1

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

ARMED EXTRACTION The UK Military in Nigeria

3

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Contents

4 Key facts

5 I trodu o6 The cost of UK military aid to Nigeria

I ves gi o fli t9 The role of Shell

UK ilitaryaida d o fli t11 Unmonitored human rights impacts

12 Warships on standby

13 Containing terrorism

14 Conclusion

15 Endnotes

Page

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A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

This iefi ge a i esthe oleoftheUKGo e e ti fuelli ghu a ightsa usesa d o fli ti Nige iaa dits ela o to o t olli ga esstofossilfuel esou es.It

highlightsissuesthatUKPa lia e ta ia s a ishto aise iththeUKGo e e ta dp o ides e o e da o sfo ho the UK ouldpla a o eposi e olei Nige ia.

This epo tfi dsthat:

TheUKhasspe t loseto£ illio i ilita aidtoNige ia•si eit e i edits es iththe egi ei

Despitedo u e ted asesofhu a ightsa uses the•Nige ia poli ea d ilita theDepa t e tfo Busi essI o a o a d“kills BI“ app o eda a geofe po tstoNige iai ludi g£ , o thof a hi egu sa de uip e t, si t AK sa d£ , o thofg e ades, o s, issiles

“hellsu essfull lo iedfo i easedUK ilita aidtoNige ia•i o de tose u ethei oilfields

A MODGo e e toffi ial asu a leto o fi hethe •o otthei ilita assista ep og a es ee edfo hu a ightsa use sdespiteMi iste s lai i gthep og a ehadast o gthe eth oughoutof espe tfo the uleofla a dhu a ights.

Fo e P i eMi iste Go do B o soffe toi easeUK•ilita aidtop ote tUKoili te estsledtoa ollapseoftheeasefi ei theNige Delta

Key facts

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Co t olli ga esstoNige ia soila dgas ese esisasig ifi a tst ategi o e fo glo alpoli ‐

ake s.Nige iae t a ts o e udeoiltha a othe Af i a ou t , %ofhi hise po tedtoEu opea dtheU“.1

Itisthefi hla gestLNGe po te i theo ld itht othi dsgoi gtoEu ope.2It

isalsothethi dla gestsupplie ofLNGtotheUK,a d iththeUKGo e e t so goi g dashfo gas ,theseship e tsouldi ease.3Ho e e ,i Nige ia, illio peopleli eo lesstha adolla

ada 4a d %ofthepopula o useoodfo ooki g.

TheUKhasgi e isi ga ou tsofaidtotheNige ia ilita .Mea hile,A est sassess e tofthe ou t isthatthehu a ightssitua o hasdete io ated ith hu d edsofpeo‐ple...u la full killed thepoli ea dilita fo es. TheUKGo e e thasotp o idede ide eto uleoutthatitsilita aid asusedto o ithu a ightsa useso fuel o fli t.

I Ja ua ,theUKGo e e tp o ided soldie stot ai fo esi A glopho eWestAf i a ou t ies,

i ludi gNige iaa d“ie aLeo e.7Thisisthe e esti stall e ti o goi g il‐ita aidsupposedl ai edat o tai ‐i gte o is .Ho e e ,aMa h Me o a du ofU de sta di g e ealsthattheth eatofte o issee asl i gi oil u ke i g,illegal efi e ies, a ‐dalis ofpipeli es .8This o fla o ofte o is ith o fli tso e oila dgasesou esa d e e ues, aises ues o sa out he etheli e ill ed a i UKt oopi ol e e ti oil o fli t.

B offe i gsuppo tfo t oopspat olli gtheoil‐ i hNige Delta hoha e o it‐tedse iousa dsustai edhu a ightsa uses,a d es ala gits ilita p ese ei theGulfofGui ea he est ategi oila dgasi stalla o sa dshippi gla esa elo ated,theUKGo ‐e e tlea esitselfope toa usa o sofp io i si ge e g o pa p ofitso e hu a ights.Atthesa e e,ithasa el suppo teda st ade sa dp i ate ilita a dse u it o pa ieshop ofitf o Nige ia soil o fli t.

I trodu o

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Figu es eleasedtoPla o u de theF eedo ofI fo a o A tsho thattheUKspe t loseto

£ illio i ilita aidtoNige iasi eit e i ed es iththe egi ei .“pe di ghas ise o siste tl o e thelastde ade.

