A Study Report on Women Entrepreneurship With Reference to Small Scale Industries

7/30/2019 A Study Report on Women Entrepreneurship With Reference to Small Scale Industries

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A study report on women Entrepreneurship with reference to small scale

industries


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INTRODUCTION

It is estimated that women entrepreneurs presently comprise about 10% of the total number of

entrepreneurs in India, with the percentage growing every year. If the prevailing trends continue,

it is likely that in another five years, women will comprise 20% of the entrepreneurial force.

With corporate's eager to associate and work with women-owned businesses, and a host of banks

and non-governmental organizations keen to help them get going, there has rarely been a better

time for women with zeal and creativity to start their own business.

Endowed with the famous female intuition that helps them make the right choices even in

situations where experience and logic fail, women have innate flair for entrepreneurship.

Although men and women may be motivated by different goals and expectations (In her book,

When Money Isn't Enough, Connie Glaser reports that male entrepreneurs are motivated by the

potential to earn lots of money, while women start their own companies because they seek

greater control over their personal and professional lives.) women entrepreneurs are just as

competent, if not better, than their male counterparts.

Women are more likely than men to admit when they do not know something and ask for help.

They are natural networkers and relationship builders, forging powerful bonds and nurturing

relationships with clients and employees alike. They are also more inclined to seek out mentorsand develop supportive teams. In business this translates into establishing rapport with clients

and providing great customer service. This perhaps is the reason why many women tend to

launch businesses that are client based or service-oriented.

Sometimes, however, a lack of training and prior experience can render women entrepreneurs

susceptible to a number of pitfalls. The following guidelines are aimed at helping women

entrepreneurs cross some of the typical pitfalls that may crop up on their path to success:

Don't undervalue your abilities. Women typically tend to give away too much and charge too

little. This is a common phenomenon in service-based industries where they may charge by the

hour instead of charging a fee on the merit of knowledge or service rendered. Adopting value-

based charges and charging per project (not on weekly or monthly basis), will help women

entrepreneurs gain the actual worth of the services rendered.


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Learn to juggle family with business. Unlike men, it is difficult for women to completely ignore

family obligations when pursuing business, and they can quickly lose sight of their desire to have

a balanced life in the face of a demanding new business. It is important to sustain a personal life

and balance family obligations with professional ones, if they are to be successful and happy.

Women also need to be twice as persistent and assertive to make their presence felt in a

predominantly male business world. Network, but in a way you feel comfortable with. Establish

limits and do make sure that you are well within your comfort zone when networking with

others.

Do not forget you are running a business. Piling on work/life benefits will not do anyone any

good if doing so cuts too deeply into the company's bottom line. You have to learn to be attentive

to people's needs and still run a profitable business. Women typically fight shy of self-

endorsement. Do not be afraid to promote yourself.

Remember, if you want a thriving business you must market yourself and take credit for your

achievements. If your marketing is shoddy no one will know what you have to offer Though

sidelined as the `weaker sex' for long, with encouragement, support and a conducive

environment, woman entrepreneurs are fast becoming a force to reckon with in the business

world.

An entrepreneur perceives a need and then brings together the manpower, materials and

capital required to meet that need. Entrepreneurs search for change, respond to it and exploit it as

an opportunity. Entrepreneurship involves combining factors of production to initiate changes

and it is a discontinuous process. The high rate of economic growth strengthens the nation,

provides a high standard of living to the people to protect the interest of the poor.

Women constitute almost half of the total population in the world. But their

representation in employment is comparatively low According the I.L.O report in 1980, Women

are 50 per cent of the worlds population, do the two-thirds of the worlds work hours, receive

ten percent of the worlds income and own less than one percent of worlds property


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The concept of Women Entrepreneurship:

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate,

organize and operate a business enterprise. According to Schumpeter an entrepreneur is an

innovating individual who introduces something new into the economy.

According to the Government of India, a women entrepreneur is defined as an

enterprise owned and controlled by a woman and having a minimum financial interest of 51 per

cent of capital an giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to

women.

Functions and role of women entrepreneurs :

1. Explore the prospects of starting new enterprises

2. Undertaking of risks and the handling of economic uncertainties

3. Introduction of innovations

4. Coordination, administration and control

5. Routine supervision.

Rural women Entrepreneurship:

A rural women entrepreneurship is a women or group of women who undertake to

organize and run an enterprise in a rural area. The supply of rural women entnerprenrship may be

classified into the following categories.

1. Women who take t o entrepreneurship because of dire economic needs

2. Women who take to entrepreneurship because they had the family background

tradition in some skills or trade

3. Women who take it up because they have certain personality characteristics such a

needs for achievement, need for power and influence etc.,


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4. Women who take it up as a leisure time activity and

5. on official advice and guidance.

Women entrepreneurship in World:

In countries like Japan, Malaysia and Singapore women started their home industries

only their leisure time and later it was converted as full time work. According the informations,

the women entrepreneurship percentage in U.S.A in 3.7 % and in Canada 5.8%. In Canada, the

growth in female self- employment nation wide has increased by an annual average rate of 5.8%

.

Women entrepreneurs in India:

India got independence in the year 1947. The then first Prime minister Pandith

Jawaharlal Nerhu said, Freedom depends on economic conditions even more than political. If a

women is not economically free and self-earning she will have to depend on her husband or

some one else and dependents are never free. As a result of this, a new perspective came into

existence. Women were encouraged to get higher education as men. Facilities were provided for

women to get new jobs and enter into every walk of life. Later, gradually the phenomenon of

women entrepreneurship entered into developed economics.

In India. the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980 85) encouraged self-employment of women. It

provided a package of services to women entrepreneurs who want to launch self-employment.

On 30th

December 1987 in Bombay, a new organization called All Indian Manufactures

organization was set up with a view to encourage, motivate and provide guidance to prospective

women entrepreneurs to set up industries In a message to the Indian council for women

entrepreneurs, Mr.Rajiv Ganandi said, A big effort is still required to ensure the emergence of

women in the fields of business industry and entrepreneurship.


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Women entrepreneurship in Tamilnadu:

In Tamil Nadu female population is 49.28 percent and the literacy rate of the female

population is 52.29 percent as per 1991 census. Consequently the number of educated women

expects employment in Government department. But the government cannot provide

employment to all women. Hence, it is absolutely necessary that many of them will have to find

out employment for themselves. Taking this aspect into consideration the Tamil Nadu

Government started Entrepreneurship Development Program in 1991- 92 to make women start

small business units.

