A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES …

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A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL

PHRASES INTO INDONESIAN VERSION IN THE NOVEL

‘BLUE-EYED DEVIL’

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

By:

ANITA RUSJAYANTI

C0306012

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

2011


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PRONOUNCEMENT

NAME : ANITA RUSJAYANTI

NIM : C0306012

Stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled A Translation Analysis of

English Participial Phrases into Indonesian Version in the Novel Blue-Eyed

Devil is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism nor made by

others. The belongings related to other people’s work are written in quotations and

included within the bibliography.

If it is subsequently proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is

ready to take the responsibility, including the withdrawal of the academic degree.

Surakarta, August 2011

Anita Rusjayanti


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MOTTO

Verily with every difficulty, there is a relief(The Glorious Qur an, Alam Nasrah: 6)

The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on

what he or she can do. In the course of a burning effort

to do it better

(Elizabeth Bown, 1899-1973)


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DEDICATION

I whole-heartedly dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved Father and Mother

My incredible brothers and sisters

My lovely friends


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillahirobbil alamin. All praises are just for the Almighty God,

Allah SWT for the blessing and the guidance and for the prophet Muhammad

SAW for his great inspiration to my ordinary life. Finally, I can finish this thesis.

It was a challenging task for me to complete this thesis because it took a lot of

time, energy, and patience. I realize that without supports from the people

surrounding me, I am sure that I am not able to accomplish this thesis

successfully. Therefore, I would like to give my special thank to all of them who

have given me valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:

1. The dean of faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, Drs.

Riyadi santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, for approving this thesis.

2. The head of English Department of Sebelas Maret University, Prof. Dr.

Djatmika, M.A, for giving me admission to this thesis to be examined.

3. My thesis consultant, Ida kusuma Dewi, SS, MA, for her concern, guidance,

support, and critical advice to me in this thesis.

4. My academic consultant, Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism, for the advice and

guidance during my study in Sebelas Maret University.

5. All the lecturers of English Department who have taught me well and shared

their knowledge and experiences.

6. My raters; Mr. Heri, Miss Wulan, Miss Cicik, Mr. Sawardi, Mr. Henry, and

Miss Rianna, for the comments, inputs, and suggestions.

7. All the respondents involved in the research that I can not mention down here.

Thanks a million for you all.


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8. My beloved father and mother, for every single prayer for me. I guess I will

never be what I have become now without the light that you bring to me.

9. My brothers (Irvan and Iwan) and sisters (Yulita and Ambar). I know

sometimes I seem careless and busy with myself but deep inside I love you all

so much. I hope I can bring us a better life.

10. My lovely friends of Queelinary … Ata, Becka, Panda, Kenny, and Teh Rini;

thanks for your supports and happiness given to me. I love you all, my queens.

11. My wonderful friends; Ika, Vika, Nia, and Hani; I lovingly dedicate this thesis

to you.

12. All my friends of English Department 2006, thanks for keeping our compact

friendship for the years.

13. All people who have given me supports and helped me in completing this

thesis (Inne, wiji, mbak yiyis, dik Mimi, dik Kanthy and dik Atik).

At last, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore,

suggestion and criticism will be kindly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be

beneficial for English Department students and for those who are interested in

Translation.

Surakarta, August 2011

Anita Rusjayanti


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE.......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL BY THE THESIS SUPERVISOR. ......................................... ii

APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS.................................... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT. ............................................................................... iv

MOTTO. ..................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION........................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT. .......................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES. .................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT. ........................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background ...................................................................... 1

B. Research Limitation......................................................................... 6

C. Research Problems. ......................................................................... 6

D. Research Objectives. ....................................................................... 6

E. Research Benefits ............................................................................ 7

F. Research Organization. .................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The Definition of Translation. .......................................................... 9

B. Problems in Translation ................................................................. 10

C. Translation Quality Assessment..................................................... 12


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D. Translation Technique ................................................................... 15

E. Participial Phrase ........................................................................... 30

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research........................................................................... 37

B. Data and Source of Data ................................................................ 38

C. Sampling Technique ...................................................................... 39

D. Methods of data Collection ............................................................ 41

E. Technique of Data Analysis ........................................................... 44

F. Research Procedures...................................................................... 44

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS

A. Translation technique .................................................................... 46

B. Translation Quality ........................................................................ 58

C. Discussion ..................................................................................... 71

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion ................................................................................ …77

B. Recommendation........................................................................... 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... …80

APPENDICES .................................................................................... …82


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Participle phrase in form

Table 3.1 The scales of translation accuracy

Table 3.2 The scales of translation acceptability

Table 3.2 The scales of translation Readability

Table 4.1 The data translated using linguistic amplification technique

Table 4.2 The data translated using transposition technique

Table 4.3 The data translated using literal translation technique

Table 4.4 The data translated using addition technique

Table 4.5 The classification of translation accuracy

Table 4.6 The classification of translation acceptability

Table 4.7 The classification of translation acceptability

Table 4.8 The influence of translation strategy to translation quality


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ABSTRACT

Anita Rusjayanti. C0306012. A Translation Analysis of English ParticipialPhrases into Indonesian Version in the Novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. Thesis:English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas MaretUniversity. 2011

The purposes of this research are (1) to find out the types of translationtechniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrase, (2) todescribe how the translation techniques influence the translation quality in termsof accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

This research is descriptive qualitative. A purposive sampling techniquewas employed in this research. The data are all participial phrases in the novel‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ that are placed in the beginning of sentence or before the mainclause and its translations. The other data are taken from the questionnairesassessed by six raters and nine respondents. The total data of participial phrase inthe novel are 80 data.

The analysis on the translation techniques shows that there are fourtechniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrases in the novel‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59 data or 73, 75%),transposition (9 data or 11, 25%), literal translation (11 data or 13, 75%), andaddition (1 datum or 1, 25%).

The analysis on the translation accuracy shows that 45 data or 56, 25%from the total data are accurate, 35 data or 43, 75% are less accurate, and nodatum is inaccurate. The analysis on the translation acceptability shows that 58data or 72, 50% are acceptable, 22 data or 27, 50% are less acceptable, and nodatum is unacceptable. The analysis on translation readability shows that 28 dataor 35% are readable, 52 data or 65% are less readable, and no datum isunreadable.

The technique resulting translations with high level of accuracy islinguistic amplification while the technique resulting in low level of accuracy istransposition. The techniques resulting acceptable translations are all techniquesconsisting of linguistic amplification, transposition, literal translation, andaddition. However, the techniques which result in translations with high level ofacceptability are linguistic amplification and transposition. Meanwhile, thetechnique which results in translations with low level of acceptability is literaltranslation. The translation technique resulting in readable translations with highpercentage than others is linguistic amplification.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

The development of literary works in Indonesia can not be separated

from the role of translation. Many kinds of literary works are translated into

different languages such as short story, drama, essay, biography, novel, poem,

script and etc. These literary works need a translation role in transferring the

cultural and artistic values from the source language (SL) into target language

(TL). The translated texts or books enable people in other countries to understand

what kinds of information that they can get.

People will fully comprehend the content of a literary work if they read

the translated version of their own language. Therefore, the role of translation

process is strongly needed to transfer those kinds of information. People speaking

in target language consequently can understand the message contained in source

language. Translation is a process of transferring message (ideas and cultures)

from one language (source) to another language (target) in a written text so that

people of target language can understand the content of source language text.

There are many problems that a translator may encounter in translating

literary works. They may relate to culture and grammar. One of problems related

to grammar that an English–Indonesian translator may encounter is translating

participial phrase. Participial phrases are always marked by the presence of

participle verb that must be identified carefully. A participle is a verb form that


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can be used as an adjective. There are two kinds of participle; they are present

participles and past participles. In present participles, the verb ends with suffix –

ing while in past participles, the verb may end in suffix –ed or –en or –t. Some

past participles, however, are formed in other ways. Although participles can be

used as adjectives, they often appear in verb phrases. When a participle is joined

to an auxiliary verb in a verb phrase, it is part of the verb and is not an adjective.

Participial phrases may come in the beginning, in the middle, and even in

the last part of sentence. Translating participial phrases that come in the beginning

of sentence into Indonesian is more problematic than translating participial

phrases that come in the middle and the last part of sentence. It is because

participial phrases that come in the beginning of sentence may show certain

relations with its main clause, such as: time, cause, manner, result, and etc. Many

possible meanings will create problems to the translator in understanding it.

Hence, the researcher is interested to analyze the translation of English participial

phrase found in the novel entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian version. There

are various participial phrases found in this novel that can be problematic for the

translator. Here are some examples:

Example 1:

Datum number : 03/ BED-012-02/ CTT-024-06/

Source Text (ST) : Appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own voice, I

continued quickly.

Target Text (TT) : Takjub mendengar nada cemburu yang ada di dalam

suaraku sendiri, buru-buru aku melanjutkan.


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The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven

asked for her father's blessing to marry Nick, but her father refused. Meanwhile,

her brother got a very blessed wedding from him.

The participial phrase ‘appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own

voice’ in the ST is translated to takjub oleh nada cemburu yang ada dalam

suaraku sendiri that still functions as a phrase. However, the translator adds the

word mendengar after the word takjub in the TT. It shows that the translator

applied addition technique in translating the participial phrase. As a result, the

meaning of the participial phrase is clearer in the translation and the message can

be potentially understood by the target readers.

Example 2:


ST : Alerted by the racket, Gage had come and rummaged through the ligustrum

until he found Bootsie.

TT: Mendengar keributan yang terjadi, Gage datang dan menggeledah semak

ligustrum hingga menemukan Bootsie.

The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that that

Haven ran to find her doll, Bootsie, which fell in the bushes. His eldest brother

(Gage) was trying to help her to find her sister's favorite doll.

The participial phrase ‘alerted by the racket’ is translated to terdengar

oleh keributan yang terjadi that functions as a passive phrase. However, the

translator translates it to mendengar keributan yang terjadi that functions as an

active phrase. It shows that the translator applies transposition technique in


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translating participial phrase. It is shown by the changing of the passive verb of

terdengar to active verb mendengar in the translation so that the translation

becomes mendengar keributan yang terjadi in the TT.

Example 3:


ST: Judging from the looks he got, most other people did too.

TT: Menilai dari tampang yang ia punya, sebagian besar orang juga merasakan

hal yang sama.

The above example is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven

went to watch a theater with her friend, Todd. He was a kind of easy-going

person. He had had relationships with men and women. Todd was open to any

possibility because to him the outside of a person is just packaging. He was

wearing a tux that made him sleek and feline with elegant looseness on his body.

Although Haven was immune to Todd in any romantic sense, she enjoyed the

sight of him in a tux. Haven thought that most people would also have the same

feeling of admiration toward Todd when they saw his good-looking.

