A view to a kill. Investigating Middle Palaeolithic subsistence using an Optimal Foraging perspective

7/23/2019 A view to a kill. Investigating Middle Palaeolithic subsistence using an Optimal Foraging perspective

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I.D. Oussbdohrp



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Whu lrb rblogei l ùdd vbrsghe h` tags khhn, `hr `rbb!

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pukdgjltghes lrb ùddy ljjbssgkdb `hr `rbb. @hr ljjbss th fhrb

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`bb yhu jle purjalsb l ùddy ùejtgheld ]O@ leo ky ohgei sh, yhu

abdp th nbbp hur dgkrlry rueegei.

www.sgobstheb.jhf/dgkrlry



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Jhetbets

< Getrhoujtghe 7

<.< [bsblrja obsgie <=

; Ebleobrtald Kghdhiy <:

;.< Getrhoujtghe <:;.; Ebleobrtald bvhdutghe <:;.: Ebleobrtald ogstrgkutghe plttbres <0;.? Ebleobrtald lelthfy leo lolptltghe <7;.2 Ebleobrtald krlges ;<;.0 Ebleobrtald ogbtlry egjab leo gts gfpdgjltghes ;:

;.9 Ebleobrtald dgvbs ;?;.1 Jhejduogei rbflrns ;9

: Ebleobrtald Lrjalbhdhiy ;7

:.< Getrhoujtghe ;7:.; Ebleobrtald fhkgdgty leo tab stuoy h` `hrligei kbalvghur ;7:.: Ebleobrtald lrjalbhzhhdhiy :;

:.:.< Getrhoujtghe :;:.:.; _ab auetgei vs. sjlvbeigei obkltb :;:.:.: Zpbjgldgsbo auetgei h` ueiudltbs :::.:.? Ebleobrtalds leo fbil`luel :2:.:.2 Jbetrld pdljbs3 Zgtbs bxagkgtgei tab ùdd sugtb h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei strltbigbs8 :9

:.:.0 Krhlo spbjtruf rbvhdutghe, ogvgsghe h` dlkhur ?;:.:.9 Zufflry leo jhejdusghe ?2

:.? Fltbrgld judturb ?0:.2 Htabr lspbjts h` Ebleobrtald lrjalbhdhiy 2<:.0 Zufflry leo Jhejdusghe 2;

? Hptgfld ̀ hrligei fhobds leo Ebleobrtald lrjalbhdhiy 22

?.< Getrhoujtghe 22?.; Ibebrld lssufptghes leo jrgtgjgsf 22?.: Le bxlfpdb h` le H@_ fhobd3 _ab ogbt krblota fhobd 21?.? Lppdgjltghes h` ogbt krblota ge tab stuoy h` tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj 0=?.2 He rbjhestrujtgei tab fhobd‗s plrlfbtbrs 0<

?.0 ]hssgkdb jhe`hueogei ̀ ljthrs ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro 09?.9 Fhobddgei Ebleobrtald ogbt krblota 07?.1 Fhobddgei aybel ogbt krblota 9<?.7 Zufflry leo jhejdusghe 9;

2 Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst 92

2.< Getrhoujtghe 922.; _ab sgtb 922.: Oltgei 902.? Ztrltgirlpay leo lrjalbhdhigjld ahrgzhes 992.2 _ab stheb lrtb`ljts 972.0 _ab kheb lssbfkdlib 1<2.9 _ab bevgrhefbet 7=



2.1 Lppdygei H@_ th Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst 7;2.7 Ogsjussghe 772.<= Jhejdusghe <==

0 _luklja <=:

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9 Aybel ̀ hrligei <;9

9.< Getrhoujtghe <;9

9.; Aybel bjhdhiy <;19.: Aybel sgtbs <:=9.? Bxpbjtltghes `hr tab stuoy h` ]dbgsthjbeb aybels <:;9.2 Jlsb-stuogbs <:;

9.2.< Duebd-Pgbd <:;9.2.; Jlfglj <:9

9.0 Ogsjussghe <:79.9 Jhejdusghe <?<

1 Ogsjussghe <?2

1.< Lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd th lrjalbhdhigjld oltl <?21.; [bjhestrujtgei tab fhobd‗s vlrglkdbs <?01.: Fhobddgei Ebleobrtalds <?71.? _ags stuoy <2=1.2 Lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja <2<1.0 _ab leldysgs ge jhetbxt <20

7 Jhejdusghe <27

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Outja Zufflry <17

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<=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

hr jrbltb sthrbs h` `hho ge hrobr th survgvb tags sblshe. Fhobre-oly prgfltbs dgvgei lt tbfpbrltbdltgtuobs oh eht agkbreltb> tabrb`hrb gt sbbfs uedgnbdy Ebleobrtalds ogo. @hho-sthrlib gs le hptghetalt fbrgts lttbetghe ahwbvbr.

Ztuogbs h` tab gshthpgj jhfphsgtghe h` tab khebs h` shfb Ebleobrtalds alvb sahwe talt tabgrogbt jhesgstbo flgedy h` fblt ( b.i. Khjabrbes leo Orujnbr ;==:, Khjabrbes bt ld. ;==2, [gjalros bt

ld. ;===, [gjalros leo Zjafgtz ;==1, [gjalros bt ld. ;==1k). _ags suiibsts talt Ebleobrtalds shdvbotab prhkdbf h` survgvgei tab wgetbr ky l rbdglejb he fblt. Ahwbvbr, ls gfphrtlet ls taby lrb, tabgshthpb-stuogbs oh eht tbdd us ahw taby hktlgebo gt.

Ge tags rbspbjt gt gs gfphrtlet th ehtb talt shfb h` tab leldysbs talt lovhjltbo tab gfphrtlejbh` sjlvbeigei ge Ebleobrtald suksgstbejb alvb sgejb kbbe rbùtbo. Kge`hro‗s (<711) leldysgs h` tabIrhttb Plu`rby `hr bxlfpdb, wls `hueo th kb lwbo (Irlyshe leo Obdpbja <77?). Htabr leldysbs,suja ls heb ky Ztgebr (<77?) ge Gtldy, ogo eht tlnb tab jhddbjtgei strltbigbs h` tab bxjlvlthrs gethjhesgobrltghe. Lt shfb `h tab hdo bxjlvltghes sab leldysbo hedy ogliehstgj khebs alo kbbe jhd-dbjtbo, wagja ygbdobo le lssbfkdlib ohfgeltbo ky ablo plrts, jhesgobrbo th kb jalrljtbrgstgj h` lsjlvbeibo lssbfkdlib (Fussg <777).

Jhfpbddgei bvgobejb `hr auetgei als kbbe `hueo tarhuia obtlgdbo stuogbs h` kheb lssbfkdlibs,h`tbe oheb ldhei tab dgebs obvbdhpbo ky Dbwgs Kge`hro. Fley Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj kheb lssbfkdlibs`hr gestlejb lrb ohfgeltbo ky prgfb libo loudts, tab legflds dblst dgnbdy th ogb `rhf prboltghe, ogs-blsb btj. _ags gs l jalrljtbrgstgj plttbre h` fhobre aufle auetgei> gt gs eht sbbe ge htabr jlregvhrbs( b.i. Iluozgesng <772, Iluozgesng leo [hbkrhbns ;===, Ztbbdb ;==?). @urtabrfhrb lt fley h` tabsbsgtbs jut-flrns leo jhejahgold ̀ rljturbs tbstg`y th l vbry getbesgvb ahfgege bxpdhgtltghe h` tab ̀ luelprbsbet lt tab sgtbs (Luiustb <772l, Iluozgesng leo [hbkrhbns ;==:). _abrb lrb tab spbjtljudlreos h` prhcbjtgdb wblphes> l eufkbr h` whhobe spblrs lsshjgltbo wgta tab rbflges h` lkhut ;=kutjabrbo ahrsbs lt Zjaðegeibe (_agbfb <779, Phhrfhdbe ;==1), leo l whhobe dlejb `hueo ls-shjgltbo wgta le bdbpalet jlrjlss lt Dbargeibe (_agbfb leo Pbgd <712). Ge Zyrgl l Fhustbrgle phget wls `hueo bfkboobo ge tab vbrtbkrl h` l wgdo lss. _ab ogrbjtghe h` tab gfpljt suiibsts l plrlkhdgjtrlcbjthry, wagja fbles talt tab phget prhklkdy ùejtghebo ls tab tgp h` l tarhwe spblr, rltabr talel tarustbo heb (Khîol bt ld. <777).

Ge rbjbet yblrs, tab rbldgsltghe talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb auetbrs h` kgi ilfb als dbo th tab obvbdhpfbet h` ebw ayphtabsbs rbilrogei og``brbejbs ge lolptltghe kbtwbbe Ebleobrtalds leo fho-

bre aufles. _ab fhst geubetgld h` tabsb gs tab ayphtabsgs h` l —krhlo-spbjtruf rbvhdutghe‖ ( b.i. [gjalros bt ld. ;==<, Ztgebr ;==<, Ztgebr, Fuerh, leo Zurhvbdd ;===, Ztgebr bt ld. <777). _ags ayphta-bsgs stltbs talt, ge jhetrlst th fhobre aufles, Ebleobrtalds ogo eht b`jgbetdy bxpdhgt `lst-fhvgeisfldd ilfb dgnb rhobets, kgros leo sa. Jhesbqubetdy, taby whudo alvb kbbe uelkdb th flgetlge tabphpudltghe sgzbs fhobre aufles jhudo rblja ge sgfgdlr lrbls.

_ags obvbdhpfbet ge tab obkltb surrhueogei Ebleobrtald `hrligei objgsghes gs rbflrnlkdb, sgejbourgei tab abyoly h` tab sjlvbeigei ayphtabsgs, gt wls tahuiat talt prghr th tab dlst idljgld, sflddlegflds wbrb tab hedy jltbihry h` legflds Burhpble ahfgeges wbrb obbfbo jlplkdb h` auetgei, lsKge`hro (<712, :<7) put gt3

_ab Burhpble sgtbs `rhf tab [gssgle lib (<==,=== ‚ :==,=== yblrs lih) bxagkgt l vbry og``brbet plttbre tale talt ehtbo lkhvb. Gt gs fy gfprbssghe talt auetgei sbbfs fhst dgnbdy geogjltbo ̀ hr sfldd legflds

leo rhobets, plrtgjudlrdy rlkkgts, wagja lrb jhffhe ge suja blrdy Burhpble sgtbs ls Dlzlrbt (Cuddgbe &]gddlro <707) leo tab blrdgbr [gssgle dbvbds h` Jhfkb Irbeld.

Ge hrobr th lssbss tab vldgogty h` tab ayphtabsbs he jh-bvhdutghe h` getbddgibejb, dg`b-agsthrgbsleo `hrligei strltbigbs leo th bvldultb jurrbet gobls he tab shpagstgjltghe h` Ebleobrtald auetgeistrltbigbs, tab ̀ hddhwgei rbsblrja obsgie als kbbe obvbdhpbo.

<.< [bsblrja obsgie

_ab jhfpdbtb rbvbrsld h` gobls he Ebleobrtald `hrligei strltbigbs ourgei suja l sahrt pbrgho h`tgfb gddustrltbs tab ebbo `hr tab obvbdhpfbet h` l rbdglkdb fbtahohdhiy wgta wagja th getbrprbt lr-jalbhdhigjld geogjltghes `hr ahfgege `hrligei kbalvghur ge le bvhdutghelry `rlfbwhrn. _ags fbta-

hohdhiy sahudo belkdb fblegeiùd jhfplrgshes h` sgtbs `rhf og``brbet ibhirlpagjld lrbls leo hòg``brbet libs. _ab `hjus sahudo kb he tab kheb lssbfkdlibs leo eht ebjbsslrgdy he tab lsshjgltbo



<<

GE_[HORJ_GHE

thhds sgejb tab thhd spbjtruf ebbo eht ebjbsslrgdy kb geogjltgvb h` tab shpagstgjltghe h` tab auetgeistrltbigbs.

L prhfgsgei pbrspbjtgvb gs prhvgobo ky hptgfld `hrligei tabhry. _ags tabhry gevbstgiltbs ahwtab ebbo h` legflds th flxgfgsb tabgr tebss geubejbs tabgr `hrligei strltbigbs. Zgejb `hrligei gsjrujgld `hr tab survgvld h` tab geogvgould, gt gs lssufbo talt `hrligei b`jgbejy wgdd kb flxgfgsbo.

Ge loogtghe, b`jgbet ̀ hrligei jle bealejb tebss ge fhrb wlys, ̀ hr gestlejb kbjlusb fhrb b`jgbet`hrligei lddhws le hrilegsf fhrb tgfb ̀ hr ljtgvgtgbs rbdltbo th rbprhoujtghe ( b.i. Ygetbraldobr <719).Zgejb auetbr/iltabrbrs alvb kbbe sukcbjt th dhei pbrghos h` sbdbjtgvb prbssurbs gt gs lssufbo talttaby lrb ls prhjgbet leo sngddbo ls taby jhudo phssgkdy kb (Ygetbraldobr ;==<, <:-<?). _ab lppdgjl-tghe h` tags fbtaho th auetbr/iltabrbrs als kbbe jrgtgjgsbo ky shfb judturld letarhphdhigsts ( b.i. Geihdo ;===). _aby `bbd talt tab lppdgjltghe h` bvhdutghelry tabhry th sgtultghe wgta le gfphrtletrhdb `hr judturld trlesfgssghe gs prhkdbfltgj, sgejb bvhdutghelry tabhry gs iblrbo th obldgei wgtaibebtgj geabrgtlejb. _ab slfb ihbs `hr tab fbjalegsfs h` sbdbjtghe. Ahwbvbr, hptgfld `hrligeifhobds alvb kbbe sujjbssùddy lppdgbo ge l wgob lrrly h` stuogbs, rleigei `rhf tab `hrligei kbalv-ghur h` gesbjts, th talt h` auetbr/iltabrbrs, th geoustrgld sagei leo th surei tab Getbrebt ( b.i. OgJdbfbetb leo O. L. Aletudl ;==:, Ohre <779, Yldoklubr leo @rgbofle <77<, Ygetbraldobr<719, Ygetbraldobr ;==<). _absb fhobds alvb kbbe obsgiebo eht th rbprbsbet tab truta, kut lrb sgf-pdgjltghes talt jle kb usbo th obtbrfgeb walt `ljthrs lrb gfphrtlet ge `hrligei jahgjbs flob kyauetbr/iltabrbrs ( b.i. Zabeele ;==;, Ygetbraldobr leo Zfgta <77;).

Kbjlusb ge lrjalbhdhiy, tab oltl lt hur ogsphsld gs og``brbet tale ge bjhdhigjld leo letarhphdhig-jld stuogbs, tags stuoy lgfs th tbst wabtabr wb jle lolpt Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry ge suja l wly taltgt kbjhfbs lppdgjlkdb th tab stuoy h` ]dbgsthjbeb suksgstbejb strltbigbs. Le gfphrtlet jhesgobrltghegs talt fuja h` tab ge`hrfltghe ebbobo rbdltbs th tab bjhdhigjld strujturb h` tab bevgrhefbet, wagjage lrjalbhdhiy h`tbe als th kb rbjhestrujtbo. Ge hrobr th fgegfgsb tab uejbrtlgetgbs lsshjgltbo wgtarbjhestrujtgei gfphrtlet vlrglkdbs, gt lppblrs fhst prhoujtgvb th usb l sgfpdb fhobd. Ge tags stuoy, G wgdd `hjus he tab Ogbt Krblota Fhobd. _ags fhobd prbogjts wagja spbjgbs wgdd kb bxpdhgtbo ky l igvbeprbolthr ge l jbrtlge bevgrhefbet leo wagja spbjgbs wgdd kb lvhgobo (FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700). Yabtabr l spbjgbs gs bxpdhgtbo obpbeos he fley `ljthrs, suja ls tab jldhrgj vldub h` l rbshurjb,tab jhst h` trljngei gt, letg-prbolthr kbalvghur h` tab prby leo sh he ( b.i. Rile ;==2, Ygetbraldobr<719, Ygetbraldobr ;==<). G` wb jle agiadgiat wagja h` tabsb `ljthrs geubejbo Ebleobrtald `hrli -

gei kbalvghur, wb jle ilge gesgiat ge tab wly tabgr auetgei strltbigbs wbrb hrilegsbo.Ge tags stuoy G wgdd lohpt l ogljarhegj pbrspbjtgvb leo `hjushe tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro hèhrtawbstbre Burhpb. @hr tab lppdgjltghe h` tags leldysgs lrbls ùrtabr shuta, tab fhobds whudoalvb th kb lolptbo th sugt tab `ljt talt shutabre Ebleobrtalds ogo eht phssbss tab slfb jhdo-lolptbo paysghdhiy ls ehrtabre hebs ( b.i. Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr ;==:, <?9). @urtabrfhrb, tab bebr-ibtgj ebbos h` jhdo-lolptbo fhobre aufles, leo prbsuflkdy ldsh Ebleobrtalds, lrb sgiegjletdyagiabr tale tahsb h` geogvgoulds `rhf fhrb tbfpbrltb jdgfbs (Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr ;==:, Ztbbifle,Jbrey, leo Ahddgoly ;==;). _ags fly alvb geubejbo tab `hrligei tljtgjs prljtgsbo ge tabsb lrbls.@gelddy, tab rhdb h` pdlet `hhos wls prhklkdy fhrb sukstletgld ge shutabre Burhpb tale ge ehrtabreBurhpb. Zgejb tlpahehfgj `ljthrs prbjduob leldysgs h` tab hrld jhfphebet h` tab Ebleobrtaldogbt, gt lppblrs fhst prhoujtgvb th stuoy sgtbs wabrb tab gfphrtlejb h` pdlet `hhos wls ge ldd dgnbdg-ahho sfldd.

G wgdd rst getrhoujb tab jurrbet tagengei he tab jh-bvhdutghe h` ahfgege getbddgibejb, dg`b ags-

thrgbs leo `hrligei kbalvghur. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky le getrhoujtghe geth Ebleobrtald kghdhiyleo lrjalbhdhiy, ge hrobr th lssbss tags prbolthr‗s ebbos leo lkgdgtgbs, wagja lrb gfphrtlet wgta rb-ilro th tab lppdgjltghe h` tab fhobd (jalptbrs ; leo :). Ebxt, shfb hptgfld `hrligei fhobds wgddkb ogsjussbo leo ayphtabsbs rbilrogei tab Ebleobrtald `hrligei egjab wgdd kb obvbdhpbo (jalptbr?). _absb wgdd kb tbstbo ky lppdygei tabf th wbdd-ohjufbetbo sgtbs `rhf tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj hÈhrtawbst Burhpb (jalptbrs 2 leo 0), leo th sgtbs prhoujbo ky l jhfpbtgei prbolthr, elfbdy tabjlvb aybel ( Jrhjutl spbdlbl ) (jalptbr 9). _ags wgdd kb oheb th agiadgiat wabtabr tab fhobddbo `hrli-gei egjabs h` tab twh prbolthrs ogvbrib leo ge walt wly. Gt sahudo tabe kbjhfb jdblr wabtabr tabrbshdutghe prhvgobo ky tab fhobd gs su`jgbet th prhvgob bvhdutghelry fblegeiùd getbrprbtltghesh` `hrligei egjabs.

_ab lrjalbhdhigjld `hjus wgdd kb he twh sgtbs, wahsb rgja `lueld lssbfkdlibs sple og``brbetjarhehdhigjld leo jdgfltgj pbrghos. _ags sahudo prhvgob gesgiat ge ahw Ebleobrtalds obldt wgta tab

jdgfltgj hsjgddltghes talt jalrljtbrgsbo tab ]dbgsthjbeb. _ab `hjus wgdd kb he pldgfpsbst lssbfkdlibstalt wbrb `hrfbo hvbr sbvbrld yblrs, rbsudtgei ge l tgfb-lvbrlibo pgjturb, taus dtbrgei hut vlrgl-



<;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

tghes ge `hrligei kbalvghur oub th bxjbptgheld jgrjufstlejbs. Ky sh ohgei G lgf th gejrblsb tabrbdglkgdgty h` tab leldysgs ge jalrljtbrgsgei tab Ebleobrtald `hrligei egjab. _ab bevgrhefbet wgdd kbrbjhestrujtbo klsbo he ge`hrfltghe `rhf phddbe jhrbs, sfldd `luel leo ibhdhiy. Leldysgs h` tabkbalvghur h` tab spbjgbs talt wbrb prbsbet fly igvb us gesgiat ge walt ngeo h` prby Ebleobrtalds`lvhurbo. _ab spbjgbs h` prby talt wbrb tlribtbo leo lib-strujturb h` tab auetbo lssbfkdlib `hr

bxlfpdb prhvgob gfphrtlet jdubs ls th auetgei strltbigbs. _ab blrdgbst sgtb talt wgdd kb leldysbo gs Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst ge ehrtabre @rlejb. _ags sgtb als kbbebxjlvltbo, rbsblrjabo leo pukdgsabo rblshelkdy rbjbetdy ( b.i. Luiustb <77;, Luiustb <772l, _u``rbluleo Zhffç <711k). _ab sgtb wls `hrfbo ourgei tab trlesgtghe h` l tbfpbrltb palsb wgtage tabZlldgle, Flrgeb Gshthpb Ztlib (FGZ) 9, th tab fhst rbjbet idljgltghe h` tab Zlldgle, FGZ 0 (Zhffç bt ld. <711). _ab sgtb jhesgsts h` fudtgpdb dlybrs `hrfbo ourgei pbrghos jalrljtbrgsbo ky og``brbet jdg-fltgj jheogtghes, ̀ rhf jhdo khrbld th tbfpbrltb. _ags sgtb fly taus prhvgob gesgiat ge tab dhei-tbrfoyelfgjs h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei lolptltghes lt tab trlesgtghe h` FGZ 9 th FGZ 0.

_ab sbjheo sgtb talt wgdd kb bxlfgebo gs _luklja ge Ibrfley. _ags sgtb gs oltbo th tab dlst getbr-idljgld, tab Bbfgle. Leldysgs h` tags sgtb gs pbrtgebet ge tab jhetbxt h` tab obkltb lkhut wabtabrhr eht Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th jhpb wgta tab jdgflx jheogtghes h` gts jdgfltgj hptgfuf ( b.i.,[hbkrhbns, Jhelro, leo Ple Nhd`sjahtbe <77;, [hbkrhbns leo Zpbdbbrs ;==; jhetrl Ilfkdb <710,Ilfkdb <77;, Ilfkdb <777). Zgtbs h` l sgfgdlr lib lrb nehwe ge tags rbighe, kut tabsb rbprbsbethedy sgeidb auetgei bpgshobs (Iluozgesng ;==?) leo wgdd eht ygbdo l rbdglkdb pgjturb h` `hrligei lo-lptltghes g` trbltbo ge gshdltghe. _luklja wls jahsbe kbjlusb gt als ygbdobo l dlrib lssbfkdlib h`jut-flrnbo khebs, leo le lkueolet elturld `luel talt jle kb usbo th bvldultb Ebleobrtald `hrli-gei objgsghes. Leldysgs h` tags sgtb gs eht ueprhkdbfltgj ahwbvbr, sgejb tab khebs wbrb jhddbjtbo getab jhursb h` trlvbrtgeb qulrrygei ljtgvgtgbs ge tab <7ta jbetury. _ab jhddbjtghe gs tabrb`hrb kglsbothwlros ogliehstgj khebs h` tab dlribr flfflds (Krltdueo <777). _ab sgtb jle kb jhfplrbo thebgiakhurgei lrjalbhdhigjld leo elturld kheb lssbfkdlibs ge hrobr th obtbrfgeb ahw rbprbsbetltgvbtab kheb lssbfkdlib gs.