Various scholars on women entrepreneurship have made search researches. The research studies

on women entrepreneurship focus on the various aspects namely, the influencing factors of

entrepreneurship, the personal and social factors of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial qualities, type

of organizations, inadequate working capital, training given to the entrepreneurs, management of

enterprise, economic independence, problems faced by the women entrepreneurs and the

suggestions to overcome difficulties.

Generally the personality traits such as achievement motivation, risk taking, sense of

efficacy, need for independence and recognition etc., are some of the potential factors for

entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are creative, innovative, adaptable and capable of assimilating

modern values.

Another study classifies the four factors that contributed womens entry into

entrepreneurship as socio-economic and political climate, experience of socialization, education

and work; individual needs of financial and self-fulfillment, and the transitional events of pushes

and pulls.


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In India women entrepreneurs emerge mostly because of the push factors i.e.,

responsibility thrust on them. In western societies, women in service tend to become

entrepreneurs because of job discrimination, constraints on promotion, sexual harassment at

workplace, influence of mentors and mass media communication.1

Studies on women entrepreneurs reveal that entrepreneurship is not a special privilege for

the educated, for the women with no formal education or training many venture into business and

prove to be successful.2

Other studies have reported that entrepreneurs have high educational

qualification.3

Where woman are already burdened with many social pressures, education is a

powerful tool in breaking down the barriers to successful entrepreneurship.4

Family background

is essential for starting the enterprise and the family support is found to be facilitating the

entrepreneurial success.

Studies on women entrepreneurs have found them to be hardworking, dependent,

determined and self-confident.5

They are committed to a career satisfaction, which transcends

other aspects of their lives.6

Various research studies focus on the problems faced by women entrepreneurs and the

suggestions to overcome the obstacles.

1 Berns, M. Communication variables and Female entrepreneurshipExploratory case studies of Six Former

corporate Executive women, 19862 Rani, C. Potential Women entrepreneursA Study, Women and DevelopmentWomen in Enterprise and

Profession, New Delhi, Discovery Publishing House, 1991.

3

Srinivas, M.N.A sociological study of Okhla industrial estate, Delhi: cited in small Industries and social change,UNESCO, 1966. ** Derossi, F. The Maxican Entrepreneur, Paris: Development center of the organization for

Economic corporation and Development, 1971. ** Mancuso, J. Funds and Guts, The Entrepreneurs Philosophy,

1973.4 Grace G. Female EntrepreneursSocial and Psychological Variables as related to Business Characteristic,

Dissertation Abstract, International, June 1987.

5 Lynne. R. Huntley, women entrepreneurs are career choiceDissertation Abstract International, 1985

6 Ibid


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The study of D. Narendra kumar and D. Himachalam7

(1991) points out the problems

like stiff competition, low ability to bear economic risk, technical and environmental risk and

late commencement of women entrepreneurship in the country.

The following suggestions are given by the authors to overcome the difficulties 1.

Women should be encouraged and supported by the male population and family members in

establishing business units 2. Young and educated women should come forward to enter the field

of entrepreneurship.

There are other problems, which are identified by V.N. Pujar are 1. No need of

achievement 2. No risk bearing capacity 3. Lack of education 4. Family involvement and 5. Lack

of information and experience.8

Authors like S.L Kirloskar9(1988), Hari Narayana Rao

10(1991), Narendra Kumar (1991)

and Vijayalakshmi 11(1992) give the following suggestions to overcome the problems of

entrepreneurs.

1. At the school level itself entrepreneurial development courses may be conducted and this

may be further reinforced at the college level.

7

Narendra Kumar, D. Himachalam, D. Women entrepreneurship in India, Problems and Prospects, MonthlyCommentary on Indian Economic Condition, 1991.

8 Pujar, V.N. Development of Women entrepreneurship in India(ed) Sammiuddin, entrepreneurship. Development

in India, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1991.

9 Kriloskar, S.L Successful Innovation, University News, 198810 Hari Narayana Rao, Promotion of Women entrepreneurship(A Brief comment SEDME, 199111 Vijayaliakshmi, V. Women entrepreneurship -(ed) chandrasekar Rajakumari, Womens Resource and National

Development: A perspective, New Delhi: Gaurav Publications, 1992.


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2. Any institution for training women to become entrepreneurs should fix no age limit.

3. Publicity regarding various on going rural development programmes for women must

be undertaken at regular intervals in remote and backward areas.

4. The assistance of voluntary organizations is vital in creating entrepreneurial awareness,

motivation, identification, training, selection of schemes and regular monitoring of the

units.

Every entrepreneur wants to become successful. To become successful the research of T.P.J

Bharathi (1991) suggests steps to overcome the difficulties to the would be women

entrepreneurs. The list includes the following.12

1. The first and foremost thing for a woman entrepreneur is that she must be bold enough to

shake the reserve role.

2. She needs a training at least for ten days in the lines of production.

3. She has to realize that her responsibility is two foldhousehold and project management.

Problems faced by Women entrepreneurs

Apart from the tacit assumption that women are frail and indecisive, women

entrepreneurs encounter many problems. The main problems faced by the women entrepreneurs

may be analyzed as follows.

Shortage of finance

12 Bharathi, T.P.J- women entrepreneurs in Salem District- A success story mysore Economic Review, 1991


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Women entrepreneurs always suffer from inadequate resources and working capital.

They are lacking access to external funds due to absence of tangible security and credit in the

market. Women do not generally have property to their names. Owing to the lack of confidence

in womens ability, male members in the family do not like to risk their capital in ventures run

by women.

Inefficient arrangements for marketing and sale

For marketing their products, women entrepreneurs are often at the mercy of the middlemen who

pocket large chunk of profit. Although the middlemen exploit the women entrepreneurs, the

elimination of middlemen is difficult because it involves a lot of running about.

Shortage of raw materials

Women entrepreneurs find it difficult to procure raw materials and other necessary inputs.

Stiff competition

Many of the women enterprises have imperfect organizational setup. They have to face

severe competition from organized industries and male entrepreneurs.