The participial phrase ‘judging from the looks he got’ is translated to

menilai dari tampang yang ia punya . As seen, the translator uses literal

translation technique. The example above may be unreadable translation so the

translator should better give a conjunction that is coherent with the main clause.

The participial phrase and the main clause above show the situation of supposing

something. The translation should be kalau menilai dari tampang yang ia

punya so that the translation will be more readable in TT. As a result, the pattern


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of the sentence will be a dependent (subordinate) clause followed by an

independent clause. The other way of translating participial phrase into

Indonesian language is by placing the main clause in the beginning of sentence

and then followed by the participial phrase with its possible conjunction used to

show both correlations. Besides, the comma should be omitted so the pattern will

be an independent clause and dependent clause. The TT can be sebagian besar

orang juga merasakan hal yang sama kalau menilai dari tampang yang ia

punya . Both ways of translating participial phrases show the same massage

although they have different patterns in the sentence.

Based on the examples above, participial phrases have many possible

meanings. The relation between the participial phrase and its main clause should

be analyzed carefully to get the accurate message in Indonesian language so that

the message of the source text will be easily caught by the target readers. From the

examples above, the researcher considers that to translate participial phrases, a

translator does not only need to know the right conjunction used to show the

relation between the participial phrase and its main clause but also need to know

the situational context (who, where, when, why, and how) of the participial

phrases used. The researcher is then interested to conduct a research entitled “A

Translation Analysis of English Participial Phrases into Indonesian Version in the

Novel Blue-Eyed Devil.”

The researcher tries to observe the techniques applied by the translator in

translating participial phrases and the quality of the translation in terms of

accuracy, acceptability, and readability.


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B. Research Limitation

In this research, problems are limited on the translations of participial

phrases that come in the beginning of sentence found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel

Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian and the quality of translation that

employs translation techniques.

C. Research Problems

Concerning in the research above, some problem statements are proposed

as follows:

1. What types of translation techniques are applied by the translator to translate

participial phrases found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil

into Indonesian?

2. How do the techniques influence the translation quality in terms of accuracy,

acceptability, and readability?

D. Research Objectives

The goals of this research are:

1. To find out the types of translation technique applied by the translator to

translate participial phrases found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed

Devil into Indonesian.

2. To describe how the techniques influence the quality in terms of accuracy,

acceptability, and readability.


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E. Research Benefits

It is expected that this research will be useful for:

1. The English Department Students and other researchers

This research will be helpful for students of English Department and

other researchers to increase their knowledge about the various translations of

English participial phrases into Indonesian. This research can be used as

information of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of a translation

according to the grammatical structure and context.

2. The lecturers

This research will be useful for the lectures as the additional input and

reference in teaching translation about participial phrases. The translation of

participial phrase can give contribution in teaching English grammar.

3. The translators

The result of this research will contribute to the improvement of

translator’s knowledge and competence in translating participial phrases.

F. Research Organization

Chapter I : INTRODUCTION. It covers Research Background, Research

Limitation, Research Problems, Research Objectives, Research

Benefits, and Research Organization.

Chapter II : LITERATURE REVIEW. It covers The Definition of

Translation, Problems in Translation, Translation Quality

Assessment, Translation Techniques, Participial Phrases.


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Chapter III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It covers Research Method,

Data And Source of Data, Sampling Technique, Methods Of

Data Collection, Technique Of Data Analysis, and Research

Procedures.

Chapter IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. It covers Translation

techniques, Translation Quality, and Discussion.

Chapter V : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It covers

Conclusions and Recommendations of the research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The Definition of Translation

‘Translation’ has been variously defined by many experts with their own

notions. Catford (1974: 20) points out that, “Translation is the replacement of

textual material in one language (source language/ SL) by equivalent textual

material in another language (target language/ TL).” In line with Catford, Nida

states (1975: 33) “Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the

closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, firstly in

meaning and secondly in style.”

As seen, Nida’s statement completes the meaning of ‘translation

equivalence’ by Catford. Equivalent message from SL into TL can be the content

of text and the stylistic form that must be appropriate with the idea and culture of

the receptor language. However, the equivalent meaning must have high priority

than the stylistic form. It is because the sense (content) may be translated while

the forms (style) often can not (Hatim & Munday, 2004: 10). The equivalent

meaning or the sense plays a key role in translation that can be obtained through

the implicit or explicit information.

The definition of translation is further explained by Bassnet-McGuire

(1991: 2) in her book entitled Translation studies, “What is generally understood

as translation involves the rendering of SL text into the TL so as to ensure that (1)

the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structure

of the SL will be seriously distorted”. Referring to the statements above,


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translation has two forms, namely the form from which translation is made, called

as SL and the form into which it is to be changed and transferred into another

language, called TL. Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon,

grammatical structure, communicative situation, and cultural context of the source

language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing

the same meaning using language and its cultural context (Larson, 1984:1).

From the explanations above, it can be summed up that translation is

rendering the meaning and style from SL into TL with some considerations to find

the equivalence.

B. Problems in Translation

Translating is a crucial activity that should be done carefully by a

translator in transferring the message from SL to TL. When a translator translates

a text, he/she absolutely encounters some problems during translation process.

Nababan (1999: 55-60) identifies that there are four factors causing the problems

in the process of translating, they are: the different system of SL and TL, the

semantics and stylistic complexity, the translator’s competence level, and the

quality of the SL text.

Related to the different system of SL and TL, if all languages in the world

have a similar system, the equivalence concept in translation will not be necessary

to use. Actually, it can not be denied that there is no one language having a similar

system in terms of either the syntactic and lexical structure or the morpheme. For

the example is the words ‘washing machine’ in English which can not be

translated into ‘mesin yang mencuci’ in Indonesian. It should be translated into


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‘mesin untuk mencuci’ or ‘mesin cuci’ in Indonesian translation because a

machine does not have hands to wash like a human. The word ‘machine’ refers to

a thing used to do something.

Semantic complexity relates to the socio-cultural background of the

speaker’s language. Everything which can be found between in SL and TL will

not make problem in translating process. On the contrary, everything in SL which

can not be found in TL will cause a problem in translating, for example: the

names of foods and drinks in Indonesia like kolak, nasi kucing, es dawet, and

wedang ronde. They may have no direct equivalence in other languages. As a

consequent, they should be translated into other names that have similar

characteristics or still keep the original names.

Stylistic complexity refers to the way of language bringing the message in

a certain purpose. The translator has to be able to express a certain text with the

right style from ST to TT. It is because every text has its own style, for example:

the language style of literary texts like poem, prose, and drama is really different

from the language style used in the scientific texts.

Translators’ competence levels are different from one to another. A text

will be easily translated if the translator has a good competence in translation. The

text translated by a professional translator and amateur translator will be quite

different because they have different competent level to transfer the message of

the text. A professional translator absolutely masters the comprehensive

competences in translating a text, they are: grammatical competence, discourse


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competence, strategic competence, sociolinguistic competence, and transfer

competence.

Related to the quality of the SL text, either an amateur translator or a

professional translator will find a difficulty in translating a text if the ST has low

quality. The low quality of ST can make the translator misunderstand and even

can not transfer the message in TT.

C. Translation Quality Assessment

The increasing number of translation studies as a discipline raises the level

of discussion or assessment about translation. The assessment of translation

product is intimately connected with the translation quality which enables

criticism about the translated texts. The criticism can be a measurement for the

strength and weakness of a translated text. Schutle (in Nababan, 1999: 83) states

that a translation critic or a translator must fulfill some criteria, such as

understanding about the sense and meaning of SL text and the linguistic

perception of SL and TL, being familiar with the esthetical context and culture

both SL and TL, and having a good knowledge of both SL and TL.

Honig (in Nababan, Santosa, & Wiratno, 2007: 12) identifies four persons

who get advantages from the translation assessment, they are: TL reader, a

professional translator, a translation researcher, and a translation trainee either in a

vocational school or in an academic institution. Translation quality assessment

(TQA) is really needed by them to improve their translation quality and to be a

guideline in translating a text. Besides, they can use TQA as their consideration to

trust a translator and his/her translation quality.


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In line with Honig, Newmark (in Triyanto, 2009: 13) states three

advantages of translation assessment for a translator. First, a translator can

improve her/his capability in translation when he/she learns from the mistakes in

the previous translation and then tries to revise them in the next translation.

Second, a translator can enlarge her/his knowledge about SL and TL to make an

acceptable translation in TL without leaving the norms of the SL. Third, a

translator will finally formulate a guideline to decide whether a translation product

is good or not.

TQA must focus on three factors; they are 1) accuracy, 2) acceptability,

and 3) readability. Nababan et al (2007: 11) say,

“Konsep keakuratan, keberterimaan, dan keterbacaan ini perlu dipahami dengan baik.Akan tetapi, ‘akurat, berterima, dan mudah dipahami’ merupakan konsep yang relative.Dengan kata lain, pernyataan tentang terjemahan yang akurat, berterima, dan mudahdipahami akan sangat tergantung pada orang yang menilainya”.

The concept of accuracy, acceptability, and readability is determined by

the receptor language with its own assessment.

1. Accuracy

The term ‘accuracy’ relates to the equivalent message of both SL and TL.

A text will be recognized as a qualified one if there is equivalence of the content

or message between SL and TL. Baker points out, “Accuracy is no doubt an

important aim of translation, but it is also important to bear in mind that the target

reader plays an important role in keeping the communication channels open”

(1992: 57). By reading accurate translation, target readers will fully understand

the message of SL and can maintain a good communication between SL and TL.


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In conjunction with the translation process, Hatim & Munday (2004: 10)

state that translating describes the process in terms of such features as the literal

rendering of meaning, adherence to form, and emphasis on general accuracy. It is

clear that accuracy becomes the aim of translation process, instead of the meaning

and form. Accuracy assessment is used to determine whether the translation

conveys the message or not.

2. Acceptability

Acceptability deals with the culture of TL, as Lambert (in Hornby,

Pochhacker, & Kaindl, 1994: 18-19) states that translation has a chance to be

accepted in the TL while the culture tends to be accepted as a part of translational

phenomenon only, e.g. in the case of meals, names of institutions, titles, and etc.

Related to the translator’s task, Vermeer (in Nord, 1997: 21) adds that the

translator should analyze the acceptability and viability of the translation briefly in

legal, economical or ideological terms. It means, acceptability assessment aims to

make the translation sound natural in the TL.

In term of culture, acceptability is determined by the norms, conventions,

and expectations prevailing in the language and style of the TL (Puurtinen in

Hornby et al, 1994: 85). A translation will be acceptable in TL if the translator can

express the meaning in a natural way as if it is an original text and no grammatical

mistakes in the TT.