_ab gesgiats tags stuoy igvbs us geth Ebleobrtald `hrligei egjabs wgdd kb jhfplrbo wgta l sgfgdlrjlsb-stuoy h` twh ]dbgsthjbeb aybel obes jhetlgegei dlrib kheb lssbfkdlibs `rhf @rlejb, elfbdyDuebd-Pgbd leo Jlfglj. Jlfglj gs oltbo th FGZ :, wagdb Duebd-Pgbd gs jhesgobrlkdy hdobr, oltbo thlrhueo :2= nl (@hssb <770, Iulobddg bt ld. <711). _ab bevgrhefbetld oltl lvlgdlkdb `hr Duebd-Pgbd gs. _ab bevgrhefbetld oltl lvlgdlkdb `hr Duebd-Pgbd gs

ue`hrtueltbdy shfbwalt phhr kut tab `lueld lssbfkdlib sahws talt gt wls sgtultbo ge l tbfpbrltbbevgrhefbet. Lt Jlfglj, phddbe leldysgs ̀ rhf aybel jhprhdgtbs jle kb jhfkgebo wgta tab ̀ lueld ls-sbfkdlib th rbjhestrujt l flffhta stbppb bevgrhefbetld sbttgei. _absb twh sgtbs tabrb`hrb ge`hrfus he aybel kbalvghur ge khta tbfpbrltb leo jhdobr pbrghos leo prhvgob ihho jhfplrgshes `hr tabkbalvghur ge khta tbfpbrltb leo jhdobr pbrghos leo prhvgob ihho jhfplrgshes `hr tabge khta tbfpbrltb leo jhdobr pbrghos leo prhvgob ihho jhfplrgshes ̀ hr tablrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs.

@gelddy G wgdd bvldultb ahw tab lppdgjltghe h̀ H@_ th tab stuoy h` ]dbgsthjbeb ̀ hrligei strltbigbsjle gejrblsb hur ueobrstleogei h` Ebleobrtald kbalvghur. Fhrbhvbr G wgdd ogsjuss ahw tabsb rbsudtskbalvghur. Fhrbhvbr G wgdd ogsjuss ahw tabsb rbsudts. Fhrbhvbr G wgdd ogsjuss ahw tabsb rbsudtslppdy th tab tabhrgbs he tab bvhdutghe h` ahfgege getbddgibejb leo dg`b agsthrgbs.



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; Ebleobrtald KghdhiyEbleobrtald Kghdhiy

;.< Getrhoujtghe

_ags jalptbr oblds wgta tab ogstgejtgvb kghdhigjld `blturbs h` Ebleobrtalds. Nehwdboib h` tabsb`blturbs wgdd kb usbo ls l klsgs `hr tab lolptltghe h` Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry (H@_) th stuoyEbleobrtald suksgstbejb strltbigbs. Re`hrtueltbdy, bstlkdgsagei suja l klsgs gs eht strlgiat`hrwlro,sgejb spbjgj wly ge wagja Ebleobrtald lolptltghes thhn salpb gs eht ldwlys jdblr. @grst, G wgdd getrh-oujb tab bvhdutghelry agsthry h` Ebleobrtalds ls gt gs pbrjbgvbo lt prbsbet. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo kyle bxlfgeltghe h` tabgr ogstrgkutghe plttbres leo ahw tabsb rbdltb th tab jheogtghes th wagja taby wbrb lolptbo. _ags wgdd kb jhfkgebo wgta le hvbrvgbw h` tab snbdbtld jdubs rbilrogei Ebleobrtaldlolptltghes. Fuja als kbbe wrgttbe lkhut tab jhesbqubejbs h` alvgei l dlrib krlge `hr l vlrgbty h`pabehfbel, `rhf tab hrilegsltghe h` tab lolptgvb trljt, th tab bvhdutghe h` dleiulib, th gts geu -bejb he le hrilegsf‗s dg`b-agsthry. _ab Ebleobrtald krlge leo gts b``bjts wgdd tabrb`hrb kb jhesgobrbo

ge l sbplrltb sbjtghe. _ab jhfkgebo b``bjts h` Ebleobrtald krlge sgzb, kugdo, leo ogstrgkutghe lrbtahuiat th alvb alo orlstgj jhesbqubejbs `hr tabgr ogbtlry egjab, wagja wgdd kb ogsjussbo ebxt. _ags wgdd kb ̀ hddhwbo ky l ogsjussghe h` tab gfpdgjltghes h` tab ogbtlry egjab leo oltl he dg`b-agsthrgbs `hrtab shjgld hrilegsltghe h` Ebleobrtalds. _ags wgdd rbsudt ge le hvbrvgbw h` tab spbjgj lolptltghesh` tab —Ebleobrtald legfld‖ wagja wgdd kb usbo ls geput `hr H@_ fhobds ge jalptbr ?.

;.; Ebleobrtald bvhdutghe

Ebleobrtalds lrb usulddy sbbe ls l ogstgejt spbjgbs h` ahfgege, Ahfh ebleobrtaldbesgs , ldtahuia shfbsjgbetgsts prb`br th jdlssg`y tabf ls l sukspbjgbs h` Ahfh slpgbes 3 Ahfh slpgbes ebleobrtaldbesgs (sbb ̀ hrbxlfpdb ogsjussghe ge Labre, Alwns, leo Dbb ;==2, Alrvltg, @rhst, leo FjEudty ;==?). Kbjlusbh` ibebtgj, lelthfgjld leo kbalvghurld og``brbejbs kbtwbbe lelthfgjlddy fhobre aufles (LFA)leo Ebleobrtalds G prb`br th irhup Ebleobrtalds ls l sbplrltb spbjgbs3 A. ebleobrtaldbesgs . @hssgds h`

Ebleobrtalds alvb kbbe ̀ hueo hvbr l wgob lrbl, `rhf Ehrtawbst Burhpb th tab Dbvlet leo ̀ urtabrblstwlro th shutabre Zgkbrgl (Nrlusb bt ld. ;==9). @grst G wgdd snbtja tab jurrbet vgbws h` tab bvhdu-tghe h` tab ahfgege dgeblib ge Burhpb.

_ab bxljt bvhdutghelry hrgiges h` Ebleobrtalds lrb uejbrtlge. Burhpb als kbbe hjjupgbo ky ah-fgeges `rhf lt dblst < fgddghe yblrs lih, kut —Jdlssgj‖ Ebleobrtalds lrb usulddy pdljbo kbtwbbe <;=tahusleo yblrs lih (nl) leo tab tgfb h` tabgr bxtgejtghe lkhut := nl ( b.i. Ndbge ;==:). Zbvbrld spbjgbsalvb kbbe prhphsbo ls kbgei lejbstrld th tab —jdlssgj Ebleobrtalds‖. _ab hdobst spbjgbs h` ahfgegeprbsbet ge Burhpb gs Ahfh letbjbsshr , ̀ hueo lt Ltlpubrjl _O 0 leo Zgfl obd Bdb`letb.< _ags elfb wlsjahsbe kbjlusb tab ogsjhvbrbrs tahuiat talt tags spbjgbs wls tab lejbsthr h` khta Ebleobrtalds leo LFA. _ab spbjgbs sahws l jhfkgeltghe h` prgfgtgvb leo obrgvbo ̀ blturbs. _ab fgo`ljb thphirlpaygs jhesgobrbo th kb obrgvbo leo tags fgo`ljb `hrf gs l `blturb talt gs salrbo ky Ebleobrtalds leo LFA (Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh bt ld. <779). Lt prbsbet, tab spbjgbs gs hedy nehwe `rhf Zplge, wabrb gt

gs prbsbet `rhf <.;-<.< fyl. (Jlrkhebdd bt ld. ;==1). _ab rb-oltgei h` tab Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs slfpdb `rhf Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs dbo tab tblf th rbtrljttab ayphtabsgs talt A. letbjbsshr jhudo kb lejbstrld th A. abgobdkbribesgs . _ab Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs`hssgds sahw l jhfkgeltghe h` prgfgtgvb trlgts leo lphfhrpagbs (obrgvbo trlgts) hedy prbsbet ge htabrBurhpble `hssgds, fhst ehtlkdy ge Ebleobrtalds kut eht ge LFA. _ags phpudltghe jle tabrb`hrb kbjhesgobrbo lejbstrld th Ebleobrtalds, kut eht th hursbdvbs (Lrsulil bt ld. <779). _ab `hssgds wbrbhrgigelddy oltbo th lkhut :== nl, kut rboltgei als sahwe tabf th kb jhesgobrlkdy hdobr, prhklkdylkhut 0== nl (Kgsjah`` bt ld. ;==9). Zgejb tabrb lrb sgiegjlet obetld og``brbejbs kbtwbbe Ahfhletbjbsshr, fhst `hssgds h` wagja lrb oltbo th lkhut 1== nl leo tab Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs `hssgds,tab rbsblrja tblf jhesgobrs gt uedgnbdy talt Ahfh letbjbsshr wls tab lejbsthr h` Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs (Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh bt ld. ;==?k).

< Gt als kbbe suiibstbo talt tabsb `hssgds kbdhei th tab slfb spbjgbs ls `hssgds `hueo ge Ehrta L`rgjl talt wbrb

obsjrgkbo ls Ltdletarhpus flurbtlegjus leo sahudo tabrb`hrb kb jlddbo Ahfh flurbtlegjus (Ztrgeibr ;==:).



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Gt gs ehw tahuiat talt ge tab blrdy Fgoodb]dbgsthjbeb, l ebw spbjgbs lrrgvbo ge Burhpb,Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs (Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh bt ld. ;==?k). _ags ayphtabsgzbo ebw fgirltghe gethBurhpb gs supphrtbo ky gfphrtlet jaleibs ge

tab jalrljtbr h` tab Burhpble Lrjalbhdhigjldrbjhro, fhst ehtlkdy tab suoobe lppblrlejb h`tab Ljabudble lt lrhueo 2== nl (Kbrfóobz obJlstrh bt ld. ;==?k, Dleikrhbn ;==:, [hbkrhbnsleo Ple Nhd`sjahtbe <772). @urtabrfhrb, ib-ebtgj bvgobejb suiibsts l fgirltghe hut h` L`rgjl kbtwbbe 9== leo 2== nl (_bfpdbthe;==;). Fhst rbsblrjabrs tagen talt gt wls tagsphpudltghe h` ebwdy lrrgvbo A. abgobdkbribesgs talt whudo igvb rgsb th tab —jdlssgj Ebleobrtalds‖.

_ab Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs `hssgds sahw fleyEbleobrtald jalrljtbrgstgjs. Fhrbhvbr, tab obe-tgtghe h` tab typb spbjgfbe h` A. abgobdkbribesgs gs ldsh vbry Ebleobrtald-dgnb (Kbrfóobz obJlstrh bt ld. ;==?k, <?;:). Zgfgdlrdy, Ebleobrtaldjalrljtbrgstgjs alvb kbbe hksbrvbo ge shfb hta-br ̀ hssgd spbjgfbes talt lrb lssgiebo th A. abgobdkbribesgs , suja ls tab Zwlesjhfkb snudd (Ztrgeibr;==;, Ztrgeibr leo Aukdge <777). _ags sahwstalt tab Ebleobrtaldgsltghe prhjbss stlrtbolt dblst lrhueo 2== nl. _abrb`hrb, tab dgeblibbvhdvgei ge Burhpb jhudo kb jlddbo A. ebleobrtaldbesgs , bvhdvgei lelibebtgjlddy ge Burhpb ̀ rhfle lejbstrld phpudltghe talt jhudo kb jalrlj-tbrgsbo ls tab jarhehspbjgbs A. abgobdkbribesgs

(Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh bt ld. ;==?l, :7). Abejb, lddlrjalgj ahfgege spbjgfbes `rhf ehrtawbstbreBurhpb oltgei kbtwbbe ?== leo lkhut := nl wgddkb jhesgobrbo ls kbdheigei th tab spbjgbs Ahfhebleobrtaldbesgs .

_abrb gs heb jhfpbtgei ayphtabsgs, wagja stltbs talt tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro jaleibs orlstg-jlddy lt tab kbigeegei h` tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj, lrhueo :==-;2= nl. _bjaehdhigjld jaleib gs bvgobetge tab lohptghe h` tab Dbvlddhgs tbjaegqub `hr stheb rboujtghe. @urtabrfhrb, tab blrdgbst uebqugvh-jld geogjltghes `hr tab usb h` rb lppblr ge Burhpb. _ags als dbo shfb lutahrs th prbsufb tab fg-irltghe h` l ebw spbjgbs h` ahfgege geth Burhpb, elfbdy Ahfh abdfbg `rhf L`rgjl ( b.i. Dlar leo@hdby <771). Ahwbvbr, tab ̀ hssgds h` A. abdfbg lrb yhueibr tale tab hdobst jalrljtbrgstgj Ebleobrtald`hssgds, sh taby jleeht kb tab lejbsthrs h` Ebleobrtalds (Ztrgeibr ;==;). Fhrbhvbr, obvbdhpfbets`hrbsalohwgei tab Dbvlddhgs tbjaegqub lrb ldrbloy sbbe ge tab Burhpble Dhwbr ]ldlbhdgtagj (Yagtb

leo Lsathe ;==:). _ab —A. abdfbg ‖ sjbelrgh gs tabrb`hrb fhst dgnbdy gejhrrbjt, ldtahuia jhetljt kb-twbbe tab L`rgjle leo Burhpble phpudltghes fly alvb hjjurrbo `rhf tgfb th tgfb, `hr bxlfpdb getab Dbvlet.

Ge loogtghe th tabgr bfbribejb, tab prhjbss h` bxtgejtghe h` tab Ebleobrtalds gs ldsh tab suk-cbjt h` obkltb. Le gfphrtlet qubstghe gs wabtabr Ebleobrtalds wbrb lejbstrld th LFA. Gt gs ehwtahuiat talt tab ogstgejt Ebleobrtald leo LFA `hrfs lrhsb geobpbeobetdy ge og``brbet lrbls. _abhdobst lelthfgjlddy fhobre `hssgds talt lrb nehwe oltb th lkhut ;== nl, ge Btaghpgl (FjOhuildd,Krhwe, leo @dblidb ;==2). Ljjhrogei th fhst lutahrs, jdlssgj Ebleobrtalds phstoltb ;== nl, sahw-gei talt taby lrb eht lejbstrld th LFA. Fhrbhvbr, typgjld Ebleobrtalds pbrsgst ge Burhpb uetgdlkhut := nl leo tabsb sahw eh obvbdhpfbets thwlro lelthfgjld fhobregty ( b.i. Ndbge ;==:, <2;0). _abrb`hrb, bvbe tahuia LFA leo Ebleobrtalds jh-bxgstbo ge shfb lrbls, tabrb gs eh hkvghus bvg-obejb h` jrhsskrbbogei.

_ab blrdgbst jhetljt kbtwbbe tab spbjgbs thhn pdljb ge tab Dbvlet. _ab blrdgbst Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj`hssgd nehwe `rhf tags lrbl gs l plrtgld snudd `rhf Suttgyba jlvb, oltbo kbtwbbe ;2= leo :== nl.

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prhcbjt (attp3//www.eaf.lj.un/ahstboXsgtbs/lahk/Jalrt.po`).



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; EBLEOB[_ALD KGHDHIW

Ahwbvbr, gt gs uejdblr th walt spbjgbs tags snudd kbdheis. Zhfb lriub talt gt rbprbsbets l phpudltghelejbstrld th Ahfh slpgbes slpgbes > htabrs jdlgf talt gt kbdheis th tab Ebleobrtald dgeblib (Zfgta <772). _ab hdobst tlxhehfgjlddy ogstgejt `hssgds ge tags rbighe alvb kbbe ̀ hueo lt _lkue. _ab snbdbthe h` l`bfldb Ebleobrtald als kbbe bxjlvltbo ge dlybr J h` tags jlvb, ls wbdd ls l flxgddl, wagja l`tbr fujaobkltb als ldsh kbbe obtbrfgebo th kb Ebleobrtald (Zjawlrtz leo _lttbrsldd ;===). _ab dlybr prhk-

lkdy oltbs th FGZ 0, hr flykb bvbe dltb FGZ 9 (Fbrjgbr bt ld. <772). LFA lppblr th lrrgvb ge tab Dbvlet ge FGZ 2, wgta `hssgds `hueo ge Znaud leo \l`zba, oltboth <;= leo 7; nl rbspbjtgvbdy (Fbrjgbr bt ld. <77:). Ldd ahfgege `hssgds oltbo dltbr tale 7= nl `rhftab lrbl lrb Ebleobrtalds. L`tbr lkhut 2= nl taby lrb elddy rbpdljbo ky LFA, hr lt dblst ky ls -sbfkdlibs wb lsshjgltb wgta LFA, sgejb blrdy uppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj aufle rbflges lrb vbry rlrb getags lrbl (Zfgta <772). _ab getbrprbtltghe h` tags `hssgd rbjhro gs `lr `rhf strlgiat`hrwlro. LFA lrbhedy nehwe `rhf twh sgtbs leo gt gs uejdblr wabtabr taby lrb rbpdljbo ky Ebleobrtalds l`tbr FGZ2b, ldtahuia ldd fhrb rbjbet `hssgds lrb Ebleobrtalds. Gt jhudo kb suiibstbo talt Ebleobrtalds wbrbprbsbet ge FGZ 0, ls sahwe ky tab _lkue J `hssgds. _ab wlrfbr jdgfltb h` FGZ 2 whudo alvb dboth tabgr rbpdljbfbet ky lelthfgjlddy (kut eht kbalvghurlddy) fhobre aufles, wah wbrb ge ture rb-pdljbo ky Ebleobrtalds ls tab jdgfltb jhhdbo lilge.

Dltbr ourgei tab Ybgjasbdgle, LFA fgirltbo hut h` L`rgjl lilge, elddy rbpdljgei tab Burhpbleleo Lsgle ahfgege phpudltghes. Ourgei tab bxplesghe h` kbalvghurlddy fhobre phpudltghes ljrhssBurhpb tabrb wbrb hpphrtuegtgbs `hr jhetljt. Ge jbrtlge lrbls Ebleobrtalds leo fhobre auflesjh-bxgstbo lt dblst `hr l sahrt pbrgho h` tgfb, ldtahuia gts ourltghe gs uejdblr. Zhfb lutahrs tagengt fly hedy alvb kbbe `hr lkhut <=== th ;=== yblrs. Oltgei tab tgfb h` jh-bxgstbejb gs prhkdbf-ltgj, igvbe tab og`judtgbs geabrbet ge jldgkrltgei <?J oltbs lt tab dhwbr dgfgt h` tabgr rleib ( b.i. Cðrgsleo Ztrbbt ;==1, Fbddlrs ;==0, ]bttgtt leo ]gnb ;==<). Zhfb gegtgld Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj judturbs lp-pblr ljrhss Burhpb leo lt dblst tab Jaëtbdpbrrhegle ehw lppblrs th kb shdgody lsshjgltbo wgtaEbleobrtald `hssgds, ls sahwe ky tab eo h` l snbdbthe lt Zlget-Jçslgrb leo l tbfphrld kheb lt Lrjy-sur-Jurb (Aukdge bt ld. <770). Gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt tab Jaëtbdpbrrhegle wls tab rbsudth` Ebleobrtalds jhpygei tab kbalvghur h` LFA. L tahrhuia leldysgs h` tab ehvbdtgbs lsshjgltbo wgta suja trlesgtgheld judturbs suiibsts talt tab rhhts h` tabsb pabehfbel oh eht dgb ge judturbslsshjgltbo wgta LFA ( b.i. o‗Brrgjh bt ld. <771). Ge shfb jlvbs getbrstrltgjltghes h` Lurgieljgleleo Jaëtbdpbrrhegle dlybrs alvb kbbe prhphsbo ( b.i. Irlvgel, Fbddlrs, leo [lfsby ;==2, Fbddlrs,

Irlvgel, leo [lfsby ;==9). Htabr leldysbs suiibst talt tab getbrstrltgjltghes lrb tab rbsudt h`tlpahehfgj prhjbssbs ( b.i. o‗Brrgjh leo Ihüg ;==:, 99=, Sgdaêh bt ld. ;==0). _ab tgfgei h` tab bxtgejtghe h` Ebleobrtalds gs ldsh uejbrtlge. _abrb gs l plujgty h` wbdd-

oltbo LFA `hssgds ge tab tgfb rleib spleegei tab trlesgtghe `rhf tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj th tabRppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. _ab LFA rbflges h` Phibdabro wbrb tahuiat th kb lsshjgltbo wgta le blrdy Lurgieljgle geoustry, kut rboltgei als sahwe talt tab `hssgds lrb Ebhdgtagj (Jhelro, Irhhtbs, leoZfgta ;==?). FdlobĆ, ge tab Jzbja [bpukdgj, als ygbdobo blrdy Lurgieljgle stheb thhds leo LFA ̀ hs-sgds, kut tab `hssgds alvb kbbe oltbo th tab fgoodb th dltb Lurgieljgle, lt lkhut :< nl. @urtabrfhrb,tabrb gs heihgei ogsjussghe lkhut wabtabr taby bxagkgt Ebleobrtald `bluturbs (Ygdo bt ld. ;==2). _abhrbtgjlddy, tab blrdy Lurgieljgle, wagja gs usulddy lsjrgkbo th LFA, jhudo taus alvb kbbe prh-oujbo ky Ebleobrtalds.

Ge loogtghe th tab oblrta h` wbdd-oltbo blrdy Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj fhobre aufles, tabrb gs ue-jbrtlgety lkhut tab oltbs lsshjgltbo wgta tab yhueibst Ebleobrtalds. Pbry yhuei oltbs, h` up th ;1

nl, `hr tab Ebleobrtald hjjupltghe h` Igkrldtlr alvb kbbe prhphsbo (@gedlyshe bt ld. ;==0), leosbvbrbdy jrgtgjgsbo (Sgdaêh leo ]bttgtt ;==0). L`tbr l tahrhuia rbvgbw h` tab lvlgdlkdb <?J oltbs, Cðrgsleo Ztrbbt (;==1) jhejduob talt tabrb lrb eh rbdglkdy oltbo Ebleobrtald rbflges l`tbr :1 nl <?J yblrskb`hrb prbsbet, ldtahuia geoustrgbs lsshjgltbo wgta Ebleobrtalds pbrsgst uetgd sdgiatdy dltbr. _abylssufb talt Ebleobrtalds alo ogslppblrbo l`tbr :2 nl <?J yblrs kb`hrb prbsbet (Cðrgs leo Ztrbbt;==1).