Gi e Nige ia so ‐goi g deepl e ‐t e hedhu a ightsp o le s itdoesotappea thattheUKGo e e thasadea de a dsfo a ou ta ilit

f o theNige ia a edfo esi etu fo ilita aid.10I steadtheUKhasf e ue tl tu eda li de etoNige ia se essi euseoffo e.Fo e a ple,o

De e e ,Go e e tfo esepo tedl a a kedato i Delta“tate alledA ako o o e ausethe ea ha e ee a ilita t a p ea o

i theto .The u e ofdeadiss lldisputed.O e epo t lai sthat e ekilled, ostl hild e ,theelde l

a d o e .The‘edC osssa sthatitas a edf o e te i ga e the aids.

The ehas ee ooffi iali ui i tothet aged .11ThoughNige ia t oopsha efailedto esol etheDelta o fli t,theUKa dU“ha ea el suppo tedthe ilita isa o ofthea eaa dtheide GulfofGui ea.

The cost of UK military aid to Nigeria

Figure 1. Ministry of Defence military aid expenditure on Nigeria, 2001 - 2010

“ou e:F eedo ofI fo a o e uest, see ote9

Bri shMilitaryTrai i gTea

Trai i gi Nigeria

Trai i gi UK

Ge eraltrai i g osts

I frastru ture

£2,500,000

£2,000,000

£1,500,000

£1,000,000

£500,000

£0

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

2008-2009

2009-2010

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A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Nige iahaso eofthela geststa di ga iesi Af i a.Mo etha a ua te ofNige ia sfede ‐

al udgetfo asallo atedto se u‐it .12I sta ilit hasge e atedlu a eusi essoppo tu i esfo thep i ate

se to .TheUKhas ee pa ula l ea‐ge totakeitssha eofNige ia s se u it a ket, hoseg o this su passedo l oila dgas .13

Despitethe iskof o pli it i i te alep essio ,UKgo e e tdepa t e tse o dtheMoDha epushedfo ili‐

ta isa o i theDelta.I ,UKT adea dI est e tp o oteda u e of

ajo p oje ts toUK usi esses,su has e‐e uippi gthepoli efo ei theNige ‐Delta egio .14Nige ia poli eha ea ell‐do u e ted e o dofhu‐a ightsa uses,su hasthe epo ted

killi gofse e alp otesto s ho e ede o st a gagai st“helli the est‐e Deltai No e e .

Theli itedgo e e tdataa aila lesho sthatsi e ,theDepa t e tfo Busi essI o a o a d“kills BI“ hasapp o eda a geofUKe po tstoNige iai ludi g:

£ , o a hi egu e uip e ti ludi ghea a hi egu s ;£ , o p oje lelau he s;£ , o u a edd o es;

£ , , o a ou ed ehi les,ta ks;£ , o g e ades, o s, issiles,ou te easu es;£ , o e plosi e‐ elatedgoods a dte h olog ;£ , o a ships

O Jul ,BI“app o eds alla se po tstoNige iai ludi gsi t AK s,fo t pistolsa d£ , o thofa u i o .A o di gtodo u e tsdis losedtoPla o ,thesea s e eusedfo Go e e tautho izedse u‐it a dt ai i g o k .17Despite ul plee uests,BI“has efusedtodis losethea esofUK‐ aseda se po te s.

Ho e e ,asou ef o these u it se to epo tsthat:

Itis o o k o ledgethatsoldie sa dpoli e e sella stopeople hoeedthe atgi e‐a a p i es.The e

is oa ou ta ilit attheMilita a dPoli ea ou ies.Ithas ee esta -

lishedthatthefi stsetofa sHe Okah,the o i tedsuppo te oftheMo e e tfo theE a ipa o oftheNige Delta MEND oughti totheNige Delta egio asf o thea a ou i Kadu a 18

I ves gi o fli t

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A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Nige iaisa ajo p ofit e t efo UK‐asedp i ate ilita a dse u it o ‐

pa ies PM“Cs .I Nige ia,these o ‐pa iesgua dtheoili dust a dothe se to s,f eef o a egula o theUKgo e e t.Co t ol‘isksG oup, E i s,G “,“aladi “e u it a dE ‐e u eOut o esa ea o gtheUKo pa ies hoha e e efi edf o o t a tsi theNige Delta. Asou ei these u it i dust toldPla o thatthep i a i te estofthesefi s asseeki gthei e t o t a ti Nige ia .20

