A Study on Utilizing Methods of the Public Stock of Space

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Report of the Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Nihon UniversityNumber 101, 2017

A Study on Utilizing Methods of the Public Stock of Space as seen in the Korean Local Autonomy Centers – On Environmental Formation in Public Facilities for

a Resource Recycling-Based Society –Naoyuki HIROTA*

( Received September 6, 2016 )

Abstract

In Korea, the establishment of Citizen’s Local Autonomy Centers is proceeding at a rapid pace, and in the 3 years between 1999 and 2002, about 1,700 such centers have been completed. In some cases, these are new buildings, but in most cases, they have been developed by converting from other facilities. Reducing environ-mental impact has become an increasingly major task throughout the world, and recycling the use of the exist-ing stock of space can shorten the construction periods and reduce waste generation, therefore, measures of this sort can be seen in various places and fields. This focus of the present study is on the Local Autonomy Centers in Seoul Special City, where changes have been particularly marked. The scale, names, and functions of these facilities were analyzed based on the “Compendium of the Operational Status of Citizen’s Local Au-tonomy Centers Nationwide”, which was published in 2002 by the Korean Ministry of Government Adminis-tration and Home Affairs. In addition, differences in the functions and methods of development in cases in-volving new construction and conversion were clarified by conducting a local confirmatory survey and obtain-ing the necessary planning information. The information obtained was as follows;

1. The Citizen’s Local Autonomy Centers, together with Dong offices and the Armed Forces Reserves form complexes and represent the central facilities within districts.

2. The construction of Citizen’s Local Autonomy Centers can draw on examples of both newly constructed centers and converted facilities, with the scale of newly constructed facilities about double that of con-verted facilities.

3. Under Korea’s unique public facility development system, the construction of centers through the conver-sion of other facilities can be classified into three stages. First, in a short period, existing facility that can be reused, are refurbished, at which point, the conversion is completed. Next, after a few years of use, some of the facilities are combined and the others are eliminated.

4. Regarding the method of conversion for Local Autonomy Centers, the entire facility including interior and installations is remodeled except for the frame, which is left intact.

Key Words: Public Stock of Space, Local Autonomy Center, Remodeling, Facility Conversion, Korea

ISSN 0386-1678

* Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

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Naoyuki HIROTA

1. Introduction

1.1 Background and objectives of the researchIn 1994, the Local Government Law in Korea was

amended1), and in 1995 a general local election was held resulting in the revival of the local government2). Accompanying this social transformation, in associa-tion with the government measures in 1999 to trans-form the functions of Eup, Myeon, and Dong3) the es-tablishment of Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers (hereafter referred to as Local Autonomy Centers) pro-ceeded at a rapid pace, and by 2002 about 1,700 such centers were completed nationwide4). Although many centers were newly constructed, most were established by converting other types of facilities. Reducing envi-ronmental impact has become an increasingly major task around the world, and because recycling the use of the existing stock of space can shorten the construction period and reduce waste generation, so measures of this sort can be seen variety of places and fields. Con-version Local Autonomy Centers in Korea can be therefore seen as one step towards a society based on recycling, particularly in the case of public facilities.

The focus of the present study is on the Local Au-tonomy Centers in Seoul Special City, where change has been especially marked. The scale, names, and functions of such facilities were analyzed and based on “Compendium of the Operational Status of Citizen’s Local Autonomy Centers Nationwide” (hereafter re-ferred to as “Compendium of the Present Status”) which was published in 2002 by the Korean Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. In addition, differences in the functions and methods of development in the cases involving new construction and conversion were clarified by conducting a local confirmatory survey and obtaining the necessary plan-ning information.

1.2 Methods of the researchThis study focused on 505 examples*1 from which

the scale of the facility can be identified among the 510 examples contained in the “Compendium of the Pres-ent Status”. Since the establishment of the first Local Autonomy Center in Korea in 1999, development has proceeded at a rapid pace. The characteristics of this development is the division into complexes of “Dong

offices*2” and “Armed Forces Reserves*3” complexes that were newly constructed after 1999, and facilities built prior to 1999 that contained the Dong offices and the Armed Forces Reserves that were subsequently converted in part into Local Autonomy Centers. The resultof both cases was the facilities comprised “Local Autonomy Centers” + “Dong offices” + “Armed Forc-es Reserves”.