Le gfphrtlet sgtb ge tab jhetbxt h` tags obkltb gs ]bŘtbrl ju Hlsb ge [hflegl. L fleogkdb leol snudd kbdheigei th twh geogvgoulds alvb kbbe `hueo tabrb, oltbo th :2 nl. Re`hrtueltbdy taby lrbeht lsshjgltbo wgta lrjalbhdhigjld fltbrglds. Fhrbhvbr, khta spbjgfbes sahw shfb lrjalgj `blturbs,eht sbbe ge LFA (Jrbvbjhbur leo _rgenlus ;==?, [huigbr bt ld. ;==9, _rgenlus bt ld. ;==:). _ags gslpplrbet `rhf tab dgeiuld krgoigei h` tab fhdlrs, wagja gs uenehwe ge dltb leo fgoodb ]dbgsthjbebahfgeges bxjbpt `hr Ebleobrtalds. _ab fleogkdb als lrjalgj fhdlrs, rbfgegsjbet h` Ebleobrtalds

leo htabr ]dbgsthjbeb ahfgeges (Jrbvbjhbur leo _rgenlus ;==?, _rgenlus bt ld.

;==:). _ags gs strgn-gei, kbjlusb Ebleobrtald obetld fhrpahdhigjld trlgt `rbqubejgbs lrb uegqub wgtage tab ahfgege



<0

L PGBY _H L NGDD

`lfgdy. Gt gs tahuiat talt Ebleobrtald obetld fhrpahdhiy als bvhdvbo sbplrltbdy `rhf tab obetldfhrpahdhiy h` L`rgjle phpudltghes h` lrjalgj A. slpgbes . _ab paydhibebtgj phsgtghe h` tags fltbrgldgs tabrb`hrb uejdblr. _ab jhfkgeltghe h` obrgvbo fhobre `blturbs leo lrjalgj `blturbs fly phgetth jrhsskrbbogei kbtwbbe blrdy fhobre aufles leo Ebleobrtalds. Ldtbreltgvbdy, tab rbflges flykbdhei th obsjbeolets `rhf prgfgtgvb Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb Fhobre Aufles leo rbprbsbet lehtabr

irhup h` aufles tale tab blrdgbst LFA talt fgirltbo hut h` L`rgjl ([huigbr bt ld. ;==9). Jrhss-krbbogei h` Ebleobrtalds leo LFA als ldsh kbbe prhphsbo ̀ hr tab jlsb h` l cuvbegdb snbdbthe ̀ rhf]hrtuild (Oulrtb bt ld. <777).

[bjbetdy, OEL leldysbs alvb kbbe usbo th suiibst talt lofgxturb h` ibebs `rhf Ebleobrtaldsgeth tab LFA ibehfb ogo eht alppbe. Zbvbrld rbsblrja irhups alvb gshdltbo strleos h` Ebleobrtaldfgthjaheorgld OEL. _absb sbbf th ̀ ldd hutsgob tab rleib h` fhobre aufle OEL ( b.i. Kbluvld bt ld. ;==2, Nrgeis bt ld. <777, Hvjagegnhv bt ld. ;===). _ab OEL sahws talt tabrb gs eh jdhsbr rbdltghesagpkbtwbbe fhobre Burhpbles leo Ebleobrtalds tale kbtwbbe htabr aufles leo Ebleobrtalds (Aðss;===). Gegtglddy, fhst h` tab rbjhvbrbo strleos wbrb sahrt, jhetlgegei hedy kbtwbbe <== leo :==klsb-plgrs. Ebvbrtabdbss, tab `ljt talt strleos `rhf fudtgpdb geogvgoulds sahw talt taby lrb rbdltbo,ybt eht gobetgjld suiibsts talt taby oh eht rbprbsbet shfb `hrf h` jhetlfgeltghe (Aðss ;===, ?2?).Ztgdd, tabsb rbsudts alvb kbbe jrgtgsgsbo. Zhfb rbsblrjabrs suiibst talt tab fbtahos usbo wbrb ehtgobld leo talt tab b``bjt h` obirloltghe als eht kbbe su`jgbetdy ljjhuetbo `hr. Ljjhrogei th tabf,Ebleobrtalds fly kb fhrb jdhsbdy rbdltbo th fhobre aufles tale ibebrlddy lssufbo (Iugtgbrrbz,Zìejabz, leo Flræe ;==;).

Fhrb rbjbetdy, tab jhfpdbtb fgthjaheorgld ibehfb h` Ebleobrtalds als kbbe rbjhestrujtbo(Irbbe bt ld . ;==1). _ab `ljt talt tab Ebleobrtald OEL og``brs he fudtgpdb phgets `rhf talt h`fhobre aufles kut gs getbrelddy jhesgstbet, phgets th tab `ljt talt Ebleobrtalds `hrfbo l ogstgejtbvhdutghelry dgeblib. _ab lib h` tab dlst jhffhe lejbsthr gs og`judt th rbjhestrujt bxljtdy `rhfOEL leldysgs, kut gs bstgfltbo lt 00= ¼ <?= nl (Irbbe bt ld. ;==1).

Zgejb Ebleobrtald `hssgds alvb l eufkbr h` lphfhrpagbs eht salrbo wgta htabr ahfgeges leotabgr OEL gs og``brbet `rhf talt h` LFA, G sbb tabf ls l sbplrltb spbjgbs h` ahfgege. G trblt lddBurhpble Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs `hssgds ls kbdheigei th tab Ebleobrtald dgeblib.

;.: Ebleobrtald ogstrgkutghe plttbres

Ebleobrtald `hssgds alvb kbbe `hueo ljrhss l dlrib plrt h` Burlsgl, `rhf blstbre [ussgl th tabDbvlet ge tab Zhuta leo Krgtlge ge tab Ehrtawbst (Zbb iurb ;.;). Ge tab shutabre leo blstbreplrt h` tabgr rleib wb jleeht usb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj stheb thhds ls l prhxy `hr tab prbsbejb hÈbleobrtalds, sgejb Ebleobrtalds leo LFA lpplrbetdy prhoujbo vbry sgfgdlr lssbfkdlibs ( b.i. Zabl;==:, Sgdaêh ;==<). Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj thhds alvb kbbe rbphrtbo `rhf tab Ehrta Burhpble pdlge,`hr gestlejb `rhf Obeflrn (Chalesbe leo Ztlpbrt <772/<770). _absb jle kb jheobetdy lsjrgkboth Ebleobrtalds. _ab ehrtablstbre dgfgt h` tabgr rleib gs stgdd uejdblr. Zhfb pukdgjltghes fbetghethhds talt fly kb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj `rhf ehrtabre dltgtuobs ge [ussgl, kut tabgr prhvbelejb leooltgei lrb usulddy uejdblr ( b.i. ]lvdhv, [hbkrhbns, leo Zvbeosbe ;==?). [bjbetdy, Ebleobrtald-dgnbfgthjaheorgld OEL gshdltbo `rhf tlxhehfgjlddy geobtbrfgeltb `hssgds ge Zgkbrgl als bxtbeobo tabEbleobrtald rleib blstwlros ky ;=== ngdhfbtrbs (Nrlusb bt ld. ;==9). _ab ̀ hssgds leo lrtb`ljts rbprb-sbet l pbrgho h` tgfb h` aueorbos h` tahusleos h` yblrs, ourgei wagja fley rleib bxplesghes leo

jhetrljtghes prhklkdy thhn pdljb. _aby oh eht rbbjt tab ogstrgkutghe h` Ebleobrtalds lt ley hebtgfb, kut sahw talt Ebleobrtalds survgvbo ge l wgob rleib h` bevgrhefbets ourgei tabgr bxgstbejb.Ebleobrtald `hssgds leo thhds alvb kbbe `hueo tarhuiahut l dlrib lrbl bejhfplssgei fley og`-

`brbet typbs h` bevgrhefbet. Fhrbhvbr, tab jdgfltb ourgei tab pbrgho h` tabgr bxgstbejb wls vbry vlrglkdb. _ab dltbr plrt h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb wls jalrljtbrgsbo ky l jyjdgjld ldtbreltghe h` idljglds leogetbridljglds (Zbb i. ;.<). Flrgeb leo gjb jhrb gshthpb rbjhros alvb belkdbo ljjurltb rbjhestrujtghesh` idhkld jdgfltgj plttbres, bspbjglddy `hr tab fhst rbjbet idljgld. ( b.i. Leobrsbe bt ld. ;==?, ]btgt bt ld. <777). @hr tab pldlbhfliebtgj Kruaebs jarhe, ourgei wagja fhst h` tab sukstletgld hjjupltghe h`Burhpb thhn pdljb wb nehw h` bgiat flchr idljgld-getbridljgld palsbs. Ourgei tabsb 1== nl lt fhst;2 pbrjbet h` tab tgfb sbl-dbvbds wbrb agia, geogjltgvb h` prbsbet-oly leo wlrfbr jdgfltbs, kut `hrhvbr 92 pbrjbet h` tab tgfb, taby wbrb dhwbr, geogjltgei jhdobr jdgfltbs (Ilfkdb <777, <=?). Ygtagetabsb irleo jdgfltgj jyjdbs fley sahrtbr hsjgddltghes thhn pdljb. Ourgei tab Ybgjasbdgle `hr bxlf-pdb, wb nehw h` fhrb tale twbety lkrupt jaleibs ge gshthpgj vldubs h` tab gjb jhrbs, suiibstgei l

vbry uestlkdb jdgfltb (Leobrsbe bt ld. ;==?). _ab gfpljt h` tabsb rlpgo hsjgddltghes he tab jhetgebe-



<9


tld jdgfltb leo abejb he aufle kbalvghur gs eht ybt wbdd-ueobrsthho tahuia. _ab rbshdutghe h` phd-dbe jhrbs gs thh phhr th prbjgsbdy jhrrbdltb ldd jdgfltgj bvbets nehwe ̀ rhf flrgeb leo gjb jhrbs wgtajaleibs ge phddbe oglirlfs (Ple Leobd ;==:, <:-<2). Ge jhdo jdgfltgj palsbs jdgfltgj lfbdghrltghesogo eht alvb fuja gfpljt ge tab ehrtabre phddbe jhrbs, kut wabtabr tags gs kbjlusb h` tab rbshdutgheh` tab phddbe jhrbs hr kbjlusb jdgfltgj lfbdghrltghes alo dbss b``bjt lt ehrtabre dltgtuobs gs uejdblr. Yalt gs jdblr tahuia gs talt shfb lfbdghrltghes wbrb h` su`jgbet ourltghe leo wlrfta th jlusb tab`hrfltghe h` pldlbhshds ge tab dhbss ge Ehrtabre @rlejb leo tab [agebdleo (Ple Leobd ;==:, <2).

[bjhestrujtgei tab prb`brrbo Ebleobrtald alkgtlt gs prhkdbfltgj. Gt gs uejbrtlge ahw wbddEbleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th obld wgta tab jhdo leo gt gs uenehwe walt obtbrfgebo tab dgfgts h` tabgrogstrgkutghe. @urtabrfhrb tabrb gs obkltb lkhut wabtabr Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th jhpb wgta tabobesbdy ̀ hrbstbo bevgrhefbets ge getbridljglds ge Burhpb. Bvbe vbry blrdy hjjuplets h` Burhpb wbrblkdb th jhdhegzb ehrtawbstbre Burhpb ls sahwe ky tab sgtb h` ]lnbbdo ge Blst Leidgl, oltbo thlkhut 9== nl (]lrtt bt ld. ;==2). _ab eos wbrb ljjhfplegbo ky ̀ hssgds talt suiibst tab jdgfltb wls

wlrfbr tale gt gs prbsbetdy. Gt als kbbe suiibstbo talt tabsb eogeis gfpdy talt tab blrdy ahfgegehjjuplets h` Burhpb prb`brrbo wlrf jdgfltbs leo ls tabgr alkgtlt bxpleobo th tab Ehrta, taby `hd-dhwbo sugt (]lrtt bt ld. ;==2, [hbkrhbns ;==2).

Yabe tab jdgfltgj thdbrlejb h` Burhpble ahfgeges obvbdhpbo ̀ urtabr, lddhwgei tabf th survgvbge jhdo jdgfltbs gs eht nehwe ybt. Bvgobejb `hr tab blrdy hjjupltghe h` ehrtabre Burhpb gs qugtbsjlrjb leo fley h` tab blrdgbst sgtbs dgnb ]lnbbdo leo Khxirhvb wbrb sgtultbo ge tbfpbrltb bevgrhe-fbets. Ge tab jlsb h` Khxirhvb kg`ljbs leo rbttgei obkgtlib alvb kbbe `hueo ge flss fhvbfbetirlvbd obphsgts hvbrdygei tab wlrf sbogfbets lt tab sgtb. _ags gfpdgbs talt ahfgeges wbrb lkdb th survgvb tab jhdo palsbs h` idljglds lt qugtb ehrtabre dltgtuobs ls blrdy ls FGZ <; ([hkbrts, Ilfkdb, leoKrgoidleo <772, <9<). _ab sgtbs h` Jliey Dl Ilrbeeb wbrb ldsh obphsgtbo ge l pbrgidljgld bevgrhe-fbet ge FGZ <; (_u``rblu, Dlfhttb, leo Flrjy <779, ;;7-;:=). @rhf FGZ 1 wb nehw l eufkbr h`sgtbs sgtultbo ge l jhdo stbppgj bevgrhefbet, dgnb Fbsvge GP ge Kbdiguf, leo Lrgbeohr` < ge Ibrfley(Ple Ebbr <710, [hbkrhbns, Jhelro, leo Ple Nhd`sjahtbe <77;, 20=). @rhf tags pbrgho hewlros,

= <2== nf

?2

<

;

09

1

7

<=

<<:

@giurb ;.;3 Flp sahwgei tab nehwe ogstrgkutghe h` Ebleobrtald `hssgd spbjgfbes ge irby wgta tab dhjltghe h` gfphrtlet

`hssgd `geos fbetghebo ge tab tbxt3 < Ltlpubrjl (Zgfl obd Bdb`letb, _O 0 leo Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs> ; Flubr> : Ebleobrtald,

@bdoah`br irhttb (typb spbjgfbe)> ? Zjdlye> 2 Zwlesjhfkb> 0 Fbzflgsnlyl> 9 Zlget-Jçslgrb> 1 Lrjy-sur-Jurb> 7 Znaud,

_lkue, Nbklrl> <= ]bŘtbrl ju Hlsb> << FdlobĆ. Ebleobrtald ogstrgkutghe lolptbo `rhf (Nrlusb bt ld. ;==9 ).







;=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

jheoujtgvgty leo KF[. Zgejb tab flxgfuf fbtlkhdgj rltb h` le hrilegsf gs usulddy tarbb tgfbsgts KF[, tabsb bstgfltbs jle ldsh kb usbo th fhobd tab dhwbst tbfpbrlturb lt wagja Ebleobrtaldsjle survgvb wgtahut loogtgheld gesudltghe (Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr ;==:, <?1). G` lvbrlib aufle KF[,snge jheoujtgvgty bquld th talt h` fhobre aufles, leo l stleolrogsbo rbdltghesagp kbtwbbe sur`ljblrbl leo khoy flss leo stlturb lrb usbo, tab Ebleobrtald‗s jrgtgjld tbfpbrlturb gs bstgfltbo lt ;9.:

½J, lilgest ;1.; ½J `hr blrdy fhobre aufles. _ab dhwbst tbfpbrlturb lt wagja Ebleobrtalds jhudosurvgvb wgtahut loogtgheld gesudltghe whudo kb 1.= ½J, lilgest <=.2 ½J `hr fhobre aufles (Lgbddhleo Yabbdbr ;==:, <?1). Ahwbvbr, g` l <2% gejrblsbo KF[ gs lssufbo leo tab loogtgheld gesudltgheprhvgobo ky gejrblsbo fusjudlrgty gs tlnbe geth ljjhuet, tab jrgtgjld tbfpbrlturb whudo orhp th ;2.:½J leo tab dhwbst thdbrlkdb tbfpbrlturb thdbrlkdb whudo kbjhfb <.7 ½J ̀ hr Ebleobrtalds (Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr ;==:, <2=-<2<). _ab thdbrlejb h` bxtrbfbdy dhw lfkgbet tbfpbrlturbs whudo ebjbssgtltbagia fbtlkhdgsf leo jhudo hedy kb flgetlgebo g` Ebleobrtalds alo l agia ogbtlry getlnb (Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr ;==:, <2<).

_ab og``brbet dgfk prhphrtghes fly alvb alo le b``bjt he Ebleobrtald jhdo lolptltghe, kut tabyldsh phget th og``brbejbs kbtwbbe tab dhjhfhtghe h` Ebleobrtalds leo LFA. _abgr dgfks wbrb rbdl-tgvbdy sahrt jhfplrbo th tab thrsh, kut tab dgfks tabfsbdvbs lrb ldsh og``brbet jhfplrbo th tahsb h` LFA. _aby lrb fuja fhrb rhkust leo sahw bvgobejb h` l fuja ablvgbr fusjudlturb. Fhrbhvbr,tabgr dhwbr dgfks lrb vbry sahrt> tab jrurld geobx, tab rbdltgvb dbeita h` tab tgkgl jhfplrbo th tab`bfur, h` Ebleobrtalds dgbs hutsgob talt h` tab fhobre rleib (]hrtbr <777, 02-00). @urtabrfhrb,tab Ebleobrtald pbdvgs alo l og``brbet salpb tale ge LFA. _ab supbrghr pukgj rlfus dgbs ùrtabr`hrwlro, fblegei talt ge ̀ bfldbs tab kgrta jleld whudo ldsh dgb ̀ urtabr ̀ hrwlro. Gt gs phssgkdb talt tagsgs le lolptltghe th igvgei kgrta th dlrib-krlgebo klkgbs. Ahwbvbr, tags plttbre gs fhst prhehuejboge fldbs, tabrb`hrb gt gs usulddy getbrprbtbo ls geogjltgei l og``brbejb ge dhjhfhtghe kbalvghur geEbleobrtalds (_lttbrsldd <777, <2).

_ab jhst h` dhjhfhtghe gs dlribdy obtbrfgebo ky tab eufkbr h` stbps heb als th tlnb ge hrobrth trlvbd l igvbe ogstlejb, wagja gs obpbeobet he dhwbr dgfk dbeita leo he tab wbgiat kbgei trles-phrtbo. _ab gfpljt h` objrblsgei dhwbr dgfk dbeita leo loogei wbgiat als kbbe fhobddbo he fho-bre tbst sukcbjts, lssufgei le lvbrlib trlvbd ogstlejb h` <;.; ngdhfbtrbs olgdy `hr auetbr/iltabrbrs.Gt lppblrs talt objrblsgei dhwbr dgfk dbeita ky heb jbetgfbtrb whudo gejrblsb tab jhst h` dhjhfh-tghe ky 7.17 njld olgdy. Loogei heb ngdhirlf h` wbgiat whudo gejrblsb tab jhst ky <:.9 njld l oly

(Yblvbr leo Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs ;==2, ;;=). Kbjlusb Ebleobrtalds wbrb ablvgbr tale LFA leo alosahrtbr dhwbr dgfks, taby alo th bxpbeo := pbrjbet fhrb bebriy tale LFA ge hrobr th trlvbd l igvbeogstlejb (Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs leo _gdnbes ;==?). Fhobddgei klsbo he og``brbejbs ge dgfk dbeita ldhebals sahwe talt Ebleobrtalds spbet 91 njld pbr oly fhrb he fhkgdgty tale blrdy Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj LFA. G` og``brbejbs ge khoy flss lrb tlnbe geth ljjhuet tags iurb whudo rgsb th Ebleobrtalds ;<2njld (Yblvbr leo Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs ;==2, ;;=-;;<). _absb iurbs geogjltb talt Ebleobrtald khoyprhphrtghes fly alvb alo sbvbrb jhesbqubejbs `hr tabgr jlpljgty `hr trlvbddgei leo tabgr `hrligeirlogg (Yblvbr leo Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs ;==2, ;;<).

Ebleobrtald dgfk strujturb wls taus dbss b`jgbet `hr dhjhfhtghe tale talt h` tab LFA. Gt wlsprhklkdy kbttbr sugtbo th jhe`brrgei phwbr `hr bxlfpdb wabe tarustgei l spblr (Ztbuobd-Eufkbrsleo _gdnbes ;==?, <0=). _abrb`hrb, tabgr dgfk strujturb fly sgield le lolptltghe th l wly h` dg`b ge wagja sahrt kursts h` irblt phwbr wbrb h` fhrb usb tale kbgei lkdb th jhvbr dlrib ogstlejbs b`-jgbetdy (Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs leo _gdnbes ;==?, Ztbwlrt ;==2). Zhfb lutahrs alvb getbrprbtbo tags ls

geogjltgei le lolptltghe th lfkusa auetgei ge whhobo bevgrhefbets, wabrb sprgetgei gs fhrb gf-phrtlet tale jhvbrgei dlrib ogstlejbs ( b.i. @gedlyshe ;==2, Ztbwlrt ;==2). Gt als ldsh kbbe prhphsbotalt gt fly alvb kbbe le lolptltghe th dhjhfhtghe ge jheogtghes wgta l tagjn sehwjhvbr, abdpgeitabf th jdhsb ge he, leo ngdd prby. Zahrt dhwbr dgfks `lvhur ̀ hrjb hvbr spbbo leo whudo tabrb`hrb kblovletlibhus ge suja sgtultghes (]hrtbr <777, 21).

Yb jle jhejduob talt wagdb Ebleobrtald khoy strujturb jhfpdgbs wgta tab prbogjtghes h` Lddbe‗s rudb leo Kbrifle‗s rudb, tabgr og``brbet dgfk strujturb ldsh alo gfphrtlet gfpdgjltghes `hrEbleobrtald dhjhfhtghe. Yb jle jheobetdy lssufb talt Ebleobrtalds alo le bdbvltbo KF[ gehrobr th jhpb wgta jhdo jheogtghes, sgejb tags gs l uegvbrsld lolptltghe lfhei phpudltghes dgvgei gejhdo jdgfltbs.