‘athe tha helpi gto esol e o fli ts,thesePM“Csa ea usedofha de i gilita se u it i theDelta.21

U de theNige ia P i ateGua dCo ‐pa iesA t ,PM“Csope a gi theou t a ep ohi itedf o a i ga s.Ho e e ,so eha e ee i ‐pli atedi thee essi euseoffo e.22

PM“Csgua di goil o pa iesa e e edded ithi ilita a dMo ilePoli eu its hofollo go e e to de s.23Thisa a ge e t isksi ol i go pa iesi hu a ightsa uses.

Topi agea da o e:“e e alp oteste s e eepo tedl killedatade o st a o agai st“hell i theWeste Deltai No e e . Photos:Na o alMi o

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Oil ul a o alsope a gi theDeltaha e ei fo ed ilita isa‐o gi i gfu di g a dlogis‐

alsuppo ttogo e e tfo esfo o e ade ade.24“hella dChe o ha eee a usedof o pli it i s ste a ep essio a dha efa edla suitsi theU“o e thei i ol e e ti e t a‐judi‐ialkilli gs,to tu ea dothe a uses.

UK ilita aid u spa alleltothese o ‐po atep a es,a gasa e te sio of o pa se u it poli ies.

U“e ass a lesf o o fi that“hell as p o idi gdi e tfu di gtotheJTF[Joi tTaskFo e], a o i‐a o oftheNige ia a , a a d

poli edeplo edtofight ilita tsi theDelta.ToassisttheJTF,“hellpla edo u i gse e al illio sofdolla [s]o thof esselsa de uip e t .

Ho e e ,“helldid ot a tto ea these ostsalo e.Go e e tdo u‐e ts e ealthat“helle e u eslo ‐iedtheUKa dU“toi ease ilita

aidi o de tose u ethe o pa soilfields.I Fe ua ,“hell sMal ol B i ded ettheFo eig Offi ei Lo ‐do .Mee g i utesstate:

“hellkee toseeHMG[theUKgo -

e e t]looki gfo fu the oppo -

tu i estoassistNige ia ithNige Deltase u it a dgo e a e. 27

A Pi ka d, ho asthe “hell sVi eP eside tfo Af i a,alsotoldtheU“that:

theGON[go e e tofNige ia]…is o sta tl i po tu i gfo fu dstoi p o ethei ilita a dpoli eapa ili es.Pi ka de p essedhopetheU“G[U“go e e t]a dHMGighte e tuall oope ateo p o-

g a sfo de elop e toftheNige-

ia ilita a dpoli e. 28

“heu gedtheU“to fo uso poli ea doastgua d apa it uildi gi theNige Delta . “hell slo i geffo tsappea toha epaidoff.TheUKe pa dedits ili‐ta assista e udgeta doffe ed o et ai i gtoNige iao e the e tfou ea s.This ea tlo e ope a g ostsfo “hell, utshi ed iskso totheUK.

The role of Shell

10

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

B su e ,theDelta o fli thad utNige ia soilp odu o o e a ua te a dpushedsoa ‐

i goilp i estoa e o d$ pe a el.Fo e P i eMi iste Go do B o offe edtoi easeUK ilita aidtoNige iai aspee hattheG su iti Japa ,i o de to deal ithla less essthate istsi thisa eaa dtoa hie ethele elsofp odu o thatNige iais apa‐leof .B o sa ou e e t a kfi ed

a dledtothe ollapseofa easefi ei theDelta.Thei ediate espo sef o theu ella ilita tg oup,theMo e‐e tfo theE a ipa o oftheNige

Delta MEND , asu e ui o al: UK i ‐ze sa di te estsi Nige ia illsuffe .30

TheUK soffe asfollo ed a esu ‐ge ei a ed o fli t.I “epte e

,MENDlau hed Ope a o Hu ‐i a eBa a ossa .Thesi ‐da oil a

aso eofthe ost oo di ateda dde asta gse iesofa a kso theoili dust i Nige ia.“hell aso eoftheai ta gets.31

Ha i gagg a atedthe o fli t,theUKe to toesta lishape a e t a al

fa ilit i Lagos,k o astheJoi tMa i‐e“e u it T ai i gCe t e JM“TC .