High cost of production

Another problem which undermines the efficiency and restricts the development of

women enterprises is the high cost of production. Government assistance in the form of grants

and subsidies to some extent enables them to tide over this difficulty.


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Low mobility

One of the biggest handicaps for women entrepreneurs is mobility or traveling from place

to place. Women on their own find it difficult to get accommodation in smaller towns.

Family Responsibilities

In India, it is mainly a womens duty to look after the children an d other members of the

family. Her involvement in family leaves little energy and time for business. Married women

entrepreneurs have to make a fine balance between business and home. Their success in this

regard also depends upon supporting husband and family. Without the support and approval of

husband, the female entrepreneurs cannot succeed.

Social attitudes

The biggest problem of a woman entrepreneur is the social attitude and the constraints in

which she has to live and work. In rural areas, women face resistance not only from males but

also from elderly females who have accepted inequality. Rural women have the potential but

they are not properly trained.

Low ability bear risk

Women have comparatively a low ability to bear economic and other risks because they

have led a protected life. Sometimes they face discrimination in the selection for entrepreneurial

development training. Some of them lack entrepreneurial initiative or specialized training.


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Inferiority complex, unplanned growth, lack of infrastructure late start, etc. are other problems of

women entrepreneurs in India.

Lack of education

In India literacy among women is very low. Due to lack of education, majority of women

are unaware of technological developments, marketing knowledge, etc. Lack of information and

experience created further problems in the setting up and running of business enterprises.

Low need for achievement

Need for achievement, independence and autonomy are the prerequisites for success in

entrepreneurship. But women are proud to bask in the glory of their parents, husbands, sons, etc.

Their preconceived notions about their role in life inhibit achievement and independence. In the

absence of the required urge to achieve few women succeed as entrepreneurs.

Remedies to solve the problems of women entrepreneurs

The following measures may be adopted to solve the problems faced by women

entrepreneurs in India:

Finance cells

In various public financial institutions and banks special cells may be opened for

providing easy finance to women entrepreneurs. These cells should be manned by women

officers and clerks. Efforts should be made to provide finance at the local level. Finance to

women entrepreneurs may be provided at concessional rates of interest and on easy repayment

basis.


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Marketing cooperatives

Encouragement and assistance should be provided to women entrepreneurs for setting up

cooperatives. These cooperatives will pool the inputs of women enterprises and sell them on

remunerative prices. Such cooperatives will help to eliminate the middlemen. Central and state

Government should give priority to women entrepreneurs while purchasing for their requirement.

Supply of raw materials

Scarce and imported raw materials may be made available to women entrepreneurs on

priority basis. A subsidy may also be given to make th products manufactured by women

entrepreneurs cost competitive.

Education and awareness

It is necessary to change negative social attitudes towards women. Elders, particularly,

mothers and mothers-in-law, need to be made aware of the potential of girls and their due role in

society. Unless the social attitudes are made positive not much progress can be made by women

entrepreneurs.

Training facilities

Training and skills are essential for the development of entrepreneurship. Training

schemes should be so designed that women can take full advantage. Family members do not lied

women to go away to far off places for training. Therefore, mobile training centers should be

arranged. Similarly, part time training facilities, especially during afternoons will attract more


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women to acquire skills. Additional facilities like stipend, good hygienic crches, transport

facilities, etc. should be offered to attract more and more women to the training centers.

Selection of industry by women entrepreneurs

Proper selection of industry to be set up by a women entrepreneur depends upon the

following factors:

1. Family background

2. Education

3. Attitude

4. Training. Etc

Importance of study:

In recent years women have made their mark in different walks of life and are competing

successfully with men despite the social, psychological and economical barriers. This has been

possible due to education, political awakening, urbanization, legal safeguards, social reforms

etc., Some of the women have distinguished themselves in may unconventional fields as Prime

Minister, Ambassadors, Governors, space scientists, pilots, vice-chancellors, administrators and

also entrepreneurs.

In business, the entry of women is a relatively new phenomenon. On account of thebreak-up of the joint family system and need for additional income to maintain living standards

in the face of inflation, women began to enter the competitive world of business. Women may

start her business due to several reasons. She may not be able to find a job in market place or she

may not be able to work out of her house. So, the above said points can be suggested for

importance of stud.


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Statement of the problem

This study is explored mainly to analyze the socio-economic backgrounds of women

entrepreneurs, factors influencing the promotion of their enterprise, to excel about the type and

mode of enterprise, impact of training in improve their skills in connection with areas of

Thanjavur Town.

Need for study:

As women entrepreneurs were to be recognized as a powerful instrument for the economic

development of our nation, a necessity is raised to full this thirst. As Thanjavur town is more

suitable for agriculture the development of entrepreneurs must be evaluated to check out the

beneficiaries.

Objectives of the study:

1. To study the socio-economic background of the women entrepreneurs

2. Reason to be an entrepreneur

3. Type and mode of Establishment

4. Training program effectiveness

5. Self interpretation of the entrepreneur

6. To suggest the steps and measures for better performance of the women entrepreneurs.

Methodology:


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To collect the accurate data, women entrepreneurs were selected who run their

business in their own name and other were eliminated. The samples selected were about

30 respondents.

The study includes collection of data by means of primary and also secondary

data. A structured questionnaire was framed to collect the data from the respondents.

The secondary data was collected from the authorities of District Industries center

and Mahalir Thittam. Apart from the above-mentioned methods of data collection

informations from office of the women development corporation of Tamilnadu,

Universities libraries were utilized. To get more response, data was divided into many

sections with main and sub-questions which alternative choices for convenience.

Limitations of the study:

(i) This study is concerned with only women entrepreneurs in Thanjavur

town

(ii) The period of study to carry out this research is limited


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Review of l iterature

Various scholars on women entrepreneurship have made search researches. The research

studies on women entrepreneurship focus on the various aspects namely, the influencing factors

of entrepreneurship, the personal and social factors of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial qualities,

type of organizations, inadequate working capital, training given to the entrepreneurs,

management of enterprise, economic independence, problems faced by the women entrepreneurs

and the suggestions to overcome difficulties.


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Generally the personality traits such as achievement motivation, risk taking, sense of

efficacy, need for independence and recognition etc., are some of the potential factors for

entrepreneurship

13

. Entrepreneurs are creative, innovative, adaptable and capable of assimilatingmodern values.