3. Readability

A good translation must be readable and understandable by the target

readers. Richards et al states that readability concerns on how easily written


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materials can be read and understood (in Nababan, 1999: .62). It means, readable

translation will not make the target reader get confused and there are no

ambiguous words. Richards et al then classify three factors influencing the

translation readability, they are: the average length of sentence, the number of

new words used, and the grammatical complexity of TL. Nababan (1999: 78) adds

other factors that determine the level of readability, they are: the content of the

text and writing style.

D. Translation Techniques

The translator should apply an appropriate translation technique to produce

a good translation product. According to Molina & Albir (2002, p.509), “A

technique is the result of a choice made by a translator; its validity will depend on

various questions related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience

expectations, etc.” Translation technique becomes a procedure to analyze and to

classify how translation equivalence works. The followings are the common

translation techniques used by a translator proposed by Molina & Albir (2002):

1. Adaptation

Adaptation is a translation technique which is used by the translator to

replace cultural element in the SL with the cultural element in the TL which has

similar characteristic. The cultural element itself is close to the target readers

(Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Many plants sprout in spring.

TT: Banyak tanaman bersemi saat musim penghujan.


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The word ‘spring’ can not be found the TT so it should be changed to the

cultural element with similar characteristic in TT. The word ‘spring’ in ST is then

replaced by the words ‘musim penghujan’ in TT because both of them reflect the

time of plants can sprout and grow.

2. Amplification

Amplification is a translation technique that is used to introduce details

that are not formulated in the ST, such as information, explicative paraphrasing,

etc (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Many people celebrates valentine last week.

TT: Banyak orang merayakan valentine, hari kasih sayang dengan

mengirim kartu ucapan dan hadiah, minggu kemarin.

The word ‘valentine’ probably can not be known by some people in the TT

so the translator needs amplification technique by adding information ‘hari kasih

sayang dengan mengirim kartu ucapan dan hadiah ‘after the noun ‘valentine’. As a

result, the message can be transferred well in the TT.

3. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation technique that takes a word or an expression

straight from the SL. The word or expression can be pure without any

modification (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Hydrocephalus becomes a dangerous disease attacking the baby at

recent times.


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TT: Hydrocephalus menjadi suatu penyakit berbahaya yang menyerang

bayi akhir-akhir ini.

The word ‘hydrocephalus’ is borrowed from the ST to be transferred into

TT without any changes.

4. Calque

Calque is a technique that is used by a translator to translate a foreign

word or phrase literally and it can be lexical or structural (Molina & Albir, 2002) .

Example:

ST: He sends me a greeting card for my success.

TT: Dia mengirimiku sebuah kartu ucapan atas keberhasilanku.

The phrase ‘greeting card’ in ST is translated literally and lexically to

‘kartu ucapan’ in TT.

5. Compensation

Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a ST element of

information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be

reflected in the same place as in the ST (Molina & Albir, 2002).

This technique is used to translate an expression that does not have same

proportion with the other words or expression in ST. It is used when there is a

story in ST containing three paragraphs, the first and third paragraphs use

idiomatic expression while the second paragraph does not use it. The translator

then translates it by compensating the second paragraph with the idiom that can be

found in TL. It is to keep the stylistic effect in TT.


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6. Description

Description is a translation technique that replaces a term or expression

with a description of its form or/and function (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Many people sold kimbab in the festival yesterday.

TT: Banyak orang menjajakan makanan khas Korea yang terbuat dari

nasi yang dicampur dengan berbagai bumbu dan digulung dengan

rumput laut saat festival kemarin.

The word ‘kimbab’ in is not popular among the target readers so the

translator gives the description of kimbab in the TT to transfer the message. The

translator translates ‘kimbab’ by describing the characteristics of it.

7. Discursive creation

Discursive creation is a translation technique that establishes a temporary

equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. This technique is usually

used to translate the title of book or film (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: The novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ tells about love story of a divorced

woman.

TT: Novel ‘Cinta Tak Terduga bercerita tentang kisah cinta seorang

janda.

‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ in ST is a title of a novel which means a devil that has

blue eyes. Meanwhile, the translation of ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ becomes ‘Cinta Tak

Terduga’ in Indonesian. Both of the ST and TT do not have the same meaning but

they just have a temporary equivalence seen from the story of the novel.


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8. Established equivalence

Established equivalence is a translation technique applied by the translator

using a term or expression recognized (based on the dictionary or language in use)

as an equivalent in the target language (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Don’t show your face to me again!

TT: Jangan menunjukkan batang hidungmu padaku lagi!

The ST ‘Don’t show your face to me again’ means a person who has

courage to appear although he/she did mistake to others. There is an idiom in the

TT that has the same meaning with the ST as the equivalent. The idiom is ‘jangan

menunjukkan batang hidungmu padaku lagi’ that is recognized among the people

in the TL. Both of the idioms in ST and TT have the same meaning.

9. Generalization

Generalization is a translation technique by applying a more general or

neutral term in the target language (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: His apartment is so big.

TT: Tempat tinggalnya begitu besar.

The word ‘apartment’ is replaced by the words ‘tempat tinggal’ that is

more general in TT. The words ‘tempat tinggal’ means a place for living that may

include house, apartment, hotel, etc.


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10. Linguistic amplification

Linguistic amplification is a translation technique by adding linguistic

elements. This technique is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing

(Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Left by his mother, the baby is crying now.

TT: Karena ditinggal pergi ibunya, bayi itu menangis sekarang.

The example above shows that a past participle ‘left’ in participial

phrase ‘left by his mother’ in ST is transferred into TT by adding the connector

‘karena’ to adjust the meaning in showing cause-effect relation between the

participial phrase and the main clause. This connector is included as linguistic

element to show the implicit meaning.

11. Linguistic compression

It is a translation technique by synthesizing linguistic elements in the

target text. This technique is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in

subtitling (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Yes, I do.

TT: Ya.

The words ‘yes, I do’ in ST can be translated to TT by compressing the

linguistic element ‘I do’. As a result, the translation in TT is just the word ‘ya’.


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12. Literal translation

Literal translation is a translation technique by translating a word or an

expression word for word (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: I like fishing.

TT: Aku suka memancing.

The example above clearly shows a literal translation technique used by

the translator in translating sentence. The translator translates ‘I like fishing’ in ST

to “aku suka memancing’ in TT by word-for-word.

13. Modulation

Modulation is a translation technique to change the point of view, to focus

on cognitive category in relation to the ST. It can be lexical or structural (Molina

& Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: I hit my head.

TT: Kepalaku terbentur.

From the example above, the point of view in the ST is the subject ‘I’

while the point of view in the TT is the object ‘kepalaku’ (my head). It is clearly

seen that the point of view in the ST ‘I’ is changed by the point of view ‘kepalaku’

in TT since the matter of the context is the object ‘my head’. As a result, the

translation becomes ‘kepalaku terbentur’.


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14. Particularization

Particularization is a translation technique by using a more precise or

concrete term. This technique is the opposition of generalization (Molina & Albir,

2002).

Example:

ST: The troops are exercising to fly the air transportation.

TT: Pasukan militer itu sedang berlatih menerbangkan helikopter.

The words ‘air transportation’ in ST is translated to ‘helikopter’ in TT to

specify the object. As a result, the object will be more precise and concrete in TT.

15. Reduction

Reduction is a translation technique by suppressing a source text

information item in the target text. This technique is the opposite of amplification

technique (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Example:

ST: Many tourists watch the ceremony of ngaben, cremation in Bali.

TT: Banyak turis menyaksikan upacara ngaben.

The words ‘cremation in Bali’ is very popular in the Indonesian target

readers but it is not common in other countries as in ST. As a consequent, the

translator just translates the words ‘ngaben, cremation in Bali’ in ST to ‘ngaben’

in TT.

16. Substitution (linguistic, paralinguistic)

Substitution is a translation technique by changing linguistic elements for

paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa (Molina & Albir,


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2002). This technique is often used in interpreting, for example, bowing in

Japanese gesture can be translated to ‘thank you’, ‘sorry’, ‘hello’, ‘good bye’,

‘welcome’, etc.

17. Transposition

Transposition is a translation technique by changing the grammatical

category from the ST to TT (Molina & Albir, 2002). It can be the transposition of

structure, class, and unit.

Example:

ST: The evacuees are in safety now.

TT: Para pengungsi dalam keadaan aman sekarang.

The word ‘safety’ in ST belongs to part of speech of noun. When it is

translated to TT, the translation of the word ‘safety’ (noun) becomes ‘aman’

(adjective).

18. Variation

Variation is a translation technique by changing linguistic or paralinguistic

elements (intonation, gestures) that affect the aspects of linguistic variation:

changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc (Molina &

Albir, 2002). It is to introduce or to change dialectal indicators for characters

when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for

children, etc.

Example:

ST: you can see me again tomorrow, ta-ta!

TT: kau bisa menemuiku lagi besok, sampai jumpa!


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The textual tone ‘ta-ta’ in the ST is translated to ‘sampai jumpa’ in TT so

that the message can be well transferred.

Suryawinata & Hariyanto (2003: 67-76) also propose the other translation

techniques to translate word by word, phrase by phrase, and sentence by sentence

as a technical foundation. They use the term of translation strategies or translation

procedures to mention the translation techniques because the word ‘procedure’

means a formal order. The techniques are then divided into two strategies; they

are structural strategy and semantical strategy.

a) Structural Strategy

It is a technique in translation related to the structure of the ST to make the

translation acceptable in TT. Structural strategy consists of three translation

techniques; they are addition, subtraction, and transposition.

1. Addition

It is a translation technique by adding words in the TL because the

structure in the TL requires it (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).

Example:

ST: The woman sitting there teaches in my class.

TT: Wanita yang sedang duduk di sana mengajar di kelasku.

In the example above, the word ‘yang sedang’ must be added for the

structural acceptability in the TT.

2. Subtraction

It is a translation technique by subtracting the structural element in the TL

(Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).


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Example:

ST: My teacher is very kind.

TT: Guruku sangat ramah.

The structural element of the word ‘is’ in the ST above is subtracted so

that the grammatical structure of the TT will be acceptable in the receptor

language.

3. Transposition

It is a translation technique by changing the structural element of SL to

make the equivalence message and to consider the stylistic form in the TL


Example:

ST: He is a brilliant student.

TT: Ia seorang murid yang cerdas.

The word ‘briliant student’ in the ST is translated to ‘murid yang cerdas’

in the TT by changing the structural element of the adjective ‘brilliant’. The

SL uses the structural system Modifier-Head (brilliant-student) while the TL

uses the system of Head-Modifier (murid - yang cerdas).

b) Semantical Strategy

It is a technique in translation related to the meaning of a word, phrase,

clause, or sentence. Semantical strategy consists of nine techniques as follows:

1. Borrowing

It is a translation technique by using the original word of SL to be replaced

in the TL text (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). This technique is used to


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show respect of the SL word and to replace the word in the TL which can not

be found its equivalence in receptor language.