“i elate ,UK a i esha eusedtheJM“TCtot ai theNige ia ilita tose u etheDelta soilfields.32G ou do at,i sho e oatpat ol, a i ei te di o a dad a ed oa da dsea hte h i uesa ea o gthe eth‐odstaughtatthefa ilit .Photog aphsappa e tl f o Ma h sho Nige‐ia t oopsa ed ithAK‐ sposi go B i sh‐loa ed oats ith a i esf o the‘o alNa .This aslate o fi edapa lia e ta a s e .33

UK ilitaryaida d o fli t

UK‘o alMa i est ai i gNige ia ilita i Lagos,Ma h .

11

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Asea l as ,theFCOa ‐ipatedthatUKi ol e e ti

helpi gtheNige ia stopat olthe i e i ea eas a d t ai i gofpoli ea da u its ould e o t o e sial.Thesea et i k issues, ote‘i ha dGoz e ,the B i shHighCo issio e toNige ia.34Gi e thepote alfo thi gstogo o g,thepoli shouldha e ee a efull iskassesseda d o ito edifitasgoi gaheadatall.Ho e e ,theFCOlai sitdid ot akea iskassess‐e tf o theleaduptoB o s

a ou e e tto .

TheMoDhasstatedthat Allou ilita assista ep og a esa esu je ttoegula o ito i gastothei effe e‐ess . Ho e e ,ago e e toffi ial

fa ilia iththep og a edisag eed:

Wedo ’te e t a ki di idualsi t ai i g ou ses.The o efo aou sea dthe elosethe .We’lle e k o ho effe eitis. 37

Cu e tl theo l fo of o ito i gisa o e t o addedtotheappli a‐o fo si .Pla o askeda out

ho pa ipa tsi theUK s ilita t ai i gp og a e e esele teda de etoldthat:

Nige ia ssele t hothe thi kisappropriate. Then we just make sure

the a eofa e tai a k.Wedo ’tsele t a didates.O ethe u e sa eputfo a d e he kthe a euptosta da d. 38

Thego e e toffi ial asu a leto o fi hethe o otthe he ksi ludeds ee i gfo hu a ightsa use s.Thisisatodds ith hatthefo e Mi iste of“tatefo theA edFo es,Bill‘a ell,toldPa lia e ti

.A o di gto‘a ell,thep o‐g a ehada st o gthe eth ough‐outof espe tfo the uleofla a dhu a ights.

TheUKappea stoallo theNige ia ilita tosele tsoldie sfo thep o‐

g a e,u s ee eda d ith i tuall o o ito i gofthep og a e si ‐

pa t.Thepossi le o se ue esfo hu‐a ightsa dsta ilit appea toha eee o e lookedo dis ega ded.

Unmonitored human rights impacts

12

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

Thisis otthefi st etheUKhasai tai eda ilita p ese ei

theNige Delta.I the th e tu‐,theUKdeplo edgu oatsto ep ess

lo al e ha ts hoth eate edthei te estsofthe‘o alNige Co pa ,hi h asthe t i gtogai a o‐opol o e thee po tofpal oil.The

Na dest o ede eto si pu i eaids.40Toda ,theUKgo e e thaso eda ge ousl losetodi e ti te ‐e o agai st e elsi Nige ia s eeksa dseasi thei te estsofse u i gudeoilfieldsa d o po atep ofits.

O O to e Nige ia a ked ea sofi depe de e.Thesa eda ,theUK sla gest a ship,HM“O ea ,a i edi Lagoso afou ‐da issio .Behi dtheoffi ial e e o ies,se u it

fo es e eo highale ta e B i shi tellige e e ei ed a i gofa o a a k MEND, hi hkilledatleast

peoplei A uja.41L heli opte sf o Na alAi “ uad o ,p e iousl deplo edi I a , e e o sta d fo ou te pi a ope a o s .

Fo th eeda stheai e ,ai a and maintainers were poised to con-

du tfl i gatsho t o e.Ul atel the e essit did ota ise. 42

“u se ue tl ,HM“Dau tless,thela gestdest o e i theUKNa ,a dtheF e hNa f igateL He i ie isitedLagosi Ju e to o du t joi tt ai i gope a o s ithNige ia fo esai edato a g pi a a dsea i i alit .43

Warships on standby

UK a shipHM“O ea a dL heli opte si Lagosi O to e .Photo:‘o alNa .