14

The emergence of entrepreneurs in a society depends to a great extend on the economic,

social, religious, cultural and psychological factors prevailing in the society15

. In a survey

conducted by Sharma. R.A (1985) it was found that nearly 85 percent of the female

population in the country for one reason or other were not able to participate adequately in the

economic reconstruction of India16. According to a study conducted by the International

Labour Organization unemployment among women has been increasing at a much higher rate

than among men in developing countries. Factors like unemployment, family situation influence

the emergence of entrepreneurship.17

It is inferred from the study that unemployment is one of the compelling factors that has

driven most of the women entrepreneurs to industrial ventures. Encouragement by the familyand the success stories of other entrepreneurs were the most important factors facilitating

entrepreneurship. Another reason for a woman to become an entrepreneur is ambition. The

desires to earn money and to engage one self fully are also the decisive factors. Women need

13 Bhattacharya, S.K and Akouri, M.M.P Profile of a Small Industry Entrepreneur SEDME, 1975

14 Javillonar, Gloria & Peters, R. George, Sociological and Psychological aspects of Indian Entrepreneurship, 1973.

** Rao & OthersPsychological and Organizational factors in Successful entrepreneurship, paper presented at All

India Seminar on entrepreneurs Development

15 Gulab Singh, Development of entrepreneurship Among Rural Woman A overviewSEDME,1986

16 Sharma R.A. entrepreneurial Performance in Indian Industry, New Delhi: Inter India Publication, 1985

17 International Labour Organization : studyMore Hurdle faced by women entrepreneurs, 1988


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economic independence. Independent economic status is one of the reasons, which led women

into industry18

.

Another study classifies the four factors that contributed womens entry into

entrepreneurship as socio-economic and political climate, experience of socialization, education

and work, individual needs of financial and self-fulfillment, and the transitional events of pushes

and pulls.19

In India women entrepreneurs emerge mostly because of the push factors i.e.,

responsibility thrust on them. In western societies, women in service tend to become

entrepreneurs because of job discrimination, constraints on promotion, sexual harassment at

workplace, influence of mentors and mass media communication.20

Studies on women entrepreneurs reveal that entrepreneurship is not a special privilege for

the educated, for the women with no formal education or training many venture into business and

prove to be successful.21

Other studies have reported that entrepreneurs have high educational

qualification.22

Where woman are already burdened with many social pressures, education is a

18 Pillai, N.C, & Anna, V. The entrepreneurial spirit among women A study of Kerala, Indian Management,1990

19 Lee, Gail, Fann, women entrepreneurs Entering the Economic Main stream, Arizon univerisy.

20 Berns, M. Communication variables and Female entrepreneurship Exploratory case studies of Six Former

corporate Executive women, 1986

21 Rani, C. Potential Women entrepreneurs A Study, Women and Development Women in Enterprise and

Profession, New Delhi, Discovery Publishing House, 1991.

22 Srinivas, M.N.A sociological study of Okhla industrial estate, Delhi: cited in small Industries and social change,

UNESCO, 1966. ** Derossi, F. The Maxican Entrepreneur, Paris: Development center of the organization for

Economic corporation and Development, 1971. Mancuso, J. Funds and Guts, The Entrepreneurs Philosophy, 1973.


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powerful tool in breaking down the barriers to successful entrepreneurship.23

Family background

is essential for starting the enterprise and the family support is found to be facilitating the

entrepreneurial success.

Entrepreneurial qualities are the influencing factors for the emergence of

entrepreneurship. The study of K.L. Pandit (1990) shows that the lack of entrepreneurial

qualities victimizes the educated unemployed or employed women.24

Age does not have a direct bearing on entrepreneurship, but yet mostly middle aged and

young women become entrepreneurs, because the concept itself is a recent phenomenon.

Women entrepreneurs are generally found to hail from middle class.25

Studies on women entrepreneurs have found them to be hardworking, dependent,

determined and self-confident.26

They are committed to a career satisfaction, which transcends

other aspects of their lives.27

23 Grace G. Female Entrepreneurs Social and Psychological Variables as related to Business Characteristic,

Dissertation Abstract, International, June 1987.

24 Pandit, K.L Lanjewar, A.S and Padhan, A. Unemployment among educated women and entrepreneurial qualities *

A Critical study, university news, 1990

25 Vinze, Medha Dubashi. Women entrepreneurs in India, New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987

26 Lynne. R. Huntley, women entrepreneurs are career choiceDissertation Abstract International, 1985

27 Ibid


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Various research studies focus on the problems faced by women entrepreneurs and the

suggestions to overcome the obstacles.

The study ofD. Narendra kumar and D. Himachalam28

(1991) points out the problems

like stiff competition, low ability to bear economic risk, technical and environmental risk and

late commencement of women entrepreneurship in the country.

The following suggestions are given by the authors to overcome the difficulties 1.

Women should be encouraged and supported by the male population and family members in

establishing business units 2. Young and educated women should come forward to enter the field

of entrepreneurship.

There are other problems, which are identified by V.N. Pujar are 1. No need of

achievement 2. No risk bearing capacity 3. Lack of education 4. Family involvement and 5. Lack

of information and experience.29

To widen and strengthen the base of women entrepreneurship a study has been made by

Jyotsna Sethi (1994). The study observes the following problems, rooted in Indian customs and

traditions and prevent women from obtaining formal credit. They are: 1. Property in male names

2. Segregation of sexes. 3. Lack of education and experience and 4. Lack of information. This

28 Narendra Kumar, D. Himachalam, D. Women entrepreneurship in India, Problems and Prospects, Monthly

Commentary on Indian Economic Condition, 1991.

29 Pujar, V.N. Development of Women entrepreneurship in India(ed) Sammiuddin, entrepreneurship. Development

in India, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1991.


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study further purports three-pronged programme of activity which may prove meaningful. They

are 1. Stipulator activity 2. Supportive activity and 3. Sustaining activity30

Authors like S.L Kirloskar31

(1988), Hari Narayana Rao32

(1991), Narendra Kumar

(1991) and Vijayalakshmi33

(1992) give the following suggestions to overcome the problems of

entrepreneurs.

5. At the school level itself entrepreneurial development courses may be conducted and this

may be further reinforced at the college level.

