A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7

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Synchrophasor, How They Making Grid Smarter

Kamin DaveBusiness Development Manager

[email protected] Engineering Laboratories, India

www.selinc.com

Smart Grid Seminar held on 13&14th April2012 at IIT(Kanpur)

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Synchrophasor: Outline

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE

Back Ground Theory Application & Benefits TestingConcluding Observations

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Smart Grid:


Implementation technology will be different atdifferent areas

Transmission:Evolved over 100years periods to deliverpower at high voltage on longer distance(400kV line, 500MW power flow, 765kV line800MW power flow, 1200kV line 2000MW power flow)Complex grid network (interconnections)

with automatic controls, advance protectionssystem and real time monitoring & powerdynamicsEquipment cost is very highLess Feeders compare to Distribution system



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Smart Grid:


Implementation technology will be differentat different areasDistribution:Power distribution on low voltageShorter distanceMost of the places, Radial distribution Amount of power flow lessMore feedersProtection control is much simpler then

Transmission systemLess Monitoring & power dynamicsSmart meters can reduce distribution loss

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Smart Grid:


Implementation technology will be differentat different areasGeneration:Power generation on lower voltage buttransmission on high voltagePower dynamics and oscillations aredangerous for machine operation Automatic generator control Accurate monitoring of power dynamics,Metering & advance protection controlLoss of Synchronism

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Synchrophasor: Motivation


Motivation: After 2003 Blackout in North America



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Phasor: Theory


Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal

waveform V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta)I(t) = Im*cos(wt + Theta)

VR

jVX

V = VR + jVX

V = Mag@ Ang

IR

jIX

I = IR + jIX

I = Mag@Ang

Definition: A complex equivalent of a simple cosine wave quantity such that the complex modulus is the cosine wave amplitude and thecomplex angle (in polar form) is the cosine wave phase angle.

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Phasor: Theory


Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal waveform

V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta) V(t) = Vm*cos(2*pi*F*t + Theta)

0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.

1 cycle1 cycle1 cycle1 cycle

0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.0 deg. 360 deg.360 deg.360 deg.360 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg. 90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.

180 deg.180 deg.180 deg.180 deg.

270 deg.270 deg.270 deg.270 deg.

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Theory: Phasor


Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal waveform

V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta) V(t) = Vm*cos(2*pi*F*t + Theta)

V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.

0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.

Angle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwise

§

V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.


Angle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwise

§


----90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.

180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.

180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.

----90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.



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Phasor: Theory


Water Flow is from Higher level to Lower level

High level TankHigh level TankHigh level TankHigh level Tank

Low level TankLow level TankLow level TankLow level Tank

Water Flows Power Flows

Terminology

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Phasor: Theory

G1 G2

21

ZsZLZs

Vx <00

X Y

VY <-300

Ix Iy

Ix+Iy <-Ө


Ix

Iy

Ix + Iy

Terminology: Power Flow

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Phasor: Theory

G1 G2

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ZsZLZs

Vx <00

X Y

VY <+300

Ix Iy

Ix+Iy <+Ө

Ix

IyIx + Iy


Terminology: Power Flow



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Phasor: Theory


Phase angle difference of various buses Vs Dadri400kV Station

Angle between buses playingmore important role inpower system

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Phasor Estimation: Theory


S1

CB1 CB3

S2

CB2 CB4

R1 R2

R3 R4CB5

S3

CB6 R5

CB5

S3

CB6R6

Lag Lead

Lag Lead

Lead Lag

Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &

Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???

PhasorPhasorPhasorPhasor Estimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampswithout common referencewithout common referencewithout common referencewithout common reference

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Synchrophasor: Theory


Synchrophasor: Pure sinusoidal waveform

Instantaneous phase angle relative to a cosine function at

nominal frequency synchronized to universal time co-ordinated (UTC)Measurement should be tag with UTC timeMeasurement sent over high speed communication link

VR

jVX

V = VR + jVX = V{cos(theta) + sin(theta)}

Definition: A phasor calculated from data samples using a standard timesignal as the reference for the measurement.