;<


;.2 Ebleobrtald krlges

Ls stltbo ge tab getrhoujtghe, fley tabhrgbs talt lttbfpt th bxpdlge tab bvhdutghe h` fhobre aufle`blturbs `hjus he tab dgens kbtwbbe krlge sgzb, dg`b agsthrgbs leo ogbt ( b.i. Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr <772,Alwnbs bt ld. <771, Nlpdle bt ld. ;===, Nlpdle leo [hkshe ;==;). _ags flnbs sbesb kbjlusb krlgesgzb phsbs sgiegjlet jhestrlgets he aufle wlys h` dg`b he l vlrgbty h` dbvbds. _absb tabhrgbs lrb

usulddy klsbo he jhfplrltgvb stuogbs h` fhobre aufles leo dgvgei prgfltbs. Ebleobrtalds prbsbetle bxjbddbet hpphrtuegty th bvldultb tab vldgogty h` tabsb fhobds, sgejb taby ldsh alo dlrib krlges, kutlrb ibebrlddy rbilrobo ls l sbplrltb spbjgbs ̀ rhf LFA. Ls Ebleobrtald bvhdutghe prbsbets l jlsb h`plrlddbd bvhdutghe h` dlrib krlges, gt jle tabrb`hrb kb usbo th tbst jurrbet ayphtabsbs leo jle ygbdojdubs ls th wabtabr htabr sjbelrghs bxpdlgegei tab bvhdutghe h` fhobre aufle dg`b agsthrgbs, krlgesgzb leo `hrligei strltbigbs sahudo kb obvbdhpbo. Ge tags sbjtghe, G wgdd rbvgbw tab jurrbet tabhrgbsrbilrogei tab dgen kbtwbbe krlge sgzb, ̀ hrligei leo ahfgege bvhdutghe. _ags wgdd kb jhfkgebo wgta lprbsbetltghe h` tab lvlgdlkdb bvgobejb he tabsb `blturbs `rhf tab Ebleobrtald `hssgd rbjhro.

Ebleobrtalds alo le lvbrlib krlge sgzb h` <2<; jf:, lilgest <:22 jf: ge LFA (Yhho leoJhddlro <777, 07). Zgejb tabgr khoywbgiat wls dlribr tale talt h` fhobre aufles thh, tab rbdltgvbkrlge sgzb h` khta spbjgbs gs rhuiady bquld, :.=0 ge Ebleobrtalds vbrsus :.=1 ge LFA ( b.i. Yhho leoJhddlro <777, 07). Eht hedy wls tab Ebleobrtald krlge lkshdutbdy dlribr tale talt h` fhobre au-

fles, tabgr krlgejlsb alo l og``brbet ̀ hrf3 gt wls dhw, dhei leo alo kudigei sgobs. _absb og``brbejbslrb sgiegjlet kbjlusb tab `hrf h` tab krlgejlsb gs obtbrfgebo ky tab irhwta h` tab krlge ourgeiobvbdhpfbet (_lttbrsldd <777, <;). _abrb gs eh jdblr rbdltghe kbtwbbe krlge-`hrf leo hrilegzltghe,sh tab og``brbejbs ge `hrf oh eht ge`hrf us g` leo ahw Ebleobrtald krlges ùejtghebo og``brbetdy`rhf LFA hebs. Zgejb tags uegqub krlge `hrf gs obvbdhpbo wgtage tab whfk leo obtbrfgebs tab`hrf h` tab krlgejlsb leo locljbet `blturbs suja ls tab geebr blr, gt ohbs abdp us th jdlssg`y `hssgdstalt lt rst idlejb oh eht sbbf ogliehstgj (Aukdge bt ld. <770).

]hssbssgei l dlrib krlge gs lddbibo th alvb sbvbrb jhesbqubejbs `hr jagdokblrgei leo jagdo-rblr-gei, ogbt leo bvbe dg`b-agsthrgbs ge LFA ( b.i. Lgbddh leo Yabbdbr <772, Igkkhes <771, Alwnbs btld. <771, Nlpdle bt ld. ;===, Fussg <777). Zgejb Ebleobrtalds alo krlges h` rhuiady sgfgdlr sgzb ls LFA, taby `ljbo sgfgdlr jhesbqubejbs. Ge fhobre aufles klkgbs wgta ùddy obvbdhpbo krlges lrbthh dlrib th plss tarhuia tab kgrta jleld. _ags prhkdbf als kbbe —shdvbo‖ ge LFA ky igvgei kgrta—thh blrdy‖. Zgejb ùddy obvbdhpbo klkgbs jhudo eht plss tarhuia tab `bfldb kgrta jleld, aufle

klkgbs alvb krlges talt lrb lkhut ;2 pbrjbet h` tab loudt sgzb wabe taby lrb khre, wagdb fhenbyleo lpb krlges lrb lkhut 9= pbrjbet h` tabgr loudt sgzb (Jhqubuieght bt ld. ;==?, [hsbekbri leo _rbvltale <770). Obspgtb tab blrdy kgrta h` klkgbs, tab t kbtwbbe jrleguf sgzb leo kgrta jleld sgzbgs sh jdhsb talt tab klky‗s ablo als th rhtltb lt sbvbrld phgets ge tab kgrtagei prhjbss ge hrobr th flnbusb h` tab flxgfuf ogfbesghes h` tab kgrta jleld ([hsbekbri leo _rbvltale <770, <0;).

_ab gfpdgjltghes h` tab blrdy tgfgei h` jagdokgrta lrb ̀ lr-rbljagei. Aufle klkgbs rbqugrb l fujadheibr pbrgho h` getbesgvb fltbreld jlrb jhfplrbo th fhenbys leo lpbs. He tab htabr aleo, tabgrkrlge obvbdhps ge le bergjabo bevgrhefbet, stgfudltgei jhiegtgvb obvbdhpfbet. _ags gs prhklkdyl rbqugrbfbet `hr tab uptlnb h` sphnbe dleiulib (Jhqubuieght bt ld. ;==?, ;77-:==). Ge kghdhiy,spbjgbs talt igvb kgrta th tabgr yhuei ge l rbdltgvbdy abdpdbss stltb lrb oukkbo ldtrgjgld spbjgbs. Ge tabjlsb h` LFA tags prhjbss gs jlddbo sbjheolrgdy ldtrgjgld, sgejb tab ldtrgjgld plttbre h` igvgei kgrta alsbvhdvbo hut h` fhrb prbjhjgld plttbres ge hur prgfltb lejbsthrs ([hsbekbri leo _rbvltale ;==;,<;=2). _ags sbjheolry ldtrgjgldgty lppblrs th alvb bvhdvbo dltb ge tab ahfgege dgeblib. _ab Fhchnbrthjagdo, le Blrdy ]dbgsthjbeb A. brbjtus spbjgfbe, ogspdlys le lpb-dgnb spbbo h` krlge obvbdhpfbet, wgtal krlge h` 9;% h` tab loudt sgzb lt kbtwbbe h` =.2 leo <.2 yblrs h` lib (Jhqubuieght bt ld. ;==?). Leldysgs h` l Ebleobrtald ebheltb leo twh ge`lets sahws talt Ebleobrtalds `hddhwbo tab slfb plt-tbre ls fhobre aufles. Krlge sgzb lt kgrta wls sgfgdlr ge Ebleobrtalds ls ge rbjbet LFA klkgbs.Ebleobrtald loudts alo dlribr krlges tale LFA, leo oltl `rhf Ebleobrtald ge`lets suiibsts talttags sgzb wls lttlgebo ky l agiabr rltb h` krlge irhwta gestblo h` l dheibr pbrgho h` obvbdhpfbet(]hejb ob Dbúe bt ld. ;==1)..

@urtabrfhrb, tab krlge jhesgsts h` sh-jlddbo —bxpbesgvb tgssub‖, wagja ebbos dlrib lfhuets h`bebriy bvbe wabe lt rbst. L spbjgbs jleeht sgfpdy gejrblsb gts krlge sgzb geobegtbdy, kbjlusb tags whudo sbvbrbdy gfpljt gts bebriy rbqugrbfbets. Jhesbqubetdy l jrblturb wgdd bgtabr ebbo th ̀ uregsa gt-sbd` wgta l dht fhrb jldhrgbs leo eutrgbets g` gt gs th gejrblsb tab lfhuet h` bxpbesgvb tgssub, hr jhf-pbesltb ̀ hr tab gejrblsbo sgzb h` tab krlge tarhuia l rboujtghe h` htabr bxpbesgvb tgssubs (Lgbddh leo

Yabbdbr <772). _ab dlttbr strltbiy sbbfs th kb ge bvgobejb ge aufle bvhdutghe. Yabe wb jhfplrbtab bxpbjtbo lfhuet h` bxpbesgvb tgssubs ge l prgfltb h` aufle sgzb th talt ljtulddy prbsbet ge au-





;:


rbdltghe kbtwbbe geehvltghe `rbqubejy leo krlge sgzb. @urtabrfhrb, fhst h` tabsb geehvltghes tlnbpdljb ge tab `hrligei ohflge ([blobr leo Dldleo ;==;). @urtabr supphrt `hr tags ayphtabsgs gs tab`ljt talt ge fhobre aufles, `hrligei sujjbss sbbfs th kb rbdltbo th bxpbrgbejb, rltabr tale paysg-jld strbeita (Iurvbe, Nlpdle, leo Iugtgbrrbz ;==0, Nlpdle bt ld. ;===, <0=). _absb ayphtabsbs ebboeht kb jhesgobrbo futulddy bxjdusgvb> gejrblsbo getbddgibejb whudo jbrtlgedy alvb kbbe usbo ge khta

ohflges. _ags gs rbge`hrjbo ky tab suiibstghe talt sgfgdlr objgsghe-flngei fbjalegsfs lrb usbo kyfhobre aufles ge obldgei wgta bjhdhigjld leo shjgld prhkdbfs ( b.i. _hoo ;===)Ebleobrtalds prhvgob le getbrbstgei jlsb wgta rbilro th bvhdutghelry fhobds `hr tab gejrblsb ge

krlge sgzb. G`, ls G lssufb, Ebleobrtalds wbrb l sbplrltb spbjgbs `rhf LFA, tabgr jlsb jle kb usboth tbst tab vldgogty h` ayphtabsbs lkhut tab jlusbs h` gejrblsgei krlge sgzb ge aufle bvhdutghe.

;.0 Ebleobrtald ogbtlry egjab leo gts gfpdgjltghes

Yagdb jhestrlgets he ogbt gfphsbo he blrdy ahfgeges wgta krlge sgzbs eht thh ogvbribet ̀ rhf tahsb h`tab jhffhe lejbsthr h` jagfplezbbs leo ahfgeges fly alvb kbbe qugtb fhobrltb, Ebleobrtaldsalo rhuiady tab slfb rbdltgvb krlge sgzb ls LFA. _ags fbles talt tab ogbtlry rbqugrbfbets h` tabgrkrlge wbrb jhfplrlkdb th tahsb h` LFA. L ablvy rbdglejb he agia-quldgty `hho gs tabrb`hrb bx-pbjtbo, bspbjglddy sgejb Ebleobrtalds dgvbo lt tbfpbrltb dltgtuobs ge jdgfltbs talt wbrb lt tgfbs fuja

jhdobr tale lt prbsbet. ]dlet irhwta wls lksbet ourgei l dlrib plrt h` tab yblr, sh agia-quldgty pdlet`hhos whudo hedy alvb kbbe lvlgdlkdb `hr l dgfgtbo pbrgho blja yblr. _ab hedy rbshurjb talt wlsprbsbet ge su`jgbet quletgtgbs yblr rhueo wls fblt ( b.i. [hbkrhbns, Jhelro, leo Ple Nhd`sjahtbe<77;, 22<). ]rhjurgei fblt gs l oleibrhus chk, ahwbvbr, jbrtlgedy ̀ hr fhtabrs wgta abdpdbss jagdorbe.Gt gs eh jhgejgobejb talt auetgei gs prbohfgeletdy oheb ky fldbs, khta ge jhetbfphrlry auetbr/iltabrbr shjgbtgbs leo lfhei jagfplezbbs ( b.i. Khbsja ;==:, Nlpdle bt ld. ;===, Ztle`hro ;==<k).Zjlvbeigei, wagja als kbbe prhphsbo ls le ldtbreltgvb th auetgei, gs ldsh oleibrhus, sgejb jhfpbtg-tghe `rhf htabr sjlvbeibrs als th kb `ljbo ( b.i. H‗Jheebdd bt ld. ;==;, _hhky leo ObPhrb <719). Ybalvb sbbe talt Ebleobrtalds alo agia bebribtgj obfleos kbjlusb h` tabgr bdbvltbo KF[. Bebribtgjebbos h` fhtabrs wgta jagdorbe wbrb bvbe fhrb bdbvltbo, sgejb jagdorbe lrb eht bxpbjtbo th tlnbplrt ge `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs leo fhtabrs tabrb`hrb ebbobo th prhvgob tabf wgta su`jgbet agia-quld -gty `hho th ùbd tabgr irhwta, gejduogei tab obvbdhpfbet h` tabgr bxpbesgvb krlges. _ab hedy typbh` `hho lvlgdlkdb th tabf ge su`jgbet quletgtgbs ljrhss l dlrib plrt h` tabgr rleib wls fblt. Yb oheht nehw wabe l sbxuld ogvgsghe h` dlkhur wls obvbdhpbo, kut `rhf tab `hrbihgei gt `hddhws talt gtfust alvb kbbe ge pdljb ky tab tgfb ahfgeges stlrtbo th jhdhegsb tbfpbrltb dltgtuobs ( b.i. Nlpdle btld. ;===, _hhky leo ObPhrb <719).

_ab fhst ogrbjt fbtaho lvlgdlkdb `hr tab rbjhestrujtghe h` Ebleobrtald ogbts gs tab leldysgsh` stlkdb gshthpbs bxtrljtbo `rhf tabgr khebs. Zbvbrld typbs h` gshthpb stuogbs jle kb usbo th flnbge`brbejbs lkhut ogbt. <:J/<;J leldysbs jle kb usbo th ogsjrgfgeltb kbtwbbe l ogbt klsbo he J

? leo

heb klsbo he J: pdlets. J

? leo J

: bfpdhy og``brbet prhjbssbs th xltb jlrkhe `rhf JH

;ge tab

ltfhspabrb. _rhpgjld irlssbs leo fhst h` hur fhobre jrhps lrb J? pdlets. Fhst trbbs leo `hrbstpdlets, ls wbdd ls tbfpbrltb irlssbs lrb J

: pdlets ([gjalros bt ld. ;==<, Zpheeabgfbr leo Dbb-_ahrp

<777). Ge fhrb ehrtabrdy bevgrhefbets alrkhurgei hedy J: pdlets, tags typb h` leldysgs jle kb usbo

th ogstgeiugsa kbtwbbe tab shrt h` bevgrhefbet `hho wls hktlgebo `rhf, kbjlusb `hrbst pdlets jhe-tlge sdgiatdy dbss <:J tale irlssdleo leo lrjtgj pdlets (Khjabrbes leo Orujnbr ;==:). @urtabrfhrb,<:

J vldubs jle kb usbo th ogstgeiugsa kbtwbbe ogbts h` tbrrbstrgld leo flrgeb hrgiges, sgejb flrgeblegflds sahw bergjabo <:J vldubs ([gjalros bt ld. ;==<).Htabr fbtahos `hjus he tab trhpagj dbvbd h` `hhostu``s. Legflds prb`br th usb Jldjguf th kugdo

up tabgr khebs leo ogsjrgfgeltb lilgest Ztrhetguf. _abrb`hrb, wgta blja gejrblsb ge trhpagj dbvbd,tab rltgh h` Zr/Jl wgdd sahw gejrblsbo quletgtgbs h` Jl. Ahwbvbr, og``brbet pdlets jhetlge og``brbetlfhuets h` Zr, sh shfb pdlet bltbrs fly bfgt l jlregvhrb-dgnb sgielturb. @urtabrfhrb, tab lfhueth` Zr ge pdlets gs ldsh obtbrfgebo ky tab ibhdhigjld sukstrltb, sh fgirlthry legflds fly kdur tab pgj-turb, kbjlusb tabgr sgielturbs lrb lvbrlibo hut (Yhho leo Ztrlgt ;==?, <;2-<;0). <2E vldubs jle ldshkb usbo th ge`br trhpagj dbvbd, sgejb <2E gs prb`brbetglddy sbdbjtbo ky legflds th jhestrujt prhtbges. _abrb`hrb, lt blja sujjbssgvb trhpagj dbvbd, l dlribr lfhuet h` <2E gs sbdbjtbo ([gjalros bt ld. ;==<).Ahwbvbr, tags leldysgs jle hedy kb lppdgbo g` su`jgbet jhddlibe als kbbe prbsbrvbo ge tab kheb(Khjabrbes leo Orujnbr ;==:, 0).

L eufkbr h` Ebleobrtalds `rhf Kbdiguf, @rlejb leo Jrhltgl, oltgei kbtwbbe <;= nl leo := nl

alvb kbbe leldysbo. Ldd gshthpb sgielturbs phget th l ogbt jhesgstgei ldfhst betgrbdy h` legfld flt-







;0

L PGBY _H L NGDD

th prhvgsghe tab yhuei, taus flngei gt gfphssgkdb `hr tags spbjgbs th bxtbeo tab ourltghe h` jagdo-ahho. Nlpdle bt ld . (;===) jhejduob talt getbddgibejb, dheibvgty leo l agia-quldgty ogbt fust alvbjh-bvhdvbo. _ags bvhdutghelry prhjbss fust ldsh alvb alo le gfpljt he ahfgege shjgld hrilegzltghels wbdd, sgejb gt gs bssbetgld talt tab fldbs, wah prhoujb tab irbltbst surpdus ky auetgei, salrb tabgr`hho wgta tab whfbe rlgsgei jagdorbe (Nlpdle bt ld. ;===).

Khta ayphtabsbs alvb kbbe klsbo he fhobre aufles, sh gt gs getbrbstgei th sbb g` bgtabr heb lp-pdgbs th Ebleobrtald dg`b-agsthrgbs. G wgdd tabrb`hrb ogsjuss tab jdubs he dg`b-agsthrgbs talt lrb prhvgoboky tab Ebleobrtald `hssgd rbjhro. _ab rltb h` flturltghe h` Ebleobrtalds gs le gfphrtlet phget hògsjussghe. He tab klsgs h` Ebleobrtald krlge sgzb gt whudo sbbf dhigjld talt, dgnb fhobre aufles,Ebleobrtalds whudo gevbst ge l dhei dg`bsple, ourgei wagja taby jle rst ljqugrb tab jhfpdbx kb -alvghurs ebbobo th prhoujb surpdusbs dltbr ge dg`b, ge hrobr th elejb tab obvbdhpfbet h` tab krlgege tabgr jagdorbe. Gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt Ebleobrtalds flturbo ̀ lstbr tale fhobre aufles ahw-bvbr ([lfgrbz-[hzzg leo Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh ;==?). _absb eogeis alvb kbbe jlddbo geth qubstgheky l og``brbet tblf h` rbsblrjabrs wahsb rbsudts suiibst talt Ebleobrtald flturltghe `bdd wgtage tabrleib h` vlrgltghe sbbe ge fhobre aufles (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri bt ld. ;==2).

_ab flturltghe spbbo h` geogvgoulds jle kb rbjhestrujtbo usgei tab pbrghos h` obetld irhwta.Obetld obvbdhpfbet jhrrbdltbs jdhsbdy wgta dg`b-agsthrgbs. _bbta irhw ge dlybrs leo tabsb dlybrs sahwup ls pbrgnyfltl wabe tbbta lrb fgjrhsjhpgjlddy bxlfgebo. _ab lvbrlib tgfbsple h` tab `hrfltgheh` l dlybr ge lpbs leo aufles gs nehwe th kb lkhut bgiat hr egeb olys, kut tab vlrgltghe ge fhobreaufles gs dlrib, ldtahuia vldubs dhwbr tale 0 olys lrb uenehwe ge khta fhobre aufles leo lpbs. _ab flxgfuf tgfbsple fly kb up th << hr <; olys. Ygtage le geogvgould, tab eufkbr h` olys gttlnbs th `hrf l pbrgnyfl gs jhestlet, tabrb`hrb, tab fhrb pbrgnyfltl lrb vgsgkdb ge tab belfbd, tabdheibr gt thhn ̀ hr tab thhta th obvbdhp (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri bt ld. ;==2, [lfgrbz-[hzzg leo Kbrfóobzob Jlstrh ;==?).

_ab twh tblfs usbo og``brbet slfpdbs h` fhobre aufles `hr jhfplrgshe. [lfgrbz-[hssg leoKbrfóobz ob Jlstrh usbo l slfpdb h` Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj leo Fbshdgtagj fhobre aufles leo lslfpdb h` A. abgobdkbribesgs leo A. letbjbsshr `hr jhfplrgshe. _aby jhejduobo talt Ebleobrtalds sahwsgiegjletdy `bwbr pbrgnyfltl tale LFA, taby ldsh sahw dhwbr eufkbrs wabe jhfplrbo th tabgrprbobjbsshrs. _ags dblos tabf th jhejduob talt Ebleobrtalds fust alvb flturbo lkhut <2 pbrjbet`lstbr tale LFA‗s, rbljagei loudtahho lt lkhut <2 yblrs h` lib ([lfgrbz-[hzzg leo Kbrfóobz ob

Jlstrh ;==?, 7:0-7:9). Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri bt ld . he tab htabr aleo jhfplrbo tab Ebleobrtalds wgtatarbb og``brbet slfpdbs3 agsthrgjld Geugt leo twh fhobre oly slfpdbs, heb `rhf Ebwjlstdb leo heb`rhf Zhuta L`rgjl. Gt trlespgrbs talt Ebleobrtalds oh sahw `bwbr pbrgnyfltl tale tab Geugt, kuttabrb gs eh stltgstgjld og``brbejb wgta tab Ebwjlstdb phpudltghe. Fhrbhvbr, taby sahw sgiegjletdyfhrb pbrgnyfltl tale tab Zhuta L`rgjle phpudltghe. _aby jhejduob talt Ebleobrtald irhwta plt-tbres `ldd wgtage tab fhobre aufle rleib (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri bt ld. ;==2).

[lfgrbz-[hssg leo Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh (;==?, 7:1), prhphsb talt tab agia flturltghe rltbfly kb le lolptltghe th bdbvltbo loudt fhrtldgty. _ags gs l pdlusgkdb suiibstghe, sgejb tab fleynehwe Ebleobrtald `hssgds sahw sgies h` l agiady oleibrhus dg`bstydb. @hr bxlfpdb, tab plttbre h`kheb `rljturb ge Ebleobrtalds gs jhfplrlkdb hedy th rhobh-rgobrs ge fhobre aufles (Kbribr leo _rgenlus <772). Fhrbhvbr, Ebleobrtald pldlbhobfhirlpay gs jhfplrlkdb th shfb phpudltghes h`fhobre aufle auetbr/iltabrbrs, kut l agiabr prhphrtghe h` tab phpudltghe ogbo ls l yhuei loudt. _ags suiibsts talt Ebleobrtald dg`b bxpbjtlejy wls dhwbr tale ge fhobre aufles leo talt eht fley

loudts dgvbo th l (rbdltgvbdy) hdo lib. He tab htabr aleo tlpahehfgj ̀ ljthrs ldsh geubejb tab pgjturb3fhst `hssgds wbrb `hueo ge jlvbs hr rhjn sabdtbrs, lt dblst ge plrt kbjlusb h` prbsbrvltghe jgrjuf-stlejbs. G` oygei hdo loudts wbrb dbss ̀ rbqubetdy lkdb th rblja sabdtbrs, taby fly kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo.@urtabrfhrb, jahgjb `hr kurgld fly alvb jbetrbo prbohfgeletdy he yhuei loudts (_rgenlus <772,<:7). He tab htabr aleo, sgejb dg`b agsthrgbs leo krlge sgzb lrb strheidy jhrrbdltbo ge prgfltbs, `lstbrflturltghe ge l spbjgbs wgta suja dlrib krlges whudo kb lilgest bx^bjtltghes (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri btld. ;==2).