6. Any institution for training women to become entrepreneurs should fix no age limit.

7. Publicity regarding various ongoing rural development programmes for women must be

undertaken at regular intervals in remote and backward areas.

8. The assistance of voluntary organizations is vital in creating entrepreneurial awareness,

motivation, identification, training, selection of schemes and regular monitoring of the

units.

Every entrepreneur wants to become successful. To become successful the research ofT.P.J

Bharathi (1991) suggests steps to overcome the difficulties to the would be women

entrepreneurs. The list includes the following.34

30 Jyotsna Sethi, Women entrepreneurship in IndiaA Brief comment SEDME, 1994.

31 Kriloskar, S.L Successful Innovation, University News, 1988

32 Hari Narayana Rao, Promotion of Women entrepreneurship(A Brief comment SEDME, 1991

33 Vijayaliakshmi, V. Women entrepreneurship -(ed) chandrasekar Rajakumari, Womens Resource and National

Development: A perspective, New Delhi: Gaurav Publications, 1992.

34 Bharathi, T.P.J- women entrepreneurs in Salem District- A success story mysore Economic Review, 1991


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4. The first and foremost thing for a woman entrepreneur is that she must be bold enough to

shake the reserve role.

5. She needs a training at least for ten days in the lines of production.

6. She has to realize that her responsibility is two foldhousehold and project management.

The following suggestions are given by Shibani Sen (1992). The author suggests that the

small entrepreneurs in general and women entrepreneurs in particular, especially in rural areas,

are denied need based finance for reasons of inadequate security to satisfy the financial

institutions. It is, therefore, suggested that the quantum of credit be raised, suitably matching the

need-based requirements of the potentially promising women entrepreneurs.35

According to Hisrich and Bush (1983) female entrepreneurs tend to be highly energetic,

goal-oriented, independent, self-confident and competitive.36

Birdss literature review

confirmed that women entrepreneurs were concentrated in retail and service sectors and

concluded that such individual difference appeared to influence the entrepreneurs choice of

business, the size and success of the venture.37

She also quoted Birlelys study which revealed

that women pay more attention to employees among other factors. According to Ho and Koh

(1992) Female entrepreneurs are usually not sole bread winners of their families, they have less

financial anxiety and are more flexible in their management style. Female entrepreneurs are also

found to be more tolerant of there subordinates.

35 Shibani Sen, Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Inda(ed) Heptulla Najma Reforms for Women,

Future, options, New Delhi: IBH Publications, 1992.

36 Hisrich & Brush cited chye Tea Goh An Analysis of the Demographic Difference Between Male and Female

Entrepreneurs in SingaporeENDEC, Nanyang: 1995.

37 Bird, Barbara, J. entrepreneurial Behaviour Foresman & Co, 1989


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Previous research has identified several motivating factors underlying female

entrepreneurship. The main ones are 1. A sense of independence and achievement 2. Job

frustration , because they have restricted opportunities for advancement and high performance

and 3. interest and recognition.38

Studies in United states show growth in small businesses by women, who were mostly single

and determined to succeed against all odds.39

The economic status of women plays a key role in

determining their social status us well as their psychological relationship with others. A study by

Mies Maria on womens sangham of CROSS (comprehensive Rural Operations Services

Society) in Bhongir ( Andhra Pradesh ) revealed that women first need economic independence

and only subsequently think of emancipation. The women from Bhongir have shown that their

struggle for better conditions is linked in separable to their human dignity and selfrespect40

Psychological studies reveal that women take much more time in decision making. Since

women are sentimental and guide by emotion rather than calculations, they cannot take quick

and firm decision which is very much needed in business ventures. Moreover, they are not very

independent, therefore in decision making they are very much guided by others. This is also

seen that women are not very aggressive, hence lack emotion stability in dealing the business

issues.41

38 Carsurd and Olm cited chye Tee Coh et al., - An analysis of the Demographic difference between male and female

Entrepreneurs Singapore, ENDEC, 1995

39 Voss, Bristol, Against all odds: Women in BusinessSales and Marketing Management , 1992

40 Mies Maria, quoted in impediments to Rural Liberation, by Kanchana Thammbiborai, Indian Express, May 15,

1987

41 Adarsh Kumari SharmaWomen Entrepreneurship in India - A case study of leading women entrepreneurship

in IndiaA survey of Research in Commerce and Management, 1994,


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The study ofPareek U. Nadkarni, M.reveals that need for achievement, independence, and

autonomy are the basic ingredients required in a successful entrepreneur but these basic

requirements are absent or found in negligible quantities in a women in India.42

According to V.R. Gaikward and R.N. Tripathy, bold dashing and pragmatic personality

managerial competence, high motivation dominant socio-economic power enjoyed by the family

and contracts are higher social and governmental level lead to entrepreneurial development43

According to I.G Patel, women also have to be profitably employed is not merely an

economic necessity, it is a social necessity. He adds that credit is necessary but it is never

enough. It is never enough in the sense that there are people who did not have the knowledge of

markets, who do not understand the modern world, whose technology is stunted, whose

knowledge of even ordinary accountkeeping is poor. Somebody has to goad them into doing

the right thing44

Narayana Reddy states that the women entrepreneurs feel frustrated at times because

they need to spare their energy both towards their business as well as domestic affairs. At times

42 Pareek, U. Nadkarni, M: Development of Entrepreneurship. A concept ional Model, Developing

EntrepreneurshipLearning systems. New Delhi.

43 Gaikward, V.R. Social cultural and organizational issues in development of Entrepreneur. Paper presented at All

Indian Seminars on Entrepreneurships Development, New Delhi, 1975, Cited in U,S. Shinde.