In this study, first, 505 examples from the “Compen-dium of the Present Status” were analyzed in terms of the room provision rate*4 and area composition per-centage*5 for the established function of the Local Au-tonomy Centers as of 2002. Second, of the 40 centers of newly constructed after 1999, 35 were visited, and the cooperation of 34 was obtained. In addition, of the 465 cases of facilities converted prior to 1999, 34 were visited, and the cooperation of 27 was obtained. Hence, in situ confirmation and hearing surveys were carried out for a total of 61 cases (Table 1). Of the 27 cases of conversion for which local surveys were carried out, four were refurbished after 2002, when the “Compen-dium of the Present Status” was published. The survey periods were as follows.

Survey period for newly constructed centers: 4 - 7 September 2007.

Survey period for converted facilities: 17 - 20 Au-gust 2008, and 29 - 31 August 2011.

2. Outline of Citizens’ Local Autonomy Center facilities

A common feature of Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers is the combination with “Dong offices” and “Armed Forces Reserves”. There are also cases in-volving a combination with police stations, childcare facilities, and public health facilities. By combining with Government Branch Offices, a civic core is formed, so that in the event of a disaster, the Armed Forces Reserves can lead the local citizenry and carry out self-defense functions and rescue activities. In ad-dition, combinations are also observed with other pub-lic facilities, including youth culture facilities and so-cial welfare facilities, and other private facilities, in-cluding private hospitals and sports clubs.

Looking at the scale of the facilities, converted fa-

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A Study on Utilizing Methods of the Public Stock of Space as seen in the Korean Local Autonomy Centers– On Environmental Formation in Public Facilities for a Resource Recycling-Based Society –

Table 1 List of in-situ survey casesCase No.

Local Autonomy Center Ward nameTotal floor area

(m2)Year built Complex / combined facility

1 Euljiro 3, 4, 5 ga-dong Jung-gu 376.9 19602 Sajik-dong Jongno-gu 244.2 19663 Sogong-dong Jung-gu 386.1 19714 Bon-dong Dongjak-gu 99.0 19805 Sangdo 2-dong Dongjak-gu 145.2 1987

6Sindang 3-dong

(Under repair work)Jung-gu 640.2 1988

7 Doseon-dong Seongdong-gu 287.1 19898 Munjeong 2-dong Songpa-gu 350.8 1989 Police station9 Mangu 1-dong Jungnang-gu 412.5 1989 Public safety facility

10 Yongdu 2-dong Dongdaemun-gu 297.0 199211 Sinwol 2-dong Yangcheon-gu 861.3 199212 Irwon 1-dong Gangnam-gu 1574.1 199213 Hongje 2-dong Seodaemun-gu 254.1 199314 Macheon 2-dong Songpa-gu 597.6 1993 Police station15 Gayang 3-dong Gangseo-gu 2269.2 199416 Gahoe-dong Jongno-gu 158.1 1995 Senior citizens’ hall17 Dangsan 1-dong Yeongdeungpo-gu 838.2 1996 Kindergarten18 Junghwa 2-dong Jungnang-gu 537.9 1997 University for the Elderly19 Bongcheon 7-dong Gwanak-gu 666.6 199720 Deungchon 3-dong Gangseo-gu 1072.5 199721 Nonhyeon 2-dong Gangnam-gu 3168.0 199722 Hongje 4-dong Seodaemun-gu 300.3 199823 Daechi 2-dong Gangnam-gu 1960.2 199824 Namgajwa 2-dong Seodaemun-gu 161.7 199925 Gocheok 1-dong Guro-gu 171.6 1999 Police station26 Wolgok 2-dong Seongbuk-gu 247.5 199927 Haengdang 2-dong Seongdong-gu 310.2 199928 Yeonnam-dong Mapo-gu 501.6 199929 Sillimbon-dong Gwanak-gu 528.0 199930 Mok 2-dong Yangcheon-gu 551.1 199931 Dapsimni 2-dong Dongdaemun-gu 646.8 199932 Cheongdam 1-dong Gangnam-gu 1692.9 199933 Ssangmun 2-dong Dobong-gu 151.8 2000 Public health facility34 Jamwon-dong Seocho-gu 201.3 2000 Police station35 Dobong 2-dong Dobong-gu 231.0 2000 Social welfare office36 Seongsu 2-ga 1-dong Seongdong-gu 290.4 200037 Gasan-dong Geumcheon-gu 346.5 200038 Dohwa 2-dong Mapo-gu 405.9 200039 Sinjeong 3-dong Yangcheon-gu 732.6 200040 Nonhyeon 1-dong Gangnam-gu 1584.0 200041 Daejo-dong Eunpyeong-gu 120.5 200142 Chungjeongno-dong Seodaemun-gu 403.3 200143 Dongseon 1-dong Seongbuk-gu 511.5 200144 Bongcheon 5-dong Gwanak-gu 577.5 200145 Singongdeok-dong Mapo-gu 617.1 200146 Sinsa-dong Gangnam-gu 735.9 200147 Jayang 2-dong Gwangjin-gu 808.5 2001 Children’s house48 Ahyeon 3-dong Mapo-gu 945.5 200149 Sangdo 3-dong Dongjak-gu 227.7 2002 Private hospital, sports club50 Chang 3-dong Dobong-gu 247.5 2002 Youth culture hall51 Haengdang 1-dong Seongdong-gu 346.5 2002 Children’s house52 Yeonhui 2-dong Seodaemun-gu 353.1 200253 Bugahyeon 3-dong Seodaemun-gu 415.8 200254 Myeonmok 3-dong Jungnang-gu 495.0 200255 Junggok 2-dong Gwangjin-gu 541.2 2002 Police station56 Dorim 2-dong Yeongdeungpo-gu 1197.9 200257 Chang 2-dong Dobong-gu Unclear 200258 Yongsan 2 ga-dong Yongsan-gu 113.9 2003 Police station59 Hyehwa-dong Jongno-gu Unclear 200660 Ichon 1-dong Yongsan-gu Unclear 2006 Youth training facility61 Hwagok 5-dong Gangseo-gu 4104.6 2008 Children’s house

