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7/31/2019 A Technical Study of the Broadcast Medium
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A TECHNICAL STUDY OF THEBROADCAST MEDIUMGroup 6 – Calvina, Sneha Sharma, Ashish C, Kaushik and
Vikash
2/24/2012
WWI, Mumbai
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Contents
A TECHNICAL STUDY OF THE BROADCAST MEDIUM .................................................................... 2
TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION .......................................................................................................................... 2
CABLE ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
MSO ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
CONDITIONAL ACCESS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 7
SATELLITE TRANSMISSION ...................................................................................................................... 11
DTH .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
IPTV ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
VIDEO ON DEMAND ................................................................................................................................ 20
PAY PER VIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 21
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A TECHNICAL STUDY OF THE BROADCAST MEDIUM
TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION
o Terrestrial television is a mode of television broadcasting which does not involve satellite
transmission or cables — typically using radio waves through transmitting and receiving
antennas or television antenna aerials.
o The term is also referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television
(OTA) and requires a Tuner (television) to view content.
o Doordarshan is still transmitted terrestrially. About 1400 terrestrial transmitters.
Benefits of Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) over Analog Terrestrial Television
(ATT)
Improved reception and picture quality
Supports new services like high definition television (HDTV) and multimedia /
interactive services
Carries more contents in one channel
Supports mobile / portable reception
Better use of frequency spectrum
Releases valuable frequency spectrum for other uses after full migration from analogue to
digital broadcasting
Drawbacks of ATT
Analog signals weaken over distance
Multi-path reflections from tall buildings cause ghosting
Analog supports only SD (aspect ratio of 4:3, stereo sound, resolution up to 575 lines
(vertical) x 720 pixels (horizontal)
Digital supports HD (aspect ratio of 16:9, multi sound channels, Resolution up to 1080
lines (vertical) x 1920 pixels (horizontal)
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CABLE
Cable television is a system of providing television programs to consumers via radio
frequency (RF) signals transmitted to televisions through coaxial cables or digital light pulses
through fixed optical fibers located on the subscriber's property, much like the over-the-air
method used in traditional broadcast television(via radio waves) in which a television antenna is
required.
Coaxial Cable:
Technology:
1. uses electromagnetic field technology to carry the signal
2. Coax cable uses electricity, electric signals (electrons) to transfer data3. Copper core of the coaxial cable carries an analog signal
Advantages of Coaxial Cable:
1. coaxial cables can be used near metallic objects without loss of power
2. Protects the signal from having interference with an electromagnetic source such as electronic
devices around
3. Coaxial cable easily fits on the input jack of the receiver and no problems with kinks –
Television sets are cable-ready and have a cable television tuner capable of receiving cable TV
already built-in that is delivered as an analog signal. To obtain premium television most
televisions require a set top box called a cable converter that processes digital signals. The
majority of basic cable channels can be received without a converter or digital television
adapter that the cable companies usually charge for, by connecting the copper wire with the F
connector to the Ant In that is located on the back of the television set.
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Fiber-optic cable
Material used for Fiber-optic cable:
- thin hollow fiber glass made of silica
Technology:
- fiber of thin hollow silica glass is used as a small pipe to transmit light particles containing
signals and data information between the two ends of the fiber
- fiber-optic cable uses light (photons) to transfer data
- optical fiber carries a digital signal
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable:
- flexibility of the cable (however, kinks distort the signal)
- transparent properties of fiber optic cable
- can be transmitted over longer distances with minimal or no losses
- allows data to be transferred at higher bandwidths
- can be curved around a corner during installation but cannot be bent (signal distortion)
- data transmission through the strands of fiber optic glass is faster
Broadcasters using analog television systems encode their signal
using NTSC, PAL or SECAM analog encoding and then use RF modulation to modulate this
signal onto a Very high frequency(VHF) or Ultra high frequency (UHF) carrier. Each frame of a
television image is composed of lines drawn on the screen. The lines are of varying brightness;
the whole set of lines is drawn quickly enough that the human eye perceives it as one image. The
next sequential frame is displayed, allowing the depiction of motion. The analog television signal
contains timing and synchronization information so that the receiver can reconstruct a two-
dimensional moving image from a one-dimensional time-varying signal.