13

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

DespiteNige ia si dis i i ateuseoffo eagai stallegedBokoHa a i su ge tsi the o theast,44theUKa dNige ia ilita ha e o uedto oope ate losel , itht agi o ‐se ue es.I Ma h ,UKspe ialfo es o kedalo gsidetheNige ia ilita o a ot hedhostage es ueissio i the it of“okoto.A Italia

a daB i sh a o al e ekilled,a dtheItalia go e e t asa ge edatei gkeptu i fo edu ltheope a‐o asu de a .

I Ja ua ,theUKGo e e tp o ided soldie stot ai fo esi A glopho eWestAf i a ou t ies,i ludi gNige iaa d“ie aLeo e. Thisisthe e esti stall e ti o goi gilita aidsupposedl ai edat o ‐

tai i gte o is .Ho e e ,aMa hMe o a du ofU de sta di g

e ealsthattheth eatofte o issee asl i gi oil u ke i g,illegal efi e ‐ies, a dalis ofpipeli es .47This o fla‐o ofte o is ith o fli tso e oil

a dgas esou esa d e e ues, aisesues o sa out he e

theli e ill ed a i UKt oopi ol e e ti oil o fli t.

The othe ofGaddafi“odaholdsupaphotog aphofhe so hoasallegedl shota dkilled

poli eo thest eeti f o tofhishousei the o the it ofKa oo Ma , .

© E i Gu s huss/Hu a ‘ightsWat h

Containing terrorism

14

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

TheUKa ditsalliesha ees alatedthe ilita isa o ofNige ia soilfieldsi thei te estsof e e g

se u it a d ou te ‐te o is .Thisassu esthat ilita fo e a helptoesol ethe o ple so iala dpoli ‐alp o le softheDelta.Yetso eofNige ia shighest‐ a ki g ilita offi ialsha estatedthatgo e e tfo es a ‐ot esol etheDelta isis.48The ilita

a e idel suspe tedto ei ol edi oilthe o a i dust ials ale. Oilo pa ies o e ‐ elia eo the ilita hasalsoledto se iousi te alf i o i “hell. Milita isa o ill otp o idelas gse u it i theDelta.

As udget utsputp essu eo thea edfo es,theUK a otaffo dto iske gage e ti theNige ia soilo fli t.UKta pa e sa efu di ga

poli thatsuppo ts ep essi et oopsa dsu sidisestheope a g ostsofoilgia tslike“hell.TheUKgo e e thasp o otedthei te estsofoil o pa ies,a st ade sa dPM“Csatthee pe seofhu a ightsa d egio alsta ilit .

TheUK ouldpla a o eposi e olei theDelta fo usi g o e esou eso theu ge tissuesofpo e t , o up o a d eakgo e a e,helpi gto lea upde adesofoilpollu o a de a li glo al eside tstohold o pa iesa dtheNige ia go e e ta ou ta lefo iola o sofhu a ights.

Forfurtherre o e da o s to a range of stakeholders visit:

h p:// it.ly/ZE F n

Conclusion

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

h p:// .eia.go / ou t ies/ a . f ?fips=N. I

h p:// .eia.go / ou t ies/ a . f ?fips=N. I

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h p:// .gua dia . o.uk/ o ld/ /ja / /uk‐i te e o ‐ ali‐st ateg ‐futu e.

h p://peoplesdail g. o / ige ia‐uk‐sig ‐ ou‐o ‐ ou te ‐te o ‐ a i e‐se u it. /

Pla o FOI e uesttoMoD, ef: ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ,a aila lehe e:. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / /MoD‐Milita ‐t ai i g‐A u a‐‘espo se‐ .pdf.MoD ilita aidtoNige iaisd a f o t o ai sou es:T easu fu di gfo thet i‐depa t e tal Co fli tPool hi hi ol estheMoD,FCOa dDfID,a dtheMoD sDefe eAssista eFu d.“ou e:Pla o i te ie ithMoDstaff, Ju e .

“eeHu a ‘ightsWat h,Wo ld‘epo t , .h p:// .h .o g/sites/default/files/ elated_ ate ial/ ige ia_ .pdf,p .

h p:// .thisda li e. o /a les/a ako o o‐a a k‐the‐t uth‐a d‐fi o /.

O udget,‘eute s,Bet ee ‘e ellio &Jihad,. h p://g aphi s.tho so eute s. o / / /Nige ia.pdf,Ja ;o sizeofthea ,see:‘i a do“oa esdeOli ei a, :Oila dPoli si theGulfofGui ea,pp ‐ .

A aha se a dWillia s :TheGlo alisa o ofP i ate“e u it ,p , .h p://use s.a e .a .uk/ h/p i atese u it / ou t % epo t‐ ige ia.pdf.

UKTI,“e u it Oppo tu i esi Nige ia,. h p:// .uk .go .uk/do load/ _ /“e u it % Oppo tu i es% i % Nige ia.pdf.ht l,lasta essed “epte e .

Na o alMi o ,Di isio s‘o kUze e,Delta soil‐ i hki gdo ,. h p:// a o al i o o li e. et/i de .php/su da ‐ i o /s ‐e t a/ .ht l, Fe ua a dVa gua d, dead, i ju edasDelta o u it ,“hell lasho e GMoU, h p:// . a gua d g . o / / / ‐dead‐ ‐i ju ed‐as‐delta‐ o u it ‐shell‐ lash‐o e ‐g ou/, No e e .

h p:// . aat.o g.uk/ esou es/e po t‐li e es/ a g?i de = egio & egio =Nige ia&o de =des # a g‐g ou. p.AlsoseeCa paig Agai sttheA sT ade,UKA sE po tLi e es,sea hofNige iaMilita li e es,h p:// . aat.o g.uk/ esou es/e po t‐li e es/li e e? a g=Milita & egio =Nige ia.

Pla o FOItoBI“, ef: ‐ ,. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / /FOI‐ ‐ ‐I fo a o ‐eleased.pdf.

h p:// a i ese u it .asia/f ee‐ /pi a ‐ /deadl ‐gu ‐t ade‐%E % %A ‐ak‐ ‐s uggled‐i ‐ ags‐of‐ i e‐kegs‐of‐oil‐.%E % %A ‐ho ‐the e‐ ought‐i to‐ ige ia/

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / LAGO“ .ht. l, Fe ua ;Cha lesUkejei O ia d‘ustad : Oila dI su ge i theNige Delta,p .

I te ie ithse u it o sulta t o ki gfo a ajo oil o pa i Nige ia, Ju e ,Lo do ..

“eeCha lesUkejei O ia d‘ustad :p ..

N i oBasse , :TheOilI dust a dHu a ‘ightsi theNige Delta,tes o totheU ited“tates“e ate.Judi ia “u o i eeo Hu a ‘ightsa dtheLa ,pp ‐ ,h p:// .ea th ights.o g/sites/default/files/do u e ts/N i o‐tes o ‐ ‐ ‐ .pdf.

A aha se a dWillia s :p ‐ ,“e u it Be o dthe“tate:Glo al“e u it Asse lagesi I te a o al.Poli s,I te a o alPoli al“o iolog ,p ,h p:// .didie igo. o /stude ts/ eadi gs/a aha se illia sse u it asse lageIP“.pdf.

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / ABUJA .ht. l, O to e .Fo ea lie e a ples,see: h p:// i a shell.o g/.

“eetheWi a “hell ase:. h p:// i a shell.o g/a dBo oto Che o :h p:// .ea th ights.o g/legal/ o oto‐ ‐he o ‐ ase‐o e ie .

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / ABUJA .ht. l, O to e a dh p:// ikileaks.o g/a le/ / / LAGO“ .ht l#, Ju e .

Pla o FOI, ef ,a aila leat:. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / / ‐‘eda ted‐ ote‐of‐ee g‐ ‐Fe ‐ ‐ ‐BA‐ d‐“ept‐ .pdf.

ENDNOTES

A edE t a o :theUKMilita i Nige ia

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / LAGO“ .ht l. #, Jul .

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / LAGO“ .ht l. #, No e e .

TheI depe de t,B o lu de si pledgetose u eNige iaOil,Da ielHo de ,Ki “e gupta,Coli B o a dClai e“oa es,.h p:// .i depe de t. o.uk/ e s/ o ld/af i a/ o ‐ lu de s‐i ‐pledge‐to‐se u e‐ ige ia‐oil‐ .ht l, Jul .