Example:

ST: I bought that printer yesterday.

TT: Aku membeli printer itu kemarin.

The word ‘printer’ is borrowed from ST to TT because if it is translated

literally to ‘alat pencetak’, the meaning will be ambiguous and inaccurate in

the target readers.

2. Cultural equivalent

It is a translation technique by using specific cultural terms in the TL to

replace the specific cultural terms in the SL (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).

Example:

ST: Basrief Arief is the Attorney General in Indonesia today.

TT: Basrief Arief adalah Jaksa Agung di Indonesia saat ini.

The words ‘Attorney General’ in the ST must be translated to ‘Jaksa

Agung’ not ‘Agung Jaksa’ in the TT. It is because those words have cultural

equivalent in TT.

3. Descriptive equivalent and Componential analysis

Descriptive equivalent is a translation technique applied by a translator

because the cultural equivalence can not transfer the appropriateness degree of

SL (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). This descriptive equivalent is often

placed in the glossary of a book.

Example:


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ST: My brother likes punk music.

TT: Kakakku suka aliran musik yang lahir di awal tahun 1970-

an yang bernada keras dan cepat.

Componential analysis is a translation technique applied by a translator

because there is no equivalence of a word in TL to make the target reader

understand the real meaning. The translator then elaborates its components of

the word meaning. This technique is applied to translate a general word while

descriptive equivalent is used to translate cultural term.

Example:

ST: My mother does her works as a housewife prudently.

TT: Ibuku mengerjakan tugasnya sebagai ibu rumah tangga

dengan hati-hati dan bijaksana.

4. Synonym

It is a translation technique by using the similar meaning of TL word for

the general word in the SL if the componential analysis can not be maintained

in the TL text (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).

Example:

ST: Her face is so sweet.

TT: Wajahnya sangat manis.

The word ‘sweet’ means tasting or smelling like sugar, kind,

satisfying, kind, and very pleasing to look at. By considering the whole

sentence, the appropriate synonym of ‘sweet’ in the TT is ‘manis’ which

means pleasing to see.


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5. Formal translation

It is a translation technique by using standardized formal translation


Example:

ST: Read-only memory.

TT: Memory simpan-tetap.

6. Reduction and Expansion

Reduction is a translation technique by reducing some components in SL

terms (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). For example: the word ‘airplane’ in

English which is translated into ‘pesawat’ in Indonesian language by reducing

the word ‘air’ of the SL.

On the contrary, expansion technique refers to the expansion of the TL

terms (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).For example: the word ‘volcano’ is

translated into gunung berapi in Indonesian.

7. Addition

Addition is a technique of translating by adding some words to make the

translation clearer (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). By addition technique,

the readers in the TT will easily understand the message.

Example:

ST: He cleans his hands before eating.

TT: Dia mencuci kedua tangannya sebelum makan.


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The example above shows that the word ‘hands’ is not translated to

‘tangan-tangan’ to show the plural noun. The addition technique is marked by

the word ‘kedua’ to explain the translation of ‘hands’ that means both of the

hands.

8. Omission or Deletion

Deletion technique is applied by a translator by omitting a structural

element in the TT but it will not change the message of the ST (Suryawinata

& Hariyanto, 2003).

Example:

ST: They are the great King and Queen in England.

TT: Mereka adalah Raja dan Ratu di Inggris.

The example above shows that the words “great” which mean ‘besar’ or

‘agung’ are not translated to TT. If it is translated literally (mereka adalah

Raja dan Ratu agung di Inggris), the meaning in the TT will not be effective.

By deleting the translation of the word ‘great’, the message can still be clearly

transferred in TL without changing.

9. Modulation

This technique is commonly used to translate a text in the rank of phrase,

clause, and sentence. Besides, it is applied when the literal translation

technique does not produce a natural and acceptable translation (Suryawinata

& Hariyanto, 2003).

Example:

ST: It is not difficult to do

TT: Mudah dilakukan


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The example above shows modulation technique. The ST ‘it is not

difficult to do’ is translated to ‘mudah dilakukan’ because the words ‘not

difficult’ in ST means something easy. Besides, the subject ‘it’ does not need

to be translated in TT since the matter of context is the adjective ‘not difficult

to do’.

E. Participial Phrases

A participial phrase is a phrase that modifies the subject of the main

clause. Blumenthal & Zahner state, “A participial phrase is composed of a

participle plus its completer and modifiers. Like a single-word adjective, it also

modifies a noun or pronoun. It may come before or after the word it modifies”

(1963: 284).

A modifier refers to all words in a sentence instead of the verb, subject,

object, and complement (Ehrlich, 2004: 8). Meanwhile, a participle is a word that

is formed from a verb and functions as an adjective. The participle is further

divided into two types; they are 1) present participle (verb –ing) and 2) past

participle (verb –ed/ -t/ -en).

According to Frank (1972: 306), the participle in a participial phrase has

only two forms as follows:

1) General form

The general form means that the participle form is neutral with respect to

the time. The intended time is established by the main verb.

For example:

Ø The girl watching television now is my sister

(present timeè ….who is watching television now)


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2) Perfect form

The perfect form means that the participle form indicates time which

precedes expressed by the main verb.

Example:

Ø Having watched the movie three times, he finally knew the whole story.

(past timeè after he had watched the movie three times)

Ø Someone having watched that accident will never forget it.

(future timeè … who has had watched that accident)

These forms can be illustrated below:

Table 2.1 Participle phrase in form

Active VoiceProgressive

Passive Voiceprogressive

General form watching(present participle)

watched (past participle)

being watchedPerfect form having watched

having been watchinghaving been watched

1. The Function of Participial Phrases

Most participial phrases function as adjective that modifies the main verb.

Participial phrases may be placed restrictively or nonrestrictively in a sentence.

However, the most generally used is nonrestrictive participial phrase. It is because

the nonrestrictive participial phrase is regarded as modifying either the verb or the

entire sentence. On the other hand, the restrictive participial phrase just modifies

the subject of the sentence.


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For example:

Ø Restrictive

e.g. Students arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall.

(‘arriving late’ limits the reference of ‘students’)

Ø Nonrestrictive

e.g. Henry, arriving late, was not permitted to enter the lecture hall.

(‘arriving late’ does not limit the reference of ‘Henry’)

(taken from Frank, 1972, p.306)

2. The Possible Meaning of Participial Phrases

Participial phrase shows various types of relations in English.

Consequently, there are many possible meanings of participial phrases in showing

the relation between participial phrase and the main clause.

1) The relation of time sequence

It is used to indicate the period that an event in the main clause takes

place. The common time conjunctions to show the relation between participial

phrase and the main clause are after, when, and while. When participial phrase is

placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the

importance of the time indicated.

(http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm)

a) After

Example:

Ø Having finished all her homework, she sat down to watch television.

(After she had finished all her homework, she sat down to watch television)

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm


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Conjunction 'after' means 'after that moment'. 'After' takes place in the present

for future events and the past or past perfect for past events. The example above

shows that ‘after’ is used to show past perfect event (had+verb3: had finished) for

the past event (verb2: sat).

b) When

Example:

Ø Walking along the street, I met a friend whom I had not seen for a long

time.

(When I walked along the street, I met a friend whom I had not seen for a

long time)

Conjunction 'when' means 'at that moment or at that time’ that takes place

either the simple present or the past. In this case, the action in the “when clause”

happened first. First, I walked along the street, and then I met a friend whom I had

not seen for a long time.

c) While

Ø Listening to the music, he danced following the rhythm.

(While he was listening to the music, he danced following the rhythm)

Conjunction ‘while' means 'during that time'. 'While' is usually used with the

past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an

action in progress.

2) The relation of cause-effect

Cause-effect relation defines the reason behind a statement or action in the

participial phrase given in the main clause. Reason conjunctions to show a cause

include because, as, since, due to, and the phrase "that the reason why". They can


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be placed either before or after the main clause. If placed before the main clause,

the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular reason.

(http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm).

Example:

Ø Studying hard last night, she can pass the examination.

(Because she studied hard last night, she can pass the examination).

In this sentence, why she can pass the examination is answered by the

participial phrase ‘studying hard last night (because she studied hard last night)’.

3) The relation of manner

It is to say how something happens or is done. Manner relation is

introduced by conjunctions by, like, as, as if, as though and in that. Manner

relation most often occupies the end position of the main clause. It follows an

intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb.

(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-1.htm)

Example:

Ø He did everything requested by his parents.

(He did everything as requested by his parents)

In this example, the participial phrase ‘requested by his parents’ functions

as an adjective that explains ‘everything’ the speaker did. The adjective of manner

quickly follows the direct object ‘everything’ of the transitive verb ‘did’. The

speaker did everything like what his parents requested.


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4) The relation of result

‘Result’ states what has happened or what may happen as a result of the

action mentioned in the main clause. The result clause answers the question "what

is/was the result of the action," making it different from the purpose clause which

answers the question "why something is/was being done." It usually introduced by

conjunctions like so that, thus, and thereby.

(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-2.htm).

Example:

Ø She did the examination carefully, making possible to be accepted in this

university.

(She did the examination carefully, thus making possible to be accepted in this

university)

The participial phrase ‘making possible to be accepted in this university’ as a

result of an action of the main clause ‘she did the examination carefully’.

Consequently, the relation between the participial phrase and the main clause is

the relation of result.

5) The relation of supposition

The relation of supposition are introduced by the subordinating

conjunctions though, although, even if, etc


Example:

Ø Becoming a rich woman, she is not happy.

(Although she becomes a rich woman, she is not happy)


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The participial phrase ‘Becoming a rich woman’ is an expression to show

a supposition of assuming that the woman is not happy at all although she

becomes a rich woman. As a result, the meaning will be contrast with the fact and

it is still unknown whether the supposition is true or not.

6) The relation of condition

Conditional relation is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions if,

unless, whether, provided that and so long as


Example:

Ø Studying the materials seriously, she will pass the examination.

(If she studies the materials seriously, she will pass the examination)

‘Studying the materials seriously’ is a participial phrase showing a

conditional relation using conjunction ‘if’. It is because the main clause uses

future tense ‘she will pass the examination’. Consequently, the event has not

happened yet and it is just a possibility.

Participial phrase is very interesting to analyze. It has an implicit meaning

which can show the relation between the participial phrase and the main clause.

The possible relations can be the relation of time sequence, cause-effect, manner,

result, supposition, and condition. The analysis of English participial phrase

translation will give contribution in teaching English grammar in academic.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

According to Syamsudin & Damaianti (2006: 24), research methodology

is a research problem solving that is applied precisely with a set of plans to get

fact and conclusion in understanding, explaining, predicting, and controlling the

phenomena. This chapter, therefore, presents the type of research, data and source

of data, sample and sampling technique, methods of data collection, technique of

data analysis, and research procedure.