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Synchrophasor: Sinusoidal waveform

Synchronized to UTC time with Higher accuracy1micro s Error corresponds Phase Angle Error is 0.018O

Magnitude and Phase Angles of voltages & currentsmeasured at different locations at same instant across thesystem

VR

jVX

V = VR + jVX = V{cos(theta) + sin(theta)}

Measurement Error

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Synchrophasor: Basic Structure


Synchrophasor System have major threecomponents:

PMU: Phase Measurement Unit Estimates multiple phasors (VR, VY, VB, IR, IY,IB and symmetrical components)Class M & P type PMUs

PDC: Phasor Data Concentrator It Receives data from PMU/s (One or multiple

PMUs)

High Precision Clock for Accurate TimeSynchronization to transmit real time data

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Synchrophasor: Sinusoidal waveform

Phasor Estimation Transmitted as a Data Frame at a Rate FSData Frame Includes “Multiple Channel of Phasor Estimate”,

Analogue words, Digital Words combined with Single Time Tag



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16 bits A/D or 32 bits A/D

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Synchrophasor: Standards


Time Synchronization:1 pulse per second (PPS): Signal consisting of

square pluses occurring at frequency of 1Hz.

Time stamp in IRIG-B format:Inter-Range instrumentation Group (IRIG)Most common used Version – B Transmits day of year, hour, minute and secondonce per second

The standard also defines a high precision IRIG-Bformat suitable for fiber optic links.

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IEEE C37.118

Message Type:Command (Receive by PMU/PDC)Data (Transmit from PMU/PDC)Configuration (Transmit from PMU/PDC)Header (Transmit from PMU/PDC)



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PDC

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NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)

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PMU

Clock



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S1

CB1 CB3

S2

CB2 CB4

PMU1 PMU2

UTC

UTC

PMU3 PMU4CB5

S3

CB6 PMU5

CB5

S4

CB6PMU6

Lag Lead

Lag Lead

Lead Lag

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IEEE standard for SYNCHROPHASORS forPower Systems

IEEE Std 1344-1995 Released in 1995IEEE Std ANSIC37.118C37.118.1 (Measurement)C37.118.2 (Communication)

IEC61850-9-5IEEE Std ANSIC37.238 (SGAC)



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C37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118PublishedPublishedPublishedPublished

2005200520052005

IEEE requestIEEE requestIEEE requestIEEE requestIEC toIEC toIEC toIEC to

developdevelopdevelopdevelopIEC61850IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850----9999----5555

2009200920092009

IEEE Split inIEEE Split inIEEE Split inIEEE Split into C37.118to C37.118to C37.118to C37.118----1111& C37.118& C37.118& C37.118& C37.118----2222AndAndAndAndSGIPSGIPSGIPSGIP----PAP13PAP13PAP13PAP13

2010201020102010

IEEEIEEEIEEEIEEEC37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----1 &1 &1 &1 &C37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----2222AndAndAndAndC37.238C37.238C37.238C37.238Submitted toSubmitted toSubmitted toSubmitted toIEEE SAIEEE SAIEEE SAIEEE SA

2011201120112011

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PDCPDCPDCPDC

MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement

StandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsC37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----1111

TimingTimingTimingTiming


CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication


IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850----9999----5555

Data storageData storageData storageData storageStandards C37.111Standards C37.111Standards C37.111Standards C37.111

(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)

PDC GuidePDC GuidePDC GuidePDC Guide ––––

Requirements, systemRequirements, systemRequirements, systemRequirements, systemcommunication & testingcommunication & testingcommunication & testingcommunication & testing

C37.244C37.244C37.244C37.244

Real TimeReal TimeReal TimeReal Time----

MonitoringMonitoringMonitoringMonitoring& Alarming& Alarming& Alarming& Alarming

devicedevicedevicedevice

Offline dynamicOffline dynamicOffline dynamicOffline dynamic

analysisanalysisanalysisanalysis

Data StorageData StorageData StorageData Storage

Real Time ControlReal Time ControlReal Time ControlReal Time Control

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IEC61850-9-5: Edition2 includedSynchrophasor over IEC61850-9-5

TC57-WG10 group is working on Draft report Draft report is under preparationIEC61850-9-5 will support event driven (GOOSE) & SV communicationsRemote PDC control will be achieved (LN: PDC1name,PDC2name……PDCNnameStandard Name of Voltage, Current, Sequence Voltage& Current will be achieved



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Synchrophasor: Why


Measurement under operationalconditionsNot faults or failed equipments

High Speed & High AccuratemeasurementsSystem wide & long record measurementOperational analysis WAMPC