‘eute s,Nige ia ilita t a paig hitsoilp odu o ,. h p://uk. eute s. o /a le/ / / /uk‐ ige ia‐delta‐a a ks‐idUKLL 1, “epte e a d‘eute s,Q+A‐Whatisatstakei Nige ia sNige Delta?, h p://uk. eute s. o /a le/ / / / ige ia‐delta‐idUKLDE BI , De e e .

Ha sa d,. h p:// .pu li a o s.pa lia e t.uk/pa/ / ha s d/ /te t/ .ht # , Ju e .

h p:// .pu li a o s.pa lia e t.uk/pa/ld /ldha s d/te t/ .ht #. 4

Pla o FOI e uesttoFCO, ef: ,a aila lehe e:. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / / ‐Nige ia‐the‐delta‐ eda o s eg _‐ ‐K“‐ d‐ ‐“ept.pdf.

Pla o FOI e uesttoFCO, ef: ‐ ,. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / / ‐ ‐‘epl ‐ ‐Ju e.pdf.

Pla o FOI e uesttoMoD, ef: ‐NIGE‘IAFOI,. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / / ‐NIGE‘IAFOI‐A u a‐‘ .pdf.

Pla o i te ie ithMoDstaff, Ju e ..

“ee ote ..

Ha sa d,. h p:// .pu li a o s.pa lia e t.uk/pa/ / ha s d/ /te t/ .ht # , Ju e .

A d ‘o ell,Ja esMa io a dLo e“to k a , :TheNe tGulf,pp – ,. h p:// . a o e .o g/sho ite .asp?a le= &pa e t= &li k=Y&gp=3.

BBC,Nige ia poli e a essuspe tsi A uja a o i gs,. h p:// . . o.uk/ e s/ o ld‐af i a‐ , O to e .

F o ‘o alNa e site.“ee. h p://pla o lo do .o g/ p‐ o te t/uploads/ / / ‐NA“‐Ai ‐“ uad o ‐T ai ‐i ‐Nige ia.pdf.

Bluep i t,B i sh,F e h a shipsi Lagosfo joi tope a o s,. h p:// luep i t g. o / / / i sh‐f e h‐ a ship‐i ‐lagos‐fo ‐joi t‐ope a o s/, Ju e .

A est I te a o al,Nige iase u it fo esi a do killi gfollo i g o last,. h p:// .a est .o g/e / e s‐a d‐updates/ ige ia‐se u it ‐fo es‐ a do ‐killi g‐follo i g‐ o ‐ last‐ ‐ ‐ , Jul ;‘eute s,Bet ee ‘e ellio &Jihad,h p://g aphi s.tho so eute s. o / / /Nige ia.pdf,Ja ua .

Fi a ialTi es,Ital a a ksUKo e Nige iahostage es ue,. h p:// . . o / s/s/ /f d fa‐ a ‐ e ‐ f‐fea d .ht l#a zz A Up H8, Ma h .

h p:// .gua dia . o.uk/ o ld/ /ja / /uk‐i te e o ‐ ali‐st ateg ‐futu. e

h p://peoplesdail g. o / ige ia‐uk‐sig ‐ ou‐o ‐ ou te ‐te o ‐ a i e‐se u it.

Fo e Nige ia Ge e alVi to Malu,fo e JTF o a de ,B igadie Ge e alElias)a a ia dChiefofA “taff,.Lieute a t‐Ge e alLukaYusufallad itthatthe ilita a otsol etheDelta ises.“eePaulEji e,Pa af i a Ne sAge ,A ChiefWa tsMilita ‘est i tedToP ofessio alis ,h p://allaf i a. o /sto ies/ .ht l, Ja ua ;Co e t Cathed al,ThePote alfo Pea ea d‘e o ilia o i theNige Delta, , h p:// . o e t athed al.o g.uk/do loads/pu li a o s/ .pdf,p ,a dVa gua d,N‐DeltaNeedsPoli al“olu o ‐A Chief,h p://allaf i a. o /sto ies/ .ht l, Ja ua .

Co e t Cathed al, :p .AlsoseeVa gua d,Me i Poli eU ifo Na edO e Pipeli eVa dalisa o ,.a hi e h p://allaf i a. o /sto ies/ .ht l, “epte e .

h p:// ikileaks.o g/ a le/ / / LAGO“ .ht. l, Ma h .