44 Patel. LG Promotion of credit to women entrepreneurs (ed) Kalbagh Chetena , women in business and

profession, New Delhi, Discovery Publications House, 1992


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they may not be able attend to both the duties because of which they are dissatisfied about the

progress of their ventures.45

Kannan Nair say that the women entrepreneurs of the urban areas can undertake almost

all business and industrial activities. Small scale industries are mostly suitable for urban and

semi-urban area where supply of raw material for these industries and markets for their products

are available46

In Nigeria women have more difficulty then men traveling and handling financial

arrangements, because of earlier deficits in education47

45 Narayanan Reddy, P_ Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in Goa - A Pilot studyKhadigramodyog, 1991

46 Kannan Nair, N- Entrepreneurships Development in small and Rural Industries, Bombay: Gramodyog., 1990.

47 I.C Oknokwo, integrating women into the Nigerian Economic Main stream, Journal of education, 1994


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Analysis of data

This chapter deals with analysis of data relating to age, religion, caste, educational qualification,

marital status, number of dependents, family back ground, inducing factors, type and mode of

establishment, training program effectiveness, selfinterpretation of entrepreneur etc.,

Table: 1

Age wise classification of the respondents

S.No Age No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Between 2030 10 20

2 Between 31- 41 32 64

3 Between 4150 6 12

4 From 51 and above 2 4

Total 50


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Source: Primary data

Table: 1 reveals the age wise classification of the respondents. It states that 20 percentage of the

respondents were in the age group between 20 30 and 64 percentage of the respondents were in

the range between 31 to 40 and 12 percentage of the respondents were in the age group between

41 to 50 and the rest 4 percent is above 51 years.


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Age wise classification of the respondents

Between 20 3020%

Between 31- 4164%

Between 41 5012%

From 51 and

above4%

No. of respondents


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Religion wise classification of the respondents

Table: 2

S.No Religion No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Hindu 36 72

2 Muslim 0 0

3 Christian 6 12

4 Others 8 16

Total 50


The table: 2 state that percentages of Hindu respondents were 72, Muslims were 0 percentage,

Christians were 6 percentages and other was 8 percentages.


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Reli gion wise classif ication of the respondents

Hindu86%

Muslim0%

Christian14%

No. of respondents


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Caste wise classification of the respondents

Table: 3

S.No Caste No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 FC 6 12

2 BC 16 32

3 MBC/DNC 7 14

4 SC/ST 21 42

Total 50


Table clearly explains that from Forward community percentage of respondents is 12, backward

community percentage of respondents is 32, most backward and Denotified community

percentage is 14 and SC/ ST percentage is 42.


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Caste wise classification of the respondents

FC12%

BC32%

MBC/DNC14%

SC/ST42%

No. of respondents


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Education wise classification of the respondents

Table: 4

S.No Education No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Up to H.Sc 19 38

2 Diploma 22 44

3 Degree 8 16

4 P.G degree 1 2

Professional Degree 0 0

Total 50

Source:Primary data

Table: 4 Reveals about the education wise classification of the respondents. About 38

percentages of the respondents were up to H.Sc., 44 per cent were Diploma holders, 16

percentages were degree holders and 2 percentages were Postgraduates and 0 percent was

professional degree.


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Education wise classification of the respondents

Martial status of the respondents

Up to H.Sc38%

Diploma44%

Degree16%

P.G degree2%

ProfessionalDegree

0%

No. of respondents


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Table: 5

S.No Martial No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Unmarried 13 26

2 Married 31 62

3 Widow 1 2

4 Divorcee 2 4

Green widow 3 6

Total 50


The above table reveals that unmarried women are in 26 percent and married were 62 percent

and widow are 2 percent, divorcee are 4 percent and green widow are 6 percent


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Martial status of the respondents

Unmarried

26%

Married62%

Widow2%

Divocee4%

Green widow6%

No. of respondents


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Classification on Number of dependents

Table: 6

S.No No. Of dependents No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Below 4 16 32

2 Between 510 29 58

3 11 and above 5 10

Total 50


The above table shows that 32 percentage of the respondents have dependents below 4 and 58

percentage have between 510 and more than 11 percentage counts to10.


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Classification on Number of dependents

Below 432%

Between 5 1058%

11 and above10%

No. of respondents


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Classification based on their Family Background

Table: 7

S.No Family Background No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Farmer 12 24

2 Business 23 46

3 Government service 8 16

Private service 2 4

Others 5 10

Total 50

Source: primary data

Table 7 clearly explain that 24 percent of women entrepreneurs were from farmer, 46 percent

were from business and 16 percent were from government service and 4 percent were from

private service and other counts to 10 percent


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Classification based on their Family Background

Farmer24%

Business46%

Governmentservice16%

Private service4%

Others10%

No. of respondents


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Inducing factors to be an entrepreneur

Table: 8 Personal family backgrounds

S.No Personal Family background No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Unemployment 22 44

2 Husbands death 2 4

3 Financial support to the family 18 36

4 Improvement in revenue 8 16

Total 50


About 44 percent of the women entered due to unemployment and 4 percent due to husbands

death 4 percent to provide financial support to the family and 16 percent for better improvement

in revenue.


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Table: 9 Motivating factors

S.No Motivating factors No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Training in the field 9 18

2 Technical and professional skills 6 12

3 Self interest 29 58

4 Government schemes 4 8

5 Innovative idea 2 4

Total 50


Table 10 denotes that 18 of the respondents had training in the field and 12 had technical and

professional skills and 58 percentage due to self-interest and 8 percent due to government

schemes and 4 percent because of innovative ideas.


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Table: 10 Triggering factors

S.No Triggering factors No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 To earn money 28 56

2 To become economically

independent

12 24

3 To get social status 4 8

4 To be economically sound 6 12

Total 50



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The above table reveals that 56 percent of the respondents to earn money 24 percent to be

economically independent and 8 percent to get social status and 12 percent to be economically

sound.

Type and mode of establishment

Table: 11 Form of establishment

S.No Form of establishment No. Of respondents Percentage ofrespondents

1 Sole proprietorships 27 54

2 Partnership 10 20

3 Conventional family business 6 12

4 Co-operative society 6 12

5 Private Limited 1 2

6 Public Limited 0 0

Total 50



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Table 12 describes about the form of establishment. About 54 percent sole proprietorships 20

percent were partnership 12 percent were carrying out the conventional family business and 2

percent were co-operative society and no respondents were from public limited.

Classification based on location

Table: 12

S.No Location No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Urban 36 72

2 Semi Urban 14 28

Total 50


About 72 percent were from urban and 28 percent from semi urban is revealed in table 13 with

reference to location of the enterprise.


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Classification based on Building

Table: 13

S.No Building No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Own 29 58

2 Rental 14 28

3 Lease 7 14

Total 50


Table 13 clearly explain that 58 percent had their own building 28 percent used rental buildings

and 14 percent took building in lease.