Htabr stuogbs alvb bstgfltbo flturltghe rltb klsbo he tab bfbribejb h` tbbta. _ab tgfgei h`tab bruptghe h` fhdlrs gs jhrrbdltbo wgta gfphrtlet dg`b-agsthry trlgts (Oble ;==0, ;1=<). _ab brup-. _ab brup-tghe h` tab rst fhdlr ge tab Zjdlogel cuvbegdb gs tahuiat th alvb tlnbe pdljb kb`hrb tab geogvgould wls sgx yblrs h` lib, wagja gs tab tgfb h` bruptghe h` tab F< ge LFA, sgejb tab thhta wls ablvgdy whre ky tab tgfb h` oblta lt 1 yblrs h` lib. Fhrbhvbr, tab F; alo ldrbloy bfbribo ge tags geog-

vgould, wagdb gt bfbribs kbtwbbe <= leo <: yblrs h` lib ge LFA (Zfgta bt ld.

;==9). _abrb`hrb, tabtgfgei h` thhta bruptghe ge Ebleobrtalds suiibsts talt taby obvbdhpbo `lstbr tale LFA cuvbegdbs.







;7

: Ebleobrtald Lrjalbhdhiy

:.< Getrhoujtghe

Ge tags jalptbr G wgdd ogsjuss tab kbalvghurld ge`hrfltghe he Ebleobrtalds prhvgobo ky tab lrjalbh-dhigjld rbjhro, wgta l `hjus he tabgr suksgstbejb kbalvghur. Kb`hrb ihgei geth tab getbrprbtltghe h``hho rbflges `hueo lt lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, G wgdd getrhoujb gobls he tab geubejb h` fhkgdgty strlt-bigbs he tab `hrfltghe h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky l ogsjussghe h` tabauetbr vbrsus sjlvbeigei obkltb talt wls ldrbloy thujabo uphe ge jalptbr <. G wgdd tabe prbsbet lehvbrvgbw h` tab og``brbet jltbihrgbs h` `hho rbflges talt alvb kbbe rbjhvbrbo `rhf Ebleobrtaldlrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs leo ahw taby lrb jurrbetdy getbrprbtbo. Lrjalbhdhigjld tabhrgbs leo supphrt-gei bvgobejb he tab bxgstbejb h` l ogvgsghe h` dlkhur leo og``brbejbs kbtwbbe Ebleobrtald leo LFA `hrligei strltbigbs wgdd ldsh kb thujabo uphe. Ge loogtghe th tab ge`hrfltghe prhvgobo ky`hho rbflges, wb wgdd dhhn lt ahw tab stuoy h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lrtb`ljts jle gddufgeltb `hrligei

kbalvghur. _ab gesgiat ilgebo ge Ebleobrtald `hrligei kbalvghur wgdd kb jhfkgebo wgta tab ge`hr-fltghe he Ebleobrtald kghdhiy prbsbetbo ge jalptbr ;. _ags ge`hrfltghe wgdd kb usbo thibtabr wgtaHptgfld @hrligei _abhry th prhoujb tbstlkdb ayphtabsbs he ahw th getbrprbt Ebleobrtald ̀ hrligeikbalvghurs.

:.; Ebleobrtald fhkgdgty leo tab stuoy h` `hrligei kbalvghur

Auetbr/iltabrbr shjgbtgbs lrb jalrljtbrgzbo ky tab ̀ ljt talt taby lrb (ldfhst) ldd fhkgdb (Nbddy <77;). _ags fhkgdb wly h` dg`b gs jlusbo ky tab `ljt talt bxpdhgtltghe h` le lrbl obpdbtbs tab lvlgdlkdb rb-shurjbs. Auetbr/iltabrbrs usulddy hpbrltb hut h` l ahfb-klsb, bxpdhgtgei tab vgjgegty h` tags dhjl-tghe. _aby ibebrlddy `hrlib eh ùrtabr tale <= ngdhfbtrbs `rhf tabgr jlfp ( b.i. Kge`hro ;==<, ;:1, Pgtl-@gezg leo Agiis <79=, 9). Yabe `hrligei rbtures ogfgegsa, tab irhup fhvbs th lehtabr lrbl.Bvbe ge sgtultghes wabrb gt gs bebribtgjlddy phssgkdb th dgvb lt l sgeidb dhjltghe, l fhkgdb wly h` dg`b

gs usulddy fhrb b`jgbet `hr auetbr/iltabrbrs (Nbddy <77;, 2:). _ab hrilegsltghe h` fhkgdgty alsgfphrtlet gfpdgjltghes `hr tab `hrfltghe h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, wagja gs gfphrtlet th rbldgsb wabe stuoygei Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs.

Fhkgdgty jle kb hrilegsbo ge ogstgejt wlys> tab prljtgsbo fhkgdgty strltbigbs lrb usulddy ogjtltboky tab ogstrgkutghe h` rbshurjbs ge tab bevgrhefbet. Aufles ebbo fley og``brbet rbshurjbs, wagjalrb eht ldwlys blsgdy prhjurlkdb ̀ rhf l spbjgj pdljb. _abrb`hrb, systbfs h` fhkgdgty wgdd kb lohptboge hrobr th flnb surb talt l irhup gs prhvgsghebo ls b`jgbetdy ls phssgkdb wgta ldd tab rbshurjbs gtebbos. Ge ibebrld, tab jhst h` fhvbfbet gs fgegfgsbo wagdb besurgei agia rbture rltbs. Kge`hro(<71=) als obsjrgkbo twh bxtrbfb plttbres wagja jle kb sbbe ls tab hpphsgtb beos h` l jhetgeuufh` wlys ge wagja fhkgdgty gs usulddy hrilegsbo.

Lt heb beo h` tab spbjtruf ab rbjhiegsbo —`hrlibrs‖. Ljjhrogei th Kge`hro (<71=), `hrlibrs—flp heth rbshurjbs‖. @hrlibrs jalrljtbrgstgjlddy ogspdly l agia obirbb h` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty. _aby

hpbrltb hut h` l jbetrld pdljb leo oh eht usulddy sthrb `hho, kut iltabr walt taby ebbo he l olgdyklsgs. Yabe rbshurjbs lrb obpdbtbo eblr tab jbetrld pdljb, taby fhvb tabgr jbetrld pdljb th l ebwlrbl. Zjlrjgty gs obldt wgta ky locustgei irhup sgzb> ssghegei th dgvb ge ogspbrsbo sflddbr irhups wabe rbshurjbs lrb sjlrjb. _aby prhoujb twh typbs h` lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, klsb jlfps talt `hrftab jbetrb h` ljtgvgtgbs leo —dhjltghes‖, wagja lrb pdljbs wabrb rbshurjbs lrb bxtrljtbo `rhf tabbevgrhefbet. Dhjltghes h`tbe dblvb ̀ bw trljbs talt lrb lrjalbhdhigjlddy rbjhiegslkdb> thhds lrb rlrbdyogsjlrobo lt tabsb sgtbs (Kge`hro <71=, 2-<=). _ags strltbiy jle kb sufflrgzbo ls krgeigei jhesuf-brs th rbshurjbs (Nbddy <77;, ?2).

—Jhddbjthrs‖ lrb jalrljtbrgzbo ky l agia obirbb h` dhigstgjld fhkgdgty3 taby oh eht fhvb tabgrklsb-jlfp vbry h`tbe, kut usb bxpbogtghelry irhups ge hrobr th prhjurb tab rbshurjbs taby ebbo. _absb irhups trlvbd th lrbls qugtb ̀ lr `rhf tab ahfb klsb, leo hpbrltb ̀ rhf l spbjgld-purphsb jlfpth bxtrljt rbshurjbs wagja taby tabe trlesphrt kljn th tab ahfb klsb. _ags strltbiy gs usulddy lohpt-bo ge dbss ogvbrsb bevgrhefbets, wabrb rbshurjbs lrb ogspbrsbo. Ge tags sgtultghe gt gs fhrb b`jgbet

th krgei tab rbshurjbs th tab jhesufbrs (Nbddy <77;). Ge tags systbf, tabrb gs rbiudlr sthrlib h` `hho



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L PGBY _H L NGDD

leo l irbltbr ogvbrsgty h` sgtbs. Dgnb `hrlibrs, jhddbjthrs flnb usb h` ahfb-klsbs leo dhjltghes, kutldsh bdo jlfps, ̀ rhf wagja bxpbogtghelry ̀ hrligei plrtgbs hpbrltb. @urtabrfhrb, tabrb lrb stltghes wabrb ge`hrfltghe gs iltabrbo lkhut rbshurjbs, `hr bxlfpdb fhvbfbet h` prby legflds, leo jhddbj-thrs ldsh prhoujb sthrlib `ljgdgtgbs hr jljabs (Kge`hro <71=, <=-<;).

_abhrbtgjlddy gt fgiat kb phssgkdb th ogsjbre ahw fhkgdgty wls hrilegsbo ky Ebleobrtalds ky

dhhngei lt ogvbrsgty h` sgtbs ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, kut btaehirlpagj whrn als sahwe talt tabùejtghe h` l sgtb h`tbe jaleibs hvbr tgfb. @hr bxlfpdb l sgtb talt gs usbo ls l ahfb klsb ge hebsblshe fly kb usbo ls l spbjgld purphsb jlfp l`tbr l rbsgobetgld fhvb h` tab irhup als tlnbe pdljb(Kge`hro <71;, <<-<?). He tab htabr aleo, jlfps talt lrb hedy usbo dhigstgjlddy fly rbtlge ̀ uejtgheldgetbirgty ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro (Kge`hro <71;, <0). Le gfphrtlet hksbrvltghe ky Kge`hro(<71;, <0) gs talt tabrb gs eh ebjbsslry rbdltghesagp kbtwbbe obphsgtgheld pbrghos leo hjjupltgheldbpgshobs. Yb jle tabrb`hrb bxpbjt talt tab og``brbet hjjupltgheld bpgshobs wgdd ldd kbjhfb gejhr-phrltbo ge tab slfb pldgfpsbst. _ags prbsbets us wgta prhkdbfs ge pbrghos ls rbfhtb ge tgfb ls tabFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj.

Getbrbstgeidy, tabrb sbbfs th kb l jhrrbdltghe kbtwbbe tab hrilegsltghe h` fhkgdgty leo tab b``bj-tgvb tbfpbrlturb h` tab lrbl tab irhup dgvbs ge. Lpplrbetdy tab dhwbr tab b``bjtgvb tbfpbrlturb, tabfhrb gfphrtlet dhigstgjld strltbigbs kbjhfb (Kge`hro <71=, <?). Ebleobrtalds wbrb prbsbet ge l wgobrleib h` bevgrhefbets, sh taby prhklkdy sag`tbo kbtwbbe fhrb dhigstgjlddy leo fhrb rbsgobetglddyhrilegsbo systbfs h` fhkgdgty. Ahwbvbr, kbjlusb tab ]dbgsthjbeb jdgfltb wls jhesgobrlkdy jhhdbrtale prbsbet-oly jdgfltbs `hr dhei pbrghos h` tgfb leo kbjlusb Ebleobrtalds wbrb prbsbet fhstdylrhueo tbfpbrltb dltgtuobs, ̀ hddhwgei Kge`hro‗s prbogjtghes wb whudo bxpbjt Ebleobrtalds th ̀ lvhurdhigstgjld fhkgdgty.

_ab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro gs alro th getbrprbt wgta rbilro th Ebleobrtald fhkgdgty strltbigbs. Yb nehw talt taby wbrb agiady fhkgdb. _ags gs gddustrltbo ky tab `ljt talt taby fhvbo rlw fltbrgldstarhuia tab dleosjlpb hvbr qugtb dlrib ogstlejbs> shfbtgfbs up th wbdd hvbr l <== ngdhfbtrbs. Zhfbtrles`brs h` up th :== ngdhfbtrbs lrb nehwe ge tab dltb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj h` Jbetrld Burhpb leofhrb rbjbetdy ogstlejbs h` lt dblst ;2= ngdhfbtrbs wbrb rbphrtbo `hr tab sgtb h` Jalfp Irleo ge@rlejb (@çkdht-Luiustges <77:, Ibebstb <717, [hbkrhbns, Nhdbe, leo [besgen <711, Zdgfln leoIgrluo ;==9). Ibebrlddy, ge wbstbre Burhpb, fhst h` tab rlw fltbrglds ge Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj ls-sbfkdlibs jhfb ̀ rhf wgtage sgx ngdhfbtrbs h` tab sgtb. _ab zheb up th ;= ngdhfbtrbs ̀ rhf tab sgtb gs

ibebrlddy tab shurjb h` 2 th ;= pbrjbet h` rlw fltbrglds. Fltbrglds `rhf fhrb ogstlet shurjbs ibebr-lddy flnb up eh fhrb tale heb th twh pbrjbet h` tab lssbfkdlib (@çkdht-Luiustges <77:, ;<?-;<2).Dhei ogstlejb trles`brs usulddy jhejbre egsabo thhds talt lrb ogsjlrobo lt tab beo h` tabgr usb-dg`b. _absb lrb prhklkdy thhds talt `hrfbo plrt h` le geogvgould‗s —pbrsheld iblr‖ talt wls usbo `hr qugtbshfb tgfb (Nuae <772, ;:-;?). _ab agia pbrjbetlib h` rlw fltbrglds `rhf wgtage 0 ngdhfbtrbs h`tab sgtb fly rbbjt rlw fltbrglds jhddbjtbo ge tab `hrligei rlogus.

Ge fhst lrbls tabrb gs l jdblr og``brbejb kbtwbbe Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj leo Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj rb-shurjb trles`brs. Ge tab dlttbr jlsb, trlesphrt ogstlejbs lrb h`tbe irbltbr leo quletgtgbs trlesphrtboshfbtgfbs dlribr. Ge Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj tgfbs rlw fltbrgld gs shfbtgfbs trlesphrtbo ge tab `hrf h`jhrbs leo whrnbo lt irblt ogstlejbs `rhf tabgr shurjb, jhetrlstgei wgta tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj plt-tbre h` trlesphrtgei egsabo thhds. Loogtghelddy, ge tab Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj, ehe-utgdgtlrgle hkcbjts lrbh`tbe ldsh trlesphrtbo hvbr jhsgobrlkdb ogstlejbs, dgnb sabdds `hr kblos (Lodbr bt ld. ;==0, [hbkrhbns,Nhdbe, leo [besgen <711). _ags fly kb tab rbsudt h` bxjaleib kbtwbbe Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj pbhpdb

wagdb tabrb lrb eh jhevgejgei geogjltghes ̀ hr trlob hr bxjaleib ge tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj ( b.i. Lodbr bt ld. ;==0, Ilfkdb <777)

_ab `rbqubejy leo tab hrilegsltghe h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj fhvbs lrb og`judt th ogstgd `rhftab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro. Le getbrbstgei stlrtgei phget gs Ztbwlrt‗s (;==2, :1) gfprbssghe taltFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs h`tbe sbbf th kb dhjltbo lt pdljbs h` bjhdhigjld trlesgtghe. Lpplrbetdy Ebleobrtalds prb`brrbo ogvbrsb bevgrhefbets, wagja belkdbo tabf th bxpdhgt l dlribrleib h` rbshurjbs `rhf tab klsb jlfp. _ags wls rbge`hrjbo ky tab `ljt talt tab bevgrhefbet talt wls prbsbet ge Burhpb ourgei fuja h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb, tab sh-jlddbo flffhta stbppb, wls prhkl-kdy fhrb prhoujtgvb leo ogvbrsb tale tab Ahdhjbeb bevgrhefbets. Ge tab Ahdhjbeb leo prbsuflkdyldsh ge blrdgbr wlrf jdgfltgj palsbs, Burhpb wls jhvbrbo ge ahfhibebhus vbibtltghe zhebs, wagdbtab flffhta stbppb wls jalrljtbrgsbo ky fhrb fhslgj vbibtltghe pltjabs ( b.i. Ztbwlrt ;==2, :1). _ags suiibsts talt Ebleobrtalds prb`brrbo th fgegfgsb tab eufkbr h` rbsgobetgld fhvbs taby alo th

flnb, wagdb trygei th lvhgo dhigstgjld ljtgvgtgbs ky dhjltgei sgtbs lt pdljbs wabrb prhvgsghegei h` wlsstrlgiat`hrwlro. @hr tab Dbvletgeb Ebleobrtald sgtbs, l fhobd h` rbsgobetgld stlkgdgty als kbbe prh-



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: EBLEOB[_ALD L[JALBHDHIW

phsbo, g.b. sgtbs wbrb usbo ̀ hr bxtbeobo pbrghos h` tgfb leo prhvgsghebo ge kudn ̀ rhf bxtrljtgvb sgtbs,suiibstgei talt ge shfb lrbls Ebleobrtalds rbshrtbo th dhigstgjld fhkgdgty (Zabl ;==:, <1<-<1;). _abFbogtbrrleble, le bjhdhigjlddy ogvbrsb leo prhoujtgvb bevgrhefbet, fly alvb rbprbsbetbo le lrbl wabrb fhst rbshurjbs jhudo kb blsgdy prhjurbo `rhf l rbsgobetgld klsb. _abrb`hrb taby prhklkdy rb-shrtbo th agiabr dhigstgjld fhkgdgty ge hrobr th fgegfgsb rbsgobetgld fhvbs.

Gt sbbfs talt tab shutabre plrts h` tab Ebleobrtald rleib, sgtbs ibebrlddy alvb l agiabr lrtb`ljtobesgty tale ge tab ehrta. _ags fly rbbjt fhrb getbesgvb hjjupltghe h` tabsb sgtbs (Ilfkdb <777,;=<-;=2). Ahwbvbr, ge tab shutabre lrbl h` tab Ebleobrtald rleib jlvb sgtbs lrb fhrb jhffhe talege tab ehrta. Jlvbs lrb le bxjbddbet prbsbrvltgheld bevgrhefbet leo h`tbe alrkhur tab rbflges h`fudtgpdb hjjupltghes. _aby h`tbe ygbdo agia jhejbetrltghes h` lrtb`ljts talt wbrb obphsgtbo hvbr ljhesgobrlkdb pbrgho h` tgfb. _ab og``brbetgld ogstrgkutghe h` jlvb sgtbs fly tabe kgls hur gfprbs-sghe h` tab getbesgty h` Ebleobrtald hjjupltghe ge tab ehrtabre leo shutabre plrts h` tabgr rleibrbspbjtgvbdy. He tab htabr aleo, ge ehrtabre jlvbs, dlribr lrbls alvb usulddy kbbe bxjlvltbo leojlvbs alvb kbbe jhfpdbtbdy jdblrbo ge pdljbs, suiibstgei dhwbr lrtb`ljt obesgtgbs lt tabsb sgtbs talege tab shuta (Ilfkdb <777, ;=<-;=2). _ags geogjltbs talt ehrtabre sgtbs wbrb usbo dbss getbesgvbdyleo tabrb`hrb fly alvb ùejtghebo ge l og``brbet systbf h` fhkgdgty.

G wgdd lssufb talt Ebleobrtalds usbo jbetrld pdljbs. G jhesgobr tabsb th kb pdljbs wabrb tab sphgdsh` tab rleib h` ljtgvgtgbs jlrrgbo hut ky og``brbet irhup fbfkbrs wbrb bxjaleibo. Ldtahuia shfblutahrs ogsfgss tab gobl talt Ebleobrtalds usbo jbetrld pdljbs (sbb `hr l ogsjussghe Nhdbe <777,Fussg <777). G tagen tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro sahws kbyheo ohukt talt shfb lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbsùejtghebo ls l jbetrld pdljb. G tlnb tab `hddhwgei `ljthrs ls geogjltghes `hr tab ùejtghe h` l sgtb lsl jbetrld pdljb3

Zgtb lrjagtbjturb dgnb ablrtas.Dlrib eufkbrs h` stheb lrtb`ljts, rbbjtgei fley og``brbet stlibs ge tab rboujtghe sbqubejb.Dlrib lfhuets h` kheb fltbrgld, bxagkgtgei trljbs h` ahfgege fhogjltghe leo prb`brlkdy rb-bjtgei fudtgpdb spbjgbs h` legfld.Fgegfld geogjltghes h` jlregvhrb ljtgvgty.]rb`brlkdy og``brbet spltgld dhjltghe h` lrbls h` thhd usb leo ogsjlro. _ab ̀ hrfltghe h` trlsa fgoobes.

_ab dlst jrgtbrghe gs heb h` Zjag``br‗s gfphrtlet j-trles`hrfs> gt phsgts talt wgta fhrb getbesb usb

h` l dhjltghe sbjheolry rbùsb obphsgts wgdd kb `hrfbo (Zjag``br <79;, <0;). _ab ùejtghe h` l sgtb ldsh geubejbs wagja ngeos h` fltbrglds lrb rbprbsbetbo. Jbetrld pdljbsprhklkdy prhvgob tab fhst jhfpdbtb gesgiat ge tab rleib h` `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs talt wbrb prljtgsbo.Ahwbvbr, kbjlusb trlesphrt jhsts lrb usulddy fgegfgsbo, prhjbssgei h` rbshurjbs lt dhjltghes ge tabbdo geubejbs tab rbprbsbetltghe h` og``brbet ljtgvgtgbs lt jbetrld pdljbs. Yb bxpbjt dlrib legfldsth kb fhrb tahrhuiady prhjbssbo ge tab bdo tale sfldd legflds `hr bxlfpdb. Ygta rbilro th sthebthhds, rlw fltbrglds lrb h`tbe whrnbo lt tab pdljb wabrb taby wbrb jhddbjtbo, taus shfb stlibs h` thhdprhoujtghe lrb ueobrrbprbsbetbo lt jbetrld pdljbs.