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Naoyuki HIROTA

cilities have an average area of about 250m2, whereas newly constructed facilities have double this area at about 500m2.

Also, based on the area of Seoul Special City (about 600km2) and the number of Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers (N=510), each center is calculated to serve an area within about 600-m radius, which equates to a population of about 20,000. Therefore, this value cor-responds to one elementary school district in Korea.

3. Functions of Citizens’ Local Autonomy Center

From the “Compendium of Present Status”, the

rooms provided in the Local Autonomy Centers were arranged and classified according to the functions. The arrangement method involved judging the function from the room name, and inferring the use of the room from the equipment. The classification the items, the room names, and the equipment are shown in Table 2, and the percentages of provision of these are shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 1, the percentages for 1) “Learning” and 3) “Meeting” were both in excess of 80%, so these can be said to be the main functions of the Local Autonomy Centers.

Table 2 Outline of the classification items

Classification item No. of cases Room names Equipment

1. Learning 447 Internet room, reading room, video/film/music room

Computers, books, AV equipment

2. Practical learning 92 Language room, cooking room, calligraphy room, singing room, English room, Chinese classics room, nature training, study room, nori room, home fashion, karaoke room, billiards, DDR room, igo room, flower arrangement room, creative room, learning room, multi-pur-pose/multi-use room

Dish drier, gas cooker, food shelves, fridge, cre-ative platform, calligra-phy equipment

3. Meetings 431 Hobby room, culture room, lecture/meeting room, consultation room, residents’ room, chil-drens’ room, seminar room, circle room, life-long learning room, culture modern/source of culture, guruban, nanunban, saranban

Desk, chair, table, sofa, dais, blackboard

4. Physical exercise 157 Health promotion room, aerobics room, life-style exercise room, table tennis room, sports room, culture and exercise meeting room, artis-tic bodily function room,multi-purpose/multi-use room

Fitness equipment, table tennis board, yoga mat

5. Multi-purpose 248 Multi-purpose/multi-use room Desk, chair, table, table tennis board, music equipment, multi-vision

6. Exhibitions 33 Exhibition room Desk, chair, table

7. Offices 17 Offices Desk, chair, sofa, com-puter

8. Interchange 47 Open room, exercise room Desk, chair, table, sofa

9. Other 23 Other, citizens’ culture center, free food supply room, residents’ meeting room, outdoor activi-ties recreation space, green shops, womens’ classroom, womens’ center, hair and beauty sa-lon, blood pressure measurement, culture café, music and lighting room, locker room, material room, preparation room, culture and welfare room