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Classification based on investment level

Table: 14

S.No Investment No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Bank Loans 25 50

2 Strong financial background of

family

6 12

3 Private borrowings 12 24

4 Pledge of jewels 5 10

5 Own savings 2 4

Total 50


About 50 percent of the respondents utilized bank loans 12 percent from strong financial

backgrounds 24 percent from private borrowings a10 percent from pledge of jewels and only 4

percent from own savings.


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Classification of the business based on size

Table: 15

S.No Size No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Tiny 18 36

2 Small 13 26

Medium 16 32

Large 3 6

Total 50


About 36 percent of the respondents were doing tiny business 26 percent were engaged in small

business and 32 percent were doing in medium size business and 6 percent were involved in

large business.


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Classification based on amount invested in the business

Table: 16

S.No Amount invested No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Below 10,000 14 28

2 Below 50,000 14 28

3 Below 1,00,000 9 18

4 Between 1,00,000 to 10,00,000 10 20

5 Above 10,00,000 2 4

6 Rupees in crores 1 2


Table 16 indicates that 28 percent of the respondents invested below 10,000 28 percent below

50,000 18 percent below 1,00,000. About 20 percent invested between 1,00,000 to 10,00,000. 4

percent of the respondents invested above 10,00,000. Only 2 percent invested above one crores.


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Effect of Training program

Table: 17

S.No EDP training No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Yes 14 28

2 No 36 72

Total 50


Table 17 states that 28 percent of the respondents underwent training programe and 72 percent

did not attend training program.


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Classification based on EDP training efficiency

Table: 18

S.No EDP helpful No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Yes 36 72

2 No 14 28

Total 50

Source: Primary table

About 72 percent accepted that EDP was helpful and 28 percent did not get benefited.


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Classification based on subsidy from the training organization

Table: 19

S.No Subsidy by government No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Yes 35 70

2 No 15 30

Total 50


The table 19 reveals that 70 percent of the respondents got subsidy from government and 30

percent did not avail the subsidy.


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Self interpretation of the entrepreneurs

Table: 20 Problems faced by the entrepreneur

S.No Location No. Of

respondents

Percentage of

respondents

1 To get venue to run the enterprise 13 26

2 To get finance 26 52

3 To Manage the workers 2 4

4 To market the products 9 18

Total 50


About 26 percent find it difficult to get revenue to run their business 52 percent to get finance 4

percent to manage their workers and 18 percent to market their products.


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Table: 21 Factors influencing for success

S.No Factors No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Hard work 30 60

2 Support from family 10 20

3 Marketability 7 14

4 Quality of products service 3 6

Total 50


Table 21 indicates that 60 percent accepted their success is due to their hard work 20 percent

due to support from family a 14 percent due to there marketability and the rest 6 percent for

quality of their products


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Classification based on government support as an entrepreneur

Table: 22

S.No Government support No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Yes 40 80

2 No 10 20

Total 50


Table 22 denotes that 80 percent of the respondents got support from government and 20 percent

did not get government support.


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Family support to promote you as entrepreneur

Table: 23

S.No Family Support No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Most satisfied 31 62

2 Satisfied 7 14

3 Discouraged 12 24

Total 50


About 62 percent of the respondents revealed that they are most satisfied with their family

support 14 percent predicted that satisfied and 24 percent discouraged to be an entrepreneur.

Classification based on difficulty faced by the women entrepreneur


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Table: 24

S.No Difficulty for women

entrepreneur

No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Yes 35 70

2 No 15 30

Total 50


The above table indicates that 70 percent of the entrepreneur faced many problems and 30

percent did not face any problems.

Classification based on difficulty faced by the women entrepreneur while dealing with their

customers

Table: 25

S.No Difficulty for women

entrepreneur in dealing with



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customers respondents

1 Yes 15 30

2 No 35 70

Total 50

Source: Pr imary data

About 70 percent of the women entrepreneurs accepted that they faced many problems and 30

percent expressed they did not face any.

Classification based on discharge of the duties at home

Table 26

S.No Satisfied to discharge of the

duties at home


respondents

1 Yes 12 24

2 No 38 76

Total 50

Source: Pr imary data


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Nearly 24 percentage of the respondent expressed that they are satisfied to discharge the duties

at home and 76 percent accepted that they were not able.

Support of husband to be an entrepreneur

Table: 27

S.No Family Support No. Of respondents Percentage of

respondents

1 Most appreciated 24 48

2 Appreciated 8 16

3 Satisfactory 5 10

4 Discouraged 13 26

Total 50



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The above table indicates that 48 percent of the respondents husband were most appreciated

16 percent were just appreciated 10 percent were in the category of satisfactory and 26 percent

discouraged their wives to be an entrepreneur. .

Findings


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Findings, suggestions and conclusions

FINDINGS :

After the interpretation of datas from 50 respondents following findings were stated here.

1. It is inferred that women entrepreneurs are in between the age group of 31- 41 with a

percentage of 64%

2. Majority of the women entrepreneurs are emerging from the Hindu family, Among the 50

respondents 72% are Hindus.

3. The majority of the respondents belong to SC category followed by Backward class

4. Majority of the respondents are Diploma holders with a percentage of 44.

5. Married women entrepreneurs in the business were about 62% and 26% were unmarried.

6. The dependents ranges between 510 with a percentage of 58.

7. About 46% of the respondents had their family background from business.


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8. Nearly 44% of the respondents were unemployed at the initial. So, this personal family

background reasons induced them to be entrepreneurs.

9. Self- interest was the result of majority of the women entrepreneurs. Among the 50

respondents 58 % suggested that self-interest was the main reason.

10. Major respondents ( 56%) become women entrepreneurs to earn money.

11.Only soleproprietor were found as major part among the 50 respondents. About 54%

of the respondents were sole proprietor followed by 20% of partnership.

12.About 72% of the respondents were from the urban and 28% were from semi-urban.

13.Majority of the respondents had their own building ( 58%)and others through rental

(28%)

14.Nearly half (50%) of the respondents got loans through bank for their enterprise

establishment and developments.

15.Only 36% of the respondents hold tiny business and 32 medium size of

business.

16.The amount invested was equal between below Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 50,000. The

percentage was about 28% for each of them.

17.72% of the respondents accepted that training programme was effective while other 28%

did not accept to it.