Fhkgdgty geubejbs fhrb tale tab ùejtghe h` sgtbs leo wagja fltbrglds beo up lt wagja sgtbstahuia. @hr bxlfpdb tab obsgie h` stheb thhds fly kb obtbrfgebo th l dlrib obirbb ky jhesgobrl-tghes wgta rbilro th tabgr ̀ uejtghe ge l fhkgdb wly h` dg`b. Ge l agiady fhkgdb shjgbty, pbhpdb fly hptth prhoujb agiady vbrsltgdb thhdtypbs, taus fgegfgzgei tab eufkbr h` og``brbet thhds talt alvb th kbtrlesphrtbo. G` trlesphrt jhsts lrb dbss gfphrtlet, hr g` ljtgvgtgbs th wagja thhds lrb iblrbo lrb agiady

gfphrtlet, fhrb spbjgldgsbo thhds wgdd kb prhoujbo ( b.i. Kdbbo <710, Zahtt <710). Ldd ge ldd, tab fltbrglds wb eo lt lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs lrb geubejbo ky tab wly ge wagja shjgbtld

fhkgdgty wls hrilegsbo. Yb fgiat bxpbjt talt jbetrld pdljbs wgdd prbsbet us wgta tab ùdd sugtb h`rbflges jheebjtbo th suksgstbejb ljtgvgtgbs, kut shfb ljtgvgtgbs wgdd kb sbvbrbdy ueobrrbprbsbetbokbjlusb h` prhjbssgei ljtgvgtgbs leo sh he. ]lrt h` tab fltbrgld rbjhro jheebjtbo wgta suksgstbejbstrltbigbs fly alvb kbbe db`t kbageo lt htabr dhjltghes. Zpbjgld purphsb dhjltghes jle ygbdo obtlgdboge`hrfltghe he spbjgj ljtgvgtgbs talt wbrb pbr`hrfbo tabrb, kut tabsb sgtbs oh eht ge`hrf us hetab gfphrtlejb h` tab ljtgvgty wgtage tab ùdd sugtb h` suksgstbejb kbalvghurs. @hr l ùdd pgjturb hÈbleobrtald `hrligei strltbigbs wb ebbo th kb lwlrb talt og``brbet typbs h` sgtbs jle prhvgob jhf-pdbfbetlry bvgobejb.

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L PGBY _H L NGDD

:.: Ebleobrtald lrjalbhzhhdhiy

:.:.< Getrhoujtghe

Kheb lssbfkdlibs lrb hur prgejgpld shurjb h` ge`hrfltghe lkhut Ebleobrtald suksgstbejb kbalvghur. Ge tags sbjtghe G wgdd sufflrgsb tab bvhdutghe h` gobls he tab getbrprbtltghe h` tab lrjalbh-dhigjld rbjhro h` Ebleobrtalds. G ogsjuss tab gfpdgjltghes h` tab auetgei vs. sjlvbeigei obkltb `hr

hur getbrprbtltghes h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj kheb lssbfkdlibs. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky l snbtja h`tab —phst-sjlvbeigei-obkltb‖ jhesbesus, leo le hvbrvgbw h` jurrbet qubstghes leo obkltbs ge tabbdo h` Ebleobrtald lrjalbhzhhdhiy. Fhrbhvbr, G wgdd prbsbet tab vlrgbty h` rbflges talt alvb kbbe`hueo lt Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs, ueobrsjhrgei tab vlrglkgdgty h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj suksgstbejbkbalvghur. G getbeo th agiadgiat tab fhst gfphrtlet gssubs ge tags bdo leo beo up wgta l klsgs taltjle kb usbo ge tab obvbdhpfbet h` H@_-fhobds.

:.:.; _ab auetgei vs. sjlvbeigei obkltb

Ls hutdgebo ge jalptbr <, rbsblrja jhffbejgei ge tab <79=‗s leo <71=‗s als phgetbo hut talt rbjhe-strujtgei prbagsthrgj suksgstbejb kbalvghur he tab klsgs h` lrjalbhdhigjld kheb lssbfkdlibs gs eht lsstrlgiat`hrwlro ls wls hejb tahuiat. _lpahehfgj rbsblrja als sahwe talt ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs wbrbh`tbe eht tab hedy ljtgvgtgbs talt jhetrgkutbo th tab `hrfltghe h` kheb lssbfkdlibs `hueo ge ls-

shjgltghe wgta stheb thhds ( b.i. Kge`hro <71<, Krlge <71<, Gsllj <71:). Fhrbhvbr, bvbe wabe auflegevhdvbfbet ge tab `hrfltghe h` kheb lssbfkdlibs jhudo kb obfhestrltbo, trlogtgheld ayphtabsbslkhut walt kbalvghur wls bxagkgtbo ky tabsb ahfgeges wls jalddbeibo. Dbwgs Kge`hro prhphsbo talt

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@giurb :.<3 Flp sahwgei tab dhjltghe h` tab fhst gfphrtlet sgtbs fbetghebo ge tab tbxt3 < ]lnb`gbdo> ; Dye`hro> : Khxirhvb>

? Dl Jhttb ob Zlget-Krbdlob> 2 Irðkbre> 0 Zjaðegeibe> 9 Zldzigttbr-Dbkbestbot> 1 Dbargeibe> 7 Ylddbrtabgf> <= _luklja> <<

Swhdbŏ> <; Gd‗Znlyl> <: Hrtvldb Ndob> <? Nbklrl> <2 \uebgtrl> Irhttl obg Fhsjbrgeg> <9 Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst> <1 Flurle> <7

Irhttb QPG> ;= Jhfkb Irbeld> ;< Dl Khrob> ;; Lfkrhel> ;: Ihralf‗s Jlvb, ;? Pleiulro Jlvb.



::


ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta legfld jlrjlssbs wls eht tab rbsudt h` auetgei, kut prhklkdy h` l `hrfh` flrigeld sjlvbeigei ( b.i. Kge`hro <71<, Kge`hro <71?).

_ab rbsblrja talt stlrtbo tags obkltb wls oheb he vbry blrdy lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs ge L`rgjl. Krlge(<71<) jhevgejgeidy obfhestrltbo talt Zhuta L`rgjle Lustrldhpgtabjgebs wbrb eht slvlib ngddbrs lsprbvghusdy tahuiat. Jlrbùd tlpahehfgj leldysbs h` tab jlvbs ge wagja ahfgege `hssgds wbrb `hueo

dbo agf th tab jhejdusghe talt taby, leo tab htabr legflds ̀ hueo lt tab sgtbs, alo ljtulddy kbbe prbybouphe ky `bdgebs. Kge`hro (<71<) fblewagdb, alo flob l strhei jlsb `hr getbrprbtgei tab kheb ls-sbfkdlibs lt tab sgtbs ge tab Hdouvlg Ihrib ls tab rbsudt h` sjlvbeigei. _absb rbvhdutghelry stuogbsqubstghebo getbrprbtltghes lkhut blrdy ahfgege auetgei strltbigbs talt kbbe tlnbe `hr irletbo `hr ldhei tgfb, leo dbo th fhrb jrgtgjld stuogbs h` lrjalbhdhigjld kheb lssbfkdlibs.

_abrb wbrb ldsh rbpbrjussghes ̀ hr Ebleobrtald lrjalbhdhiy. _ab vgbw prhpliltbo ky Kge`hro wlstalt auetgei legflds dgnb ueiudltbs, ogo eht hjjur ge prbagsthry uetgd vbry rbjbetdy. Bvbe LelthfgjlddyFhobre Aufles (LFA) ge L`rgjl, lt Ndlsgbs [gvbr Fhuta, oltbo `rhf <;2 nl th :2 nl, prlj-tgsbo sjlvbeigei ls le gfphrtlet suksgstbejb strltbiy (Kge`hro <71?, Kge`hro <712). Ljjhrogei thKge`hro, hedy sfldd flfflds wbrb auetbo rbiudlrdy lt tags sgtb leo auetgei hedy kbjlfb gfphrtletge tab dltbr plrt h` tab sbqubejb (Kge`hro <71?).

Kge`hro ldsh leldysbo shfb Burhpble sgtbs, elfbdy _hrrldkl-Lfkrhel ge Zplge leo Irhttb Plu r̀by leo Jhfkb Irbeld ge @rlejb. _hrrldkl, ehw oltbo th FGZ <; (Pgddl bt ld. ;==2) alo hrgigelddykbbe getbrprbtbo ls l sgtb wabrb blrdy ahfgeges auetbo strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalets (]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus ). Kge`hro (<719) jhejduobo talt tab rbprbsbetltghe h` khebs leo tab ogstrgkutghe h` stheb lrtb-`ljts lfhei tabf wbrb geogjltgvb h` bdbpalet bxpdhgtltghe ky ahfgeges, kut eht ky wly h` auetgei.Ab jhesgobrbo tags lssbfkdlib th kb tab rbsudt h` flrigeld sjlvbeigei. L fhrb rbjbet rb-leldysgs h`tags sgtb geogjltbs talt khta prbvghus getbrprbtltghes fust kb rbcbjtbo. _lpahehfgj leldysgs sahwstalt tab jh-hjjurrbejb h` lrtb`ljts leo khebs gs tab rbsudt h` sbvbrld prhjbssbs, gejduogei elturldobltas, uvgld ljtghe leo shfb ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs (Pgddl bt ld. ;==2). Lt tab Irhttb Plu`rby, l @rbejaFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtb oltbo th FGZ 0 hr 9 (Irlyshe leo Obdpbja <77?), Kge`hro jdlgfbo talt tablssbfkdlib wls ldsh tab rbsudt h` Ebleobrtalds sjlvbeigei ueiudltb rbflges (Kge`hro <711). Ge tagsjlsb, rb-leldysgs als sahwe talt tab stltgstgjs ab usbo wbrb `ludty leo talt bvgobejb th geogjltb talttab lssbfkdlib wls tab rbsudt h` sjlvbeigei gs lksbet (Irlyshe leo Obdpbja <77?). @hr JhfkbIrbeld, Kge`hro jhejduobo talt auetgei wls prljtgsbo ge tab sbjheo palsb h` tab Ybgjasbdgle, up th

?2 nl, kut hedy he fboguf-sgzbo legflds> dlrib flfflds dgnb ahrsb leo lurhjas wbrb stgdd sjlvbeibo(Kge`hro <712, :;=). _ags stuoy wls ebvbr pukdgsabo ge obtlgd, leo abejb jleeht kb jabjnbo.Fhrb rbjbetdy, Ztgebr (<77?), leldysbo l eufkbr h` Gtldgle Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lrjalbhdhigjld

sgtbs leo jhejduobo talt taby prhvgob bvgobejb h` l dlribdy sjlvbeigei fhob h` suksgstbejb prghrth 2= nl. _absb lssbfkdlibs lrb ohfgeltbo ky ablo plrts, tahuiat th kb tab plrts talt lrb fhstog`judt th bxpdhgt `hr jlregvhrbs leo tabrb`hrb tab rbflges talt wbrb db`t th ahfgege sjlvbeibrs.Abr eogeis wbrb bxlfgebo ky Fussg ( b.i. <777), wah jhejduobo talt tab `ljt talt Ztgebr‗s blrdy ls-sbfkdlibs wbrb ablo-ohfgeltbo, rbbjtbo tab fbtaho h` kheb jhddbjtghe usbo ourgei tab bxjlvl -tghes. Lpplrbetdy, tab bxjlvlthrs `hjusbo he obtbrfgelkdb lelthfgjld bdbfbets, wagja dbo th l kglsthwlros ablo bdbfbets (Fussg <777, 02-00).

_absb eogeis gddustrltb tab hutjhfb h` tab obkltb. Jlrbùd rb-leldysbs h` fley sgtbs alvbsahwe tabgr getbrprbtltghe ge tbrfs h` aufle suksgstbejb strltbigbs th kb `lr `rhf strlgiat`hrwlro.Zgtbs h`tbe alvb vbry jhfpdgjltbo tlpahehfgj agsthrgbs leo tab eld lssbfkdlib gs tab rbsudt h`

vlrghus prhjbssbs, dgnb uvgld shrtgei, jlregvhrb ljtgvgty leo ahfgege kbalvghur. Lt sgtbs wabrb ah-fgege ljtgvgtgbs lrb tab fhst gfphrtlet jhetrgkutgei `ljthr th tab ljjufudltghe h` tab kheb lssbf-kdlib, auetgei als prhvbe th kb tab flge fhob h` ljqugsgtghe h` legfld flttbr ky Ebleobrtalds.Zjlvbeigei he tab htabr aleo wls hedy rlrbdy prljtgsbo, g` lt ldd.

:.:.: Zpbjgldgsbo auetgei h` ueiudltbs

Kb`hrb leo ourgei tab lrjalbhdhigjld obkltb he sjlvbeigei, tabrb wbrb bjhdhigsts jdlgfgei taltspbjgldgsbo auetgei wls tab hedy strltbiy talt jhudo dhigjlddy kb prljtgsbo ky ahfgeges3 bspbjglddyky Ebleobrtalds dgvgei ge bevgrhefbets wgta dhei wgetbrs, wgta eh vbibtlkdb ldtbreltgvbs th fblt( b.i. Ibgst <791, _hhky leo ObPhrb <719). Fhrbhvbr, sjlvbeigei egjabs lrb jalrljtbrgsbo ky brjbjhfpbtgtghe, eht hedy wgta htabr flffldgle jlregvhrbs, kut ldsh wgta kgros, gesbjts leo fgjrh-hrilegsfs. Flffldgle sjlvbeibrs lrb oleibrhus th jhfpbtb wgta, sgejb fhst lrb ldsh prbolthrs.

Fgjrh-hrilegsfs flnb jlrjlssbs gebogkdb, abejb hkdgiltb sjlvbeibrs alvb ogibstgvb ob`bejbs th obld





:2


ge l sgfgdlr wly `hr l dhei tgfb, wgta sbvbrld geogvgoulds kbgei tlnbe blja yblr (Lodbr bt ld. ;==0,@lrgzy bt ld. <77?). _ab dhjltghe h` shfb sgtbs phgets th strltbigj auetgei kbalvghur ky Ebleobrtalds.Zldzigttbr leo Swhdbŏ `hr bxlfpdb lrb dhjltbo lt —elturld lfkusa‖ dhjltghes, lt tab jheubejb h`sfldd stbbp vlddbys wgta dlribr hebs. ]rbsuflkdy tab dlrib vlddby wls usbo ky tab prby ls fgirltgherhutb leo ahfgege auetbrs jhudo blsgdy sbdbjt tabgr prb`brrbo prby lt suja dhjltghes (Iluozgesng leo[hbkrhbns ;===, 2=7-2<=). _absb jalrljtbrgstgjs phget th l ùejtghe ls spbjgld-purphsb dhjltghes geEbleobrtald fhkgdgty systbfs. _aby fly alvb kbbe vgsgtbo rbpbltbody, kut hedy heb spbjgj ljtgvgty

gs rbprbsbetbo.

:.:.? Ebleobrtalds leo fbil`luel

_ab jhesgobrlkdb eufkbr h` sgtbs sahwgei spbjgldgsbo ueiudltb auetgei pukdgsabo ge tab dlst obj-lobs als sahwe talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb pbr`bjtdy jlplkdb h` auetgei fboguf th dlrib sgzbo ueiu-dltbs. _ags wls jbrtlgedy tab jlsb ourgei tab dlst idljgld ‚ getbridljgld jyjdb leo blrdgbr, ls prhvbo kyZjaðegeibe. Ahwbvbr, fhrb oleibrhus legflds wbrb ldsh le hptghe3 `hr bxlfpdb fbil`lueld spb-jgbs dgnb flffhta leo ragehjbrhs. _abrb gs bvgobejb talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb gevhdvbo ge prhjbssgeijlrjlssbs h` fbil`luel. Ls suiibstbo ky le gshthpgj stuoy (sbb sbjtghe ;.0) tabsb spbjgbs fly bvbealvb kbbe gfphrtlet jhestgtubets h` tab (dltb) Ebleobrtald ogbt (Khjabrbes bt ld. ;==2). _ab getbr-prbtltghe h` Ebleobrtald obldgeis wgta fbil`lueld spbjgbs lrb eht ls uelfkgiuhus ls gs tab jlsb`hr ueiudltbs. Ge bxpdhgtgei tabsb spbjgbs, ldtbreltgvb strltbigbs dgnb sjlvbeigei fly alvb kbbe fhrb

prhtlkdb tale ge tab jlsb h` sflddbr spbjgbs. Ljtuldgstgj rbsblrja ge L`rgjl als sahwe talt jlrjls-sbs h` fbil`lueld spbjgbs prhvgob tab kbst sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs `hr ahfgeges (Kdufbesjageb<719). Bvbe ehwlolys ge Burhpb sjlvbeiblkdb rbshurjbs lrb lvlgdlkdb `hr fuja dheibr tale ge L`rgjl (@hssb bt ld. ;==?). Ge jhdobr idljgld jdgfltbs lvlgdlkgdgty jhudo dlst bvbe dheibr, sh sjlvbeigeijlrjlssbs h` fbil`luel fly alvb kbbe l prhtlkdb strltbiy.

_ab sgtb h` Lfkrhel wls ldrbloy fbetghebo ge tab ogsjussghe he tab auetgei vs. sjlvbeigeiobkltb. Yagdb gt ohbs eht ùregsa uebqugvhjld bvgobejb `hr bgtabr auetgei hr sjlvbeigei h` strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalets, tab jh-hjjurrbejb h` bdbpalet khebs, shfb jut-flrnbo leo stheb thhds ohbs sahwtalt ahfgeges wbrb shfbtgfbs gevhdvbo ge prhjbssgei jlrjlssbs h` fbil`luel. Bvbe tahuia tabbvgobejb th dgen tab bdbpalet khebs th tab stheb thhds leo taus ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs gs sjlety, tabrblrb shfb geogjltghes h` ahfgege getbr`brbejb wgta tab khebs3 heb jut-flrnbo jrleguf leo tarbb`bfhrl talt sahw letarhpgj krblnlib (Pgddl bt ld. ;==2). Ahwbvbr, tabrb lrb sgtbs ge Burhpb wabrbahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta fbil`lueld rbflges wls dbss bpabfbrld tale lt Lfkrhel. _lkdb :.;

sahws l sbdbjtghe h` sgtbs ygbdogei bvgobejb h` ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta fbil`luel.

Zgtb Flge spbjgbs FEG EGZ] Oltb [b`s [bflrns

Zjaðegeibe (Ob) Bquus

fhskljabesgs

;= :2= nl (_agbfb <779,

Phhrfhdbe ;==1)

Dlnb boib, eht prgfb ohfgeltbo8

(Phhrfhdbe pbrs. jhff.)

Ylddbrtabgf (Ob) Kgshe prgsjus 2; (27) 10< (<229) <<?-<=1 nl (Iluozgesng <772) Eufkbrs ge krljnbts lrb eufkbrs

wgta khebs eht lssgielkdb th `geodlybr

gejduobo.

Swhdbŏ (]d) Bquus

jlklddus

:1 ;:7 9= nl (Zjagdo bt ld. ;===) Lt jhe`dubejb h` sfldd leo dlrib vld-

dby, `geos sprblo hvbr lt dblst 92==

sq. f., hedy 2;: sq. f. bxjlvltbo.

Zldzigttbr-

Dbkbestbot (Ob)

[leig`br

tlrleous

10 ;<:= Hbrbd 21-2? nl (Iluozgesng leo

[hbkrhbns ;===)

Lt jhe`dubejb h` sfldd leo dlrib

vlddby, ldsh flffhta kheb thhds.

Dbs ]rlobddbs (@r) [leig`br

tlrleous

22 <;99 FGZ ?-: (Jhstlflieh bt ld.

;==0)

Jlvb sgtb, eht tab auetgei dhjltghe.

Hrtvldb Ndob (Ib) Jlprl

jlujlsgjl

:: :=;< ?:-:0 nl (Lodbr bt ld. ;==0) Ldhei fgirltghe vlddby.

Dl Khrob (@r) Khs

prgfgibegus

;9 ?<= Dlst/pbeudtgfltb

getbridljgld

(Clukbrt bt ld. <77=) Zgenahdb usbo ls trlp8 Agiabr FEG

usgei wblr stlibs h` tbbta.

Flurle (@r) Kgshe prgsjus 1: ?<2= Blrdy Ybgjasbd (@lrgzy bt ld. <77?) @bw legflds tlnbe blja yblr ̀hr

dhei pbrgho h` tgfb. Hedy ;2 sq. f.

bxjlvltbo h` bstgfltbo lrbl h` <===

sq. f

Gd‗Znlyl ([u) Kgshe prgsjus 2< <::? Blrdy Ybgjasbd (Iluozgesng <770)

Irhttb Zlget-

Flrjbd (@r)

Jbrvus

bdlpaus

99 <=:< FGZ : (Fhejbd bt ld. ;==?) Jlvb sgtb, eht tab auetgei dhjltghe.

_lkdb :.<3 Zgtbs ohfgeltbo ky l sgeidb spbjgbs ge tab Burhpble Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj.





:9


talt tags wls nehwe th ahfgeges, wah rbpbltbody vgsgtbo tab sgtb. Auetgei wls `hjusbo he cuvbegdbragehjbrhsbs, phssgkdy ge hrobr th dbssbe tab rgsn lsshjgltbo wgta tab ljtgvgty. He tab htabr aleo,htabr dlrib leo oleibrhus spbjgbs wbrb ldsh bxpdhgtbo lt tags sgtb. _ab `hjus h` krhwe kblr ( Rrsuslrjths ) bxpdhgtltghe lt tab sgtb wls he loudts. Kblr auetgei gs jhesgobrbo th kb vbry oleibrhus. _ab`ljt talt tags gs btaehirlpagjlddy nehwe th alvb kbbe tab rst ljtgvgty th sbb trlogtgheld fbtahos

lkleohebo ge `lvhur h` rblrfs uphe tabgr getrhoujtghe sbrvbs ls tbstgfhey th gts rgsn (Krltdueo<777, <?9). Fhrbhvbr, bvbe wabe usgei rblrfs, gt gs lpplrbetdy lovgslkdb th usb l dlrib jldgkrbiue leo rb fudtgpdb sahts wabe auetgei kblrs (Jalrdbs <779). Ebvbrtabdbss, tab spblr `hueo ltDbargeibe tbstgbs th tab phssgkgdgty h` ogrbjt jhfklt.

Rsgei obvgjbs dgnb pgt`ldds leo htabr strltbigbs talt fgegfgsb ogrbjt jhfklt whudo kb lovletl-ibhus ge tab sujjbssùdd auetgei h` fbil`luel. Ge tags rbspbjt Dl Jhttb ob Zlget-Krbdlob gs le getbr-bstgei sgtb. _ags sgtb gs dhjltbo he Cbrsby> tab dlybrs jhetlgegei tab fbil`lueld lssbfkdlib lrb oltboth tab dltbr plrt h` FGZ 0 (Zjhtt <71=, <?<). Dlybrs : leo 0 lt tags sgtb lrb dhjltbo lt tab khtthf h`l jdg``, lkhut :2 fbtrbs agia (Zjhtt <71=, <2:). Khta dlybrs jhetlge qugtb dlrib eufkbrs h` flf-fhta ( Flffutaus prgfgibegus ) khebs leo sflddbr eufkbrs h` whhddy ragehjbrhs ( Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ) khebs. Zhfb lrtb`ljts wbrb `hueo ge lsshjgltghe wgta tabsb khebs. _ab khebs oh eht sahw sgiesh` jlregvhrb ljtgvgty, wagdb shfb jut-flrns lrb prbsbet. Fhrbhvbr, shfb h` tab snudds sbbf th alvbkbbe krhnbe th rbtrgbvb th krlges (Zjhtt <71=, <2=). ; Gt sbbfs talt tabsb twh dlybrs rbprbsbet twhbpgshobs h` wagja flffhtas leo whhddy ragehjbrhs kbgei orgvbe h`` tab jdg`` th ̀ ldd th tabgr obltas,uphe wagja taby wbrb bxpdhgtbo ky ahfgeges.