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3.1 Percentages of provision of rooms with various functions in newly constructed centers and con-verted facilities

Table 3 shows the percentages of provision of the room with various function for newly constructed cen-ters and converted facilities. Differences were seen in the following items: 2) “Practical learning “, 4) “Exer-cise”, 5) “Multi-purpose”, and 6) “Exhibition”. A dif-ference in scale of a factor of about 2 was seen between the newly constructed centers and converted facilities. As a result, this was considered to show trends in the percentages of provision of room for 4) “Exercise”, which requires area, as well as functional classifica-tions such as 2) “Practical learning “, and 6) “Exhibi-tions”.

Next, in order to study the effect of the difference in scale on the functions provided, both the newly con-structed centers and converted facilities were divided into three separate classification*6 according to scale, and the trends in provision of rooms with the various functions were observed. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the common trends in both newly constructed centers and converted facilities, regardless of scale was the high

percentages of provision of 1) “ Learning “ and 3) “Meeting”. Furthermore, provision of 2) “Practical learning “ and 4) “Exercise” tended to increase with increases in scale. In addition, for the converted facili-ties different trends were also seen, including the per-centage of provision of 5) “Multi-purpose”, which was about 50% regardless of scale, and of 2) “Practical

Fig. 1 Percentages of the classification items

Table 3 Comparison of rates of provision for newly constructed centers and converted facilities

1. Learning

2. Practicallearning

3. Meetings

4. Exercise

5. Multi-purpose

6. Exhibitions

7. Offices

8. Interchange

9. Other

Newlyconstructed

82.5%

27.5%

87.5%

40.0%

37.5%

10.0%

5.0%

10.0% 7.5%

Converted 89.0%

17.4%

85.2%

30.3%

50.1%

6.2%

3.2%

9.2% 4.3%

Fig. 2 Comparison of percentages of provision according to scale of the facility

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Naoyuki HIROTA

learning “, which tended to increases with increases in scale. Regarding newly constructed facilities, the per-centage of provision of 5) “Multi-purpose” has shown wide variation with scale, and the percentages of provi-sion of 8) “Interchange” and 7) “Offices” for centers sized 250m2 or larger and 6) “Exhibition” for those sized 450m2 or larger were compared with converted facilities. Another difference was observed in that for newly constructed facilities, the functions provided in-creased as the scale increases increased the functions provided also increase, but whereas in for the convert-ed facilities, the functions provided were concentrated almost completely on 1) to 5), regardless of scale.

3.2 Percentages of area of the rooms for each func-tion

The standard deviation of the total floor area was calculated for each of the 505 cases, and the percent-ages of area for each functional classification item for 480 of these cases was obtained (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 also shows that the percentages for 3) “Meeting”, 5) “Multi-purpose”, and 1) “ Learning “ were high. The item 5) “Multi-purpose” includes cases corresponding to light sports, such as table tennis, and large scale meetings. Numerous cases were also seen in which, several rooms were provided for 3) “Meeting”, as this is a cen-tral function of the Local Autonomy Centers, this per-centage was also high.

Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the area composition percentages for the newly constructed centers and the converted facilities according to scale, similar to that described in the previous section. The area composi-tion percentages tend to increase with increases in the scale of the facility for 2) “Practical learning “, 4) “Ex-ercise”, and 6) “Exhibition” for the newly constructed centers, and for 2) “Practical learning “ and 4) “Exer-cise” for the converted facilities. For both cases, the increase in facility scale tends to lead to a specializa-tion in function.

4. Transitions in functions provided as seen in newly constructed centers

Of the 40 cases of centers newly constructed be-tween 1999 and 2002, 34 were visited to confirm of the actual status of the facility and hearing surveys of the

facility managers were carried out. As a result, in the short 5-year period since the last survey was carried out in 2007, it was clear that some changes were made to the Local Autonomy Center function space in 25 facili-ties, or about 73% of the cases. Of these, in four cases a rooftop penthouse was built due to insufficient area. This indicates the rapid response of the government to the wishes of the citizens for the Local Autonomy Cen-ters.