18.72% of the respondents accepted that efficiency acquired in the training programme.

19.70% received subsidy from government while the other 30% did not receive.

20.The major women entrepreneur explained that to get fianc was the main problem (52%)

while others (26%) stated that to get venue.

21.60% of the respondents revealed that hard work was the success and 20% due to the

family support.

22.80% got good support from government and the remaining 20% did not receive any

support from the government.

23. 62% got good support" from their family while 24% was discouraged and 14%

responded as satisfied.

24.Women entrepreneurs accepted that they faced many problems (70%)


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25.Women entrepreneurs faced many problems while dealing with customers due to their

gender. 30% declared that they faced problems and 70 % did not face any problem in

their business.

26.Only 24% were satisfied in discharging their duties while 76% were not able to do so.

27.A good support was provided by women entrepreneurs husband which counted to 48%

while 26% of women entrepreneurs husband discouraged them 10% was satisfactory and

other 10% just appreciated them.


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SUGGESTIONS

SUGGESTIONS:

After analysis of datas from 50 respondents following suggestions were stated here.


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1. All women entrepreneurs must attend training programme to update the recent

technology prevailing in the environment.

2. Government can take measures to supply or market their products to various places.

3. Training programme by government can be made more interesting and informative

according to the recent trends.

4. Government subsidy can be increased.

5. New innovative thoughts can be implemented in business.

6. Financial assistance for bank loans can be made easier.

7. At school and college levels entrepreneurship development training can be provided.

8. Facilities provided by the government must be made aware to the public.

9. Proper review should be conducted after each training programmeme

10. Self Help group women entrepreneur can be promoted by the Government.


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CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS:


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In the previous chapters a clear and systematic study of the women entrepreneurs were

made with special Thanjavur town. The socio-economic background, inducing factors, type and

mode of establishment, training programme effectiveness and self-interpretation of the

entrepreneurs were analyzed in depth.

The datas were collected from 50 respondents by using questionnaire. The collected data

were analyzed and interpreted.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


70/79

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Entrepreneurial Development - C.B. Srinivasan

Entrepreneurial Development - Vasanth Desai

Green, Gary P. Finance, Capital and uneven development, Boulder Co., West View Press 1987.

International Labour Organisations More Hurdles faced by Women Entrepreneurship A

Study 1988

JOURNAL

Sedme Small Enterprise Development, Management and Extension Journal (Special issue on

Women Entrepreneurs)


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Published by : National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (Formerly known as

National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training). An Organisation of Ministry

MSME, Govt. India, Hyderabad.

DAILIES

The Hindu

REPORTS

District Industries Centre

Questionnaire


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A study on women entrepreneurs in small scale industries

Questionnaire

I . Identification of socio- economic backgrounds

1. Name :

2. Address :

3. Age : (i)Between 2030

(ii) Between 3140

(iii) Between 41 and 50


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(iv) From 51 and above

4. Religion : (i) Hindu

(ii) Muslim

(iii) Christian

(iv) Others

5. Caste : (i) FC

(ii) BC

(iii) MBC/DNC

(iv) SC/ST

6. Educational Qualification : (i) Literate (ii) Illiterate

If literate,

(I) Up to H.Sc

(II). Diploma

(III) Degree

(IV) P.G

(V) Professional Degree

(Specify)

7. Technical Qualification : (i) Certificate programs


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(ii) Diploma programe

(iii) Any other training program

8. Martial status : (i) UnMarried

(ii) Married

(iii) Widow

(iv) Divocee

(v)Green Widow

9. No. of dependents : (i) Below 4 (ii) 5-10 (iii) 10 and above

10. Family back ground : (i) Farmer

(ii)Business

(iii) Govt. Service

(iv) Private Service

(v) others

II Inducing factors to become an entrepreneur

11. Personal family background factors : (i) Unemployment


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(ii) Husbands death

(iii) Financial Support to the family

(iv) Improvement in revenue

12. Motivating factors : (i) Training in the field

(ii) Technical and professional skills

(iii) Self interest

(iv) Govt. Schemes

(v). Innovative Idea

13. Triggering factors : (i) To earn money

(ii) To become economically independent

(iii)To get social status

(iv) To be economically Sound

III. Type and mode of Establishment

14. Name of the establishment :

15. Form of establishment : (i) Sole propertiership


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(ii) Partnership

(iii) Conventional family business

(iv) Co-operative society

(v)Private Limited

(vi) Public Limited

16. Location : (i) Urban

(ii)Semi urban

17. Building : (i) Own

(ii) Rental

(iii) Lease

18. Investment : (i) Bank loans

(ii) Strong financial back ground of family

(iii) Private borrowings

(iv) Pledge of jewels

: (i) Own savings

19. Size of the business : (i) Tiny (ii) small (iii) Medium (iv) Large


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20. Amount invested in the business : (i) Below 10,000

(ii) Below 50,000

(iii) Below 1,00,000

(iv) Between 1,00,000 to 10,00,000

(v) Above 10,00,000

(vi) Rs. in Crores.

IV Training programe effectiveness

21. Have you attended any EDP training : Yes/ No

22. Name of the organization that conducted EDP. __________________________________

23. Duration of the training program ___________________________________

24. Is training helpful to you Yes / No

25. Do you avail any subsidy from the training organization Yes / No

V. Self interpretation of the entrepreneur


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26. What are the problems faced by you in running your establishment.

a) To get venue to run the enterprise

b) To get finance

c) To manage the workers

d) To market the products

27. What factors influence you to get success

a) Hard work

b) Support form family

c) Marketability

d) Quality of product service

28. Does the government support to promote you as an entrepreneur Yes /

No

29. Does your family support you to promote you as an entrepreneur

i. most satisfied

ii. satisfied

iii. discouraged

30. Do you face any difficulty in your business as you are a women Yes/

No

31. Do you find any difficulty in dealing with your customer because you are a women

entrepreneur? Yes /

No


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32. Are you able to discharge your duties at home Yes /

No

33. What is the opinion of the society, because you are a women entrepreneur?

34. role of your husband for your achievements in Business

(i) Most appreciated

(ii)Appreciated

(iii)Satisfactory

(iv) Discouraged

Documents

A Study Report on Women Entrepreneurship With Reference to Small Scale Industries