will be guided by the following questions:
i. What are the factors that consultant emphasize in their road design?
ii. RSA has been widely used as a tool to examine the road safety performance. What is
your opinion on RSA?
iii. BDC/Kenyalang Interchange was opened to public in 2007. What are the issues
associated with this interchange?
6
iv. Retrofit solution has been proven cost effective in many projects. In your opinion,
what are the viable solutions to overcome the deficiency in road safety feature of a
road?
1.4 Significance of the Study
RSA is relatively new in Sarawak. Unlike in West Malaysia, where RSA has been
introduced in the 90’s, there is only a handful of road projects in Sarawak include RSA as part
of its design requirements. Acknowledging the importance of road safety, the contractor in
charge of BDC/Kenyalang Interchange was required to engage a qualified RSA Auditor prior
to the year 2009 when RSA was formally introduced in Sarawak. Thus, this study is essential
and may provide a handy reference to the road authorities and planner. Being proactive in
nature, the outcome of this study can be used in value engineering evaluation if required by
interested party.
In this study, the BDC Kenyalang Interchange will be scrutinized in term of its safety
for all road users by conducting safety performance examination similar to RSA Stage 5
procedures and collecting of information through series of interviews with experts from
government agencies and private sectors. By combining both, awareness towards RSA
among those who need awareness of the process in order to put it into practice in the industry
i.e. implementation agencies and those who are the end user of the audit outcomes i.e. local
authorities and consultants can be assessed.
It is a hope that more studies can be carried out such as that more information can be
disseminate to the road authorities, policy maker and general public. Institute of higher
7
learning, particularly in Sarawak shall be more proactive in embarking to the field of research
and development related to road safety. Asian Development Bank (ADB) in their report
titled, ADB-ASEAN Regional Road Safety Program: Malaysia, has commented that various
reliable data and statistic on road accident have been collected over the years in Malaysia
which were underutilized due to scarcity of fund and lack of expert who are able to analyze
and translate it to useful information in combating road crashes.
Highlighting the success of RSA will further promote safety conscious and awareness
among road authorities and the policy makers in Sarawak. By knowing its substantial benefit,
project owner will be more willing to assist in term of funding for more research and
development in road safety. Indirectly, public confidence towards road networks investment
will be restored and more lives will be spared to enjoy the benefit of development in our
country.
1.5 Scope of Study
In this study, qualitative safety performance examination will be limited to Road
Safety Audit Stage 5 which will be conducted during day and night time. The
BDC/Kenyalang is selected as study area because it is one of the pioneer infrastructure
subjected to RSA namely RSA Stage 4 and Stage 5.
8
1.6 Organizations of Remaining Chapter
In the following chapter, the background and design of the selected project for case
study; BDC Kenyalang Interchange was reviewed.
Literature Review encompassed the road safety issues, both globally and locally. RSA
stages and qualification of RSA auditor were also discussed. At end of this chapter, the
interchange type and design requirements were reviewed.
In the Methodology, the case study approach will be explained in details.
The findings of the study will be documented in the Results and Discussion.
The results and discussion will be concluded and wrap up in the Conclusion.
The final chapter will highlight the recommendation to further improve the road safety
based on lesson learned in this case study.
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Road Safety-A Global Issue
“Every three minutes a child dies on the world’s roads and these lives can be
saved. We need a global action plan to ensure that key safety measures are put in
place”
-Sonia Gandhi, President, Indian National Congress
According to forecast by World Health Organization (WHO, 2009), in less than 4
years from now, road casualties will be the major cause of early death and disability for
children aged 5 and above. Each year 1.3 million lives lost and 50 million injure due to road
crashes. More than a decade ago, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies had raised their concerned and warned the world that “road crashes are a worsening
global disaster destroying lives and livelihoods, hampering development and leaving millions
in greater vulnerability” (Commission for Global Road Safety, 2009). By 2030, it was
predicted by WHO that yearly road fatalities will increased to 2.4 million.
10
Often, the death of the sole bread winner contributes to poverty. The loss of parents
had left millions of young children to the care of orphanages, deprived them of loves and care.
This does contribute to the escalating social problems among the new generation.
Acknowledging the seriousness of this problem, United Nation (UN) in 2008 has
endorsed a proposal by Commission for Global Road Safety to push for a Global Ministerial
Meeting on Road Safety as avenue to push for global road safety.
Subsequently, their proposal was accepted and UN has declared that 2011-2020 as the
Decade of Action for Road Safety which was officially commence on 11 May 2011 (B.
Turner et. al. 2011). Its aim is to achieve 50% reduction of forecast number of road fatalities
by 2020 which is equivalent to 5 million lives spare while the number of major injuries
avoided is estimated to about 50 million. GRSP was formed in 1999, aimed to formulate
ways to improve road safety through benefits-for all business partnership. Currently, 200
organizations have taken an active role in establishing the GRSP and it is now active in over
10 countries including ASEAN countries.
To accomplish the target, implementation plan will be based on 5 pillars developed from the
“safe systems” approach. According to the commission, “safe system” requires that design of
roads take into consideration the human error in addition to the preventive measures as well as
account for the worst case scenario where crashes will occur. The goal in “Safe system” is
zero fatality. The five pillars are building management capacity, influencing road design and
network management, influencing vehicle safety design, influencing road user behavior and
improving post-crash care. Briefed explanation on the 5 Pillars shown in Table 2.1. sourced
from Commission for Global Road Safety, 2009.