A. Type of research

This research focuses on the study of the technique and quality of the

translation of participial phrases into Indonesian. Therefore, it is conducted by

applying a descriptive qualitative method. In this research, the researcher only

collects, classifies, and analyses the data and then draws conclusion, without

making a generalization to solve the problem of the research. According to

Dornyei (2007: 24), qualitative research involves data collection procedures that

result primarily in open ended, non-numerical data which is then analyzed

primarily by non-statistical methods.

Descriptive data are needed in a qualitative study. Therefore, the data are

reported in words and pictures, rather than in numbers (Moleong, 1990). In a

qualitative method, all collected data can be the key of the research. This research

is descriptive qualitative research that means by making a note of all phenomena

which are seen, heard, and read (via interview or not, field note, photo, video tape,


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personal document, note or memo, official document, and etc); and the researcher

has to compare it, combine it, make an abstract, and take a conclusion of it

(Hutomo in Bungin, 2001: 56).

This research also applies a single-embedded case study as the research

only focuses in one characteristic of the data. Therefore, this research analyzes the

translation of participial phrases in Lisa Kleypas’ novel entitled Blue-Eyed Devil

into Indonesian in terms of the translation technique and quality.

B. Data and Source of Data

The data of this research are all English participial phrases in the novel

‘Blur-Eyed Devil’ that are placed in the beginning of the sentence or before the

main clause and their Indonesian translations in the novel ‘Cinta Tak Terduga .

The other data are the information taken from the questionnaires assessed by the

informants. This research involves informants which consist of three groups. The

first group comprises three raters who assessed the quality of the translation in

term of accuracy. The second group comprises three raters who assessed the

quality of the translation in term of acceptability. The third group comprises nine

respondents who commented on the readability of the translation. The researcher

distributed questionnaires to them to gain information needed.

The source of data used in this study is the original Lisa Kleypas’ novel

entitled ‘Blue Eyed Devil’ published by St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2008

which consists of 340 pages and its Indonesian translation, ‘Cinta Tak Terduga ,

translated by Dewi Anggraeni, published by Dastan Books, Jakarta, 2010 that

consists of 441pages. The other data sources are the questionnaires which are


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distributed to the raters and respondents. The decision to take the novel ‘Blue-

Eyed Devil’ as the source of data based on the following considerations:

1. The novel is well known among readers. It was one of The New York Times

Bestseller Fiction Novels as stated in the front cover of the novel.

2. It contains many participial phrases expressed in different situations and

contexts in the novel with its possible meanings that show the relation

between participial phrase and main clause.

3. There are different ways of expressing participial phrase in the original novel

and its Indonesian translation, which influences the meaning. Therefore, the

translator should apply the right and proper technique in translating the

participial phrases into Indonesian in order to get the right meanings in

Indonesia.

C. Sampling Technique

The researcher selectively used sampling technique concerning on the

theoretical concept used and the personal curiosity of the researcher in conducting

this research. Moleong (1990: 165) states that sampling technique is used to

collect information from various sources and its constructions as many as possible

to classify the particularity of the unique context. The information is then used as

the basic of the design and theory. Therefore, the researcher employs purposive

sampling technique because the researcher gives a limitation of the data obtained

that can represent the information of participial phrases found in the novel.

The data was selected based on the certain criteria to obtain the point of

the research. The data were limited on the translations of participial phrases that


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come in the beginning of sentence or is placed before the main clause found in

Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian. Meanwhile, the

informants of the research come from different backgrounds.

Criteria for raters who assess the accuracy of translation in this research

are:

1. mastering English and Indonesian languages

2. having knowledge about translation theory

3. having competency and experience as a translator

4. willing to take part in the research

The three raters are a lecturer of UPTP2B UNS and two editors of PT. Pakar

Raya, Klaten.

Criteria for raters who assess the acceptability of translation in this

research are:

1. mastering Indonesian language

2. having knowledge and competency about Indonesian language theory


The three raters are the lecturers of Indonesian department.

Criteria for respondents who assess the readability of translation in this

research are:

1. mastering Indonesian language

2. about more than 20 years old

This novel is about love, family, and marriage. People in those ages are the

possible target readers.


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The eleven respondents are 4 students of FKIP UNS and 5 students of FMIPA

UNS.

D. Method of Data Collection

Nazir (1988: 211) states that data collection is a systematic and standard

procedure to obtain the data which are needed for the research. There must be a

strong relationship between the method of data collection and the research

problem. It is because research problem gives the direction and affects the data

collection method. In collecting data, the researcher applies non-interactive

method consisting of content analysis and questionnaire distribution.

1) Content Analysis

In conducting content analysis, the researcher followed the following steps:

a. reading the novel entitled “Blue-Eyed Devil” and its indonesian translation

entitled “Cinta Tak Terduga”

b. comparing participial phrases in both original version and its translation

c. taking the data from the source data and its translation to know the

translation technique used by a translator

d. analyzing the techniques used by the translator to render participial

phrases into Indonesian.

2) Questionnaire distribution

The data were collected from the raters and respondents after they

assessed translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and

readability. The questionnaire aims to get opinion, response, and further


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information from the raters and respondents. This research used two types of

questionnaire: (1) closed format and (2) open format questionnaire.

The closed format is a questionnaire form used to assess the

translation’s accuracy, acceptability, and readability by giving an appropriate

scale based on the certain criteria. The researcher then distributed the

questionnaires containing the scales for translation accuracy and acceptability

to the raters. Meanwhile, questionnaires containing the scales for translation

readability were distributed to the respondents.

The open format is a questionnaire for the informant’s comments in

form of columns. Both of raters and respondents can give comments in the

columns provided by the researcher.

The scales for accuracy are as follows:

Table 3.1 The scales of translation accuracy

Scale Description

3 AccurateThe message of participial phrase translation in the target text isthe same as the message of participial phrase in the source text.

2 Less accurateThe message of participial phrase in the source text is lessconveyed to the target text. There are some messages of participialphrase missing in its translation.

1 InaccurateThe message of participial phrase in the source text is notconveyed at all to the target language. The message of participialphrase translation in the target text is different from the messageof participial phrase in the source text and or lost because it is nottranslated.


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The scales for acceptability are as follows:

Table 3.2 The scales of translation acceptability

Scale Description

3 AcceptableThe translation of participial phrase has natural expression in thetarget text. The sentence structure in the target language isgrammatically correct.

2 Less acceptableThe translation of participial phrase from the source language to thetarget language sounds awkward (not usual) because the expressionis less natural. It contains a few of grammatical mistake.

1 UnacceptableThe translation of participial phrase from the source language to thetarget language uses unnatural expression. There are manygrammatical mistakes in the sentence.

The scales for readability are as follows:

Table 3.2 The scales of translation Readability

Scale Description

3 ReadableThe translation of participial phrase is easy to understand. It isunderstandable after the reader reads it once.

2 Less readableThe translation of participial phrase is less easy to understand. It isunderstandable after the reader reads it text twice.

1 UnreadableThe translation of participial phrase is difficult to understand or cannot be understood at all. It is understandable after the reader reads itmany times.


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E. Technique of Data Analysis

The data collected were analyzed in the following steps:

1. The researcher observed the participial phrases and its Indonesian translation.

Then, the researcher analyzed the translation technique applied by the

translator in translating participial phrases into Indonesian by comparing ST

and TT. After the analysis is completed, the researcher made classification

based on the translation technique.

2. The researcher also made classification of the translation accuracy,

acceptability, and readability applied by the raters and respondents after the

questionnaires had been distributed.

3. The researcher counted the percentage of each classification by calculating

the total number of it.

4. The researcher draws a conclusion and gives some recommendations from

the results of the analysis.

F. Research Procedure

Research procedures carried by the researcher to obtain the final results are as

follows:

1. reading the original novel that has been decided and also its translation novel.

2. collecting the data, participial phrases and its translation, found in the source

of data.

3. identifying and classifying the data based on the types of participial phrases

and its impossible meanings in the target language.


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4. coding all data in order to make the data classification and the data analysis

easy to understand.

For example : 04 /BED-012-02/ CTT-024-06/

04 : number of datum

BED-012-02 : Blue-Eyed devil in the page 12 at row 2

CTT-024-06 : Cinta Tak Terduga in the page 24 at row 6

5. analyzing and classifying the data based on the translation techniques

occurred in the translation of participial phrases into Indonesian.

6. distributing the questionnaires to the raters and respondents for checking the

translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

7. taking back and checking questionnaires which have been filled by raters and

respondents.

8. collecting scores given by the raters and respondents.

9. identifying and classifying the data based on their characteristics.

10. making statistical calculation of the classified data.

11. analyzing the finding by relating them to theoretical context of the study.

12. drawing conclusions in order to find the answer of the problem statements

based on the analyzed data and also providing suggestions.


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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains three main parts. The first part is the analysis of

translation techniques used by the translator in Lysa Kleypas’ novel entitled ‘Blue

Eyed Devil’. The second part is the analysis on the quality of participial phrase

translations. The third part is the discussion of the analysis results.

A. Translation Technique

This part presents the analysis of translation techniques used by the

translator in Lysa Kleypas’ novel entitled ‘Blue Eyed Devil’. There are four kinds

of techniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrases found in

Lysa Kleypas’ novel ‘Blue Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59 data

or 73,75%), transposition (9 data or 11,25%), literal translation (11 data or

13,75%), and addition technique (1 datum or 1,25%). The analysis of each

technique is presented in the following part.

1. Linguistic Amplification

Linguistic amplification is a translation technique which is used to add

linguistic elements (Molina & Albir, 2002). Since the data are participial phrases,

linguistic amplification technique is marked by the addition of linguistic element

like a conjunction that can show the relation between the phrase and the main

clause. The technique is often used by the translator in translating participial

phrase to show the implicit meaning in it. Most of the data are translated using

this technique. There are 59 data of 80 data (73, 75%) applying this technique.


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The Indonesian conjunctions used are sambil, setelah, and ketika to show time

sequence relation, karena to show cause-effect relation, seperti and seolah-olah to

show the relation of manner. The followings are the examples of data in the

category of linguistic amplification.

The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic

amplification technique using the conjunction ‘sambil’ is presented below:

ST: Huddling in the corner, I leaned my head against the wall and breathed, and

waited.

TT: Sambil menempel di pojok, aku menyandarkan kepalaku di dinding dan

menarik napas, lalu menunggu.