Almost all the increased room space was due to the

Fig. 3 Area composition percentages according to classifica-tion item

Fig. 4 Comparison of percentages of provision according to facility scale

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transfer of management from the management zone of the Dong offices to that of the Local Autonomy Centers as a result of the increase in demand from the citizens. In the 34 cases shown in Fig. 5, 77 rooms were in-creased in size. Item 9) “Others” includes warehouse and other storage space that enabled activities through an increased amount of storage space of equipment, which became necessary as demand for 1) “Learning” and 3) “Meeting” increased.

Next, Table 4 shows the conversion of functions of the room space within the Local Autonomy Centers. Of 21 rooms that were converted, 11 were converted from the function 3) “Meeting”. About 50% of the to-tal room space after conversion had the functions 1) “ Learning “ and 2) “Practical learning “. This indicates that demand for the role of Local Autonomy Centers shifted from an emphasis on the meetings to the train-ing as the role of the Local Autonomy Centers. It can be said that in the Local Autonomy Centers in Korea, the function conversion of rooms has been carried out within a few years of being newly construction, this operational characteristic has taken place in operation in response to changes in demands of the citizens.

5. Methods of providing converted facilities

Fig. 6 shows diagrammatically the methods of pro-viding converted Local Autonomy Center, while Table 5 shows a compilation of the relevant data. Converted facilities established by adding the the function of Lo-cal Autonomy Center to facilities used for Armed Forc-es Reserves and Dong offices in order to provide a complex facility. No. (1) shows the first stage of a case

Fig. 5 Newly provided rooms

Table 4 Changes in the classification items before and after conversion

Classification item before conversion

No. of cases before conversion

Classification item after conversion

No. of cases after conversion

1. Learning 21. Learning 1

5. Multi-purpose 1

2.Practical learning 4

1. Learning 1

3. Meetings 1

9. Other 2

3. Meetings 11

1. Learning 3

2. Practical learning 2

3. Meetings 1

9. Other 2

Dong Head office 2

None 1

4. Exercise 21. Learning 1

3. Meetings 1

5. Multi-purpose 21. Learning 1

7. Offices 1

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Naoyuki HIROTA

in which a Local Autonomy Center is added to an exist-ing facility with Armed Forces Reserves and Dong of-fices through remodeling to provide a complex facility. At this stage, variation is seen between the area served by the center and the population. No. (2) shows the second stage of conversion in which the criteria for the area served (radius of about 600m) or of the population served (about 20,000) are not satisfied, or where the status of use is low, so facilities are combined or elimi-nated. In this case, the eliminated center is converted to another function through remodeling. No. (3) shows a case in which it is not possible to combine No. (2) into one facility because of scale or function to com-bine into one facility, so two facilities are integrated into one newly constructed center, and the two existing facilities are converted to other functions. The hearing surveys confirmed that the excess facilities generated by combining and eliminating Local Autonomy Cen-ters were basically typically converted to welfare fa-cilities. These procedures for providing public facili-ties differ greatly from the methods of providing public facilities in Japan.

Fig. 6 Classification of conversion methods of conversion based on the in-situ survey

Table 5 Relationship between year of construction and conversion method

Case No. Year of construction

ClassificationCase No. Year of

constructionClassification

1 2 3 1 2 3

1 1960 ○ 15 1992 ○

2 1965 ○ 16 1992 ○

3 1966 ○ 17 1993 ○

4 1971 ○ 18 1993 ○

5 1978 ○ 19 1994 ○

6 1980 ○ 20 1995 ○

7 1980 ○ 21 1996 ○

8 1987 ○ 22 1997 ○

9 1987 ○ 23 1997 ○

10 1988 ○ 24 1997 ○

11 1989 ○ 25 1997 ○

12 1989 ○ 26 1998 ○

13 1989 ○ 27 1998 ○

14 1992 ○Total

Cases 15 8 4

% 56 30 15

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6. Summary

The knowledge obtained regarding the methods of providing the Korean Local Autonomy Centers in Ko-rea is as follows;

1. The Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers are com-bined with Dong offices and the Armed Forces Reserve, and serve as central facilities in an area.

2. The Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers include newly constructed centers and converted facili-ties, and the scale of newly constructed centers is about the double one of converted facilities.

3. The methods of the establishing centers by facility conversion can be classified into three stages. In the unique system of providing public facilities in Korea, first, an existing facility that can be reused for the entire area is refurbished in a short period of time, at which point, the conversion is com-pleted. Next, after a few years of use, some of the facilities are combined and the others are elimi-nated.