Digital Cable Television
In 1989, General Instrument (later acquired by Motorola) demonstrated that it was possible to
convert an analog cable signal to digital and transmit it in a standard 6-MHz television channel.
In the 1990s cable providers began to invest heavily in new digital based distribution systems.
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Digital cable technology has allowed cable providers to compress video channels so that they
take up less frequency space and to offer various two-way communication capabilities. This has
enabled digital cable providers to offer more channels... In addition, digital cable technology
allows for error correction to ensure the quality of the received signal and uses a secure digital
distribution system.
Television Transmission Bands
Television is transmitted on various bands or frequencies. Transmission bands vary by country.
In America, bands III to V are used, which include VHF and UHF signals.
Band I
It is important to note that lower band signals such as bands I do not have enough bandwidth,
which means they cannot carry much information.
Band II
Band II in America is what carries FM radio. While this band is able to carry an audio signal,
adding video to the signal would overcrowd it and it would be inferior to the signal that viewers
receive today.
Bands III, IV, and V
A Normal TV signal is located on Band III, IV, or V. Usually; these bands require bandwidth to
carry both audio and video signals. Most TV signals have about 4MHz of bandwidth for the
video portion, when the signal’s sound portion is added the signal will have a total of about 6
MHz the FCC has allocated each TV channel to a bandwidth of 6 MHz
VHF and UHF
VHFs (very high frequencies) are channels that usually include channels 2 to 13. UHFs (ultra
high frequencies) are channels that usually include channels 14 to 83.
Both VHF and UHF are great frequencies for carrying TV signals (both audio and video). They
have a long range and can penetrate structures such as walls.
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Higher Bands
These bands are much higher in frequency and behave like light waves instead of radio
waves. Structures usually obstruct these bands and they need a clear line of sight. Many satellite
signals can use these frequencies, but require special equipment.
MSO
Multi system operator” means any person who receives a broadcasting service from broadcaster
and/or their authorized agencies and re-transmits the same to consumers and/or re-transmits the
same to one or more cable operators.
Multi Service Operators uses better technology to provide clearer pictures, better sound and up to
a 100 channels.
The charges, excluding taxes, payable by
(a) Cable subscribers to cable operator;
(b) Cable operators to multi system operators/broadcasters (including their authorised
distribution agencies); and
(c) Multi system operators to broadcasters (including their authorised distribution agencies)
The broadcaster up-links the signal to their channel via satellite. The MSO down-links this
signal, using a control room or a rear end. Inside the control room would be a set of RF signal
modulators. Scientific Atlanta is an industry standard in India that provides control room
equipment to various MSOs...
Because many MSOs continue to use analog transmission for low-numbered channels, and
digital transmission for higher channels, a typical digital cable box is also able to convert
traditional analog cable signals. Despite the advance of cable-ready television sets, most users
need a cable box to receive digital channels. However, customers who do not subscribe to any
digital channels can go without; MSOs provide "basic cable" service within the analog range,
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avoiding the need for distributing a box. However, advanced carrier services such as pay per
view and video on demand will require a box.
Digital television allows for a higher quality and quantity of cable TV signals. Digital
transmission is compressed and allows a much greater capacity than analog signals it almostcompletely eliminates interference. Digital converters have the same purpose as analog ones but
are able to receive digital cable signals. With more data than analog in the same bandwidth, the
system delivers superior picture and sound quality.
The MSO further re-transmits the RF signal from to the cable operator, via coaxial optical cables
or simply known as COAX that in turn boosts this signal using amplifiers and provides it to
various homes using a common type of optical cable called RG6. The term RG was initially used
by the US Military as an abbreviation for Radio Guide, but the term is now obsolete.
RG6, in common practice, refers to coaxial cables with an 18 AWG center conductor and 75
ohm characteristic impedance. It typically has a copper-coated steel center conductor and a
combination aluminum foil/aluminum braid shield. They are usually fitted with F connector
style, in each end.
CONDITIONAL ACCESS SYSTEM
The system used to limit the electronic transmission of digital media such as satellite television
signals through cable is called the conditional access system or CAS. It limits these signals for
use only by subscribed clients of the broadcasting company. With this system, the satellite signal
is encrypted, making it unavailable for reception by unauthorized receiving devices. To decrypt
the encrypted signals, a set-top box is needed. This device contains a conditional access module
to receive and decrypt the signal. This device must be within the premises of the customer.
Conditional access systems are in demand in the market today because of the need for major
companies in the DVB-H market to limit the access of their signals. Broadcast companies are
looking to control and regulate the digital signals that they broadcast.
The conditional access system has two goals. First, the system must enable access for subscribed
customers in order for them to view the content. The system must also prevent unauthorized
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viewers from accessing the protected content. The system works by using a set of codes or keys.
These keys are protected and hidden with the use of data encryption methods. These keys
scramble the signal, making it accessible only to authorized set-top boxes. Conditional access
systems are used in the different mediums of television distribution utilized by networks. They
work with satellite, cable and DSL television distribution systems.
Different kinds of conditional access systems
There are several different types of conditional access systems available in the market today.
Some of the most commonly used systems are:
DigiCipher II. The DigiCipher II was developed by the companies Jerrold, GI, and
Motorola 4DTV. It is compatible with the video format DVB-S2.
VideoCipher II Renewable Security. This system, which is abbreviated as VCII RS, is
commonly used conditional access system by premium satellite television channels
broadcasting under the analog C-Band.
Nagravision. This conditional access system was developed by the Nagravision Company
in the year 2003. Unfortunately, the security measures for this system have been hacked.
There are newer versions of Nagravision available in the market today. These new systems
are the Nagravision Carmageddon, Nagravision Aladin, Nagravision A, and Nagravision 3-
Merlin.
VideoGuard. This conditional access system was developed by the NDS Group, which is a
subsidiary of the News Corporation. It is commonly used by the satellite broadcasting
company DirecTV. There are three versions of VideoGuard available in the market today.
These versions are NDS VideoGuard 1, NDS VideoGuard 2 and NDS VideoGuard 3.
Irdeto. This conditional access system was developed by the Irdeto Company for use in
digital content protection.
MediaGuard. This conditional access system was developed by SECA. The latest version
in the market is the Seca Mediaguard 3.
Viaccess. This system was developed by France Telecom.
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In recent years, broadcasting and information society services (IS services) have been making
ever-increasing use of conditional access devices. This trend is expected to gather pace as the
market for these services develops. The conditional access device (CA) provides the user with a
technical facility which allows him to determine who has access to electronically-distributed
services and under which conditions. In order to improve the legal situation of providers of
broadcasting and IS services, the European Commission has recently drafted and adopted a
Directive on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access
(CAD)This Directive introduces a common standard of legal protection for conditional access
devices. However, it focuses exclusively on conditional access devices that serve the
remuneration interest of service providers and makes no provision for CA devices that serve
other interests.
The traditional role of conditional access is to ensure that viewers see only those programs that
they have paid to view. In the digital environment, conditional access has evolved far beyond
this role. Today's conditional access systems still support traditional pay TV revenue generation.
In addition they enable TV operators to create and protect a unique gateway to the enhanced TV
experience - a world of interactive services, including home shopping, games, sports, interactive
advertising, and pay-per-view programming.
Using today's conditional access systems, you can target programming, advertisements, and
promotions to subscribers by geographic area, by market segment, or according to subscribers'
personal preferences you can take advantage of conditional access features to implement flexible
program packaging options and support new ways of generating revenue.
Conditional Access System (CAS) is defined as any technical measure and/or arrangement
whereby access to the protected service in an intelligible form is made conditional upon prior
individual authorization.
The definition of conditional access indicates the two key features of CA - the possibility:
- to exercise control over the access to a service or content which is transmitted electronically
- to control the conditions under which access is granted.
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The main conditional access techniques which are currently supported are:
- password devices
- encryption devices.
Evaluating and filtering devices are also increasingly used in the Internet domain, mainly to
prevent undesirable material from being delivered to minors, but also for other applications, such
as the secure delivery of professional documents. " Push technologies" in the Internet domain
could possibly also be assimilated into access control since, on the basis of this technology,
content or material is sent only to selected receivers. In the longer term, devices based on
biometrics will also be increasingly used to implement conditional access, particularly within the
framework of banking services or any other activity, which involves authentication of users,
certification of parties and integrity of data.
Fundamentals of CAS
A conditional access system comprises a combination of scrambling and encryption to prevent
unauthorized reception. Encryption is the process of protecting the secret keys that are
transmitted with a scrambled signal to enable the descrambler to work. The scrambler key, called
the control word must, of course, be sent to the receiver in encrypted form as an entitlement
control message (ECM). The CA subsystem in the receiver will decrypt the control word only
when authorized to do so; that authority is sent to the receiver in the form of an entitlement
management message (EMM). This layered approach is fundamental to all proprietary CA
systems in use today
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SATELLITE TRANSMISSION
In a relatively short time, satellites have become an essential part of global communication. In
1960, the first TV satellite, named Echo, was launched. It was basically not much more than a
reflector, which reflected the TV signals it received from earth. Two years later Telstar followed,
which was the first so-called active TV satellite. Instead of only reflecting the incoming signals,
it also converted the signals in order to avoid interference between the incoming and outgoing
signals.
Telstar had a rotational speed which was different from the rotational velocity of the earth, so it
had to be followed very accurately by both transmission and reception stations. In 1964, this
problem was solved, when the first earth-synchronous satellite, Syncom, was launched. Many
others have followed since. The most well-known is probably Intelsat I, which was launched in
1965. By 1969 the satellite net had expanded to a worldwide communication and TV network.
In December 1982, the Astra I satellite was launched, which generated new interest in satellites
from the general public in Europe. With its coming it has become possible for people in Europe
to receive TV and radio transmissions with a small dish antenna.
Communication Satellites
All current communication satellites are earth-synchronous or geo-stationary. This means they
circle the earth in a specified orbit, at the same speed as the earth itself. As a result, they appear
to stand still. All geo-stationary satellites revolve around the earth at a height of 36,000 km,
precisely over the equator. Here, the centrifugal and gravitational forces of the earth are in
equilibrium, ensuring that the satellites stay in their position and do not fall back to earth. Their
speed is approximately 11,000 km per hour and the distance to Central Europe is approximately
41,000 km. As neither the distance nor the position over the equator changes, transmission and
receiving stations can remain fixed, maintaining their aim at the satellite. The geo-stationary
orbit where the satellites are in is also called the Clarke Belt, named after Arthur C. Clarke. He
was a British writer and scientist who first proposed the idea of the geo-stationary orbit used by
today's satellites.
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The Clarke Belt used by geo-stationary satellites.
Fixed Service Satellites
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS) are satellites designed to transport telephone calls, data
transmission and TV signals for broadcasting and cable organizations. Because these satelliteshave a relatively low power output of 10-20 watts per transmitted channel, it means that a large
dish antenna is required for good reception. (Less power means a weaker signal which is harder
to pick up, therefore requiring a larger antenna.) However, the advantage of low power satellites
is that more programs can be broadcast.
Consumer Satellites - DBS and MPS
A DBS, or Direct Broadcasting Satellite, is a satellite with high transmission powers, especiallydesigned to transmit radio and TV programs. Because of its high power (up to ten times the
power of a FSS satellite), its signals can be received with smaller dish antennae of 25-40 cm in
central receiving areas.
Another kind of satellite is the Medium Powered Satellite (MPS), which is a satellite with a
transmission power of 50 watts. The advantage of this type of satellite is that it has more power
than a FSS and its signals can therefore be received much easier. Although it has less power than
a DBS, its advantage over a DBS is that it allows the satellite to broadcast more programs. The
ASTRA satellite is an example of a MPS. MPS and DBS satellites are also referred to as
consumer satellites.
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Direct broadcast via satellite
Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as "Direct-To-Home" can either refer to the
communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service.
DBS systems are commonly referred to as "mini-dish" systems. DBS uses the upper portion of the Ku band, as well as portions of the Ka band.
Modified DBS systems can also run on C-band satellites and have been used by some networks
in the past to get around legislation by some countries against reception of Ku-band
transmissions.
Most of the DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With Pay-TV services, the
data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying
reception technology is similar, the Pay-TV technology is proprietary, often consisting of
a Conditional Access Module and smart card.
This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorised, paying subscribers have
access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) channels to be viewed
even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without the Conditional Access
Modules) available in the market.
Television receive-only
The term Television receive-only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television
reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations
(transmit and receive). This was before there was a DTH satellite television broadcast industry.
Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable television networks
rather than received by home viewers. Satellite TV receiver systems were largely constructed by
hobbyists and engineers. In 1978 Microcomm, a small company founded by radio amateur and
microwave engineer H. Paul Shuch, introduced the first commercial home satellite TV receiver.
These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the C band frequencies and the dishes required
were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to
as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television and
audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders on FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency
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Ku-band systems tend to be Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because
of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain.
TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more
likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band-only setup rather than a Ku band-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal
reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV.
The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals
from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite
earth station antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more C- and
Ku-band satellites simultaneously.
Direct to Home television
Many satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a
direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to
subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider’s goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of
channels to the customer’s television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable
TV. Unlike earlier programming, the provider’s broadcast is completely digital, which means it
has high picture and stereo sound quality. Early satellite television services broadcast in C-band -
radio in the 3.7 GigaHertz (GHz) to 4.2 GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellitetransmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz)
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide television programming for
broadcast. The provider (the DTH platform) doesn’t create original programming itself. The
broadcast centre is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast centre, the television provider
receives signals from various programming sources, compresses these signals using digital video
compression (encryption if necessary), and sends a broadcast signal to the proper satellite.
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DTH
The DTH (Direct to Home) service is basically a digital satellite service that provides satellite
television programming directly to subscribers home anywhere in the country. Since it employs
wireless technology, the television programs are transmitted to the subscriber’s television
directly from the satellite. This service does not involve the usage of cables and any other wiring
infrastructure.
A DTH network comprises of a broadcasting center, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, DTH
receivers and others. A DTH service provider is required to lease Ku-band transponders from the
satellite. The function of encoder is to convert the audio, video and data signals into the digital
signals. These digital signals are then mixed by multiplexer. On the receiving end at user home,
the set up includes a small Dish Antenna and Set-Top Boxes which decode these signals and
convert them back to audio, video and data signals.
Some of the popular DTH providers in India include Tata Sky, Airtel Digital, Videocon D2H,
Sun Direct, Dish TV, Big TV and others.
Features of DTH
DTH services offer exceptional picture and sound quality that is unparalled to any other
picture quality worldwide. It has become possible to experience the excellent quality live
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concerts, home theatres, daily television programming and surround sound from the
comfort of home due to DTH services.
Viewers can enjoy the modern movie theatre like viewing experience at their home. This
service is especially significant and valuable in those remote and difficult to reach areas
where the cable infrastructure is not present and there are no terrestrial television services
existed.
DTH services allow the viewers to only pay for the channels and services they want to
use. Thus, viewers can select from the list of dynamic program packages as per their
preference. This feature is in sharp contrast to the services provided by cable operators
where one makes payment for all the channels offered by them.
DTH provides Advanced Viewing Control Features such as the Electronic Program
Guide (EPG) that allows the viewers to check current and future programs on all
channels. The presence of Parental Lock, Pre-booked Pay-Per-View and Impulse Pay-
Per-View features truly makes it an extra ordinary and comfortable service available at
the home.
DTH services provide amazing DVD sound quality that includes MPEG4 with DVB-S2
digital transmission that has the provision of HD quality. Customers can also enjoy
various enhanced interactive services such as Internet access, Movie on demand, etc.
Things to consider for buying DTH services
Before purchasing any DTH service provider plans, one should check the reception
quality in his/her area. The improved and better signal strength leads to high quality
reception.
Most of the DTH service providers offer competitive plans and packages. Almost, every
DTH service provider offer special packs for the southern region, packs designed for
regional language channels, small packs of few channels, Mega Package for all the
channels, etc.
Customer should make the list of channels that he/she wants to view and then select the
plan or package that provides these channels at the competitive price. It is important to
get desired combination of channels rather than the number of channels available in a
pack.
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Direct to Home (DTH) has emerged as the good substitute to cable TV system. It does
not require any cable running through the streets and highways. There is extensive
implementation of Conditional Access System (CAS) across the country that makes it
suitable alternative to cable system.
There are many DTH service providers in the market and one has to carefully select the
service provider after considering the various factors such as transmission in inclement
weather, picture quality, plans & packages, package pricing and other value added
services.
IPTV
IPTV is TV-style content delivered via internet protocol directly to the consumer via a closed
network – a walled garden.
Globally IPTV market has successfully reached an advanced stage (Highlighted Stage in above
picture) where it has been growing rapidly since last 3 to 4 years. IPTV has grown from strength
to strength from its first deployment in 1999 to 2009 in terms of numbers of subscribers and
revenues. At the end of 2008 global IPTV subscriber base was 23 million grown to 26.7 million
in 2009 and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 32% to 81 million by end 2013. In terms of
service revenue Global IPTV market is $6.7 billion in 2009 and is expected to grow to $19.9
billion by 2013 as per industry estimates. Globally there are around a hundred and twenty IPTV
providers in over sixty countries, with Europe and the far eastern markets taking the top spots.
Currently Hong Kong, France, Taiwan and Belgium are leading the pack in terms of IPTV
penetration. By 2013, Europe and North America will generate a larger share of global revenue,
due to very low ARPUs in China and India, the fastest growing (Ultimately, the biggest markets)
in Asia
In the last few years major developments have taken place in the global IPTV market. One of the
major developments that should interest companies who are planning to foray into IPTV
deployment in India, China and other emerging markets is the deployment of IPTV services over
ADSL access on telephone wire or without internet connection. Operators like Deutsche
Telekom (German telecoms operator) and Akash Optifibres in India are providing IPTV without
internet/broadband connection. Other major milestone for IPTV was approval of a new ITU
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standard that supports global rollout of IPTV services. This should definitely encourage many
global IPTV service providers to look at the Indian market either to provide services directly or
the cable operator route. This is another major development in the global IPTV space wherein
cable operators are providing IPTV services through their existing network. Butler-Bremmer is
one such recent example of leading cable operator providing IPTV services. Though examples
like these are still few and far between, but cable operators abroad are starting to deliver IPTV
services over Docsis 3.0, a CableLabs platform that bursts data in excess of 100 Mbit/s.
IPTV in India – Current Status
Indian IPTV market is at a nascent stage where it is being deployed over DSL, ADSL and
ADSL2+ network infrastructure owned by operators like BSNL, MTNL & Airtel. Indian market
has witnessed an interesting battle where for the first time state owned companies are
aggressively promoting IPTV when private players have kept a low profile. Till now state-owned
telecom companies BSNL and MTNL were not considered formidable competitors to private
telecom companies. But interestingly these two are aggressively marketing IPTV in India.
Recently BSNL and MTNL along with Smart Digivision (Official franchisee for IPTV)
announced ‘MyWay’ which will be launched in over 54 cities, the largest IPTV launch in the
country.
Smart Digivision plans to offer IPTV services to 1.6 million to 1.7 million broadband subscribers
of BSNL and MTNL in these selected 54 cities which comprise 80 per cent of the country’s
broadband subscriber base. Private players like Airtel and Reliance have not aggressively
promoted their IPTV services. Infact Reliance has quietly launched their services in some areas
in Mumbai without much fuss. While on the other hand Airtel has been going slow on IPTV,
they are still in the process of evaluating more cities (Bangalore, Mumbai and Chennai) before
launching aggressively. Private players believe DTH is for masses and IPTV is for the classes.
However private players do realize that IPTV in the long run can become ARPU driver. Some of the other interesting developments that took place in the Indian IPTV market in the last few
months were the roll out of wireless STBs (hardware essential for accessing IPTV, digital cable
or DTH services) for its Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) services by Akash Optifibre.
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Akash has plans of commercially rolling out its wireless STBs for IPTV services. This will
enable consumers to access IPTV services in any part of their home without having to physically
make wire connections from the STB to the TV sets. Though this is very expensive right now
(three times costlier than the a normal box for accessing digital cable or a DTH, IPTV service)
but if this is commoditized just like mobile handsets it can penetrate throughout India creating a
mass consumption drive eventually resulting in price reduction
India’s first IPTV deployment was in 2006, when MTNL rolled out its IPTV service in Mumbai
followed by BSNL. Other major players like Bharti Airtel and Reliance Communications were
given the go ahead to launch their IPTV services in the Indian market in Feb-2008 by TRAI.
Airtel has launched its service in Jan-2009 while Reliance has quietly launched their services in
Mumbai Scenario for IPTV market in India is driven by certain factors like:
Interactivity
Value added services
Customer-end benefit
Fuelling broadband demand
However India still has a long way to go before IPTV can pick up momentum like wireless
communication or DTH services. India has a lot of problems that exist as a barrier for growth of
IPTV in India. Some of key issues are listed below:
Physical Infrastructure
Broadband penetration and n/w capability
Network Capability
QOS (Quality of service)
Content Readiness and cost
Cost of service for user
Regulatory framework – Some of the potential regulatory issues identified includes
o Advertising – Targeted advertising and advertisement-less content delivery to
allow next-generation business models
o Time Shifted TV – Legal framework to support content storage, redistribution and
super-distribution (e.g. access from multiple devices)
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o Privacy – Protect privacy of user content (with consideration for lawful intercept)
o Piracy – Provide a framework for detection and prosecution. Alternate models:
watermarking, crawling, etc.
o Multimedia Communications – Triple play: voice, video and data regulations
o Content Classification – Larger scale production
VIDEO ON DEMAND
Video on demand is a technology that provides entertainment on demand to all the subscribers of
the service. Video on demand provides customers with informative and entertaining streams of
multimedia and video information. Some of the services that can be offered by video on demand
technology are:
Movies-on-demand: Movies, TV shows, special interest programs and music videos can
be watched by home users at their convenience.
E-commerce: Customers can shop from home for some of their favorite items such as
books and software from various web sites.
Interactive advertising: Customers can interact directly with full motion video
advertisements and order the product on-line while they watch the advertisement.
There are two distinct types of video on demand applications, each requiring different
technology.
Near-Video-on-demand: This technology delivers the same content using multiple video
streams with staggered start times. For example, twelve video streams – each starting at
ten minute intervals can deliver a single, two-hour video. Users wishing to watch the
video may have to wait. The waiting time is no longer than ten minutes. In this
technology many users share a single video stream.
True-Video-on-demand: This technology provides the users with the requested contentimmediately. In response to a user request, the video server delivers the content in a
video stream immediately, without any waiting time. Generally video streams are
dedicated to users unless multiple users request a single content title at exactly the same
time. Using this technology, it is possible to provide interactive control of the video
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stream to the users. For example, users can be provided with VCR controls such as play,
fast forward, rewind, pause. True video-on-demand will be the focus of this report.
Components Required in a Video-On-Demand System
Video server
Video server plays a major role in video on demand systems and is a critical component
of the system. A video server has access to the video content and is responsible for the
delivery of the video content in continuous streams that are free of unacceptable video
artifacts. A video server therefore has to store and manage large and complex video files.
Back office software/hardware
This component is required to do the following tasks:
o Keeping track of the content: where is it coming from, royalty issues, advertising
services.
o Content management.
o User account management
o Standard billing systems and customer management systems.
Other components
Digital set-top boxes, application server and the network configuration are the other
components of a video-on-demand system.
PAY PER VIEW
Pay-per-view TV has actually been around since the 1950s in America. In its infancy, viewers
who wanted to watch PPV had to order movies two weeks to one month in advance. It was so
inconvenient that PPV at that time was not very successful and not popular. At the time, there
were two main ways to operate the systems then: by plug-in decoders and by meters (operated
with tokens). In 1977, the first addressable decoders were invented and installed in viewers’
homes. But it took another ten years to make PPV feasible in the whole country. In the 1990s,
most of the cable operators provided the addressable converter to their standard cable boxes. The
addressable converter uses the phone line to track the subscriber. With these converter boxes,
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cable companies can add or drop services to subscribers by phone calls. Some cable operators
provide Impulse PPV, which enables viewers to use only a remote tuner to order the program.