(datum number 47)

The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling about the

situation when Haven was stuck in an elevator in the garage. Haven used her

laptop to get the lighting until the battery run out by itself. She waited for help to

come to her with feeling of fear because the water had flooded the elevator as high

as her chest.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘huddling in the corner’ shows the

relation of time in sequence with the main clause that two events happen in the

same time. It is translated into sambil menempel di pojok . The translator applied

linguistic amplification technique by adding conjunction ‘sambil’ in the TT that

means ‘during that moment’.


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Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are

42 data translated using conjunction ‘sambil’ in the translation of participial

phrase.


amplification technique using conjunction ‘setelah’ is presented below:

ST: Opening it, I found Gretchen’s bracelet with all its jaunty, jingly little

charms.

TT: Setelah membukanya, kutemukan gelang Gretchen dengan semua

amulet kecilnya yang mengeluarkan suara gemerincing gembira.

(datum number 17)

The example above is found in the part of the novel which tells that

Haven heard from Liberty by phone that her aunt (Gretchen) died. Haven

could not attend the funeral of Gretchen because her husband did not allow.

One day, Haven received the postal packets in which the content was

deliberately Gretchen’s bracelet promised by her aunt when Haven was a kid.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘opening it’ shows the relation of time

sequence relation between the participial phrase and the main clause that

happens in past perfect tense for past event. The translation of participial

phrase ‘opening it’ in the TT is setelah membukanya . Linguistic

amplification technique applied by the translator is indicated by the addition of

conjunction ‘setelah’ in the TT that means ‘after that moment’.


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Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are 3

data translated using conjunction ‘setelah’ in the translation of participial

phrase.


amplification technique using the conjunction ‘ketika’ is presented below:

ST: Stopping at the door, I began to punch numbers into the combination

touch pad.

TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol di

pad nomor kombinasi.

(datum number 32)


got nervous when she took Hardy to his apartment. She tried to press the pad

containing the combination to open the door to her apartment for a couple of

times.

The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ shows time sequence

relation that happens in the same time with the main clause. The participial

phrase ‘stopping at the door’ is then translated to ketika berhenti di depan

pintu in the TT. The translator employed linguistic amplification technique

by adding the conjunction ‘ketika’ which shows an event that takes place at

that time or at that moment.

Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there is

only 1 datum translated using conjunction ‘ketika’ in the translation of

participial phrase.


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amplification technique using the conjunction ‘karena’ is presented below

ST: Needing to break the silence, I finally found my voice.

TT: Karena perlu memecahkan keheningan, akhirnya aku bersuara.

(datum number 35)

The example above is found in the part of the novel which tells that the

atmosphere in the Haven’s apartment was so calm when Hardy was there.

Haven tried to make the atmosphere more interesting by asking Hardy’s job

before he became a successful man.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘needing to break the silence’ shows

cause-effect relation with the main clause. The translator then translates it into

karena perlu memecahkan keheningan . Linguistic amplification technique

is employed by the translator marked by the addition of conjunction ‘karena’

in the translation of participial phrase to give a particular reason to the main

clause.


data translated using conjunction ‘karena’ in the translation of participial

phrase.


amplification technique using the conjunction ‘dengan’ is presented as

follows:

ST: Resting my head in the crook of his arm, I slept for a little while.


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TT: Dengan mengistirahatkan kepalaku di lekukan lengannya, aku

tertidur beberapa saat.

(datum number 76)


calmed Hardy who was getting confused with the problems in his family by

having sex with him.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘resting my head in the crook of his

arm’ shows the relation of manner with the main clause. The translator then

translated it into dengan mengistirahatkan kepalaku di lekukan lengannya .

Linguistic amplification technique is employed by the translator indicated by

the addition of conjunction ‘dengan’ in the translation of participial phrase to

show ‘how something is done’.


data translated using conjunction ‘dengan’ in the translation of participial

phrase.


amplification technique using the conjunction ‘seolah-olah’ is presented

below:

ST: And, adding injury to insult, he’d given me a mean look and

dropped her.

TT: Seolah-olah menambahkan garam di atas luka, dia menatapku kejam

lalu menjatuhkan bonekaku.

(datum number 08)


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remembered her childhood when she was disturbed by two of her brothers

(Jack and Joe) who are nosy. Jack made Haven’s doll, Bootsie, to be a toy

parachutists. Haven pleaded to them but her words were not heard.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘adding injury to insult’ shows that

the participial phrase and the main clause have the relation of manner. The

translator then translated it into seolah-olah menambahkan garam di atas

luka . Linguistic amplification technique is employed by the translator signed

by the addition of conjunction ‘seolah-olah’ in the translation of participial

phrase to show ‘how something is done’.

Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there is

only 1 datum translated using conjunction ‘sambil’ in the translation of

participial phrase.

The list of data using linguistic amplification technique can be seen in

the table below:

Table 4.1 The data translated using linguistic amplification technique

Technique Kinds ofRelations

Data number Total

LinguisticAmplification

1. TimeSequence

a) sambil 01, 05, 06, 07, 10, 12, 13,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40,41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59,60, 69, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80

42


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b) setelah

c) ketika

17, 71, 75

32

3

1

2. Cause-Effect (karena)

14, 30, 35, 37, 64, 68 6

3. Manner

a) Dengan

b) seolah-olah

16, 31, 55, 61, 63, 76

08

6

1

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2. Transposition

Transposition is a translation technique by changing the grammatical

category from the ST to the TT (Molina & Albir, 2002). It can be the

transposition of structure, class, and unit. From the data analysis, there are

only two kinds of transposition techniques applied by the translator in

translating participial phrase. They are transposition from phrase to clause and

transposition from passive to active phrase. There are 9 data (11, 25%) of 80

data applying this technique

a) Transposition from phrase to clause

This kind of transposition is to change the grammatical category in the

form of unit rank that is from a phrase to a clause and vice versa.

For example:

ST: Filling it with water from the sink, I drank in big quenching gulps.


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TT: Aku mengisinya dengan air keran, lalu minum dengan tegukan besar.

(datum number 04)

The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling about Haven

who drank champagne and it then made her thirsty. She went to the kitchen for

a glass and then filled it with tap water to drink.

The participial phrase ‘filling it with water from the sink’ in the ST

has function as a phrase. However, the translator translates it into aku

mengisinya dengan air keran in the TT that functions as a clause. It means

the translator employed transposition technique in translating participial

phrase by changing the phrase mengisinya dengan air keran to a clause

aku mengisinya dengan air keran . The translator gave a subject in the

translation of participial phrase by moving the translation of subject ‘I’ in the

main clause to aku in the translation of participial phrase in the TT.

Among the data showing transposition technique, there are 8 data

translated using transposition from phrase to clause in the translation of

participial phrase.

b) Transposition from passive phrase to active phrase

This kind of transposition is to change the grammatical category in the

form of unit rank, from a phrase that has a passive verb to a phrase that has

active verb.

For example:

ST: Alerted by the racket, Gage had come and rummaged through the

ligustrum until he found Bootsie.


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TT: Mendengar keributan yang terjadi, Gage datang dan menggeledah

semak ligustrum hingga menemukan Bootsie.

(datum number 09)


ran to find her doll, Bootsie, which fell in the bushes. His eldest brother

(Gage) was trying to help her to find her sister's favorite doll.

The participial phrase ‘alerted by the racket’ functions as a passive

phrase. Meanwhile, the translator translates it to mendengar keributan yang

terjadi that functions as an active phrase. If the participial phrase is translated

to a passive phrase, the translation potentially sounds unnatural in the TL. The

application of transposition technique in translating participial phrase is shown

by the changing of the passive verb of terdengar to active verb mendengar

in the translation of participial phrase ‘mendengar keributan yang terjadi in

the TT.

Among the data showing transposition technique, there is only 1 datum

translated using transposition from passive phrase to active phrase in the

translation.

The list of data using transposition technique can be seen in the table

below:

Table 4.2 The data translated using transposition technique

Technique Kinds of transposition Data Number Total

Transposition a) Transposition

from phrase 04, 19, 23, 27, 36, 46, 8


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to clause 66, 73

b) Transposition

from passive

to active phrase

09 1

9

3. Literal Translation

This technique is used to translate a word or an expression word

for word (Molina &Albir, 2002). Besides, it can also be used to translate

phrase to phrase and clause to clause. Because the data are participial phrases,

the data considered to be literal translation when the participial phrase is

translated word for word without any changing of the phrase structure. There

are 11 data (13, 75%) of 80 data applying this technique.

For example:

ST: Leashed and restrained in civilized clothing, he seemed more a force

of nature than ever.

TT: Diikat dan dibelenggu dalam balutan pakaian yang beradab, ia

kelihatan lebih alamiah dibandingkan sebelumnya.

(datum number 43)

The above extract is found in the part of the novel which tells that

Hardy met Haven's father in his apartment just wearing ordinary clothes.

The participial phrase ‘leashed and restrained in civilized clothing’

in the ST is translated to diikat dan dibelenggu dalam beradab pakaian in

the TT. The example above shows literal technique since the phrase is

translated into phrase. It consists of verb, preposition, and noun phrase.


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However the translator still keeps the phrase form although making some

adjustments by translating the noun phrase civilized clothing in the ST to

‘balutan pakaian yang beradab in the TT.

Among the data showing literal translation technique, there are 11 data

translated literally.

The list of data using literal translation technique can be seen in the table

below:

Table 4.3 The data translated using literal translation technique

Technique Data Number Total

Literal translation 02, 11, 15, 42, 43, 58, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72 11

4. Addition

This technique is applied by the translator by adding some words to

make the translation clearer (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). By adding

some words in the TT, the meaning and the message of the ST will be easily

understood by the target readers. There is only 1 datum (1, 25%) of 80 data

applying this technique.

For example:

ST: Appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own voice, I continued quickly.

TT: Takjub mendengar nada cemburu yang ada dalam suaraku sendiri,

buru-buru aku melanjutkan.

(datum number 03)


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asked for her father's blessing to marry Nick, but her father refused.

Meanwhile, her brother, Gage, got a very blessed wedding from him.

The participial phrase ‘appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own

voice’ in the ST is translated to takjub oleh nada cemburu yang ada dalam

suaraku sendiri that still functions as a phrase. However, the translator adds

the word mendengar after the word takjub in the TT. As a result, the

translator applied addition technique in translating the participial phrase since

the translator considers the next words nada cemburu yang ada dalam

suaraku sendiri .

The list of data using literal translation technique can be seen in the table

below:

Table 4.4. The data translated using addition technique

Technique Datum Number Total

Addition 09 1

B. Translation Quality

In this sub chapter, the researcher analyzed the quality of participial phrase

translations in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The detail analysis

of each category is presented as follows:


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A. The Accuracy of Translation

In the analysis on translation accuracy, the data can be classified into two

categories; they are accurate and less accurate translation. None of them can

be categorized as inaccurate translation.