4. In cases involving the conversion of Local Au-tonomy Centers, the entire facility including inte-rior and equipment is remodeled except for the frame, which is left intact.

Notes:*1 Of the 510 Citizens’ Local Autonomy Centers

within the Special City of Seoul, two centers for which the area was not known, and three centers for which the year of construction was not known were excluded, resulting in a total of 505 cases for analysis.

*2 A government office that plays the role of a branch office of the City Government Office.

*3 An organization used for local defense after mili-tary service. In the event of an emergency, the re-

serves are drafted.*4 The “percentage of provision” represents the num-

ber of rooms as a percentage of the number of Lo-cal Autonomy Centers.

*5 The “area composition percentage” represents the area of rooms for a classification item as a percent-age of the Local Autonomy Center total floor area.

*6 The standard deviation of area was obtained sepa-rately for newly constructed centers and converted facilities, and the variation was divided into three stages. Newly constructed centers had an upper limit of about 800m2 and a lower limit of about 150m2, whereas converted facilities had an upper limit of about 400m2 and a lower limit of about 150m2.

References1) Naoyuki HIROTA et al.: “Status of provision of

public meeting facilities in Korea - Survey of pub-lic meeting facilities in Korea, Part 1”, 32nd Lec-ture Conference of the College of Industrial Tech-nology, Nihon University, December 1999, pp. 77 to 80

2) Huang Jong Gong et al.: “Korea’s social education and lifetime learning - towards the creation of a citizen’s society”, Eidell Institute Co., Ltd., Octo-ber 2006, pp. 15

3) Kim Yun Hwan et al: “The position of ‘Local Au-tonomy Centers’ in Korea - Survey of public meet-ing facilities in Korea, Part 2”, 32nd Lecture Con-ference of the College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, December 1999, pp. 81 to 84

4) Korean Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs: “teiseibann Compendium of the Operational Status of Citizen’s Local Autonomy Centers Nationwide (1) Special City of Seoul”, pp. 1

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Naoyuki HIROTA

Fig.7 One example of plan configuration of Local Autonomy Center Fig.8 Photographs of Local Autonomy center

Renovation of the outer wall

Renovation in the room

Second floor photo of Fig.7

Third floor photo of Fig.7

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韓国自治センターにみる公共ストック空間の活用方法─資源循環型社会に向けた公的施設の環境形成について─

廣田　直行

概　　要

韓国では，住民自治センターの設置が急速に進められ，1999年〜 2002年までの３年間に，全国で約1,700館の設置が完了している。これらには新築事例も含まれるが，その多くは他施設からの転用事例によって整備されている。環境負荷低減が世界的な課題となっている中，ストック空間の循環利用は，建設時の工期を短縮させ廃棄物の発生を抑制することができるため, 様々な地域・分野で取り組みがみられる。本研究は，特に変化の著しいソウル特別市の自治センターを対象にして，2002年に韓国行政自治部から発行された「全国住民自治センター運営現状集」を基に，施設規模や設置室名称と機器などの概要を整理した。さらに実態確認調査から新築と転用事例の機能の違いと整備方法を明らかにし，その際に必要となる計画的知見について整理した。得られた知見は下記の通りである。

①住民自治センターは洞事務所・軍隊予備軍と複合し，地域の中核施設となっている。② 住民自治センターには新築事例と転用事例があり，新築事例の規模は転用事例の約２倍となって

いる。③ 施設転用による整備方法は３つの段階に整理できる。韓国独自の公共施設整備のシステムで，ま

ず短期間で対象とする全域の再利用可能な既存施設を改修し，配置を完了する。次に，数年の利用状況の結果で統廃合により再配置を行う。

④ 自治センターの転用事例では，リモデリング法による再整備で，スケルトンを残しインフィルを改装する方法がとられている。

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Biographical Sketches of the Author

Naoyuki Hirota was born in June 26, 1959 in Hokkaido, Japan. He obtained his Doc-toral Degree of Engineering in 1999 from Nihon University. Dr. Hirota is a professor of Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technol-ogy, Nihon University. His special field of study is Architectural Planning. He served as the Affairs Director for the Architectual Institute of Japan from 2007 to 2009. He is cur-rently a member of Architectual Planning Committee of the Architectual Institute of Ja-pan.

Documents

A Study on Utilizing Methods of the Public Stock of Space