Zgtbs talt prhvgob bvgobejb h` tab auetgei h` fbil`luel lrb rlrb. Fley sgtbs h``br hedy fgeg-fld geogjltghes `hr ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta tabsb legflds. Zhfb sgtbs oh jhetlge dlrib euf-kbrs h` ragehjbrhs khebs, sahwgei talt auetgei tabsb legflds wls eht kbyheo tab jlplkgdgtgbs hÈbleobrtalds. _ags gs supphrtbo ky rbjbet gshthpgj oltl (Khjabrbes bt ld. ;==2).

:.:.2 Jbetrld pdljbs3 Zgtbs bxagkgtgei tab ùdd sugtb h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei strltbigbs8

Zpbjgj tlribtgei h` fboguf-sgzbo leo dlrib flfflds als kbbe obfhestrltbo lkhvb. Fhst h` tabsgtbs fbetghebo ge tab prbvghus sbjtghes jle hedy kb getbrprbtbo ls spbjgld purphsb sgtbs. _aby usu-lddy rbprbsbet spbjgj suksgstbejb ljtgvgtgbs. _ab dlrib eufkbr h` sgtbs sahwgei ablvy rbdglejb hehedy heb hr l `bw spbjgbs gs shfbtgfbs usbo th lriub talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb gebxgkdb `hrlibrs leo

alo l dhw ogbt krblota (Lodbr bt ld. ;==0, 7=). Ehebtabdbss, tabrb lrb ldsh Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs wabrb fudtgpdb ljtgvgtgbs lrb rbprbsbetbo. _ab strujturbo usb h` shfb h` tabsb sgtbs leo tab geogjl-tghes talt taby wbrb hjjupgbo `hr dhei pbrghos h` tgfb, dblo th le getbrprbtltghe ls jbetrld pdljbs(sbesu Gsllj <791). _h gddustrltb tags typb h` sgtb, G wgdd ogsjuss Nbklrl jlvb ge Gsrlbd, l jdblr bxlfpdbh` l jbetrld pdljb talt jhe`hrfs th ldd tab jrgtbrgl ogsjussbo ge sbjtghe :.;.

Dhjltbo jdhsb th tab Fbogtbrrleble jhlst, Nbklrl als kbbe tab sukcbjt h` lrjalbhdhigjld bxjlvl-tghes `hr l dhei tgfb. ]lrts h` tab jlvb wbrb bxjlvltbo `rhf tab <7:=‗s hewlros, leo ge tab <71=sleo <77=s bxtbesgvb bxjlvltghes wgta l ̀ hjus he tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj hjjupltghe h` tab jlvb wbrbjlrrgbo hut (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;), oltbo th kbtwbbe 0= leo ?1 nl (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;, 2=1). Ourgeitags pbrgho tab Dbvlet wls hjjupgbo ky Ebleobrtalds. @urtabrfhrb, l Ebleobrtald snbdbthe alskbbe `hueo ge tab jlvb. _ags eo als kbbe getbrprbtbo ls l kurgld. _ab `hssgd gs vbry wbdd prbsbrvbo,ygbdogei tab hedy nehwe —jdlssgj Ebleobrtald‖ pbdvgs leo tab hedy nehwe jhfpdbtb Ebleobrtaldayhgo kheb (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;, 2;1).:

_ab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sbqubejb lt Nbklrl sples sbvbrld fbtrbs h` sbogfbet leo tab kborhjnals eht kbbe rbljabo ge tab bxjlvltghes. _ab sbqubejb jle kb ogvgobo geth twh plrts. @grst tabrb lrbblrdy, bpabfbrld hjjupltghes h` tab jbetrld plrt h` tab jlvb, dblvgei `bw khebs leo lrtb`ljts. L`tbrle brhsgheld bpgshob, l sbjheo palsb h` Fhustbrgle hjjupltghes `hddhwbo. Ourgei tags palsb, hj-jupltghe wls fhrb sukstletgld, wgta strujturbo usb h` tab jbetrld plrt h` tab jlvb leo tab ljjufudl-tghe h` l kheb fgoobe eblr tab ehrta wldd. Ourgei tags palsb h` hjjupltghe fhrb tale :.2 fbtrbsh` sbogfbet wls obphsgtbo (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;, 2=<, 2:<). _ab geoustry ge tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagjdlybrs gs jdlssgbo ls Dbvletgeb Fhustbrgle. _ags gs l Fhustbrgle `ljgbs jalrljtbrgsbo ky l agia pbr-jbetlib h` phgetbo `hrfs.

; Bvbe Kge`hro wls jhevgejbo h` tab lksbejb h` jlregvhrb trljbs he tab khebs leo tab prbsbejb h` trljbs h` aufle

fhog`gjltghe phgetgei th ogsfbfkbrfbet (Kge`hro <71<, ;19-;11).

: G` wb ljjbptG` wb ljjbpt Ahfh abgobdkbribesgs ls kbdheigei th tab slfb jarhehspbjgbs ls Ebleobrtalds, lehtabr jhfpdbtb

pbdvgs leo twh ayhgo khebs lrb nehwe ̀ rhf Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs (Lrsulil bt ld. <777, Flrtæebz bt ld. ;==1). L ayhgo

khoy als ldsh kbbe ogsjhvbrbo lt d Zgore (Flrtæebz d Zgore (FlrtæebzFlrtæebz bt ld . ;==1).







?=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

@giurb :.;3 Jhfplrgshe h` sgzb jdlssbs h` tab flffld kheb lssbfkdlibs h` Nbklrl (EGZ]6<9:9<) leo

\uebgtrl (EGZ]6:;=). Nbklrl oltl klsbo he (Zpbta leo _jabrehv ;==:), \uebgtrl oltl leo sgzb jdlssbs

klsbo he ([lkgehvgja <77=). Zgzb jdlss G3 ([agehjbrhs, Ahrsb, Lurhjas, [bo obbr)?> Zgzb jdlss GG3 (@lddhw

obbr, [hb obbr, Ygdo khlr, Ygdo lss)> Zgzb jdlss GGG3 (Ilzbddb, Ygdo ihlt).

rbflges h` dlrib flfflds lrb rlrb leo `rlifbetbo ([lkgehvgja leo Ahvbrs ;==?, :=:). _ags jlekb bxpdlgebo ky tab `ljt talt gt gs fhrb rbwlrogei th prhjbss dlrib jlrjlssbs ge tab bdo leo hedytrlesphrt tab rgjabr plrts th tab jlvb. @hr sflddbr legflds, rbturegei tab jhfpdbtb legfld th tab sgtbth prhjbss dltbr fly alvb kbbe fhrb rbwlrogei, sgejb tags whudo igvb auetbrs fhrb tgfb th jhetgeubauetgei ( b.i. Ygetbraldobr ;==<, ;;-;:).

Ge tab Dbvlet tags jle kb gddustrltbo ky jhfplrgei tab `lueld lssbfkdlib h` l jbetrld pdljb dgnbNbklrl wgta talt h` l auetgei jlfp. \uebgtrl gs le hpbe-lgr sgtb ge tab Ihdle Abgiats talt als kbbegetbrprbtbo ls l auetgei stltghe (Klr-Whsb` <772). BZ[ oltgei h` tab sgtb als ygbdobo le lvbrlib libh` 2:.7 nl ¼ 2.7 nl (Sglbg bt ld. <77=). _ab stheb thhd lssbfkdlib talt wls rbjhvbrbo lt tab sgtb jlekb jalrljtbrgsbo ls Dbvletgeb Fhustbrgle. @gelddy, gt als ygbdobo l sfldd `lueld lssbfkdlib, wagjalppblrs th kb letarhphibegj ge hrgige ([lkgehvgja <77=). Dlrib khogbo legfld, ge plrtgjudlr lurhjasleo ahrsb ohfgeltb tab lssbfkdlib. Ge jhfplrgei og``brbet `lueld lssbfkdlibs, gt gs gfphrtlet thrbldgsb talt auetbo spbjgbs lrb usulddy obpbeolet he tab sgtb‗s bevgrhefbet ([lkgehvgja leo Ahvbrs;==?, :=:). G alvb tabrb`hrb usbo sgzb jltbihrgbs, ls obtlgdbo ge ([lkgehvgja <77=, ;=7). @giurb :.;gddustrltbs tags jhfplrgshe.

_ags irlpa sahws talt bvbe wabe l ahfb-klsb sbrvbs ls l pdljb wabrb pbhpdb ohgei og``brbettlsns ge shjgbty fbbt leo bxjaleib tab `rugts h` tabgr ljtgvgtgbs, eht ldd ljtgvgtgbs fly kb rbprbsbetbo

bvbedy. _abrb`hrb, tab leldysgs h` sgtbs talt ùejtghebo ls jbetrld pdljbs fust kb suppdbfbetbo wgtage`hrfltghe he tab jhetbxt ge wagja tabsb sgtbs ùejtghebo, ge hrobr th lssbss tab ùdd sugtb h` suk-sgstbejb ljtgvgtgbs prljtgsbo ky l irhup h` auetbr/iltabrbrs. Zhfb lpprbjgltghe h` tab gfphrtlejbh` prhjbssgei ge tab bdo jle kb ilgebo ky leldysgei tab rbprbsbetltghe h` snbdbtld plrts h` dlriblegflds lt ahfb klsbs. Ge tab jlsb h` sbdbjtgvb trlesphrt h` rbflges h` tabsb legflds th tab sgtb, heb whudo bxpbjt bjhehfgjlddy vldulkdb plrts, d gnb tab ageodgfks th kb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ( b.i. Jalttbrs<719, :?:, [hibrs leo Krhuiathe. ;==<). He tab htabr aleo, g` l jlrjlss gs ddbtbo, eheb h` gtskhebs wgdd rblja tab jbetrld pdljb ([lkgehvgja leo Ahvbrs ;==?, :=:). _abrb`hrb, wb ebbo th jhe-sgobr ldd tab jhfphebets h` l sbttdbfbet systbf wabe stuoygei suksgstbejb kbalvghur.

? qugos ̀ rhf Nbklrl alvb kbbe irhupbo wgta jdlss GG, sgejb B. ayoruetgeus gs tab fhst jhffhe bqugo prbsbet (Klr-

Whsb` bt ld . <77;, 2<9). Ahwbvbr, shfb B. jlklddus leo B. tlkbtg lrb ldsh prbsbet lt tab sgtb. _abrb gs eh pukdgsabo

oltl talt belkdbs fb th ogstgeiugsa kbtwbbe tabsb spbjgbs. G jahsb th jdlssg`y rbo obbr ls l jdlss G flffld,

ahwbvbr, sgejb B. ayoruetgeus gs irhupbo ky [lkgehvgja (<77=) ls sgzb GG, tags fgiat ldsh kb vldgo `hr rbo obbr. Ge

talt jlsb Nbklrl als bvbe ̀ bwbr jdlss G legflds.

=

<=

;=

:=

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2=

0=

9=

1=

7=

Nbklrl \uebgtrl

%

Jdlss G

Jdlss GG

Jdlss GGG









??

L PGBY _H L NGDD

bpabfbrld hjjupltghes h` tab jlvb (Ztgebr <77?, <7?-<70). Heb bpgshob h` sabddsa jhddbjtghe ltIgkrldtlr ldsh rbprbsbets l vbry sahrt vgsgt th tab sgtb (Klrthe ;===). Fhrb rbjbet whrn lt Igkrldtlrals ygbdobo l ogvbrsgbo `lueld lssbfkdlib, wgta fhddusjs ljjhuetgei `hr <9% h` tab gobetgbo `lu-eld lssbfkdlib (Ztrgeibr bt ld. ;==1). _ags sahws talt fhddusj bxpdhgtltghe wls gejhrphrltbo geth tabstleolro sugtb h` ahfgege `hrligei prljtgjbs lt tags sgtb.

_ab bxpdhgtltghe h` lqultgj rbshurjbs wgdd kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro,oub th tab `ljt talt sbl-dbvbds wbrb dhwbr tale lt prbsbet `hr lkhut 92% h` tab ourltghe h` tabEbleobrtald hjjupltghe h` Burhpb (Ilfkdb <777, <=?). Fley jhlstld sgtbs wgdd lrb tabrb`hrb suk-fbribo ehwlolys. _ab rbdltgvbdy sfldd gfphrtlejb h` sabddsa bxpdhgtltghe fly ldsh kb jlusbo kytab `ljt talt tab Fbogtbrrleble gs eht l prhdgj prhoujbr h` sabddsa (Pgtl-@gezg leo Agiis <79=,;).

Zfldd, `lst fhvgei prby spbjgbs, dgnb rlkkgts leo kgros, wbrb supphsbody eht ablvgdy bxpdhgtbo getab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj. Dbphrgo khebs lrb rbphrtbo lt shfb sgtbs, ahwbvbr g` taby lrb prbsbet, tabphssgkgdgty als th kb jhesgobrbo talt taby wbrb krhuiat geth tab sgtb ky htabr legflds, dgnb rlpthrs, hrdyexbs ( b.i. Ahjnbtt leo Alws ;==;).

Zgejb Ztgebr rst put tab gssub h` sfldd flffld bxpdhgtltghe he tab libeol, shfb bvgobejb taltEbleobrtalds ogo eht dblvb tags jltbihry h` prby ldheb als sur`ljbo. Jut-flrnbo rlkkgt khebs lrbehw ge bvgobejb `rhf ls blrdy ls <.; fyl lt tab sgtb h` Zgfl obd Bdb`letb ge Zplge (Kdlsjh ;==1,;1:7). Jhfplrgshe h` tab _brrl Lfltl rlkkgt slfpdb wgta lssbfkdlibs `hrfbo ky vlrghus prbol-thrs sahws talt prbolthrs ogo eht obphsgt tab _brrl Lfltl lssbfkdlib. @urtabrfhrb, lt dblst heb h`tab rlkkgt khebs bxagkgts l jut-flrn, phgetgei th l ahfgege hrgige `hr tab lssbfkdlib (Pldbesg leoIubeehueg ;==?). Dbphrgos lrb prbsbet ge sfldd quletgtgbs ge Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs ge Gtldy ls wbdd(Ztgebr, Fuerh, leo Zurhvbdd ;===). Ge Zplge, bxpdhgtltghe h` dbphrgos gs ldsh bvgobejbo lt sbvbrldFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs. Dgnbwgsb tabr rhobets wbrb bxpdhgtbo ̀ rhf tgfb th tgfb. _abgr usb fly ehtldwlys kb rbdltbo th suksgstbejb tahuia. @hr bxlfpdb jut-flrns he flrfht khebs `hueo ge [gplrh _lidgbetb sbbf th phget th sngeegei ls tab flge ljtgvgty pbr`hrfbo ky tab ahfgeges bxpdhgtgei tabf. _abrb`hrb bxpdhgtltghe fly alvb kbbe iblrbo prgflrgdy thwlros prhvgsghegei tabfsbdvbs wgta ùrgestblo h` `hho (_aue Ahabestbge ;==0).

Kgros ldsh `ldd ge tags prby jltbihry. Ljjhrogei th Ztgebr bt ld . taby hedy kbjhfb gfphrtlet getab Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. He tab htabr aleo, ls gddustrltbo ky Nbklrl lkhvb, kgros lrb prbsbet lt

Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs. _aby lrb `rbqubetdy usbo ls bevgrhefbetld geogjlthrs leo h`tbe slgo th kb—prbsbet‖ ge sgtb rbphrts. EGZ] oltl lrb usulddy eht igvbe. _abrb lrb shfb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs lt wagja kgros alvb kbbe bxpdhgtbo tahuia. Fhst h` tabsb lrb dhjltbo ge tab Fbogtbrrleble. Ahwbvbr,jut-flrnbo oujn khebs alvb ldsh kbbe `hueo lt Zldzigttbr-Dbkbestbot ge tab ehrta (Iluozgesng,pbrs. jhff). Fhrbhvbr, swle wls bxpdhgtbo lt Khdhfhr jlvb ge Zplge (Kdlsjh ;==1)..

Lsgob `rhf sabddsa, lqultgj rbshurjbs lrb vbry rlrb lt Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs. _ags gfprbs-sghe gs khdstbrbo ky gshthpgj stuogbs ( b.i. [gjalros bt ld. ;==<) Fhst h` tab nehwe bxlfpdbs h` bx-pdhgtltghe h` lqultgj rbshurjbs oltb th tab dltb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj, kut tabrb lrb agets talt lqultgjrbshurjbs wbrb bxpdhgtbo blrdgbr he ls wbdd. _brrl Lfltl leo tab Irhttb ou Dlzlrbt alvb ygbdobo sarbflges `hr bxlfpdb. Lt _brrl Lfltl sabddsa alvb ldsh kbbe rbjhvbrbo (Khheb <790, Obssb leoObssb <790). Geogjltghes `hr tab bxpdhgtltghe h` htabr flrgeb rbshurjbs lrb rlrb thh. Lt Igkrldtlrflrgeb flfflds dgnb tab fhen sbld ( Fheljaus fheljaus ) leo ohdpages wbrb bxpdhgtbo hjjlsghelddy(@gedlyshe leo ]ljabjh ;===, Ztrgeibr bt ld. ;==1).

@rbsawltbr rbshurjbs lrb jhespgjuhusdy lksbet `rhf Ebleobrtald sgtbs. _ags gs ohukdy surprgs-gei, ls fley hpbe-lgr sgtbs talt alvb kbbe bxjlvltbo wbrb dhjltbo ge dljustrgeb hr rgvbrgeb bevgrhe-fbets. Zhfb legflds lsshjgltbo wgta tabsb bevgrhefbets wbrb bxpdhgtbo tahuia> lt _luklja `hrbxlfpdb jut-flrnbo kblvbr khebs wbrb `hueo (Krltdueo <777). Lt l `bw sgtbs, suja ls tab Irhttb Plu r̀by leo tab sgtb h` Hrielj, dlrib quletgtgbs h` `rbsawltbr sa alvb kbbe `hueo3 (Obssb leoObssb <790, Db Ildd <711). Lt tab sgtb h` Nhuolrh G ge tab Jlujlsus tbes h` tahusleos h` sldfhekhebs ( Zldfh struttl dlkrlx ) wbrb ̀ hueo. Ljjhrogei th tab rbsblrjabrs, kblrs lrb uedgnbdy th alvb kbbetab ljjufudltgei libet, sgejb taby usulddy blt tabgr prby lt tab spht wabrb taby jltja gt, leo oh ehttrlesphrt gt (Dghkgeb ;==;, ?1).

Ge ibebrld, gt sbbfs talt bxpdhgtltghe h` sfldd `lst fhvgei prby wls geobbo rlrb ge tab Fgoodb]ldlbhdgtagj. Ahwbvbr, tabrb lrb `ljthrs talt geubejb hur vgbw h` tags jltbihry h` suksgstbejb kb-alvghur. @grst, ls phgetbo hut blrdgbr, hur rbsblrja `hjus sbbfs th jbetrb he tab fhrb spbjtljudlr,

dlribr prby jltbihrgbs. Zbjheo, prhvgei tab bxpdhgtltghe h` tabsb sfldd spbjgbs fly kb fhrb og`judttale talt h` dlrib flfflds. Fhst gfphrtletdy, tabgr khebs lrb fuja sflddbr, wagja fly geubejb









?1

L PGBY _H L NGDD

dltbr spabrhgos lrb fhrb dgnb tahsb h` tab btaehirlpagjlddy nehwe tarhwgei sthebs (Gsllj <719, <:,Dhrkdlejabt <777, <<9).

Ahwbvbr, tarhwe sthebs lrb eht tab ngeo h` wblphe wb whudo bxpbjt th kb wgbdobo wabeprljtgsgei spbjgldgsbo auetgei h` prgfb-libo ueiudltbs leo fbil`luel. Fhrb lovlejbo ngeos h` wblphes alvb kbbe `hueo ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro tahuia. _ab blrdgbst phssgkdb bxlfpdb h`

spblr usb gs l putltgvb gfpljt flrn h` l prhcbjtgdb `hueo he l ahrsb sjlpudl lt tab 2== nl sgtb h`Khxirhvb ge Beidleo ([hkbrts <777, :91). Fhrb `lfhus lrb tab bgiat whhobe tarhwgei spblrs`hueo lt Zjaðegeibe, oltbo kbtwbbe :== leo ?== nl (_agbfb <779). Lehtabr bxlfpdb, ldrbloyfbetghebo, gs tab whhobe dlejb `hueo wgta tab jlrjlss h` le bdbpalet lt Dbargeibe, oltbo th tabdlst getbridljgld (_agbfb leo Pbgd <712). Re`hrtueltbdy, whho gs rlrbdy prbsbrvbo, sh wb oh eht nehwahw ukgqugthus tabsb wblphes wbrb. Ebvbrtabdbss, tab Zjaðegeibe spblrs lppblr th alvb kbbe wbdd-kldlejbo tarhwgei wblphes ([gbobr ;==:). _abrb`hrb, tabgr prhoujbrs wbrb prhklkdy bxpbrgbejboge tabgr fleu`ljturb.

Ge loogtghe th rlrb eos h` whhobe hkcbjts, stheb thhds fly alvb ̀ uejtghebo ls wblphes. Gt alskbbe ayphtabsgsbo talt Dbvlddhgs phgets wbrb usbo ls spblr phgets. _absb suspgjghes wbrb jherfbo wabe ge Zyrgl, l plrt h` l Dbvlddhgs phget wls `hueo bfkboobo ge l vbrtbkrl h` l wgdo lss. _ags eogs oltbo ls hdobr tale 2= nl leo gs kbdgbvbo th rbprbsbet Ebleobrtald kbalvghur (Khîol bt ld. <777).He tab klsgs h` ngebtgj tbsts gt gs gfphssgkdb th ogstgeiugsa wabtabr tags wls tab rbsudt h` l tarustbohr l tarhwe wblphe, kut sgejb tab phget betbrbo ky l plrlkhdgj trlcbjthry gt gs suiibstbo talt tab wblphe fust alvb kbbe tarhwe. _ab eogei h` tab Dbvlddhgs phget ge le legfld kheb gs l prhfgs-gei ogsjhvbry, sgejb tags gs l stheb prhcbjtgdb phget talt wb jle rbjhvbr lrjalbhdhigjlddy. Ahwbvbr,Dbvlddhgs phgets jleeht kb sbbe ls prhcbjtgdb phgets pur slei . _aby wbrb lpplrbetdy usbo `hr l wgob vlrgbty h` purphsbs. Fley phgets sahw trljbs h` wblr rbdltbo th kutjabrgei, hr bvbe whrngei pdlet`hhos, suiibstgei talt tabsb gtbfs jhudo alvb l vlrgbty h` ùejtghes (Fbgiebe bt ld. <771, ;:?-;:0,]dgsshe leo Kbyrgbs <771, 9).