1. Accurate translation

The data included in this classification are the translations of which the

message is the same as that of participial phrase in the source text. There are

45 data (56, 25%) from 80 data that belong to this classification. The

followings are some examples of accurate translations:

Example 1:

ST: Glancing at Liberty, I saw she ha turned pal.

TT: Sambil melirik ke arah Liberty, kulihat wajahnya memucat.

(Datum number 13)

The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that

Haven became tense when Hardy was discovered by her brother (Jack). Her

brother told him to leave the party because Hardy was not the invited guest.

Hardy came there to congratulate her ex-girlfriend, Liberty, who is married to

Haven’s brother. Haven witnessed the incident and glanced at Liberty’s pale

face seeing Hardy kicked out by her brother-in-law.

As seen, the participial phrase ‘Glancing at Liberty’ is translated into

Sambil melirik ke arah Liberty . In the ST, the participial phrase shows the

relation of time in sequence. The conjunction ‘sambil’ in the TT accurately

shows the relation of time in sequence in the ST which means that the action


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is still in progress. Since the message of the translation is the same as that of

the ST, the above extract is considered to be accurate. All raters agree that the

above datum is accurate.

Example 2:


touch pad.

TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol

di pad nomor kombinasi.

(Datum number 32)

The above extract is taken from the part of novel which tells that Haven

got nervous when she took Hardy to her apartment. She tried to press the pad

containing the combination to open the apartment’s door for a couple of times.

The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ in the above datum is

translated into ‘ketika berhenti di depan pintu . The use of the conjunction

‘ketika’ accurately shows time in sequence relation that means 'at that moment

or at that time’ of the ST. All raters considered that the message of participial

phrase is accurately and totally conveyed in the TT.

Most of the data included in this classification are resulted from the

translation technique of linguistic amplification.

2. Less accurate Translation

This classification includes all data that are considered less accurate. The

message of the data in the ST is less accurately transferred in the TT. There

are parts of the message which are lost in the translation or there are some


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additional information. There are 35 data or 43, 75% from 80 data that belong

to this classification. The followings are some examples of less accurate

translations from the data.

Example 1:

ST: Having become familiar with his solid recall of facts and details, I

wasn’t all that surprised.

TT: Karena sudah terbiasa dengan semua ingatannya yang mantap

mengenai fakta dan detail, maka aku tidak terlalu terkejut dengan

jawabannya nanti.

(Datum number 68)

The above extract is found in the part of the novel which tells that Hardy

invited Haven to go home together while Haven would like to see the rest of

the exhibition of the "rigs-to-reefs". Hardy then said that Haven did not have

to see it because he could tell all about the "rigs-to-reefs".

The participial phrase ‘having become familiar with his solid recall of

facts and details‘in the ST is translated into ‘karena sudah terbiasa dengan

semua ingatannya yang mantap mengenai fakta dan detail’ in the TT. It is

clearly shows the use of conjunction ‘karena’ in the TT to show cause-effect

relation. However, the translations of the noun phrase ‘his solid recall‘ into

ingatannya yang mantap does not convey the message well. The translation

should be ingatannya yang tajam so that the translation will be accurate in

the TL. As a result, the translation of participial phrase in the TT becomes


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‘karena sudah terbiasa dengan semua ingatannya yang kuat mengenai

fakta dan detail .

Example 2:

ST: Checking the phone messages, I saw nothing but two hang-ups, both of

them from a Dallas number.

TT: Aku memeriksa pesan di ponsel, aku tidak melihat apa-apa selain dua

kali telepon yang tidak diangkat dan dua-duanya berasal dari nomor

di Dallas.

(Datum number 73)

The above example is found the part of the novel telling that Haven was

expecting a call from Hardy and then she checked his cell phone. Apparently,

there was a missed call from Dallas and it was possibly the call from Nick (her

ex-husband) in Dallas.

The participial phrase in the ST ‘checking the phone messages’ is

translated into aku memeriksa pesan di ponsel in the TT. The translation of

participial phrase in the example above is less accurate in the TL. It does not

show the relation of participial phrase and its main clause. It should be better

to add conjunction ‘ketika in the translation of participial phrase to show time

in sequence relation in which two events happen in the same time. The

translation of participial phrase will be “ ketka aku memeriksa pesan di

ponsel . Consequently, the message can be accurately transferred in the TL.

The classification of translation accuracy is shown in the table below:


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Table 4.5. The classification of translation accuracy

Category Datum Number Total

number

Percentage

Accurate 01, 05, 07, 08, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 35,

36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45,

48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,

69, 70, 72, 74, 79

45 56, 25 %

Less

Accurate

02, 03, 04, 06, 09, 10, 18, 19,

20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 44, 46, 47, 49,

51, 59, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76,

77, 78, 80

35 43, 75 %

B. The Acceptability of Translation

In the analysis on translation acceptability, the data can be classified into

two categories; they are acceptable and less acceptable translation. None of

them can be categorized as unacceptable translation.

From the 80 data, there are 58 (72, 5%) acceptable data, 22 (27, 5%) less

acceptable data, and no unacceptable data. It means that the translation has

natural expression and right grammatical structure.

The followings are detail analysis of each classification:

1. Acceptable translation

All data considered acceptable in the TL are categorized in this

classification. The acceptable data are the data which use natural expression


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and have no grammatical error. Most data belong to this classification and

there are 58 (72, 50 %) data from the entire data. The following data are the

examples of acceptable data:

Example 1:

ST: Having taken a stand against my marriage to Nick, Dad went through

with his threat to cut me off entirely.

TT: Karena menentang pernikahanku dengan Nick, Dad melaksanakan

ancamannya, yakni memutuskan hubungan denganku sepenuhnya.

(Datum number 14)


Haven’s father did not approve her marriage with Nick so that he would not

give a penny to their money and also disconnected the relation between father

and daughter.

The participial phrase ‘having taken a stand against my marriage to

Nick’ in the ST is translated into karena menentang pernikahanku dengan

Nick in the TT. The datum above is acceptable in the TL because the

translation sounds natural. Besides, the translation is grammatically correct in

the TT. In translating participial phrase, the translator uses conjunction

‘karena’ to show the relation of cause-effect.

Example 2:


touch pad.

TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol di

pad nomor kombinasi.


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(Datum number 32)


Haven got nervous when she took Hardy to her apartment. She tried to press

the pad containing the combination to open the door to her apartment for a

couple of time.

The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ in the ST is translated into

ketika berhenti di depan pintu in the TT. Similar with the first example, the

datum above sounds natural and no grammatical error. The use of conjunction

‘ketika’ in the translation makes the structure more acceptable in the TL in

showing time sequence relation. The translator can maintain the form of

complex sentence that consists of two clauses. All raters agree that the

translation of participial phrase above is acceptable in the TL.

2. Less acceptable translation

This classification consists of all data that are considered less acceptable in

the TT. The translation has some grammatical errors and sounds awkward in

the TT. There are 22 data (27, 50%) belonging to this classification. The

followings are the examples of less acceptable translations.

Example 1:

ST: Coming from a respectable middle-class background, this was a

shock to his system.

TT: Datang dari kelas menengah yang cukup terhormat, acara seperti ini

tentu membuatnya kaget.

(Datum number 02)


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The above extract is taken from the part of the novel with the context that

Nick looks awkward when he was attending the wedding of Haven’s brother,

Gage, held massively and festively. Nick is a man from the middle class while

Haven is a girl from the upper class.

The participial phrase ‘coming from a respectable middle-class

background’ in the ST is translated into ‘datang dari kelas menengah yang

cukup terhormat in the TT. As seen, the translation of participial phrase

sounds clumsy in the TT. Although the translation ‘Datang dari kelas

menengah yang cukup terhormat is translated well in the TT, it does not

have a relation with the subject of the main clause ‘acara’. The translation of

participial phrase should refer to the subject of the main clause. Some raters

agree that the above datum is less acceptable in the TL. The translation of

participial phrase will be more acceptable in the TL if it is translated to

‘Datang dari kelas menengah yang cukup terhormat, Nick merasa kaget

dengan acara seperti ini .

Example 2:

ST: Left alone with Gage, I smiled up at him uncertainly, wondering if I was

about to get a lecture.

TT: Ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage, aku tersenyum rikuh ke arahnya

sambil bertanya-tanya apakah saat itu aku akan dikotbahi olehnya.

(Datum number 70)


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The context of the datum above is that Hardy left Haven along with his

brother, Gage, when he received a phone call. Haven was afraid if she would

be preached by his brother about her relationship with Hardy.

The participial phrase ‘left alone with Gage’ in the TT is translated into

ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage in the TT. The translation of participial

phrase in the TT is less acceptable because it is less grammatically correct.

The second rater suggested giving a conjunction to show the relation of the

clause. Because it is a cause-effect relation, the translation should be better

‘karena ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage . Besides, the translation also

sounds less natural. The third rater argued that the words sendirian besama

in the TT have contrast meaning. The translation will be more acceptable in

the TT if it is translated to karena ditinggal sendirian dengan Gage

The classification of translation acceptability is shown in the table below:

Table 4.6. The classification of translation acceptability


number

Percentage

Acceptable01, 03, 04, 07, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,

18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27,

28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45,

46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66,

67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 79, 80

58 72, 5 %

Less

acceptable

02, 05, 06, 08, 09, 10, 13, 17, 26,

29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44,

47, 51, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77

22 27, 75 %


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C. The Readability of Translation

In the analysis on translation readability, the data can be classified into two

categories; they are readable and less readable translation. None of them can

be categorized as unreadable translation. From the total data, there are 28

(35%) readable data, 52 (62%) less readable data, and no unreadable datum.

The followings are the detail analysis of each classification:

1. Readable translation

The data considered readable for the target readers are categorized in this

classification. The readers can easily understand the meaning of the participial

phrase translation. This classification covers 28 data or 35% of the entire data.

The followings are some examples of readable data:

Example 1:

TT: Sambil menempel di pojok, aku menyandarkan kepalaku di dinding

dan menarik napas, lalu menunggu.

(Datum number 47)

The above extract is taken from the part of the novel telling that Haven

used his laptop to get the lighting until the battery run out by itself. She waited

for help to come to her with feeling of fear because the water had flooded the

elevator as high as her chest.

From the data analysis, all respondents understood the meaning of

participial phrase translation ‘sambil menempel di pojok in the TT after

reading the translation once. Besides, the translation also uses simple words

that could be easily understood by the respondents as the target readers.


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Example 2:

TT: Karena pernah hidup dengan seorang suami yang menghabiskan

sebagian besar waktunya demi memompa ego-nya yang rapuh,

aku menghargai sifat Hardy yang sangat percaya diri.

(Datum number 64)


realized that Hardy is a man of great concern to her. Hardy wanted to confess

if he was considered wrong, while Nick was always bestow all the blame to

Haven.

