A Users Guide for Land Rights Advocates

7/28/2019 A Users Guide for Land Rights Advocates

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ANGOC

CSOLandReformMonitoring

AUsersGuideforLandRightsAdvocates*

This users guide is considered a work-in-progress. It is a modest contribution o

ANGOCandLandWatchAsiatoenhancethecapacitiesofCSOstomonitorland

policies and programs and advocate or land rights. We hope that as land reorm

monitoringforCSOsexpands,enhancementswillbemadetothisinitialguide.

PreparedbyCatherineLiamzonandreviewedbyNathanielDonE.Marquez.


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IntroducingtheCSOLandMonitoringInitiative

GettingStarted

IndicatorsorMonitoring

GettingOrganized

AdditionalResources

AnnexA:SuggestedOutlineforCountryLandReormMonitoringReport

AnnexB:PresentingyourResults

AnnexC:LandReormDevelopmentReport/Index

Reerences

Contents

155

158

170

191

201

208

210

215

221


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ithout eective monitoring, advocacy eorts are impaired.

Civilsocietyorganisationshavelearnedromexperiencethat

tosecure landrightsortheruralpoor,theymustbacktheir

advocacywithsolid,accurateandup-to-datedatagatheredrommonitoring

activities,inordertoinuencepolicies.Storiesfromtheeldenablepeople

todeepentheirunderstandingotheplightothelandless;whentheseare

supplementedwithnumbers,theyspeakstronglyandconvincinglyabout

theurgencyolandreorminAsia.

ManyCSOsworkcloselywithpeopleatthegrassrootslevel.eyhaverst-

handknowledgeandexperience,nottomentionadeepunderstandingo

peoplesissuesandwhatreallygoesoninthecountryside.CSOshaveoen

helpedtheruralandlandlesspoorndtheirvoiceamidstglobaltrends

andcommercialpressures.Still,manyofthemadmitlackingthenecessary

documentation andresearchto inform theiradvocacy.CSOsthemselves

acknowledgetheneedtostrengthentheircapacitiesinundertakingresearch,

includingmonitoring.

But to organize all the monitoring data and to ensure that monitoring

becomes continuous (rather than a one-o activity that ceasesonce the

reporthasbeenwrittenupandprinted)andaregularpartoadvocacyis

anareathatcouldbefurtherimproved.efactremains:CSOscanbringso

muchvalueintolandreormmonitoring.Lookingatthingsthattendtobe

glossedoverbygovernmentsandmultilateralinstitutions,CSOsshow what

needtobemonitored.Teyhighlighttheseofenneglectedyetsalientand

urgenteatures,orinstancelandlessness,landdisputesandevictions.Inthe

process,CSOsprovideandpushforalternativeperspectivesandindicatorsonlandrights.

Inthiscontext,ANGOCandtheLandWatchAsianetworkhavelaunched

a CSOLand ReformMonitoring Initiative.erst fruit this initiative

hasborneisarameworktoguideLandWatchAsiapartnersinparticular

andCSOsingeneral,astheyassumetheresponsibilityofmonitoringland

reormsinseveralAsiancountries.Tisrameworkzoomsinonlandtenure

andaccesstolandandprovidesasystematicwayforCSOstoembarkon

Introducing the CSO Land

ReformMonitoringInitiative


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monitoring,includingcollaboratingintheprocesswithotherstakeholders

suchastheacademe,researchinstitutions,andmedia.Itultimatelyocuses

onoutcomesorresults,butalsoexaminestheinputsandprocessesthatgo

intolandreormmonitoring.Manyquestionspersist:Has the promise o

agrarian reorm and access to land been delivered? Is land reorm moving

in the right direction?Doarmersenjoymoresecurelandtenurenowthanbefore?isCSOmonitoringinitiativestrivestoanswersuchquestions,to

eventuallybearmoreruitintheormolandreormdevelopmentreports

orvariouscountries.

OverviewoftheUsersGuide

Beore you begin

Tisusersguideinyourhandswascrafedtoguidecivilsocietyorganizations

astheyembarkontheuniquelychallengingtaskomonitoringlandreormsintheirrespectivecountries.Simplyput,thisguideisawaythroughwhich

we can ensure a credible Land Reorm Development Report which

ultimately depends on the quality o our data gathering. A common

rameworkandacommonmethodology,whenablyusedbyallocalpoints,

shouldhelpuslookatthesameaspectsonlandreormandsubjecttheseto

athoroughanalysis.Teconclusionswedrawshouldinormourindividual

andcollective(asanAsianregionalnetwork)landadvocaciesandactions

orchange.

Tisusersguideseekstoexplainthecontextothemonitoringinitiative,providing the conceptual ramework, rationale, scope, limitations,

assumptions,andglossary.Tisincludestheestablishmentodenitions

to be consistently used inmonitoring.Also, itprovides inormationon

methodology, including possible data sources and reerences, aswell as

availabletoolsandapproaches.

Experiences and lessons rom documenting the piloting process o the

monitoringrameworkinBangladesh,IndonesiaandthePhilippineshave

substantivelycontributedtotheusersguide.Variousindividualsandgroups

havealsoenrichedthisguide,throughconsultations,regionalworkshops

andpeerreviews:thecollectiveknowledgeotheLandWatchAsianetwork;

ourexpertsDr.AbulBarkatandDr.LaksmiSavitri;DeanRoelRavanera;

Dr.HansMeliczek;Dr.MaridethBravo;AntonioQuizon;AnnalisaMauro;

Dr.PraveenJha;andlastly,membersandpartnersoANGOCandoILC.


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Te lay o the land

Tisusersguideisdividedintoourmainsections.Terstchapter,Getting

Started,givesasimpleintroductiontothemonitoringramework,about

thescope,indicators,andmechanismsformonitoring.CSOsaresureto

encounterchallengestomonitoring;ashortdiscussionisgivenhereonhowtoaddressthese.

TesecondsectiononIndicators for Monitoringconstitutesthehearto

this guidebook.Wehavetried todeconstruct jargon orhighly technical

inormationon the indicators, into simpler and easier terms. Likewise,

wesuggestherearangeotoolsordatagathering,addingsometipsand

commentstohelpyoualongtheway.

Getting Organizedexplainstheadministrativetasksinvolvedinmonitoring,

particularlytheestablishmentoanationalmonitoringteamguidedbyandsupportedby,respectively,asteeringcommitteeandasecretariattoensure

thesmoothowomonitoring.Essentially,weoersuggestionsingoing

aboutwritingupthereport.Italsocontainstheproposedoutlineorwriting

thereportandtipsonpresentingyourresults.

Given the importance o other initiatives, wedevote the last section to

Additional Resources toenhanceandcomplementyourresearch.

AlistoReferencesoccupiesthelastsection,toacknowledgethesources

wedrewrominpreparingthisguide.Tosewhowouldliketolearnmoreaboutthetopicscoveredcanstarthere.


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Whywearehere:ASummaryoftheCSOLandReformMonitoringFramework

smostAsiangovernmentshavelegislationsorexistingprograms

onlandandagrarianreorms,povertyandahighlyskewedland

ownership patternwithin and across countries continue tomar

the region. At the same time, new developments negatively aect the

terrainolandownershipandtenuresuchasincreasingandintensiying

competition or land requiresbrought by investmentson land,whether

romgovernmentsandthecorporatesectorwithinorexternaltoAsia.

ItisthusimportantforCSOstoconstantlyengagenationalgovernmentsin

policydiscussionsandmonitoringdevelopmentsinlandtenureandaccess

toland.Byarticulatingtheconcernsandprovidingevidence-baseddata

onthesituationoffarmersandothervulnerablegroups,CSOsinformand

inuencepolicy.Attheendotheday,anyreormshouldleadtoimproved

qualityolieothesmalloodproducers.

For some countries, essential land reorm programs are non-existent,

therebyraisingthequestion: How can you monitor land reorm i it hasnt

been implemented yet? Te policies may be in place, but they remain

unimplemented.Ourchoiceoindicatorsaswillbediscussedinmore

detailinthenextsectioncanstillbemonitoredthoughnoocialland

reormprogrammaybereallyexistent(asopposedtonominalexistence)

atthistime.

Inaddition,thoughwerecognizethatlandreormmayonlyconnoteland

distribution, while agrarian reorm is broader to include sheries andorestry,supportservices,andstructuralchangeintheaccessandownership

oland,inthismonitoringinitiative,weuselandreormandagrarian

reormindistinctly.

Finally,wehavechosen to ocusmonitoring eortson land tenure and

accessto land.Terameworkassumesthatbystrengtheninglandtenure

andaccess,wewillachieveoodsecurityandreducepoverty.Landlessness,

in contrast, leads to conicts and violence. We recognize how critical

Getting StartedThis section tells you what you need to know the CSO Land Reorm Monitoring ramework. It

provides the monitoring roadmap, establishing the context, scope, indicators, and mechanisms or

monitoring. At the end, we point out the various challenges CSOs ace, and suggest ways to hurdle

these and nd motivation to pursue monitoring.


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landistothelivelihoodsoarmers,indigenouspeoples,andwomen,and

otherland-basedsectors.Landtenuresecurityinvolvesvariousrightsand

entitlements.

o understand more about the context o land reorm monitoring, kindly

reer to the CSO Land Reorm Monitoring Framework in the rst part o this

publication.

Scope Civilsocietyconcernstendtobebroadthatmonitoringentailsextensive

processes.Land reformmonitoring is no exception.However,CSOsare

usuallychallengedwith limitedresourcesandunsuitablemechanismsor

monitoring.Wethusdeneandtargetthescopeandidentiyappropriate

waysforCSOstoundertakemonitoringmorestrategically.

CSOmonitoringencompassesotherland-relatedissues,aswellasbroader

socialissueslikeoodsecurity,poverty,governanceandtheenvironment.Tesearetheissuesthatdeserveoururgentattention,andwillgureinthe

resultsandanalysesothemonitoringinitiative.Butinanutshell,theocus

isontrackingtheimplementationstatusoagrarianreormprograms.

Atwhatleveldowemonitor?Focus on the national level

LandWatchAsiamembersworkatthecommunity,nationalandregional

levels;somearealsoengagedatthegloballevel.Terearememberswhohave

alreadyundertakenandeveninstitutionalizedlandmonitoringactivitiesas

partotheiradvocacywork.

Underlying this Asian CSO land reform monitoring initiative is the

convictionthatmonitoringmattersmostatthenational level.Monitoring

hastoberelevanttonationalprocessesandadaptabletonationalcontexts.

ToughIndiascasemaybeslightlydierent,givenitsenormoussizeand

itsederalsystem,withagrarianreormslegislatedandimplementedatthe

statelevel,thereareprocessesorwhichitisnecessarytolookatthecentral

government.

Tereality inAsia is that contexts vary rom country to country.Teyhavedierenthistories,landpolicies,tenuresystems,landadministration

systems,andexperiencesrelatingtoagrarianreform.Aswell,CSOcapacities

andtheirrelationshipswithgovernmentsandotherinstitutions,alldier

acrosscountries.Intermsodata,availabilityandaccessibilitydivergerom

countrytocountry.


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... But still looking at the regional level

Whilenationalcontextsvary,thereisagreementindesiredoutcomes,or

whattheLandWatchAsiacampaignwantstoachieveintheirrespective

countriesandintheregion:strongerlandtenure,andenhancedaccessto

landorpoorarmers,indigenouspeoples,women,andothermarginalized

groups.Wemaintainthatthereisapremiuminselectingregionalindicatorsthatwillalloworregionalcomparisons.

Landisprimarilyanationalconcern.However,timesarechanging.Te

new wave o agricultural investments taking place in Asia transcends

nationalboundaries.Landdealsareoccurring between governments,or

betweengovernmentsandprivatesector.Evidenceexiststhattheselarge-

scalelandacquisitionsarepredominantlyintra-regional(Anseeuw,Alden

Wily,Cotula,andaylor,2011).Teseinvestmentsshouldbesubjectedto

aregionalanalysis.Furthermore,bytakingonaregionalapproach,CSO

advocatescanspecicallytargetregionalinstitutions,includingtheregionalocesointergovernmentalorganizations,suchas:

AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)

Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacic

(CIRDAP)

Food andAgriculture Organization of the UnitedNations Regional

OceorAsiaandthePacic(FAO-RAP)

InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD)

SouthAsiaAssociationforRegionalCooperation(SAARC)

WorldBank

Teseinstitutionsvaryaccordingtoleveloopennesstothesensitiveissue

ofland.Somearemoreallergictodiscussinglandissues,whileothers

explicitly include land in their policy

agenda.CSOsshouldtakenoteofthis

indeterminingtheiradvocacystrategies.

We emphasize that ultimately, it is the

national ocal point who will decide on

the ocus o the monitoring, including

the choice o indicators and data to be

collected.a

Focusing on OutcomesTe monitoring ramework ollows

certain logic o inputs, processes,

outputs,outcomesandimpacts.able1

attempts to provide a simple guide on

Figure1ConventionalM&ECycle


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thesetypesomonitoringdata,givingexamplesonthekindophenomena

beingassessed.

Indicators areneeded toassess whatwearemonitoring.Simplyput,an

indicatorisasignthatgivesusanideaothestateorlevelosomething

(SeeTable1).Weselectanduseindicatorstomeasureprogresstowardsourgoals,inthiscaseontheimplementation(ornon-implementation)oland

reorminAsia.Weuseproxyorsubstituteindicators.

Wethuschoosetoocusonoutcomeslandtenureandaccesstoland

becauseamongCSOs,theyaremorerelevant.Attheendoftheday,aer

the lawshavebeenpassed, programsimplementedand titlesissuedand

distributed, the questions remain:Are the armers tenure on land more

secure? Do they have greater access to their lands?

Moreimportantly,tenureandaccessarealsoeasilymonitoredbyCSOsas

theyareabletoworkcloselywiththebeneciariesandothercommunities.

Teyhaveestablishedcontacts,systemsandnetworksthatallowthemto

easilygeneratethesedataovertime.able2showsindicatorsthatwebelieve

canbeusedmore or less by CSOs.

Indicator types Phenomenaassessed

Inputs Land laws, agrarian policies and budgets

Processes Formulation and implementation o agrarian reorm policies and programs;

resolution o dated and current land disputes; and verication andormalization o claims over land areas

Outputs Results and accomplishments, such as the number o land titles issued,

property rights restored, and provision o support services

Outcomes Consequencesandpositiveeectsofinputs,processesandoutputse.g.,

theprevalenceoflandconicts

Impacts Ultimate aims like poverty reduction, ood security and sustainability

Table1:Typesofindicatordatarelatedtolandissues

Land Tenure

Land Disputes

Number o people killed (per 100,000 population) Number o people detained (per 100,000 population) Number o people harassed (per 100,000 population) Number o cases received (per 100,000 population) Number o cases investigated (per 100,000 population) Number o cases adjudicated (per 100,000 population) Number o cases o land grabbing Percentage o area o land grabbed Average time in years or dispute resolution

Additional indicators Annual loss o time due to disputes Monetary loss

Table2:CommonRegionalIndicators


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Butasideromoutcomes,wealsosuggestmonitoringinputs,particularly

laws and policies relating to marginalized groups and the budget or

agrarianreform(SeeTable3).

Te next section deals entirely with the indicators above, establishing

denitionsandincludingtoolsandapproachesordatagathering.

Inputs:BudgetsandPolicies

Budget Agrarian reorm budget

Policies Land use policies Womens access to land Policies or marginalized groups (IPs, shers, etc) Policies or guidelines on oreign investment in land

Table3:SuggestedIndicatorsforMonitoringattheNationalLevel

Bo1:Selecting Monitoring Indicators

Indicators or advocacy are popular because they convey a simple and

unequivocalmessagetothepublic.Theprimarygoalofcreatingindicators

or advocacy is to bring other aspects o land into the agenda, such as landconictivityandlandlessness.

But these should be clear, and above all, resonant. The public has to get aquickgrasponwhytheyareimportant.Howdotheseindicatorsrelateto

CSOsadvocacygoals?CSOsshouldreectonwhetherthedataaretruly

relevant and useul or advocacy, or whether there is a lack o t.

- Tim Bending , ILC

ANGOC. (2011). Proceedings o the Regional Workshop on CSO Land Reorm Monitoring in

Asia. 16-17 September 2010. Bangkok, Thailand.

Evictions Number o households evicted/displaced rom arms (per 100,000 population) Number o households becoming totally homeless because o eviction

Access to Land

Ownership

Land ownership distribution by size Gini coecient/bottom-to-top ratio (or analysis)

Tenancy Rights Number o sharecroppers Percentage o sharecroppers with legal documents

Landlessness Number and percentage o landless persons among rural population

Table2contd.


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A National Mechanismfor Land MonitoringWedevelopedthisinitiativewiththeLandWatchAsiacampaigninmind.

LWAmembersareexpectedto leadlandreormmonitoringin theirown

countries.Weproposenationalandregionalmechanismsorlandreorm

monitoring, to help youmanage land reormmonitoring activities andensureparticipationintheprocess.Figure 2showstheprogressionosteps

inournationalmonitoringmechanism.

Notethatthisisonlyonepossibility,andyouarereetoadaptasyouseet

toyourownneedsandcontext:keepthestepsyoundrelevant,skipthose

youdontneed,andcreatenewonestosuityou.

Figure 2. National Monitoring Mechanism

Source: ANGOC. (2011). Proceedings o the CSO Land Reorm Monitoring Regional Workshop, September 2010, Bangkok,

Thailand.

.


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AdoptionoftheMonitoringFramework

Initiate a consultationprocess to adopt themonitoring ramework.You

mayrevisetherameworkaccordingtoyourneeds.Butasmuchaspossible,

pleasetrytobeaithultotheagreedcommonregionalindicators.

EstablishingaNationalSteeringCommitteeandaSecretariatMemberswill establish their respective national steering committees to

provide policy direction and guidance. Steering committees should be

multi-stakeholder and include CSOs and academe; government could

beconsidered depending on the politicaldynamics inyour country. A

secretariatresponsibleorseeingday-to-daymanagementalsobackstops

thesteeringcommittee.

TesectiononGetting Organizedelaboratesonconsiderationsorsetting

upasteeringcommitteeaswellasasecretariat.

ConductofLandReformMonitoring

Tenationalsecretariatundertheguidanceothesteeringcommitteewill

proceedwithlandreormmonitoring.

Data Validation

Collectedinormationwillbevalidatedandtriangulated;datasourcesare

tobecross-checked.

AdvocacyandDisseminationofReports

Reports will be produced annually, and be shared with government,intergovernmentalorganizationsandmedia.Forumsanddialogueswillbe

convenedtodiscussurgentissuesandadvocatepoliciesandprograms.

Dissemination strategies should include blogs and other inormation

technologyplatorms,sothatthereportscanreachawideraudience.

StraightfromthePilots:anApproachtoLandReformMonitoringTeollowingtable(able4)wasproposedduringourregionalworkshop

onCSOlandreformmonitoringinBangkoklastSeptember2010,andis

rootedintheexperiencesothecountriesthathavepilotedthemonitoring

ramework.Notethatitisa slightlyadjustedandexpandedversionothe

proposednationalmechanism ormonitoring, but remains the same in

essentials.Tedetails and the timeramewill prove handyasyou begin

monitoring.


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Overcoming fearsand getting motivatedIn undertaking thismonitoring initiative or the rst time, youmay be

confrontedwithseveralchallenges.Remember,youarenotalone!Hereis

asmatteringochallenges.

Feelingsofinsecurityorinadequacy

Get over it! Feeling that you arenotup to the taskofmonitoring land

tenureandaccesstolandinyourcountryistherstobstacletomonitoring.

Monitoringisnotaterriblycomplicatedendeavor.Inact,thisiswhywe

havelaunchedtheCSOlandreformmonitoringinitiativeintherstplace.

WehavecometogetherasoneLandWatchAsiacampaign,recognizedthe

needormonitoringtoinormandsharpenouradvocacy,andbegunto

work towardsdeveloping a ramework ormonitoring.Tismonitoring

initiativewilldevelopourcapacitiesandtoocusonstrategicareasland

tenure and access to land.Tus, you can undertake simplemonitoring,

whereitmatters.Joinusaswedothistogether.

Step Activity Details Timeframe

1 IdenticationofSteering

Committee members

Setcriteria:

- Experience in land/agrarian reorm monitoring,

research, and/or advocacy- Presence o academe/research institution

10membersatthemostmostmanageable

1 week

2 Convene an inception meeting Purpose:

- Level of on indicators, denition o concepts,data source, methodology

1 week

3 Data gathering - Identiy 1 or 2 ocal persons

-Possiblesources:(Secondarydata)government,

CSOs,internetresearch,academicjournals,media

(Primary data) surveys, interviews, ocus group

discussions-Usebothquantitativeandqualitativedata

3 months (depending

on data sources)

4 Report writing Team efort (3 persons at the most)

- Divide the report into sections

- Assign 1 person as editor/consolidator- Undertake brainstorming as needed

- Identiy challenges/lessons learned

1 month

5 Presentation o drat report toSteeringCommittee

Gather eedback/comments 1 week

6 Revise report as needed Rene report, include ootnotes, list o reerences,

etc.

1 week

7 Report Validation Presentation o report to other stakeholders(farmers,otherCSOs)

1 week

8 Dissemination and advocacy Formal and inormal mechanisms

Table4:ProposedApproachtoLandReformMonitoringattheCountryLevel

Source: ANGOC (2011). Proceedings o the CSO Land Reorm Monitoring Regional Workshop, September 2010, Bangkok, Thailand.


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Overreliance on experts

Anoshootothiseelingoinsecurityorinadequacyisheavyrelianceon

experts and consultants.Wend thatheavydependence onexperts can

bedisempowering.Teseexpertsareofentoobusy,stallingmonitoring.

Somefeelthattheycannotfunctionwithoutexpertsorconsultantstaking

chargeomonitoring.Whatthenshouldbetheroleoexperts?Intheabsenceocapablesta,it

seemspragmatictohireanexperttogetthejobdone.Butremember,we

aremonitoringwithapurpose.Tegoalotheinitiativeistobuildcapacities

andstrengthenouradvocacy,nottocomeupwithimpressiveglossyreports

perse.

We recommendworking together with experts, in a complementation o

expertise. Experts should acilitate learning in your organization and

empower you not emasculate you to improve on your capacities.

Monitoringshouldnotbeleftoonepersonalonesittingonadeskwritingthereport;itisbestdoneinteams.

Fear of evidence-based advocacy

Dontbeafraid!Evidence-basedadvocacyismuchsimplerthanitsounds!

Itmeanssupportingour claims and conclusionsby hard acts that have

undergone some rigor, using a generally acceptable methodology. For

example,interviewingonlytenpeopleinavillageotwothousandisnot

enoughtomakegeneralizations.Iwesurvey,wehavetohavetheappropriate

samplingmethodthatwecanjustiy.Weshouldnotmakesweepingclaims

aboutruralpovertyorlandlessness,usingvaguewordslikemuch.Itismoreconvincingtobespecic.Ratherthansay,InthePhilippines,many

land-relatedcasesarestillpending,itismorehelpultoouradvocacyto

say,InthePhilippines,oragrarianlawimplementationjudicialandquasi-

judicialcases,thereare7,889casesstillpending,asoJune2009.

TisiscertainlynottoundervalueCSOstrengths.Becauseweworkonthe

ground,closetothecommunities,wehavetheadvantageobeingableto

deeplyunderstandeldrealities.Ourstrengthshavebeenthequalitative

dataweproduce,andtheperspectiveswebringintothedebates.Weprovide

casestudiesandrichnarrativesthatallowotherstoseethingsthroughour

perspectives.Wewoulddowelltocontinuedoingthis.Atthesametime,

weneedtogobeyondtheanecdotesandtrytosupplementournarratives

withquantitativedata,whichiswhatmanyoourpolicymakersarelooking

or.

Failingtoseethewoodforthetrees

Sometimes,wemightgettrappedinacomplianceculture.Wesimplywant

totickalltheboxesandndwhateverdatacanconvenientlytintothegiven


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indicatorsevenithedataarepoorandinsignicant,andtheindicators

aremeaninglessinyourcountrycontext.Also,theseindicatorsarelargely

orarmersandagrarianlandsyouwillndthattheyarenotveryuseul

inthecontextoshers,indigenouspeoples,andinothertenuresystems.

Tesewouldrequiretheirownsetoindicators.

Indicators only indicate. I thedataare simplyunavailable, inaccessible,

orirrelevant,donotgatherdataordatassake.Yourgoalsormonitoring

shouldbeclear.Teindicatorswehavegivenareonlysuggestionsbased

onwhatweasanetworkthinkareimportantinmonitoringlandreorms.

WeareprovidingthegeneraldirectionortheLandWatchAsiacampaigns

monitoring; these indicators arenot setin stone.At the end o the day,

decisions should be made at the country level. Indicators should be

appropriate.

Yes,wemighthave ound the databutwhat are the realitiesbehindthedata?AsCSOs,weaddvaluebytryingtogobeyondthegures.Weanalyze

thedata,knowingthatguresmightbemisleading,orarewrong.

Workingwithothers

Working together is easier said than done. Tere are many benets,

especiallyisomeorganizationshavedatathatareuseultous.Working

withotherCSOs,ortheacademe,orevenwithgovernmentcanprovetobe

asignicantlearningexercise.

Working with CSOsHowever,sometimesthereisturngamongCSOswheregroupsmark

theirterritory,andarenotwillingtosharedata,evenitheysharethesame

advocacy.Insomeinstances,CSOsdonotshareforfearthattheywillnot

bedulycreditedfortheirdata.ByinvolvingotherCSOsmoreactively

whetherinthesteeringcommitteeorconsultativeprocesseslikeroundtable

discussions we may be able to get their participation, and they may

increasetheirownershiporstakeintheprocess.

Government data are accessible

Some governments are unwilling to share informationor even listen to

CSOswhomtheysuspectwillcriticizethem.Landisanespeciallysensitive

issue.OtherNGOshaveoundthathavingachampioningovernment

helpseasedatacollection.Still,forothers,workingwithgovernmentis

stillnotpossible,andwemustndeitherotherdatasources,orpartner

withgroupsthatcanaccessdata.


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Being too ambitious

Sometimeswemaywanttoimproveonthedatasetbywishingtoundertake

primary data gathering ourselves.Wewould like to conduct surveys on

theground,inallthevillagesanddistrictsandcommunes.However,the

persistentrealityfacedbyCSOsisoneofresourceconstraints.Wenormally

donothavetheluxuryotime.Comprehensivedatagatheringisnormallydoneonaprojectbasis,andis

thereorediculttosustain(nonethelessitallowsorgoodbaselinedata).

Setyourlimitsbeforeyoubegin;consultwithyoursteeringcommitteeto

seewhetheryourplansormonitoringarepracticable.

Data Complexities

If data are available...

...itmaybediculttogatherandmayrequiremanyresourcesintermso

time,moneyandenergy....itsimplymightbetoopoorinqualityorterriblyoutdated.

...itmaybeincrediblenotbelievable.akestockothecredibilityoyour

data.Whatgoodisittocitedatathatoverstategovernmentsperormance

inlandreormimplementation?

...itmaybepatchy,onlyavailableorcertainpartsothecountry.

...itmaybediculttocompile.Whatpicturedoesthedatapaint?

Datadicultiesaretobeexpected,buttherearesomewaystoaddressor

overcomethem.riangulationisasignicantstepinvalidatinginormation.

Getalternativesources.

akenotethattherearealsoopportunitiespresentingthemselvesorland

monitoring.Forinstance,theincreasingattentiononlandgrabbingplaced

bymediacanassistusinminingmoredata.

Scarcity of institutions directly advocating land rights

Whomdowetalkwith?Tereseemtobeonlyaewiatallinstitutions

thataredirectlyengagedinlandrightsadvocacy.Iyouseemtobealone

inyourcountrydoingthis,nowisthetimetoexploreothercontacts.ry

proactivelylookingorpotentialpartnerswithintheacademe,orinstance.

OryoucanalsogoseekpartnerswithintheregionmanyCSOs,especially

withintheLandWatchAsianetwork,arereadytooertheirsupport.

Sustaining the Monitoring Initiative

Wecankeepthisrunningiitissimpleenough,doesnotdemandtoomany

resources,andisinstitutionalizedwithinnormalorganizationalactivities

within the LandWatchAsia campaign. Nationalnetworks knowwhich

partnersareresponsibleormonitoringwhichareasorthemes.


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Intheend,monitoringenhancesouradvocacy.Italsogivesusthatprecious

opportunitytolearnfromotherCSOsexperiences:fromthedatagenerated

aswellasthemethodologiesusedbyotherNGOs.Wecanalsoengagein

jointanalysisomonitoringresultsamongNGOs.

Endnote

a BasedonpilotmonitoringintheLandWatchAsiacountries,able5

summarizesthelevelsomonitoringpercountry,andwhichpartothe

conventionalmonitoringandevaluationcyclewasocusedon.

Country Level Monitoring Focus

Input Process Output Outcome Impact

Bangladesh National

Cambodia National

withselected

provinces

India National

Bihar state

Indonesia National

Nepal National

Pakistan National

Philippines National

Table 5: Level and Focus of Monitoring during Pilot Testing of CSO Land Reform

MonitoringFramework

Compiled by Nathaniel Don E. Marquez


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MonitoringLandTenureand tenure reers to the rules, authorities, institutions, rights

andnormsthatgovernaccesstoandcontroloverlandandrelated

resources.Itdenestherulesandrightsthatgoverntheappropriation,

cultivationanduseonaturalresourcesonagivenspaceorpieceoland.

It governs who can use what resources, or how long and under what

conditions.Strictlyspeaking,itisnotlanditselfthatisowned,butrights

and duties over it (International Fund or Agricultural Development

[IFAD],2008).

Iapersonhaslandtenuresecurity,itmeansthathisorherlandrightswill

berecognizedbyothersandprotected.Conversely,thosewhoareinsecure

intheirlandtenureareatrisktovariousclaimsontheir

landrights,andatrisktoeviction(FoodandAgriculture

Organization[FAO],2002).

In this initiative, land tenure comprises two broad variables:land disputes and evictions.

Land Disputes

Land disputesaredisagreementsoverlandthatariserom

conictingorcompetinginterestsodierentpartiesover

the sameparcel o land; land rights, boundaries, oruses

are contested, according to FAO (2002). Tese disputes

canoperateatanyscale,romtheinternationaltothose

between individual neighbors.(Herrera & da Passano,

2006,pp.8-9)

Tetermsdisputesandconictshavedierentconnotations.

However, or simplicitys sake, wewill use land disputes

interchangeably with land conicts here, unless stated

otherwise.

Forthepurposesoourmonitoring,wewouldliketolookatlanddisputes

amongtenants,armers,government,landowners,privatesector,andthe

Indicators for MonitoringThis section oers a more detailed treatment o the proposed indicators or monitoring, ocusing on

land tenure and access to land, but also on inputs such as budgets and policies. More importantly, it

provides working denitions or the indicators, as well as notes on rationale, possible data sources,

suggested approaches, and probes.

Box 2:LANDDISPUTES:INDICATORS

o Number o people killedo Number o people detainedo Number o persons harassed

o Number o land-related casesreceived

o Number o land-related casesinvestigated

o Number o land-related cases

adjudicatedo Number o cases o land grabbing

o Area (Percentage) o land grabbedo Average time in years or land

dispute resolution

Additional:

o Annual loss o time due to disputeso Annual monetary loss associated

with land disputes/litigation

o Annual loss o assets due to land

disputes


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state,tonameaewbutnotgenderdisputes,orintra-householdorintra-

amilydisputesoverlandpartitionandtheorderosuccession,orexample.

Youcanexpandyourmonitoringtocoverindigenouspeoplesandother

marginalizedsectors,butbearinmindthiswillentaildierentdenitions

andapproaches.

Wewouldliketodevelopananalysisotheunderlyingproblemsrelatedtoland.LandremainsamajorsourceoconictinmanyAsiancountries,

wherea greatpartothepopulationdependsonit or their livelihoods.

Ofen,conictsariseromquestionsonownershipandrightsandaccessto

resources,amidintensiyingcompetitionorlandandconictingpolicies.

By examining disputes and their causes, we can sharpen our

recommendations. For example, ourndingsmay show that poor land

records are the leading cause o disputes.Tismeans we can push or

improvement in land registries, such as through digitization. I our

monitoring results clearly demonstrate that land conicts arise becauseo conicting policies, we can push or a national land use plan, or a

harmonization or alignment o strategies. Furthermore, looking at the

natureodisputescanshedmorelightonpowerrelationsoverlandorthe

asymmetriesinconict.

Wecanidentiyvarioustypesoconict,especiallythosethatneedtobe

urgentlyaddressed,aswellasthosethatarelatentandhavethepotential

toescalateinthenearuture.Wecanadvocateorinterventionsthatcan

prevent,oratleastmitigate,suchconicts.

Killings, detention and harassment

Landdisputesmayeruptindirectviolence,withpeopleendingupharassed

orkilled.Directviolencereerstophysicalandmoralviolencethatmaybe

partointerpersonalconicts(Herrera&daPassano,2006,p.13).People

arealsodetained1orlockedupinprisononaccountolanddisputes.We

1 FIANsuggestsarbitrarydetentionwhichisindeedahumanrightviolation.However,thistypeodataisnotreadilyavailable,andnecessitatesprimarydatagathering.

Numberofpeoplekilled*

Te number o people killed rom land-related causes

Numberofpeopledetained*

Te number o people detained means who were arrested, detained or imprisoned

due to land-related causes

Numberofpersonsharassed*

Te number o people persecuted, intimidated, and/or threatened with violence.

For the sake o simplicity, we are looking at how many people are harassed not

how many times a person is harassed.

*o the extent possible, please provide data per 100,000 population (See Box 3).


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learnromusingarights-basedapproachinthiscaseocusingonhuman

rightsviolationsbecauseolandthaturgentactionisneededtosaeguard

these land rights and exact accountability rom governments toprevent

violationsolandrights.

Gathering DataData onlanddisputes can come romocialrecords,when complaints

arelodgedwithocialinstitutions;datacanalsobeobtainedromNGO

records(Bending,2010).Killingsassociatedwithlanddisputesarereported

invaryingdegrees,dependingonthesource.Land-relatedharassmentsand

detentionsaremorediculttotrack.

Te attribution problem: rmly establishing disputes as directly land-

relatedisnotalwayseasy,nordoable.Becareulincitinglandasthecause

odisputes, as disputesmay be complex andmulti-layered. In building

evidence-based advocacies, we are trying to look at land disputes thatemanate rom problems directly related to the land, rather than rom

psychologicalactors.2

Moreover,dataonharassmentisparticularlydiculttoobtain,becauseit

ofengoesunreported.Tepoliticalenvironmentmayalsoconstraindata

gathering,especiallyinsituationswhenthemilitaryisinvolved.Reporting

onkillings,detentionsandharassmentsmaynotbepossiblepoliticallyor

legally.Considerthisaswellinmonitoringlanddisputes,andbeprudent.

Inlieuogovernmentocialsources,whichishardtocomeby,theollowing

sourcesaresuggested(able6):

Probing

Humanrightsviolationscontinuetobecommittedagainstarmers,despite

thepresenceodisputeresolutionmechanisms(PhilippinePartnershipor

theDevelopmentoHumanResourcesinRuralAreas[PhilDHRRA],2010).

2 AccordingtoHerreraanddePassano:Land disputes can operate at any scale, rom the inter-national to those between individual neighbors. At whatever scale, the dispute is likely to owe as muchto the general psychology o neighborly relations as to actual problems relating to the land (2006).

Bo3:Absolutenumbersorper100,000population

We are looking at land-related killings, detainments and harassment; as well as cases re-

ceived, investigated and adjudicated. Looking at raw counts or absolute numbers e.g. 3,205demonstrates the magnitude o the problem and helps compare the gures as they change

over time.

On the other hand, to more easily compare countries o diferent sizes with respectively di-

erent characteristics, we would like to normalize the data to a denominator o 100,000. Fordata such as killings, 100,000 represents the smallest number that will generally not yield

an answer in decimals e.g. 0.02% o the population are harassed.


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Alternative Sources Remarks

Human rights commissions,organizations, and special

rapporteurs

Human rights commissions or organizations may not ocus on land or separate land as acategory, but some o them may note land as a cause o the dispute.

The Asian Human Rights Commission (www.humanrights.asia) and Amnesty Internationalare two possible sources o data.

The work o special rapporteurs on human rights violations is relevant at the national level.

Media reports e.g. news

articles, video coverage

Media coverage is rarely comprehensive, and tends to eature only sensational cases.

Killingsarereportedfarmoreoftenthanincidentsofdetentionandharassment.

Research papers romacademic institutions

These reports will likely be methodologically sound and undergo a rigorous researchprocess. Academic institutions are also generally respected or neutrality.

Land-ocused rights-based

NGOs/CSOs

AfewCSOs/NGOsactuallymonitorland-relateddisputes,includingkillings,detentionand

harassment.

CSOslikeNGOForumonCambodiaalsohavelegalocerswhomakeeldinvestigations

(Box4).

In the Philippines, NGOs have monitored the land disputes between agrarian reorm

beneciaries and landowners; some have ocused on overlapping claims o diferentsectors like indigenous peoples and armers.

FoodFirst and Inormation Action Network (FIAN) is a rights-based organization working

towards the realization o the right to ood. They document cases o violations o the right

to ood; some cases are land-related.

In Bangladesh, ALRD and HDRC have used surveys to gather data on deaths, harassments,detainments in amilies undergoing land litigation.

ThesurveymethodisalsousedbyCEPES(aLatinAmericanCSO)toassessfrequency,

severity and nature o disputes.

Groups that work at the grassroots level will give detailed albeit localized data i.e.,

inormation limited to their area o work.

Table6:AlternativeSourcesofDataonHumanRightsViolationsRelatedtoLand

Box4:Land Disputes in Cambodia

Since2006,Cambodiahasseenageneralincreasingtrendinlanddisputesbetweentherich

and powerul on one hand, and the poor and weak on the other. Reports o land grabbingare rie, and many Cambodians live under threat o eviction. The NGO Forum on Cambodia,

togetherwithotherCSOsmakinguptheLandActionNetworkforDevelopment(LAND),

has embarked on systematic monitoring o land disputes in the country. Drawing rom avariety o sources including media, LAND network members, and eld investigations, its

database contains inormation on land disputes that specically have involved at least vehouseholds: location, incident date, number o households, land size, primary land type, and

resolution status.

Thespatialdistribution,typesofdisputes,typesoflanddisputed,strategiesinlandacquisition,

actorsinvolved,reasonsforlandacquisition,landdisputeresolutionmechanisms,defendant

and complainant claims, among others, are all subjected to statistical analysis. Moreover,

thereportusesgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)mapstopresentthenumberofland

disputecases andaected households according toprovince.Such evidence-based data

help strengthen land rights advocacy in Cambodia.

Source: NGO Forum on Cambodia. (2011). Statistical analysis on land disputes in Cambodia, 2010. Phnom

Penh: Author.


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Wecanusestatisticalanalysistodrawconclusionsonhowlanddisputesare

correlatedtoothervariables,suchascorruptionandtransparency.

Land-RelatedCasesReceived,investigatedandadjudicatedand

ResolvedAhighratiooland-relatedcaseshighlightstheheavyrelianceonandcompetitionorland.Asitwere,land-relatedcasesconstituteasignicantpartocourtcaseloadsinmanyAsiancountries,includingallcountriescoveredinthelandreormmonitoringinitiative.InIndonesia,anestimated60%-70%oprocessedcasesareland-related,basedondatafromtheSupremeJustice(SajogyoInstitute[SAINS]&KonsorsiumPembaruanAgraria[KPA],2011).Pakistanhasmuchas80%ocasesbroughttothelower-levelcivilcourtsandhighcourtsrelatedtoland(SCOPE,2011).LanddisputesinNepalmakeupsome31%ofledcases

(CSRC,2011).

Numberofcasesreceived*

Te number o land-related cases led and received in ormal dispute

resolution mechanisms by the courts or adjudication boards.

Numberofcasesinvestigated*

Te number o cases that are investigated these received a response romthe government, and were examined thoroughly and systematically in a

year. It should be noted not all cases are investigated within the year they

are led.

Numberofcasesadjudicated*

Adjudication is a ormal orm o confict resolution, where evidence is

presented to a judge by both sides; the judges ruling results in a clear-cut

decision avoring one side (Herrera & da Passano, 2006).

Averagetime(inyears)forlanddisputeresolution

Tis reers to the average length o time (using years as the unit o

measurement) that it takes or a land dispute to be resolved.

*o the extent possible, please provide data per 100,000 population (See Box 3).

Gathering Data

Manydisputesandland-relatedcasesareunrecordedorunreported.Bear

inmindthatnotallcountrieshaveaspecicentityworkingonlanddisputes

andtheirresolutions.Forexample,dierentagenciesmayhandledierent

categoriesolande.g.orestedandnon-orestedland.

Bo5:WhatisaCase?

The most common understanding o the word case is that it is an incident that passes

through a dispute resolution system, be it ormal or inormal. In a ew circumstances, it

could simply reer to an occurrence or incident recorded by NGOs, government, researchinstitutions, or others. Cases to be monitored may include judicial cases, administrative

cases, and those under mediation.


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Bo6:Etrapolation

According to the Merriam-Webster English Dictionary: to extrapolate means:

a: to project, extend, or expand (known data or experience) into an area not knownor experienced so as to arrive at a usually conjectural knowledge o the unknown

areab: to predict by

projecting past experience or known data

Source: Extrapolation. 2012. In Merriam-Webster.com.

Analternativetotheaveragetimeorlanddisputeresolutionistonotehow

manycasesarestillpending.

Iitisdiculttoobtaindataonthenumberoland-relatedcasesadjudicated,

youmayextrapolate(Box6)usinginormationontherateodisposal(therateatwhichcasesaresettled)andrateopendingcases.

Idataonland-relatedcasesareunavailableatthenationallevel,youmay

trylookingatthedistrict/provincial/villagelevel.Comparedtothenumber

ocasesatthenationallevel,therewillnaturallybemorecasesatthelocal

level.Many cases are already amicably settled at the lower level. Also,

most poor people cannot aord the costs o litigation and traditionally

relyonlocal-levelarbitrationoralternativedisputeresolution(ADR)or

theresolutionosimpledisputes.Morecomplexorseverecasesreachthe

highcourts.Becauseissuesaresettledatthelocallevel,localarbitrationcomplementsandminimizestheloadotheormalcourtsystem.

Data onlanddisputes atthe lowest levelcanbesignicant,especially i

theincidenceishigh;however,gatheringandaggregatinglocal-leveldatais

ofentime-consuming.

Again,amoredoableoptionforCSOs/NGOsistoincludelocalizeddata

thatcoverstheirgeographicareasowork.

Probing

Caveat: speedy dispute resolution is not intrinsically good. Expediting

disputeresolutionmaybedetrimental i itcomesat the expenseodue

process.Teormalcourtsystemofendisadvantagesthepoor.Questions

worthexploringare:In whose avor are cases settled in avor o the rich? or

o the poor? Are dispute resolution mechanisms (ormal and inormal) at the

lower level eective?


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Land Grabbing

Landgrabbinggenerallyreerstothephenomenonwherearmlandsare

leasedoracquiredbylocalandoreignentities(romtheprivatesectoras

wellasgovernments)mostlyoragriculturalproduction,butalsoincluding

specialeconomiczones,realestate,andresource-extractiveactivities.Land

grabbingisueledbytheinuxoinvestments,andusuallyinvolveslarge-scalelandacquisitionsandleases.Landsgrabbedincludeprivatelyowned

land,landundergovernmentuse,landsoreligiousandculturalminorities,

tonameaew.3

Althoughtheabovedenitionisgenerallytheacceptedone,thetermland

grabbing means dierent things to dierent groups, and is thus used

variably.Nonetheless,thetermimpliesthatland is taken without the consent

or agreement o the other party.

Aferpilottesting the indicators,we havecometothe ollowingresults:

Indonesiadenesitasseizureolandthathasbeencultivatedandsettled

inbythepeople,that,despiteproooownershipandpaymentotaxes,

governmentandbigbusinessestaketheirlandsorplantationsormilitary

facilities (SAINS & KPA, 2011). Use of the term in Bangladesh is for

powerul people illegally occupying state-owned land(Barkat, 2011). In

Cambodia,landgrabshaveoccurredbecauseoeconomiclandconcessions

(STAR Kampuchea, 2011). India, Cambodia and the Philippines have

experiencedlandgrabbingortheexpansionospecialeconomiczones;

whileminingconcessionsin Indonesia,Cambodia,andthePhilippines

areconsideredlandgrabbingandhasdisplacedmanyacommunityinthose

countries(ANGOC,2012).Nepalslandgrabbingeaturestheconversion

o agricultural lands or real estate development amid land speculation3 Formoreinormation,pleasereertoANGOCsLok Niti:LandGrab:ChangingtheerrainoLandenureVolume18/12012.

Bo7:LandGrabbing:ADenition

ILC: Local-level land grabs particularly by powerul local elites, within communities or

among amily members.

Large-scalelandgrabbing:asacquisitionsorconcessionsthatareoneormore

o the ollowing:

(i)in violation o human rights, particularly the equal rights o women; (ii) not basedon ree, prior and inormed consent o the aected land-users; (iii) not based on a

thorough assessment, or are in disregard o social, economic and environmental

impacts, including the way they are gendered; (iv) not based on transparent

contracts that speciy clear and binding commitments about activities, employment

and benets sharing, and; (v) not based on eective democratic planning,

independent oversight and meaningul participation.

-Tirana Declaration, ILC Assembly o Members

Source: International Land Coalition (2011). Tirana Declaration


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ANGOC

(CSRC,2012).Pakistanreferstolandgrabbinginthecontextofclaiming

landownershipthroughlegalorextra-legalmeans,whiledispossesingits

trueowners(SCOPE,2011).Becauseitispossiblethatacountrymayhave

relativelyewcasesolandgrabbing,butwhichconcernvast swatheso

land,wewillalsoconsiderthepercentageoareaolandgrabbed,tothe

extentpossible.

TeInternationalLandCoalitionalsoputsorwarditsowndenitiono

landgrabbing.(SeeBox7).

Numberoflandgrabbingcases

Te number o documented cases o land grabbing

Percentageofland-grabbedarea

Area o land grabbed, as a percentage o total land. Tis can be easily

calculated by dividing the total area o land grabbed by the total area o

cultivable agricultural land.

%areaolandgrabbed=areaolandgrabbed

totalareaocultivatedland

Gathering Data

Firstthingsrst:inundertakingmonitoring,youshouldlabortoexplain

specicallyhowyouusethetermlandgrabbinginyourcountry.

Consolidateddataonlandgrabbinganditsmagnitudearediculttoobtain,

ofenpatchy,primarilybecauseothelackotransparencyontheparto

governmentsandtheprivatesector.Muchishearsayoranecdotalevidence.

Mediareportshavebeenapopularsourceodatainthecourseopiloting.

Inmost countries,there are noauthoritative sources inthe countries as

regardshowmuchlandhasactuallybeenacquiredorleased.

Ideally,youwillhavedatapercaseon:locationandsizeolandgrabbed,

source o investment (e.g. which oreign government or multinational

corporation),amountoinvestment,yearoreportedincident,anddata

source.able7 (on the ollowing page) isa suggestiononhowyou can

presentyourdata.

able8(seepage179)showsaewsourcesolandgrabbingdata,withaew

tentativecommentsonwhattoexpect.

Bo8:WhatisaCase?

When dealing with land grabbing specically, we reer to documented incidents o land

grabbing, rather than technical cases or lawsuits that are led in court.


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Many CSOs have demonstrated excellence in case documentation,

describing inmostly qualitativetermshow communitiesare aected by

landgrabbing.Weputorwardtheollowingconsiderationsinpreparing

acasestudy:

Actors.Whoareinvolved?Whichcompanies?Whichgovernments,and

whichspecicagencies?

Transparency.Arethetransactionsopenandtransparent?Oraretheyconductedinstealthandsecrecy?

Community participation.Wastheaectedcommunityconsultedand

listenedto?

Geography.Whereisthelandgrabbingtakingplace?Whatisthearea

othe landunderconict?Temorespecic, thebetter.Itwouldbe

helpultoshowthepreciseareaonamap.

Impacts. Howarethecommunitiesaected?Inkeepingwiththeland

monitoringinitiative,trytobeasspecicaspossibleindescribingthe

impacts,howmanypeoplewereaected,whatwastheimpactonland

tenureandoodsecurity?etc. Others.AlsoexaminetheindicatorsproposedintheCSOLandReform

MonitoringFramework.

LossofTime,Money,andAssetsduetoLandDisputes

Teollowingindicatorsaresuggestedtodeepenanalysis.Ingeneral,data

isnotreadilyavailable,andcanonlybeestimated.

Entity/Country Description Location Amount

Involved*

Year Data Source

Bahrain 10,000 ha oragroshery

Unknown $300 M 2009 Campos, Othel. 31 March 2009.RP, Bahrain sign $300-m arm

investment package. Manila

Standard Today.

SaudiArabia(ANI/

FEAICO)50,000 haor crop

plantationsand processing

plants

Mindanao Initialcapitalization

o $1 millionundera60%

Filipino and

40%foreign

equity

ownershipand prot

sharing

scheme

2010 armlandgrab.org (a websitemanaged by GRAIN) http://

farmlandgrab.org/12807

SaudiArabia 50 ha or crop

plantation

Davao 2009 http://farmlandgrab.org/9798

Table7:NewsreportsonfarmlandgrabbinginthePhilippines

*This would pertain to the amount o agricultural investment, or transaction cost.Adapted rom PhilDHRRA. (2010). Systematizing access to land monitoring in the Philippines. Monograph submitted to ANGOC.


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Gathering Data

Asimpleandinexpensivemethodhasbeenproposed4todetermineannual

loss o timeandannual loss o moneyduetolanddisputes,assumingthe

number o disputes is known. Note that these indicators can only be

estimated.

Annual loss o timecanbeextrapolatedbasedon:theannualnumbero

land-relatedpendingcases;theaveragenumberopersonsinvolvedineach

caseasplainti,deendant,amilymembersandwitnesses;andaverage

lossohoursperyearperpersoninvolved.Annual loss o timeshouldbe

convertedintohoursastheunitomeasurement.

Tebestillustrationoextrapolationorthisindicatorcomesrompilot

testing the monitoring indicators, specically rom the experience in

Bangladesh:

Extrapolation can be done based on annual number o land-related

pendingcases(2.5millioncases),numberopersonsinvolvedineachcases

(asplainti,deendant,theiramilymembers,andwitnesses;45personsper

case),andaveragelossohoursperyearperpersoninvolved(15hoursper

yearperperson)showsthattheannuallossotimeduetolanddisputes

amountsto1,687millionhours(orequivalentto211millionworkdays)

(ALRD,2011).Ontheotherhand,annual monetary losscanbecalculated

bymultiplyingtheannuallossotimeduetolanddisputes(seeprevious

paragraph)byusingpercapitaGDPperhour(dividingby365daysina

yearandthenumberoworkhoursperday.)Tiswillthenbemultipliedbytheannualnumberodisputestoyieldannual indirect monetary loss.

Forexample,theannual loss o timehasbeencomputedas100millionhours.

Wecanderivetheannualmoneylostduetolanddisputes:wemultiplythe

hoursolosttime(inthiscase,100millionhours)bytheaveragehourlyrate.

WebasethisrateonthepercapitaGDP.Ithegrossdomesticproductper

capita(perperson)is$1,200/year:i)wedividethisgureby365days(or

onecalendaryear).Teworthoapersonsworkis$3.29perday.ii)When

wedividebyanassumptiono8workinghoursperday,weobtainaresult

o$0.41/hour.iii)Wemultiply$0.41/hourbytheannuallossotime,100

millionhours.Teresultis$41millionestimatedastheannualmonetary

loss.Teindicatoronannual loss o timecallsattentiontotheactthattime

particularlythetimeothepoorwhoareinvolvedinlandlitigationisa

criticalresource.AnnualmonetarylossindicatestheindirectlosstoGDP,

implyingtheimpactolanddisputesonthenationaleconomy,onwasting

productivehoursinlandlitigation,amongothers.

4 Dr.AbulBarkathasdoneextensiveresearchonthepoliticaleconomyolandlitigationinBangladesh,usingarangeouseulindicators.


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ANGOC

Youcanndupdatedeconomicstatistics,includingonGDPpercapitaby

lookingatgovernmenteconomicreports,aswellasromstatisticsrom

internationalnancialinstitutions(IFIs)liketheAsianDevelopmentBank

andtheWorldBank.Dataorthisareofenavailableonline.GDPremains

a term that policymakers can easily understand. When an amount is

calculatedortoexpresstheannuallosstothecountryseconomyintermsoGDP,itcanbeapoweruladvocacytoolorlandaccess.

Teindicatoronannuallossoassetlooksatthedirectburdenexperienced

bythoseinvolvedinlanddisputes.Itisbroaderinthesensethatitreects

thetotalvalueoassetsnotjustlandandmoneylost.Peoplesstandard

olivingdeclinewhentheyareinvolvedinlanddisputes.

I you are more interested in the eects o land disputes in terms o

opportunitycosts,ontheabsenceodataonlossoasset,youcanalsolook

atotherindicatorssuchas:eesormedicaltreatmentaferexperiencingviolence;theschooldropoutrateochildren;orthechildrensinabilityto

takethenationaltestasaresultolanddisputes.5

Tisindicatorisimportantbecauseitrecognizesthathighcostsassociated

withlitigationofendrivepoorpeopletolandlessnessandpovertyeveni

theverdictisintheiravor.6

Probing

Alltheaorementionedindicatorsonlanddisputesshould

serveasspringboardoranalysisonmajor causes o disputesaswellasthenatureortype o disputes.

Are the disputes over boundaries or overlapping land

titles?Aretheconictswithormerlandowners?Arethelanddisputes

betweengranteesoeconomiclandconcessionsandaectedpeoples?

Who perpetrates the human rights violations: government,military,

rebelgroups,paramilitary,orprivatelandowners?Ithedataisavailable,

youcanenumeratethecategoriesolanddisputesandthenumbero

incidentspercategory,andpresentthisinormationinagraphorchart.

Wherearelanddisputestakingplace?Isthereaspecialreasonforthis?

Whatistheextentofcorruptioninlanddisputes?

Evictions

A orced eviction is the permanent or temporary removal against

the will o individuals, amilies, and/or communities rom the homes

5 TiswasasuggestionromtheIndonesiacountrymonitoringreport.6 InBangladesh,ithasbeenoundthatlitigationaectsbothpartiesinthesamewaylead-ingtoeconomicloss,thoughthiswillbeinvaryingdegrees.Formoreinormation,pleasereertoPolitical economy o land litigation.

Bo9:EVICTIONS:INDICATORS

o Number o households evicted/

displaced rom armso

Number o households becom-ing totally homeless o eviction


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and/or land which they occupy, without the provision o, and access

to, appropriate orms o legal or other protection (UN Committee on

Economic,SocialandCulturalRights,1997).

Adisplacementistheorcedmovementopeopleawayromtheirland,or

variousreasons:inducedbydevelopment,naturaldisastersorconict.Forthepurposesolandreormmonitoring,wewillonlylookatdevelopment-

orceddisplacementandresettlement 7(DFDR),whichisdisplacementin

thenameodevelopment.Activities ordevelopmentinclude large-scale

inrastructure (e.g. dams), economicdevelopmentprojects,mining, and

plantations.

Tisisappliedtocommunitiesorgroupsopeople,ratherthanindividuals.

Sincewearemonitoringlandtenure,wewillnotcoverdisplacementsdueto

naturalhazards(e.g.oods,tsunamis,anddesertication),armedconict,

generalized violence andcivil strie. Internally displacedpersons (IDPs)andenvironmentalreugeesarethusexcludedromthislist.

Evictions and displacements are similar concepts. Tey both have

connotationsoviolenceandcoercion.Displacementisusedinterchangeably

withorcedmigration;orthepurposesothismonitoringinitiative,we

willuse displacement again, excluding natural disasters- or conict-

induceddisplacementsinterchangeablywithevictions.

Numberofhouseholdsevicted/displacedfromfarms*

Tis reers to the number o households that are either evicted ordisplaced rom their arms in a year.

Numberofhouseholdsbecomingtotallyhomelessofeviction

Tis indicator looks at how many evicted or displaced households are

unable to nd options or resettlement and are rendered completely

homeless.

Totheextentpossible,pleaseprovidedataper100,000population.

Gathering Data

HumanrightsgroupssuchasAmnestyInternationalprovidesomedataon

evictions.

OtherCSOsfocusonlandgrabbingandrecordthenumberofpeopleand

communitiesevictedordisplaced,anddescribehowthisisdone (see section

on land grabbing).

7 Formerlycalleddevelopment-induceddisplacement


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Monitoring Access to LandAccess to landistheabilitytouselandandothernatural

resources,tocontroltheresourcesandtotransertherights

to the land and take advantage o other opportunities

(IFAD,2008).

Accesstolandindicatorswillinvestigatethedistribution

orconcentrationolandownershipandlandlessness.

LandOwnershipandLandlessness

TepatternsolandownershipinAsiaareknowntobeskewedoruneven,

withmanylandownersowningsmallparcelsoland,whileahandulobig

landownersinpossessionovastswathesoland.Tereisalsoaproportion

olandlessruralpeople.Inmonitoringlandownershipandlandlessness,we

arespecicallylookingatrural/agriculturallands.

Land Ownership Distribution by Size

Landownershipdistributionbysize

Reers to the distribution o land ownership grouped according to the size

o the plots o land. It shows the patterns o land distribution; in the case

o many Southeast and South Asian countries, the concentration o land in

the hands o a ew.

Landlessness

Numberoflandlessruralpersons

Tis reers to the absolute number o landless people in rural areas.

Percentageoflandlessruralpersonsamongruralpopulation

Tis reers to the number o landless rural persons expressed as a percentage

o rural population.

Landlessnessisdenedasthestateothoseagriculturalworkersnotowning

orrentinglandandwithoutaccesstopermanentemployment(FAO,2003).

Landlessnessliterallymeanstheabsolutelackoland,butnotallcountries

stick to this usage. In Bangladesh, or instance, landlesshouseholdsare

technicallythoseowningbetween0and49decimals(adecimalbeinga

hundredthoanacreor40.46squaremeters)(Barkat,2011).Indonesias

landlessownlessthan0.2ha(SAINS&KPA,2011).Somecountriesmake

the distinction between landless or thosewith absolutely no land

andthelandpoorwhereparcelsaresosmallthattheycannotsupport

householdneeds.InCambodia,theland-poorownlessthan0.5ha(STAR

Kampuchea,2011);inNepal,lessthan0.1ha(CSRC,2012).Pakistanhas

categories for the landless and nearly landless (SCOPE, 2011). e

Bo10

LANDOWNERSHIPAND

LANDLESSNESS:INDICATORS

o Land ownership distribution by sizeo Number o landless rural persons

o Percentage o landless rural persons

o Gini coecient


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PhilippinesCARPlawstatesthatlandlessbeneciariesarethoseowningless

than3haoagriculturalland;butthisisorlandredistributionpurposes.

SomeNGOsmaintainthatthelandlessarethosewithlandholdingsofless

than1ha.

Andthenthereiseective ownership(includingeectiveretention),distinctromnominalownership.Toughonemaybethelegalownerandcultivator

otheland,othersmayclaimrightsovertheharvest.Ideally,monitoring

shouldnotonlylookatwhetherpeoplehavelandtitle.Insteaditshould

examine whether they exercise eective land ownership or control, by

ulllingthreeconditions:

Titledeed(legalowner)

Righttocultivatetheland(usufructuaryright)

Righttoharvestthecultivation(benets)

Tosewhocannotsatisyallotheabovethreeconditionsareconsidered

landless(ANGOC,2010a).

Gathering Data

Usually,dataonsizedistributionolandownershiparepresentedinterms

onumberolandholdings(e.g.5%othetotalnumberolandholdings

arelarge),andintermsotheirareaasasizecategory(e.g.40%othetotal

agriculturalareaismadeupomarginalarmslessthan1ha).Dataonthe

numberolandholdings,arms,oragriculturalhouseholdsaremoreofen

availablethantheirarea.

Temostcrediblesourceodataorthisaretheregularagriculturalcensuses

conductedinmostcountries.

edataondistributionwillbepresentedinatable.Seetheexampleofland

ownershipdistributioninIndia(able9).

Number of holdings, as percentage

oftotal(%)

Areaofholdings,aspercentageoftotal(%)

Marginal(below1ha) 64.77 20.42

Small(1-2ha) 18.53 21.10

Semi-medium(2-4ha) 10.93 24.15

Medium(4-10ha) 4.93 23.27

Large(over10ha) 0.83 11.06

Note: Total may not tally due to rounding ofSource:AgriculturalCensus,2005-2006,ascitedinAssociationofVoluntaryAgenciesforRuralDevelopment(2012). Country land reorms

monitoring report. Report submitted to ANGOC.

Table9:NumberandareaofindividualandjointholdingsaspercentageoftotalinIndia(2005-2006)


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ANGOC

Observethatlandownershipisusuallygroupedaccordingtoclasssizes:

marginal; small; semi-medium; medium; and large. Te Agricultural

Census o India has complete inormation on the absolute number o

landholdingsbysize,aswellastheirarea.Youmaychoosetoincludethis

data.Butsinceweareinterestedspecicallyinthedistribution,weneedto

lookatthepercentages.

Intheexampleabove,wecanseethenumberoholdingsaspercentageo

total.Tisisderivedbydividingthenumberomarginalholdingsbythe

totalnumberofholdings.Similarly,theareaofmarginalholdingsisdivided

bythetotalareaolandholdingsinthecountry.

Nepalprovidesanotherexample(able10):

Note that in other countries, classiying landholdings by size such aslandless,marginal,smallorlargedoesnotexist.Inthatcase,simply

usethesizecategory(e.g.0.100.19ha,0.200.49ha,etc.).SeeTable11

orexample.

Wecanneveremphasizethisenoughnever orget to accurately acknowledge

your source, including its year o publication (see section on citations).

Ranking Ownership(inha) Number of households Number of households as

percentageoftotal(%)

Landless 00.1 287,100 10.13

Marginal 0.10.3 670,000 23.64

Small 0.30.5 648,000 22.86

Medium 0.53 1,131,560 39.93

Rich 310 93,700 3.31

Richest More than 10 3,800 0.13

Table10:Number of households in Nepal, by size group

Source:CentralBureauofStatistics,2006ascitedinCommunitySelf-RelianceCentre.(2012). Land reorm monitoring indicators, Nepal.

Kathmandu:Author.

Categoryoflandholding(ha) Percentageoftotal(%)

5.00 1.6

Total 100.00

Table11:PercentageofCategoryoflandholdersinIndonesia,2003

Source:BadanPusatStatistik(BPS)AgriculturalCensus,2003,ascitedinSajogyo&KPA.(2011). Land issue

and policy monitoring initiative: Indonesia report. Report submitted to ANGOC.


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Data collection on landlessness is politically sensitive (Bending, 2010).

Basedonthe resultsopilot testing this indicator,each country uses its

owndenitionolandlessness.Forsomecountries,anocialdenitiono

landlessnessexists,andincludestheupperlimits(iever)olandownership

e.g.,0to0.2ha.Dataonlandlessnessmaybeoundinthetablesonsize

distributionolandownership.Inosuchdataonlandlessnessexists,youmayextrapolatebasedonthe totalnumbero armersorhouseholdsin

agricultureversusthenumberoarmersorhouseholdsinagriculturethat

possesstheirownparceloland.

ProbingRecognizingthatshers,andindigenouspeoplesandothermarginalizedgroupswillhavedierent,morenuanced,contextsorlandownership,weencourageyoutodevelopsub-indicatorsaccordingly.Ownershipwillhavetobetreatedasamoreexibleconceptorsuchgroups.8

Analysis is warranted on trends o land ownership, such as: landragmentation, land reconcentration, and inequality. For instance, thevariousdimensionso inequalityarealmostalwayscorrelatedtoeachoneanother(McKay,2002).Weencouragelandrightsadvocatestoexplorehowlandinequalityislinkedtoothersuchdimensionsoinequality,suchashealthandnutrition,education,power,andgender.

Lastly, we mention that the average size o landholdings (weighted) isanotheruseulindicatororaccesstoland,especiallygiventhegenerallyskewednatureolandownership.Teweightedaveragewillaccountorthedierencesinthenumberolandholdingspersizeclass.Tiswillcomein

handywhenanalyzingtrendsinlandownershipandlandlessness.

GiniCoecient

In a region wherethe gapbetween rich and poor, not only in termso

incomes, but also assets such land, is reputedly increasing, measuring

inequalityisuseul.TeGinicoecientorlandownershipinequalityis

proposedasanindicatortoassistanalysisolandownershiptrends.Tis

indicatoroinequalitycanpaintagoodpictureothestateolandreorm

implementation.Highlevelso inequalityinlandownershipmaysuggest

that, or example, the task o land reorms is still unnished, or that a

reversalolandreormsistakingplace.

Ginicoecientlandorincomeinequality

Also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, the Gini coecient is used as

an expression o inequality, and moves rom a continuum o 0 to 1, with 0

describing perect equality and 1 (or 100) denoting perect inequality.

8 Admittedly,suchmeasuresolandconcentrationmaynotreectaccesstolandasexperiencedbygroupsoutsideormalregistrationsystems.


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ANGOC

Gathering Data

While we encourage CSOs to use Gini coecients in their analyses,

calculating or the Gini coecientwill bemore skillully calculated by

economists.

Ginicoecients,aremoreeasilyavailable,willmostlikelybeorincomesratherthanlandspecically.Terearesomestudiesonlandinequalitythat

employtheGinicoecient,butthereisarmoredataavailableontheGini

coecientorincomeinequality.

FAOactuallyhasadatabaseoagriculturalcensusdata,includingdataon

number,area,andtenureoholdings,andtheGiniindexoconcentration,

romseveralAsiancountries.However,thedataareold,thelatestbeing

romtheagriculturalcensusroundo1990.

Othersourcesoincomeinequalitydatainclude:

e World Income Inequality Database (WIID) of United Nations

University World Institute or Development Economics Research

(UNU-WIDER) http://www.wider.unu.edu/research/Database/en_

GB/database/

eWorldBanks"ANewDataSetMeasuringIncomeInequality",Te

World Bank Economic Review,10(3):565-91,1996.(Toughthisisabit

dated).

TenancyRightsenancyisthegeneraltermusedtoreertothearrangement

oarmingonlandthatisnotonesown.enancyrightsare

themissingelementbetweenownershipandlandlessness.

Althoughtenantsmayhavetherighttoharvest,theydo

notowntheland.

Sharecropping, the most common form of tenancy, is the traditional

arrangementwhereinthearmergivesacertainpre-arrangedpercentage

or share o his produce to the landowner as rent. Tere are dierent

sharecropping arrangements. Somehave 50-50 terms; others 40-60; etc.

Sharecroppingispopularbecauseitisexible,responsivetoproduction

conditions;andrequiresminimumcashonthepartopoorsharecroppers

(Lastarria-Cornhiel&Melmed-Sanjak,1999inFAO,2001).

In some cases, the distinction is made between sharecropping and

tenancy,wheretheuseotenancyisnarrower,meaningtheleaseoland.

Leaseholders,asthetermsuggests,paythelandownermonetaryrentor

theland.

Bo11:

TENANCYRIGHTS:INDICATORSo Number o sharecropperso Percentage o sharecroppers with

legal documents


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Numberofsharecroppers

Tis reers to the number o sharecroppers armers giving a pre-arranged

percentage or share o their produce to the landowner as rent.

Percentage of sharecroppers with legal documents among total

sharecroppers Te number o sharecroppers who possess legal documents, expressed as a

percentage among the total number o sharecroppers.

%osharecropperswithlegaldocuments= #osharecropperswithlegaldocuments

totalnumberosharecroppers

Manysharecroppersintheregiondonothavetitles,andagreementsare

unwritten. Tis leaves sharecroppers in a vulnerable position, where

landlords can easily terminatetheir services. However, even thosewith

legaldocumentsarenotnecessarilymoresecurethanthosewithoutmosttenantsarepowerlessintheaceotheirlandlords.Evenisharecroppers

ortenantsaretheoreticallyprotectedbylegaldocuments,theactthattheir

accesstolegalassistanceislimitedmakesiteasyortheirlandlordstoevict

themanytime.

Gathering Data

Someocialdataisavailableinsomecountriesagriculturalcensuses,land

departmentsorministries,large-scalestudies.

ProbingApartromsharecroppers,wecandelveintothesituationoothergroups

workingontheland:agriculturallaborers,contractarmers,bondedlabor,

andleaseholdersorlessees.Otherquestionstoconsider:

What are the sharecropping or leasehold arrangements between

sharecroppersandtheirlandlords?

Forthosewithlegaldocuments,howsecureistheirtenure?

Trends:Overtime,isthenumberofsharecroppersrising?Orfalling?Is

thenumberocontractarmersgrowing?Whatdothesesuggest?

BudgetforAgrarianReformFor countries with agrarian reorm programs, the budget indicates how

serioustheirgovernmentsareinimplementingagrarianreormtoaddress

landlessness.Tebudgetonagrarianreormcouldbemonitored,notonly

lookingatthetotalgures,butthevariousbudgetlinesadministrative

expenses like salaries; land redistribution; and support services (credit,


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ANGOC

inrastructure,roads),tonamesome.

Laws and policies should be matched with corresponding nancial

allocationsinthebudget;otherwisetheycannotbeimplemented.

Gathering Data

Sometimesdataonagrarianreformbudgetsarenotavailableatall.Somecountriesdonothaveabudgetlinespecicallyonlandreorm.Inthe

absence o agrarian reorm budgets, alternative or proxy indicators on

governmentsprioritizationoenhancingaccesstolandcaninclude:

Allocationforotherland-relatedprogramssuchaslanduse

Agriculturebudget

It has been suggested that the research and development budget or

agriculture can stand in as an indicator or land reorm. Oentimes, this

data is easier to access.

Ocialdevelopmentassistanceinagricultureandagrarianreform Tis looks at support provided rom both multilateral and donor agencies

or agrarian reorm and agriculture. Tese international agencies usually

share inormation about program and project costs. IFIs do not only

provide aid in the orm o grants, but also loans.

Probing

Budget monitoringisarecommendeddirectionorlandrightsadvocates.

AhandfulofCSOshaveundertakeninitiativesonbudgetmonitoring.In

thePhilippines,PhilDHRRAhasexaminedthebudgetotheDepartment

oAgrarianReorm,andpublisheditsresultsaccordingly.TeCenterorAgrarianReormandRuralDevelopment(CARRD)hasalsomonitoredthe

budgetspecicallyonthedeliveryoagrarianjustice.

PoliciesonWomen,IndigenousPeoplesandotherMarginalized Groups

Becauselandownershipandaccesstolandotheruralpooralsodepend

onwhoyouare, therearelawsandpoliciesthatseek touphold the land

rightsomarginalizedgroups,includingwomen,indigenouspeoples,and

shers.

ReviewingPolicies

Tegamutolegalandpolicyrameworksincludesnationalconstitutions,

laws,andpolicies.Monitoringdonorpoliciescanalsobereviewed.Butits

notenoughtoenumeratethedierentlaws,policiesandprogramsinplace

(orinprocess).Analyzethelawsandmakeassessments.


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Ingeneral,indicatorsonlegalandpolicyrameworksocusonthreeareas:

the recognition o customary property rights; discriminationpreventing

women and other marginalized groups rom owning land; and legal

provisionsagainstorcedevictions(Bending,2010).TeWorldBankalone,

throughitsLGAF(seeOther Initiatives in the Additional Resources section)has developed targeted indicators or participatory governance process,

closelyexaminingtheparticipationomarginalizedgroupsinormulating

aswellasimplementingvariouslandrameworks.

Bo12:FocusonGender

Despite their contributions to agriculture, womens rights to land are limited. Womenconstitute the biggest minority. Recognizing the need to push or womens land rights, our

monitoring can address gender issues in two ways.

First, we should examine land policies and how they are gender-sensitive. Gender biases

prevail against women. Moreover, discriminatory laws against women orm one o the

biggest challenges to womens access to land. Land policies encompass womens individualright to own land and property, joint land ownership/titling between husband and wie, and

the right to inherit property (Bending, 2010). Does the Constitution recognize womens rightsandprohibitdiscriminationbasedongender?Aretherenationallawstoprotectwomen?But

even where laws and programs explicitly promote womens land rights, the reality may be afarcryfromgenderequity,implyingtheneedformonitoringontheground.

Aside rom the legal ramework, ormal institutions, and customary norms and institutionsmatter, too. Do the ormal institutions (e.g. Ministry o Land Administration; Department o

AgrarianReform;NationalLandAgency)recognizewomensspecialroleintheirprograms?

Second,wecanlookforland-relatedgender-disaggregateddata,whichcanbeappliedto

anyquantitativeindicators.Thisistorecognizethatmenandwomenarenotthesame:their

needs are diferent. We can look at land ownership among male- versus emale-headed

households, or the percentage o women owning land among landowners. Disaggregateddata so ar has tended towards land ormalization (titling and registration) and evictions

(Bending, 2010). However, the reality is that gender-disaggregated data on land are scarce.

Inourownprimarydatagathering,CSOscanfollowgoodpracticeingendersensitivityby

disaggregatingdata.ButCSOsneedtoavoidfallingintothetrapofusingindicatorsofformal

or nominal ownership to represent womens access to land.

Numberofwomenowningland

The absolute number o women who own land and possess land titles.

Percentageofwomenowninglandamonglandowners

The ratio o women who own land over the total number o landowners.

% o landowning women among landowners = Total no. o landowning womenTotal No. o landowners

Since there are only two groups being compared - men and women this is the percentage

o landowning women versus the percentage o landowning men.

Sources:

Bending, Tim. (2010). Monitoring secure access to land: progress and prospects: Land monitoring handbook.Rome: International Land Coalition.

WorldBank,FAOandIFAD.2008. Gender in agriculture Sourcebook. Module 4: Gender issues in land policy

and administration.


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ANGOC

Getting Organized

This section outlines the steps needed to undertake monitoring, oering practical suggestions to

enhance eectiveness and efciency in monitoring.

etting organized takes time. In particular, building a team,

conveningasteeringcommitteeandcreatingpartnershipsrequire

detailedattention.Donotunderestimatethetimeandeortneeded

(FAO,2005).

Organizational Setup

Eachcountryisresponsibleorormingitsownnationalmonitoringteam.rytoinvolveaswideageographicalareaaspossible.oallowormultiple

perspectives,doincludeNGOs,armerorganisations,indigenouspeoples,

andtheacademe.

FirstThingsFirst:Secretariat

A secretariat will be the ocal point or monitoring. Tis can be the

nationalocalpoint,or thenationalocewithapointpersonon topo

monitoring activities. Further, a secretariat responsible or seeing day-

to-day management backstops the steering committee. O course, the

secretariatstacouldalreadybetheexistingstangarrangementsothe

hostorganization/convenerothesteeringcommittee.

WendthatinAsia,aceto acecommunicationisgenerallypreerred.

Nonetheless,wewelcometheuseotechnologybutweemphasisethat

thiscanbedonewhenrolesareclear.

Establishasteeringcommittee

A steering committee (SC) is integral to the success of the monitoring

initiative.YourSCwillprovidedirection,bringotherperspectives,provide

greateraccesstoinormation,acilitatedissemination,andensuresupport.

Composition. Your steering committee should comprise representatives

romtheollowingsectors:

NGOs

Farmersorganizations/indigenouspeoplesorganizations

Researchinstitutions/Academe


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Pilotshaveemphasizedtheneedtoengageresearchinstitutionsandthe

academe,toensurethattheproposedmonitoringrameworkollowssound

methodologiesandacademicrigor,whichmayprovidemorecredibility.

Youmayalsochooseto includemedia,politicalactivists,peasantleaders,

women representatives, IP, and armer activists. Regarding governmentparticipation,pleaseseeBox13.

Criteria.NeverunderestimatetheimportanceofyourSteeringCommittee.

Youshouldcareullyselectthem.Werecommendtheyhavesolidexperience

inlandreormmonitoring,researchandadvocacy.

Size. Formanageability,yoursteeringcommitteeshouldnotexceedten

members.Choosequalityoverquantity.Iyoukeeptoasmallersize,each

memberwillhavemoretimetoarticulatecommentsduringthemeetings.

Do I need a Steering

Committee?

Terearemanygood reasons or

having a Steering Committee. It

works or most organizations.

However,itisnotalwaysnecessary.

For example, in the case o the

AssociationorLandReormand

Rural Development (ALRD) in

Bangladesh, theyhave prominentacademicsworkingonlandissues

in their Board o Directors. A

SteeringCommitteewouldmerely

duplicate a mechanism that they

alreadyhave,inwhichcasetheSC

isunnecessary.

Focalpointsshoulddiscussamong

theirnationalpartnerswhethera

SteeringCommitteewillworkfor

them.

NonethelesstherearedierentmodalitiesyoucantryiftheSCmechanism

doesntworkoryou.

Convening the Steering Committee

You must organize a steering committee inception meeting or that

meeting when you level o on indicators, denition o concepts, data

Bo13:Do I include government?TheRoleofGovernments

In asking whether they should include

governmentinmonitoringortheextent

ofCSOsfearco-option.

Contexts vary rom country to country. It

is ultimately up to you, whether including

agovernmentrepresentativeinyourSCis

strategic, or otherwise.

In the Philippines, or instance,government representatives can be

champions or advocacy (this mayvary according to the government

administration in power). Other countriesarenotasfortunatetheirgovernments

are antagonistic, and monitoring is doneprecisely to call attention to their ailings

and misdeeds.

It may be appropriate that governments

are considered as sources o inormation,rather than members o the steering

committee.


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ANGOC

source,andmethodology.Tisshouldtakeaboutoneweek.Remember

that inall likelihood, yourSteeringCommitteememberswill havevery

tightschedules.Planyourmeetingsasaraheadaspossible,beawareo

holidayswhenscheduling,andsendthemtherelevantdocumentstoreview

aheadotime.Inthisway,youcandevotemoretimetodiscussionduring

themeeting.

ereareconcernsthatgiventheSCsbusyschedule,CSOsshouldcollect

thedatarst,thencalltheSCtoverifythedatagathered.eSCmust

understand their role that even beore data gathering begins, there is

agreementandconsensusonthemonitoringframework.eSCisawayto

gathersupportortheinitiative.

Bepreparedorsomediculties.Forexample,whendierentgroupscome

together,likeactivistsandacademics,youcanexpectthatachievingcommon

agreementsonthedenitionsandindicatorsrelatedwithlandreormwillbechallenging, ortherewill besomepeople dominating thediscussion.

Inthiscase,asourIndonesiancolleagueshavelearned,astrongereortis

neededtoacilitatethediscussion.

Also,itmaybediculttoconvinceSCmembersabouttheimportanceof

thisinitiative.OnetechniqueemployedbytheIndonesiaocalpointis to

personallyvisitandmeetwitheachCSObeforesendingaformalinvite.

Gathering the Data

Te section on Indicators or Monitoring is devoted to dening theindicators used and explaining how togather data or these. Practically

speaking, one or two persons should be on top o the data gathering

exercise.Inanutshell,therangeopossiblesourcesiswide:government,

CSOs,internet,academicjournals, andmedia.Primarydatacanalsobe

gatheredthroughsurveys,interviews,ocusgroupdiscussions.Finally,we

suggestmixingquantitativeandqualitativedata.

Whenmonitoring,alwaysrememberto:

Give a denition or the indicator you are

using.Terearemany,andwhileweoer

ourproposeddenitions,thedataavailable

inyourcountrymaybebasedonadierent

denition.

Cite your source. Give credit where it is

due, even if it isyours! Seesection below

onWriting the Reportonhowtoproperly

acknowledgeyoursource.

Figure 3. Levels of Governmentin Bangladesh


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Cite the reerence year or the data.Itisalwaysimportanttoknowwhen

thedatawasproduced,especiallysincewearetrackingchangesinland

tenureandaccesstoland.

Indicate scale/level o data availability. Televelodatamatters.Data

availabilityvariesanddependsonthespecicindicatorbeingaskedor.

Forexample,ortheindicatoronnumberolanddisputecasesreceived,the datamaybeeasily available (as government ocialjudicial level

data)atthehighcourtleveloratthedistrictlevel.Belowthedistrict

level,datamaynotbeavailableoreasilyaccessiblebutthenumberwill

beveryhigh.Terewillbemorecasesasyougodownthepyramid(see

Figure3),downtothevillagelevel.

Assess your data source. Monitoring is more than a data gathering

exercise.Donotbelieveeverythingyouread!Youhavetoanalyzethe

qualityodatagathered.Doyouhavereservationsorconcernsabout

thedataprovidedsuchasonthemethodologyused?Tenyoumust

statethem. Explain the methodology used.Temethodologyyouusewilldetermine

the kind o results you yield, so it is important to explainhowyou

derivedthedata.

WritingUptheReport

Whatsinit?

Beore you begin,checkAnnex A,whichcontains the suggested outline

forthereport.Startwithanoverviewofthereport,oranintroductionor

context.Itwillsetthetoneorthereport.Writeconcisely.Iyoumeantoprovidereaderswithanunderstandingoagrarianreorminyourcountry,

thenitshouldntbeatenpagehistoryoagrarianreorm.Explainingthe

CSOmonitoring initiative in your country should not be a treatise on

monitoring.Andsoorthandsoon.

Teconceptualrameworkshouldpresenttheindicatorsyouhaveselected,

explain the rationale, process, andscopeand limitations.Youraudience

should be able to clearly understand the ramework that you used or

monitoring.

Temeatoyourreportshouldbeinthesectiononndingsandanalysis.

Here,youdescribethesituationandmakeanassessmentolandreormin

yourcountry,andtrytoteaseoutthetrends,andmakeconnectionsbetween

variablesandindicatorstheircauses,eects,implications.

Cambodia ound that l

Documents

A Users Guide for Land Rights Advocates