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Synchrophasor: Application


Phasor Information Applications Analysis & ControlSituational Awareness continuouslyIncreasing visibility of SAG & SWELL in voltageReal time Angle checkLoad duration plotMW/MVAR Oscillation viewing & detectionReal time Load flow study

Determine dynamic ratings of equipments (Lines& Generator)Online continuously thermal over loadprotection

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NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)Situational Awareness Continuously



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PMUs Installation400kV North Bus of Vindhyachal HVDC back to backstation

Proximity to major pithead thermal generationcomplex Proximity to HVDC rihand terminal of +/-500kV rihand-dadri bipole

400kV Kanpur stationConnectivity with generation complex

Connectivity with major load centre400kV Bus of HVDC Dadri station

+/-500kV rihand-dadri HVDC bipoleClose proximity to major load centre and power stations

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PMUs Installation

400kV Moga stationPooling station for present & future haydro power stations Will be upgraded to 765kV levelProximity to Bhiwadi terminal of +/-500kV HVDC

baliya-bhiwadi bipole



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Other critical locations

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Oscillation in volta ge observed at various location

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Case Study1

Loss of 2000MW at Rihand STPS on dated 1

st

June2010 All four running units trippedUnit 1 & 2 Tripped on Pole slipping due to fault insystem at far endUnit 3 & 4 Tripped on Auxiliary supply failure

Analysis of Tripping with synchrophasor data Phase VoltagesFrequencies

Rate of Change of Frequency Angles



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Oscillation in voltage observed at various location

400kV Dadri voltage Angular separation betweenfew locations

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Synchronism: Application


All the trucks & loaders have Same speedsSame speedsSame speedsSame speeds

Pulling load on almost at same angles!!!same angles!!!same angles!!!same angles!!!

SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed

Trucks/LoadersTrucks/LoadersTrucks/LoadersTrucks/Loaders

LoadsLoadsLoadsLoadsSpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed

ForceForceForceForce

GeneratorsGeneratorsGeneratorsGenerators

Electrical LoadsElectrical LoadsElectrical LoadsElectrical LoadsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

Power FlowsPower FlowsPower FlowsPower Flows

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§1111

§2222

Pullout

SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed

All the trucks & loaders have different speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speeds

Pulling load on different anglesdifferent anglesdifferent anglesdifferent angles!!!

§3333



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All the trucks & loaders have different speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsPulling load on different anglesdifferent anglesdifferent anglesdifferent angles!!!

Isolated and Accelerating Speed

Decreasing Speed

§1111

§2222§3333

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Synchrophasor: Electrical center

§: Load Angle: Load Angle: Load Angle: Load Angle

§ = 90= 90= 90= 90OOOO

RRRR---- RRRR

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX””””dddd

ZZZZTTTT

ZZZZTLTLTLTL

Z ZZ Z T TT T

+

Z

+

Z

+

Z

+

Z T L

T L T L

T L

XXXX””””dddd: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance

ZZZZTTTT: GT Impedance: GT Impedance: GT Impedance: GT Impedance

ZZZZTLTLTLTL : Transmission line: Transmission line: Transmission line: Transmission lineImpedanceImpedanceImpedanceImpedance

GGGG DDDD YYYY

SysSysSysSys

GTGTGTGT

TLTLTLTL

Electrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical Centre


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Synchrophasor: Pole Slipping

§ = 90= 90= 90= 90OOOO

RRRR---- RRRR

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX””””dddd

ZZZZTTTT

ZZZZTLTLTLTL

Z ZZ Z T TT T

+

Z

+

Z

+

Z

+

Z T L

T L T L

T L

GGGG DDDD YYYY

SysSysSysSys

GTGTGTGT

TLTLTLTLElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical Centre

Electrical Centre movesElectrical Centre movesElectrical Centre movesElectrical Centre moves

towards machine createtowards machine createtowards machine createtowards machine createswing on generatorswing on generatorswing on generatorswing on generatorterminalterminalterminalterminal

Swing locusSwing locusSwing locusSwing locus




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Power Swing in Transmission Lines

• Power Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to B

– EEEEAAAA leads Eleads Eleads Eleads EBBBB by angleby angleby angleby angle δ

• Total impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZSASASASA +Z+Z+Z+ZLLLL+Z+Z+Z+ZSBSBSBSB

• Current I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (EAAAA----EEEEBBBB)/Z)/Z)/Z)/Z

• Voltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EA----I*ZI*ZI*ZI*ZSASASASA

• Power Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to B

– EEEEAAAA leads Eleads Eleads Eleads EBBBB by angleby angleby angleby angle δ

• Total impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZSASASASA +Z+Z+Z+ZLLLL+Z+Z+Z+ZSBSBSBSB

• Current I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (EAAAA----EEEEBBBB)/Z)/Z)/Z)/Z

• Voltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EA----I*ZI*ZI*ZI*ZSASASASA

A B

EA EB

21

ZsBZL

ZsA

E

I


Synchrophasor: Power Swing

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Power Swing in Transmission LinesA B

EA EB

21

ZsBZL

ZsA

E

I



EB

I I*ZSA

EA

δ

E

EA -EB

EA - EB

ZR=E / I

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Power Swing in Transmission LinesA

BEA EB

21

ZsBZLZsA

E

I



ZR=E / I

• ZRZRZRZR’’’’ is much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZR

– EEEE’’’’ is smallis smallis smallis small

– EEEEAAAA----EEEEBBBB is large due largeis large due largeis large due largeis large due large δδδδ

• ZRZRZRZR’’’’ is much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZR

– EEEE’’’’ is smallis smallis smallis small

– EEEEAAAA----EEEEBBBB is large due largeis large due largeis large due largeis large due large δδδδ

EB

I*ZSAEA

δE’ EA -EB



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P.S. LOCUS

LOAD

R

ZSB

Z L

ZSA

X

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Frequency Measurement at all four locations

Absolute Frequency Rate of change of Frequency

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Case Study2

Over excitation study V is high

F is Low V is Low

F is high



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Transient response of Instrument Transformerscan easily observed

Transient response of Current Transformer Frequency response during varioustransient condition (Time constant effect)Step response during fault condition(Normal to Fault)Step response during switchingcondition (Breaker Open to Close)CT Saturation phenomena

Transient response of Voltage Transformer CVT Transient Phenomena

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Phasor Information Applications Analysis & Control Voltage stability supervisionDetection & Assessment of Power Swing or Outof Step condition in entire networkCentralize control of Tap ChangersSelective & Remote back up ProtectionFACT device control (i.e. HVDC)

Multi wind farm co-ordinationPost event analysis is very much precise (microaccuracy)

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Phasor Information Applications

Real time congestion managementDefinition: Adjust Generator dispatch to managereal time flow across transmission line with inreliable transfer capabilityRationale: Synchrophasor can provide improvedcalculation of path limits and flows allowinghigher transfer and reduced congestion paymentBenefits: Potential cost saving



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Phasor Information ApplicationsPost disturbance analysisDescription: Reconstruction of sequence of eventafter wide area power disturbance (i.e. Blackout)has occurred to determine the causes and corrctthemRationale: The availability, higher accuracy of time synchronization of synchrophasor data canreduce effort to analyze complex wide area cascadingBenefits: Much quicker identification of contributory factor and development of correctivemeasure and reduced possibility of future blackout

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Phasor Information ApplicationsModel Vs RealityDescription: Theoretically simulated data (PowerDynamics) on software Vs Actual real time powerdynamics recordedRationale: Synchrophasor is offering to recordreal time power dynamics during on loadconditions and fault conditions

Benefits: Much easier to understand

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Model Vs Reality

Actual Plot

ModelSimulation





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AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude

ModulationModulationModulationModulation

FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamental

AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude

FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyModulationModulationModulationModulation

FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (MVarMVarMVarMVar))))

Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)

MultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicative


Excitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedControlControlControlControl

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LowLowLowLowFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

ResonanceResonanceResonanceResonance

TL Swing &TL Swing &TL Swing &TL Swing & MVArMVArMVArMVAr Control)Control)Control)Control)

OutputOutputOutputOutput

Series or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriescompensated linecompensated linecompensated linecompensated line

S1S1S1S1 S2S2S2S2

PMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMU

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AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeModulationModulationModulationModulation

FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamentalAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude

FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

ModulationModulationModulationModulation

FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamental

FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (MVarMVarMVarMVar))))

Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)



Excitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedControlControlControlControl

LowLowLowLowFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

ResonanceResonanceResonanceResonance

Series & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LC

circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)

HarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonics

HVDC linkHVDC linkHVDC linkHVDC link

MVarMVarMVarMVar controlcontrolcontrolcontrol



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Phasor Information Applications Adaptive Protection schemeDescription: Protection system design thatprovides for adjustments in protection settingsautomatically as system condition changeRationale: At present condition, the protectionsare set based on normal condition all lines andgenerators are in service. Existing numericalrelays capable of adapting to system changes giventhe real time data Benefits: Adaptive protection can automaticallyperform the number of adjustment, resulting would be greater system reliability and security

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Phasor Information Applications Adaptive Protection schemeRelay back up zone supervision: Avoidundesirable and unnecessary Zone3 back up relayoperationIntelligent load shedding: Supervision of loaddropping scheme in emergencies to avoid theformation of “Islands” in grid and to keep the

system frequency stable on 50Hz/60Hz Adaptive loss of field relaying: Online adjustmentof LOF relay to ensure proper relay operation atsystem condition change over time Adaptive reclosingFault location

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Adaptive Protection scheme Adaptive reclosing: More accurate monitoring of phase angles and voltage amplitude to minimizethe transient switching surge during systemrestoration (Autoreclosing with synchrocheck)Fault location: Precise and quick location of point where a fault occurs



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Remote Backup Protection SchemeZone3 based remote back up protection schemesare dependable but not secure A relay Mal-operation or wrong operation can actas a system collapse situationIncorrect Zone 3 operation may be consequenceof eitherLoad Encroachment, Over load or Under Voltage….Electromechanical Oscillations like PowerSwings or Out of Step condition

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Zone 3 : Load Encroachment

Load


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S1

CB1 CB3

S2

CB2 CB4

PMU1 PMU2

UTC

UTC

PMU3 PMU4

Lag

Lag

Lead

Lead

Substation1Substation1Substation1Substation1 Substation2Substation2Substation2Substation2

R5R5R5R5

R6R6R6R6

R7R7R7R7

R8R8R8R8

ControllerControllerControllerController

Supervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with a PMUsPMUsPMUsPMUs at both endsat both endsat both endsat both ends



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Remote Synchronization Applied

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Remote Synchronization Applied

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WAMPCS installed at MEXICO

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Synchrophasor: Projects


Implementation of System will be done on Stage wise;

Stage1:- Require to Install PMU & PDC at Major locations or Bays (Generating stations, Loaddespatch centers & Critical & Semi-critical baysof 220kV, 400kV, 765kV) and starts to do realtime monitoring of voltage & current amplitude,frequency & Phase angle parameters (Dynamic

behaviors of power system). Wide area monitoringimplementation has to be done first.

Stage2:- Wide area Protections (SPS) should beadopted

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Synchrophasor: Projects


Implementation of System will be done on Stage

wise;Stage3:- Wide area control based on monitoring& protection functions



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Synchrophasor: ccuracy asper C37.118


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Synchrophasor: Accuracy


PMU1

PDC1

SPDC

PMU2 PMU3 PMU4

PDC2 Level 1Level 1

Level 0 (Regional Level)

Local level Local level

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Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU Class as per C37.118-1)




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Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU Class as per C37.118-1)


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Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU class as per C37.118-1)


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Synchrophasor: PMU Testing


Steady State Testing



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1% PMU Requirement according to IEEEC37.118

0.25% CalibrationDevice Requirement according to IEEEC37.118

0.05% Reference Gradetest set Requirement

E

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Transient Testing

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Test Set

PMU1

PMU2

PMU3

V&I Signals

GPSPDC

I E E E

C 3 7 . 1

1 8

Interoperability of Multiple PMU’s



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Synchrophasor: Conclusion


Synchrophasor have rapidly moved from R&Denvironment into the real time application of Grid

Existing SCADA technology offer the steady state view of Electrical gridIEEE COMTRADE tool provide the offline analysis of fault recordSynchrophasor data can provide enhanced real timesituational awareness (Online & Offline) to enhanceoperator efficiency and performance.PMU shall be design for the future IEC61850advancements and upcoming dynamic synchrophasor standards for better interoperability with other vendor devices



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Synchrophasor: Conclusion


Synchrophasor system can work as modern power management system which can provides proactiveand reactive power control in transmission systemSynchrophasor data provide real time analysis for post disturbance recordsDynamic performance of synchrophasor system doesnot define in standardsPMUs connected to Metering core of Cts or Protection core of Cts are question to user Out of step protection scheme will be improvedEntire grid stability and reliability will be increased

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A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7