The example above clearly shows a readable translation that can be easily

understood by the target readers. The translation of participial phrase ‘karena

pernah hidup dengan seorang suami yang menghabiskan sebagian besar

waktunya demi memompa ego-nya yang rapuh in the TT uses right

conjunction ‘karena’ which can show the relation with the main clause as a

cause-effect relation. The respondents just read it once and the meaning can be

easily caught.

2. Less Readable Translation

This classification covers the data which are considered less readable in

the TL. The respondents read the data twice to understand the meaning of

participial phrase translation. There are 52 data (65%) belonging to this

classification. The followings are some examples of less readable data:


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Example 1:

TT: Sambil mencoba berpikir terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di

kepalaku, aku mempertimbangkan pilihan-pilihan yang kupunya saat itu.

(Datum number 20)

The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that Nick

dragged Haven out of the apartment and Nick locked the door from the inside.

Haven tried to run away from Nick by walking toward the sidewalk. She

thought what she can do to be free from Nick at the time his body was weak

and helpless.

Most respondents considered that the translation of participial phrase

sambil mencoba berpikir terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di

kepalaku above is less readable for the target readers. They have different

reasons why they considered the datum above as less readable translation.

Some of them found it rather difficult to understand since it uses long sentence

and difficult words. To make the meaning of participial phrase translation

clearer, the translation can be changed into ‘Sambil mencoba berpikir agar

terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di kepalaku .

Example 2:

TT: Sambil masih memegang pistol itu, aku lari ke dapur dan mengambil

beberapa lembar lap kering yang terlipat.

(Datum number 79)

The example above is found in the part of the novel telling that Nick

(Haven’s ex-husband) came to the apartment again and hurt Haven because


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she had left him in Dallas previously. Haven left Nick since he was a cruel and

inconsiderate. Nick put a gun to Haven’s head and Hardy even came to rescue

her. Hardy beat Nick until he was unconscious while Haven took Nick’s fallen

gun. Seeing Hardy was also getting injured, she took a rag to clean the wound.

Generally, most respondents considered that the words sambil masih in

the translation of participial phrase ‘Sambil masih memegang pistol itu’

made them get confused. The translation can be sambil memegang pistol itu

so that the meaning will be more readable for the target readers.

The classification of translation readability is shown in the table below:

Table 4.7. The classification of translation acceptability


number

Percentage

Readable 10, 18, 23, 26, 28, 33, 39, 41, 44,45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 71, 74, 77,80

22 27, 75 %

LessReadable

01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20,21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32,34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46,49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 61, 66, 67, 68,70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79

58 72, 25 %

C. Discussion

Translation technique and its impact on the translation quality of

participial phrase in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability will be

discussed in this sub chapter. The summary of the analysis can be seen in the

following table:


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Table 4.8 The influence of translation strategy to translation quality

Translation

Quality

Technique

Accurate

Data

Less accurate

Data

Acceptable

Data

Less Acceptable

Data

Readable

Data

Less Readable

Data

Linguistic

amplification

01, 05, 07, 08, 12,

13, 14, 16, 17, 21,

25, 26, 35, 37, 38,

39, 41, 45, 48, 50,

52, 53, 54, 55, 56,

57, 60, 61, 69, 74,

79

06, 10, 18, 20, 22,

24, 28, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 44,

47, 49, 51, 59, 63,

64, 68, 71, 75, 76,

77, 78, 80

1, 01, 07, 12, 14,

16, 18, 20, 21,

22, 24, 25, 28,

31, 32, 34, 37,

39, 41, 45, 48,

49, 50, 52, 53,

54, 55, 56, 57,

59, 60, 61, 64,

74, 75, 76, 78,

79, 80

05, 06, 08, 10, 13,

17, 26, 29, 30, 33,

35, 38, 40, 44, 47,

51, 63, 68, 69, 71,

77

10, 18, 26, 28,

33, 39, 41, 44,

45, 47, 48, 52,

53, 55, 57, 59,

60, 69, 71, 74,

77, 80

01, 05, 06, 07,

08, 12, 13, 14, 6,

17, 20, 21, 22,

24, 25, 29, 30,

31, 32, 34, 35,

37, 38, 40, 49,

50, 51, 54, 56,

61, 68, 75, 76,

78, 79,

Total/Percentage 31

(52, 54 %)

28

(47, 46 %)

38

(64,41%)

21

(35,59%)

24

(40,68 %)

35

(59,32 %)


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Transposition 27, 36, 66 04, 09, 19, 23, 46,

73

04, 19, 23, 27,

36, 46, 66, 73

09 23 04, 09, 19, 27,

36, 46, 66, 73

Total/Percentage 3

(33, 33 %)

6

(66, 67 %)

8

(88,89%)

1

(11,11%)

1

(11,11 %)

8

(88,89 %)

Literal

Translation

11, 15, 42, 43, 57,

65, 67, 70, 72

02, 62 11, 15, 58, 62,

65, 67

02, 42, 43, 70, 72 58, 63, 65 02, 11, 15, 42,

43, 67, 70, 72

Total/Percentage 9

(81, 82 %)

2

(18, 18 %)

6

(54,55%)

5

(45,45%)

3

(27,27%)

8

(72,73 %)

Addition - 03 03 - - 3

Total/Percentage - 1 (100 %) 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%)


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The above table shows that there are 4 techniques applied by the

translator in translating participial phrases. They are linguistic amplification,

transposition, literal translation, and addition.

The most frequently technique used is linguistic amplification. There are

59 data (73, 75%) of 80 data showing linguistic amplification technique which is

marked by the use of conjunction. This finding is in line with Molina & Albir’s

statement that linguistic amplification technique is applied by adding linguistic

element (Molina & Albir, 2002). In this case, it is shown by the addition of

conjunction that can show the implicit relation between the participial phrase and

the main clause. The Indonesian conjunctions used are sambil, setelah, and ketika

to show time sequence relation, karena to show cause-effect relation, dengan and

seolah-olah to show the relation of manner.

Among the data using linguistic amplification technique, there are 31 data

(52, 54%) considered as accurate translations with the right conjunction. The

conjunction can show the sentence relation between the participial phrase and the

main clause in the above examples. There are 28 data (47, 46%) considered as less

accurate translations. It is because the translator sometimes applies wrong

conjunction to show the sentence relation. Consequently, linguistic amplification

technique applied does not give accurate message to the target readers. There are

38 data (64, 41%) considered as acceptable translations and 21 data (35, 59%)

considered as less acceptable translations. The acceptable data also use

appropriate conjunction in the TL so that the meaning sounds natural. Besides, the

conjunctions in the phrase can make the grammatical structure more acceptable in


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the TL. However, linguistic amplification technique results in only 24 data (40,

68%) considered as readable translations and 35 data (59, 32%) considered as less

readable translations. It is not because of the linguistic amplification technique

used but the use of inappropriate diction in the translation that can influences the

meaning.

The second technique mostly used is literal translation that is employed by

11 data (13, 75%) of the total data. Among the data using literal translation

technique, there are 9 data (81, 82 %) considered as accurate translations and 2

data (18, 18 %) considered as less accurate translations. There are 6 data (54,

55%) considered as acceptable translations and 5 data (45, 45%) considered as

less acceptable translations. It means that the application of literal technique in the

simple participial phrase form results in many translations with natural expression

and good grammatical. There are 3 data (27, 27%) considered as readable

translations and 8 data (72, 73 %) considered as less readable translations. It

means that this technique results in unclear translations that make the readers find

it difficult to understand and they may read the translation twice to catch the

meaning.

The third technique used is transposition technique. There are two kinds of

transposition techniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrase.

They are transposition from phrase to clause and transposition from passive to

active phrase. It is in line with Molina & Albir’s statement that transposition is a

translation technique by changing the grammatical category from the ST to the TT


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(Molina & Albir, 2002). This technique is applied by 9 data (11, 25%) of the total

data.

Among the data using transposition technique, there are 3 data (33, 33 %)

considered as accurate translations and 6 data (66, 67 %) considered as less

accurate translations. Some of the data resulted from this technique are

ambiguous. There are 8 data (88, 89%) considered as acceptable translations and 1

datum (11, 11%) considered as less acceptable translations. By changing the

grammatical structure of the participial phrase, the translations sound more natural

in the TL. However, there is only 1 datum (11, 11%) considered as readable

translation and 8 data (88, 89 %) considered as less readable translations. They are

caused by ambiguous relation between the participial phrase translation and the

main clause.

The last technique that is used is addition technique. There is only one

datum showing addition technique. It is considered to be acceptable but less

accurate and less readable.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Considering the analysis results based on two problem statements in this

research, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:

1. There are four techniques applied by the translator in translating participial

phrases in the novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59

data or 73, 75%), transposition (9 data or 11, 25%), literal translation (11 data

or 13, 75%), and addition (1 datum or 1, 25%). Linguistic amplification is the

technique mostly used by the translator to translate participial phrases found

in the novel.

2. The participial phrases found in the novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ are generally

well translated in the TT, based on the quality of translation.

The analysis on the accuracy of the translation shows that 45 data (56,

25%) are considered to be accurate and 35 data (43, 75%) are considered to

be less accurate. The technique which results in translations with high level

of accuracy is linguistic amplification. Meanwhile, the technique which

results in translations with low level of accuracy is transposition.

The analysis on the acceptability of the translation shows that 58 data

or (72,50%) are considered to be acceptable and 22 data or (27,50%) are

considered to be less acceptable. The techniques which results in translations

with high level of acceptability are linguistic amplification and transposition.


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Meanwhile, the technique which results in translations with low level of

acceptability is literal translation.

The analysis on the readability of the translation shows that 28 data

(35%) are readable and 52 data (65%) are less readable. However, most of

the readable translations with high percentage than others are resulted from

the linguistic amplification technique.

B. Recommendation

1. The translator

Linguistic amplification technique is appropriately needed in translating

participial phrase to show the sentence relation between the participial phrase

and the main clause. Generally, by using this technique the translation of

participial phrase in the TT becomes accurate, acceptable, and even readable.

Before translating participial phrase, a translator should analyze the

context to find out the implicit meaning of the relation between the participial

phrase and the main clause. By understanding the relation of the participial

phrase and the main clause, the translator will be able to find more accurate,

acceptable, and readable translation for the target readers.

2. Other researchers

This research is trying to find out the translation techniques applied to

translate the participial phrase from English to Indonesian language. Besides,

it focuses on the quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability,

readability of participial phrase translations in the novel ‘Blue-eyed Devil’.


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Other researchers may conduct the research about participial phrase not only

taken from the novel but also other literary works. The use of conjunction by

applying linguistic amplification technique in translating participial phrase is

interesting to be taken as a research since there are many other conjunctions of

sentence relation that are not analyzed in this research.

Documents

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES …