A unit to review 3 main processes cells undertake that deal with
energy creation: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and
Fermentation Cellular Processes Slide 2 Energy 2 Energy Takes Many
Forms such as light, heat, electrical, chemical, mechanical, etc.
Energy can be changed from one form to another Energy can be stored
in chemical bonds & then released later Candles release energy
as HEAT & LIGHT Slide 3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process of
converting sunlight into FOOD that can be used by the plant cell.
This process DOES NOT create energy for the plant. Slide 4 It
Begins with Sunlight! 4 Slide 5 Energy for Life on Earth 5 Sunlight
is the ULTIMATE energy source for all life on Earth Plants store
energy in the chemical bonds of sugars Chemical energy is released
as ATP during cellular respiration Slide 6 Photoautotrophs Absorb
Light Energy 6 Slide 7 Autotrophs 7 Autotrophs include organisms
that make their own food Some use the suns energy directly Euglena
Slide 8 Autotrophs 8 Plants, and some other organisms that contain
chlorophyll, are able to use light energy from the sun to produce
food. Slide 9 Heterotrophs 9 Heterotrophs can NOT directly use the
suns energy Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume (eat)
other organisms for food Slide 10 Plants 10 Autotrophs produce
their own food (glucose) Process called photosynthesis Mainly
occurs in the leaves: a.stoma - pores b.mesophyll cells Stoma
Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast Slide 11 Stomata (stoma) 11 Pores in a
plants cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO 2 & O 2
) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Guard Cell
Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Slide 12 Chlorophyll Molecules
12 Located in the thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll pigments harvest
energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and
red-660 nm are most important) Plants are green because the green
wavelength is reflected, not absorbed. Slide 13 Inside A
Chloroplast 13 Slide 14 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll 14
wavelength Absorption violet blue green yellow orange red
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best Slide 15 Fall
Colors 15 In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other
pigments present During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments
are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments Carotenoids are
pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow Slide 16
Photosynthesis 16 Anabolic (small molecules combined) Endergonic
(stores energy) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) requiring process that uses
light energy (photons) and water (H 2 O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose). 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + ATP
glucose SUN photons Slide 17 The Photosynthesis Equation 17 Slide
18 Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis Amount of available
water Temperature Amount of available light energy 18 Slide 19 Two
Parts of Photosynthesis 19 Two reactions make up photosynthesis:
Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction Produces energy from
solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH. Calvin Cycle or
Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or C 3
Fixation Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make
sugar (glucose). Slide 20 Photosynthesis Overview 20 Slide 21 Light
Dependent Reaction 21 Reactants: H 2 O Light Energy Products: ATP
NADPH Slide 22 The Calvin Cycle 22 Uses ATP and Uses ATP and NADPH
from NADPH from light reaction light reaction as energy as energy
Uses CO 2 Uses CO 2 To produce To produce glucose glucose Slide 23
C 3 Plants Temperate environement 85% of all plants (evergreens,
grain plants, deciduous trees) Stomates open during day and closed
at night Leaves with larger air spaces 23 Slide 24 C 4 Plants Hot,
moist environments 3% of plants (weeds [crabgrass], corn,
sugarcane) Stomates open during day and closed at night Thinner
leaves with less air space 24 Slide 25 CAM Plants 25 Hot, dry
environments 8% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed
during day and open during the night Thick fleshy leaves Slide 26
Structure of ATP 26 ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate Composed
of a nitrogen base (adenine), the pentose (5C) sugar (ribose), and
three phosphate groups. The last phosphate group is bonded with a
HIGH ENERGY chemical bond This bond can be broken to release ENERGY
for cells to use High Energy Phosphate Bond Slide 27 Removing a
Phosphate from ATP 27 Breaking the last phosphate bond from ATP
will: Release ENERGY for cells to use Form ADP Produce a free
phosphate group Energy Slide 28 Releasing Energy From ATP 28 ATP is
constantly being used and remade by cells ATP provides all of the
energy for cell activities The high energy phosphate bonds can be
broken to release energy The reforming the ATP molecule is called
phosphorylation (joining free phosphate and ADP together) Slide 29
Releasing Energy From ATP 29 Adding A Phosphate Group To ADP stores
Energy in ATP Removing A Phosphate Group From ATP Releases Energy
& forms ADP Lose Gain Slide 30 More on ATP 30 Cells have enough
ATP to last for a few seconds ATP must constantly be made ATP
transfers energy very well ATP is NOT good at energy storage Slide
31 Cells Using Biochemical Energy 31 Cells Use ATP For: Active
transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular
respiration All other cellular reactions Slide 32 Glucose 32
Glucose is a monosaccharide C 6 H 12 O 6 One molecule of glucose
stores 90 times more chemical energy than one molecule of ATP Slide
33 Cell Respiration The process of using glucose (sugar) and O 2
(oxygen) to create energy (ATP) for all cells. Slide 34 When is ATP
Made in the Body? During a process called Cellular Respiration that
takes place in both plants & animals Cellular Respiration
breaks down the glucose molecules to release energy. 34 Slide 35
Equation for Cellular Respiration 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + 36-38ATPs C 6 H
12 O 6 + 6O 2 yields 35 Slide 36 Cellular Respiration Requires
oxygen Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates Breakdown
of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules Glucose is
oxidized and O 2 is reduced, therefore is an oxidation-reduction
reaction. Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken
into CO 2 and H 2 O Process is also Catabolic because larger
Glucose breaks into smaller molecules 36 Slide 37 Where Does
Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two
parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle
& ETC take place in the mitochondria 37 Slide 38 Stages of
Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm, anaerobic
and aerobic, uses two ATP and produces 4, splits glucose into two
pyruvate molecules 2. The Krebs Cycle Occurs in matrix
(mitochondria), aerobic, occurs twice (creates 1 ATP each cycle),
releases CO 2 and two ATP molecules 38 Slide 39 Stages of Cellular
Respiration 39 3. Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the inner
membrane (mitochondria), aerobic, creates 34 ATP molecules and
releases H2O The end result of Cellular Respiration is 38 ATP
molecules. Slide 40 Fermentation The process of creating energy in
the absence of O 2. Slide 41 Fermentation Occurs when O 2 NOT
present (anaerobic) Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells
(makes muscles tired) Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
(produces ethanol) Nets only 2 ATP 41 Slide 42 Fermentation 42
Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