_hhds jdlssgbo ls phgets lrb rlrb ge tab Burhpble Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj ( b.i. Pgddl leo Dbehgr;==0). Jhfplrgshe wgta L`rgjle Fgoodb Ztheb Lib lssbfkdlibs suiibsts talt tags fly kb plrtdyoub th tab systbf h` jdlssgjltghe usbo ge Burhpb. _ags systbf rbsudts ge fley phgetbo `hrfs kb -gei jdlssgbo ls sjrlpbrs. Bspbjglddy tab jltbihry —jhevbribet sjrlpbrs‖ jhetlges fley `hrfs taltjhudo vbry wbdd alvb ùejtghebo ls phgets (Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0, 7<-7;). [bsblrja he tabsb thhds

`rhf tab Eblr Blst sahws talt shfb h` tabf fly alvb kbbe usbo ls phgets. Lt Irhttl Krbugd geGtldy, jhevbribet sjrlpbrs wbrb obsjrgkbo ls sahwgei trljbs h` pgbrjgei ljtgvgtgbs eblr tab phget ( b.i. Dbfhrgeg <77;). Fhrbhvbr, tab ogfbesghes h` shfb h` tabsb sjrlpbrs, thibtabr wgta tahsb h` shfbDbvlddhgs phgets `ldd wgtage tab rleib h` ogfbesghes h` btaehirlpagjlddy nehwe phgets h` tarustgeispblrs (Zabl ;==0, Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0). _abrb`hrb, btaehirlpagj oltl suiibsts l usb ls phgets ̀ hrtarustgei spblrs.

@urtabrfhrb, bxpbrgfbetld whrn leo whrn he pldbhgeogle ngdd-sgtbs als dbo th tab gobetgjltgheh` `blturbs talt fly abdp ge gobetg`ygei phgets talt wbrb usbo ls wblphes. @grst, kudklr tageegeith prbplrb tab phget `hr al`tgei wls h`tbe hksbrvbo. Fhrb gfphrtletdy, olflib jhejurrbet wgtaprhcbjtgdb usb he phgetbo `hrfs als kbbe leldysbo. _ags tlnbs tab `hrf h` stbp-`rljturbs, kurge-dgnb`rljturbs leo spge-h`` `rljturbs lt tab tgp h` tab phget (Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0, <<;-<<:). _ags ngeoh` olflib als kbbe hksbrvbo he Dbvlddhgs phgets `rhf sgtbs ge tab Dbvlet, leo fhrb rbjbetdy geshutawbstbre @rlejb leo Gtldy ( b.i. Alroy bt ld. ;==<, Fbgiebe bt ld. <771, Pgddl bt ld . ;==7, Pgddl leo

Dbehgr ;==0, Zabl, <772 #;2:). Yb nehw talt al`tgei wls prljtgsbo ky Ebleobrtalds, `hr usb-wblr leldysgs talt als rbvbldbo

trljbs h` al`tgei he stheb thhds ( b.i. Alroy bt ld. ;==<). Fhrb spbjtljudlrdy, lt tab Ibrfle sgtb h`Nðegislub, twh pgbjbs h` kgrja pgtja alvb kbbe ueblrtabo. Heb h` tabsb pgbjbs, prhklkdy oltgeith FGZ 2l, bxagkgts l ahfgege eibrprget ls wbdd ls tab gfprbssghe h` l get kdlob he heb beo leogfprbssghes h` whho jbdds he tab htabr aleo, geogjltgei gts usb ls al`tgei fltbrgld (Nhddbr, Klufbr,leo Flegl ;==<, :10-:11). L vbry rbjbet eo lrb lnbs stgdd jhvbrbo ge tab tlr talt wls usbo th al`ttabf, wagja wbrb ogsjhvbrbo sjlttbrbo kbtwbbe tab rbflges h` le <1-<7 yblr hdo bdbpalet ge Gtldy,oltbo kb`hrb FGZ 0 (Flzzl bt ld. ;==0).

_ab gfphrtlejb h` tab usb ls prhcbjtgdbs h` jhevbribet sjrlpbrs leo Dbvlddhgs phgets gs l suk-cbjt h` ogsjussghe. Ge shfb jlsbs Dbvlddhgs phgets wbrb sgfpdy tab prb`brrbo beo-prhoujts h` stheb whrngei leo talt ̀ hrf ohbs eht ebjbsslrgdy geogjltb tabgr usb ls spblr phgets. Zhfb rbsblrjabrs tagen

talt tab usb h` phgetbo `hrfs ls spblr phgets wls sh rlrb ls th kb ebidgigkdb ( b.i.

]dgsshe leo Kbyrgbs<771). _abrb lrb shfb `ljthrs talt prhfpt rbtagengei tags phget h` vgbw. Lt Nbklrl, `hr bxlfpdb,



?7


:2% h` tab phgets ge tab lssbfkdlib sahwbo bvgobejb ̀ hr al`tgei, suiibstgei talt tags ̀ uejtghe flyeht alvb kbbe vbry rlrb l`tbr ldd (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;). @urtabrfhrb tab lksbejb h` jalrljtbrgstgjgfpljt olflib ohbs eht fble talt phgets wbrb eht usbo ls fgssgdbs. Bxpbrgfbets alvb sahwe talt wabe lgfbo wbdd, leo prhvgobo eh kheb gs agt, phgets wgdd eht kb olflibo. @urtabrfhrb, g` phgetslrb olflibo, rbplgrs jle kb flob wabrbky tab olflib gs rbfhvbo (@rgshe <717). @urtabrfhrb, usb-

wblr leldysgs hedy sahws tab dlst ljtgvgty talt wls pbr`hrfbo. Btaehirlpagjlddy, bxlfpdbs lrb nehwe wabrb spblrablos lrb usbo th kutjabr prby (Zabl <77:). _ags whudo dblo th l kutjabrgei wblr (wagjags jhffhe lt shfb sgtbs), wagdb tab thhd wls ldsh usbo ls prhcbjtgdb th prhjurb tab legfld. _ags ohbseht shdvb tab prhkdbf, ahwbvbr, bspbjglddy sgejb gt jleeht bxpdlge trljbs h` whho-whrngei he tabsbtypbs. Yb nehw talt phgets wbrb shfbtgfbs usbo ls wblphes, kut eht ldwlys.

Fhst thhds talt wb nehw ̀ rhf tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj wbrb prhklkdy usbo ̀ hr prhjbssgei rltabrtale auetgei. Ahwbvbr, wb oh eht nehw tab bxljt ljtgvgtgbs `hr wagja fhst thhds wbrb usbo. Rsb- wblr stuogbs alvb kbbe usbo th ilge gesgiat ge tags, ldtahuia taby ibebrlddy hedy og``brbetgltb kbtwbbe vbry krhlo jltbihrgbs h` usb. Rsb-wblr stuogbs lrb shfbtgfbs jhfkgebo wgta rbsgoub leldysgs> ltbjaegqub talt trgbs th gobetg`y lejgbet rbsgoubs he l thhd‗s whrngei boibs. _ags jhfkgeltghe fly dbloth fhrb spbjgj rbsudts. [bsgoub leldysgs hedy whrns he thhds obphsgtbo ueobr vbry spbjgj jheog-tghes. Ge fhst bevgrhefbets, rbsgoubs wgdd obtbrghrltb qugjndy (Dleibcles ;==0). Zuja stuogbs wbrblppdgbo th shfb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs. _aby alvb rbvbldbo talt tab stheb thhds alvb kbbe usbo`hr l wgob rleib h` ljtgvgtgbs leo tab prhjbssgei h` fley og``brbet fltbrglds ( b.i. Kbyrgbs <711, Igce<77;, Alroy ;==?, Alroy bt ld. ;==<, Dbfhrgeg <77;, Fbgiebe bt ld. <771, ]dgsshe leo Kbyrgbs <771). _abrb gs fuja bvgobejb `hr whho-whrngei, eht hedy ge wlrf Fbogtbrrleble jdgfbs, kut ldsh ltehrtabre sgtbs dgnb Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (Kbyrgbs <711). Zgdgjbhus pdlets wbrb ldsh whrnbo lt shfb sgtbs(Alroy ;==?). @urtabrfhrb, tabrb gs lkueolet bvgobejb lt fley sgtbs `hr gevhdvbfbet wgta legfldflttbr, kb gt kheb, fblt hr agob ( b.i. Kbyrgbs <711, Igce <77;, Fbgiebe bt ld. <771).

Le gfphrtlet prhkdbf wgta rbilro th khta usb-wblr leo rbsgoub leldysgs gs tab `ljt talt phst-obphsgtgheld prhjbssbs jle prhoujb rbsudts talt fgfgj trljbs h` usb. @hr gestlejb, —whho-whrngei‖phdgsa gs ldsh jrbltbo ky `rgjtghe wgta wbt sbogfbets, eht hedy ky prhjbssbs talt dblvb strltgirlpagjtrljbs dgnb jryhturkltghe, kut ldsh ky fgeutb fhvbfbets ge tab fltrgx ( b.i. Dbvg-Zldl <710). [bsgoubshe stheb thhds lrb lssufbo th kb tab prbjgpgtltb h` tab prbagsthrgj ljtgvgtgbs `hr wagja taby wbrbusbo. _ags gs eht ldwlys tab jlsb ahwbvbr, taby fly kb fhobre jhetlfgelets. @urtabrfhrb, eht ldd

jhetlfgelets ebbo kb fhobre, taby lrb ldsh prbsbet ge tab sbogfbet leo tabsb fly ldsh beo up hestheb gfpdbfbets ourgei obphsgtghe (Dleibcles ;==0, Dleibcles ;==9).. _ab rbdglkgdgty h` usb-wblr leo rbsgoub stuogbs jle kb gfprhvbo wabe l eufkbr h` jrgtbrgl

lrb fbt. @hr bxlfpdb, gt gs gfphrtlet th krbln ohwe rbsgoubs he stheb thhds ky dhjltghe. [bsgoubstalt jhudo kb getbrprbtbo ls kbgei tab rbsudt h` al`tgei whudo ebbo th kb dhjltbo lt tab klsb h` lstheb thhd `hr bxlfpdb. [bsgoubs rbdltbo th thhd-usb sahudo kb dhjltbo eblr tab boibs h` tab thhd.@urtabrfhrb, tab `ljt talt l rbsgoub wls rbdltbo th tab usb h` l thhd kbjhfbs fhrb prhklkdb g` tabrblrb fudtgpdb sgfgdlr rbsgoubs he tab thhd. Zgeidb rbsgoubs jle blsgdy kb tab rbsudt h` jhetlfgeltghe.G` fudtgpdb, sgfgdlr trljbs lrb prbsbet, tab dgnbdgahho h` tabf kbgei rbdltbo th tab usb h` tab thhdgejrblsbs ( b.i. Dhfklro ;==2). Fhrbhvbr, ge jlsbs wabrb usb-wblr leo rbsgoub leldysbs wbrb pbr-`hrfbo geobpbeobetdy h` heb lehtabr he tab slfb thhds, tab rbsudts h` tab leldysbs tbeobo th jhr-rhkhrltb blja htabr ( b.i. Alroy bt ld. ;==<, <=79:-<=79?).

Ge fhst jlsbs, pdlet rbsgoubs prbsbrvb kbttbr tale legfld rbsgoubs. _ab gfphrtlejb h` pdlet

whrngei fly taus kb bxliibrltbo ge rbsgoub-stuogbs (Dhfklro leo Ylodby ;==9, <0<-<0;). Zbbgeitalt pdlet fltbrglds lrb vgrtulddy lksbet ge tab rbst h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, tab gobetgjltgheh` pdlet rbsgoubs he Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj stheb thhds stgdd gs gevldulkdb. @hr bxlfpdb, lt Ztlrhsbdb geJrgfbl, :< lrtb`ljts wbrb leldysbo leo pdlet rbsgoub wls `hueo he ;< h` tabf (Alroy bt ld. ;==<,<=79?). _ags fly ldsh geogjltb talt, ldtahuia sbogfbetlry ljtghe jle fgfgj usb-wblr trljbs h` pdletleo whhowhrngei, shfb h` tabsb trljbs oh rbbjt plst ljtgvgtgbs. Rsb h` stheb thhds he sh`t pdletfltbrglds fly phget th prhjbssgei h` `hhostu``s. Ahwbvbr, tabsb pdlets fly ldsh alvb kbbe usbo lsùbd, hr `hr htabr purphsbs, suja ls tab jhestrujtghe h` sabdtbr leo kboogei (Alroy ;==?, Flobddl btld. ;==;). Irgeogei sthebs alvb hedy kbbe rbphrtbo ge l `bw rlrb jlsbs, dgnb lt Nbklrl (Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;, 2:<). _abrb`hrb, tabrb lrb hedy l `bw geogjltghes `hr tab jhesufptghe h` pdlet `hhos tarhuiaFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj fltbrgld judturb.

Ls fbetghebo, whhowhrngei gs lttbstbo h`tbe ky usb-wblr stuogbs. _ags fly phget th tab jhddbj-

tghe h` rbwhho, kut, prhklkdy ldsh th tab usb h` stheb thhds th salpb whhobe thhds. _ab fleu -`ljturb h` l whhobe spblr gs jhesgobrbo th kb fuja fhrb tgfb jhesufgei tale fleu`ljturgei l







2;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

gs uejdblr leo taby wbrb rbjhvbrbo ge hdo bxjlvltghes, tabgr lttrgkutghe th tab Jaëtbdpbrrhegle gs ehtjbrtlge tahuia ( b.i. [hbkrhbns ;==1, 7;:).

:.0 Zufflry leo Jhejdusghe

Ge jhejdusghe, gt gs sl`b th sly talt hur kbst shurjb h` ge`hrfltghe rbilrogei Ebleobrtald suksgst-bejb strltbigbs lrb tab kheb lssbfkdlibs `hueo lt tabgr sgtbs. Zpblrs, dgnb tahsb `rhf Zjaðegeibeleo Dbargeibe sahw us talt taby auetbo, kut tabsb lrtb`ljts lrb vbry rlrb. Ztheb thhds lrb th shfbobirbb begifltgj. _aby hkvghusdy pdlybo l jbetrld plrt ge Ebleobrtald dg`bwlys ( b.i. Nuae <771), kutfley h` tabf wbrb eht usbo ge tab prhjurbfbet h` tab `hho. ]hgets lrb le bxjbptghe, sgejb tabyoh sbbf th alvb kbbe usbo ls tgps h` auetgei wblphes (Khîol bt ld. <777, Alroy bt ld. ;==<, Pgddlleo Dbehgr ;==0). _ags wls eht tabgr hedy ùejtghe ahwbvbr, sgejb taby shfbtgfbs bxagkgt usb-wblrrbdltbo th htabr ljtgvgtgbs, dgnb kutjabry, hr bvbe whhowhrngei (Kbyrgbs <711, Fbgiebe bt ld. <771).Gfpdbfbetgei stheb thhds ge tab prhjbssgei h` `hho wgdd alvb flob bxpdhgtltghe h` legfld rbshurjbsfuja fhrb b`jgbet. _abgr bxljt b``bjt he `hrligei strltbigbs gs alro th bstgfltb, ahwbvbr.

_ab usb-wblr leo rbsgoubs phgetgei th pdlet-rbdltbo ljtgvgtgbs h` jhursb `hrf l wbdjhfb bx-tbesghe h` tab nehwdboib lkhut tabsb ljtgvgtgbs talt wb alo iltabrbo tarhuia tab ogsjhvbry h` whhobe spblrs leo lt shfb sgtbs, dgnb Nbklrl leo jlvbs he Igkrldtlr, tab rbjhvbry h` rhlstbo sbbos

leo pbls. _ab prhkdbf wgta tags dgeb h` bvgobejb gs talt usb-wblr leo rbsgoub stuogbs lrb eht ge-`lddgkdb. Zbogfbetlry fhvbfbets jle prhoujb idhss sgfgdlr th talt h` `hr bxlfpdb whhowhrngei.@urtabrfhrb rbsgoubs jle ldsh rbsudt `rhf jhetlfgeltghe leo tabrb sbbfs th kb l prbsbrvltghe kglsthwlros pdlet rbsgoubs hvbr legfld rbsgoubs.

_ab flge prhkdbf rbilrogei tab stuoy h` stheb thhds `hr suksgstbejb purphsbs gs tab `ljt talttabrb ohbs eht sbbf th kb l jdblr rbdltghesagp kbtwbbe thhd`hrf leo ‚ùejtghe. Fhst stuogbs h`stheb thhd typbs sahw talt sgfgdlr thhds alvb vbry ogvbrsb typbs h` wblr> taby lrb taus eht spbjg-jlddy iblrbo thwlros l sgeidb ljtgvgty. _ags vbrsltgdgty ge thhd ùejtghe fly kb rbdltbo th tab fhkgdb wly h` dg`b prljtgsbo ky Ebleobrtalds. Yabe fhkgdgty gs agia, fgegfgsgei tab wbgiat h` trlesphrtbothhds kbjhfbs le gfphrtlet jhesgobrltghe. _ags gs sbbe btaehirlpagjlddy, wabrb agia obirbbs h`rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty jhrrbdltb wgta dbss vlrglkdb thhdngts (Kdbbo <710, Zahtt <710). He tab htabr aleo,btaehirlpagjlddy tabrb gs ldsh l jhrrbdltghe kbtwbbe dltgtuob leo thhdngt vlrglkgdgty, wgta vlrglkgdgtygejrblsgei wgta dltgtuob (Kdlobs ;==<, <<, Abergja ;==?). _ags jhrrbdltghe sbbfs eht th lppdy thEbleobrtald thhdngts, wagja oh eht lppblr fhrb vlrglkdb ge tab fhrb ehrtabre plrts h` tabgr rleibleo sbbf ibebrldgsbo jhfplrbo th fhobre aufle thhdngts. _ags fly kb lttrgkutbo th tab `ljt taltEbleobrtalds fly eht alvb kbbe vbry dhigstgjlddy fhkgdb, kbjlusb h` tab agia jhst h` dhjhfhtghetaby ̀ ljbo. Ge jhetrlst, fhst fhobre aufle auetbr/iltabrbrs dgvgei ge tbfpbrltb leo jhdo jdgfltbslrb dhigstgjlddy fhkgdb.

Ztheb lrtb`ljts wbrb plrt h` l dlribr thhdngt, wagja gejduobo thhds flob `rhf hrilegj fltbrglds. _absb lrb h` jhursb rlrbdy rbjhvbrbo, kut prhvgob jdubs h` ihho tbjaegjld jlplkgdgtgbs. _ab al`tgeih` stheb thhds usgei kgrja tlr gs heb bxlfpdb, ls lrb tab whhobe spblrs `hueo lt Zjaðegeibe leoDbargeibe lehtabr. Zgejb tab fleu`ljturb h` whhobe thhds dgnb spblrs fly alvb kbbe fuja fhrbtgfb-jhesufgei tale tab fleu`ljturb h` stheb lrtb`ljts ( b.i. Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0), wb fust nbbpge fgeo tab phssgkgdgty talt wb lrb sbbgei hedy plrt h` tab Ebleobrtald thhdngt. _ab stheb thhdsfly alvb ùejtghebo ls bxpbogbet, blsgdy rbpdljblkdb jhfphebets h` tab thhdngt ge wagja rbdltgvbdy

dgttdb bebriy wls gevbstbo. _ab whhobe jhfphebet fly alvb kbbe vbry gfphrtlet wgta rbilro thEbleobrtald ljtgvgtgbs leo fly bvbe alvb kbbe fhrb bxtbesgvb tale tab stheb jhfphebet h` tabthhdngt.

Ls ogsjussbo, lt fhst sgtbs, tab lkshdutb flchrgty h` stheb thhds wbrb flob h` rlw fltbrglds taltjle kb ̀ hueo wgtage 0 ngdhfbtrbs h` tab sgtb. _ags fly rbbjt tab gealkgtlets‗ ̀ hrligei rlogus (sbesuKge`hro <71;). L sfldd prhphrtghe, usulddy eht fhrb tale ;=%, h` tab thhds lrb flob h` rlw fltbrg-lds ̀ rhf ̀ lrtabr lbdo. _absb fly rbbjt thhds talt wbrb prhoujbo wagdb stlygei lt l prbvghus jbetrldpdljb leo talt wbrb tlnbe ldhei wabe l rbsgobetgld fhvb thhn pdljb. _ab vbry sfldd eufkbr h` thhdstalt lrb flob h` rlw fltbrglds ̀ rhf ̀ urtabr lbdo fly kb thhds talt wbrb plrt h` l pbrshe‗s pbrsheldiblr leo —survgvbo‖ sbvbrld rbsgobetgld fhvbs (Nuae <772, [hbkrhbns, Nhdbe, leo [besgen <711). Gtals kbbe suiibstbo talt Dbvlddhgs phgets whudo kb bspbjglddy sugtbo th kb plrt h` tab pbrsheld iblr,sgejb taby prhvgob l flxgfuf lfhuet h` juttgei-boib leo lrb tabrb`hrb wbdd-bqugppbo th obld wgtal ahst h` ue`hrbsbbe jgrjufstlejbs (Ylddljb leo Zabl ;==0).









20

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Kb`hrb G ih geth tab fhobds tabfsbdvbs, gt gs gfphrtlet th rbldgsb walt ngeo h` qubstghes H@_fhobds jle leswbr. Legfld kbalvghur jle kb bxpdlgebo lt sbvbrld og``brbet dbvbds> _gekbribe (<70:)obdgebltbo ̀ hur jltbihrgbs h` bxpdleltghe ̀ hr legfld kbalvghur, wagja lrb nehwe ls ags —`hur ways‖. _absb `hur jltbihrgbs jle kb ogvgobo ge twh irhups3 prhxgfld jlusbs h` kbalvghur leo udtgfltbjlusbs h` kbalvghur. ]rhxgfltb jlusbs bxpdlge tab ùejtghe h` ljtghes `hr lt tab dbvbd h` tab geog-

vgould. Rdtgfltb jlusbs bxpdlge tab bvhdutghelry jlusbs h` kbalvghur lt spbjgbs hr phpudltghe dbvbd. Lrjalbhdhigjld rbsblrja, bspbjglddy ge tab ]ldlbhdgtagj jle h`tbe hedy bxpdlge plttbres lt _gekbribe‗sudtgfltb dbvbd. ]rhxgfltb bxpdleltghes rbqugrb `lr irbltbr rbshdutghe.

Lt tab udtgfltb dbvbd, kbalvghur jle kb stuogbo wgta rbilro th gts ùejtgheld jlusb3 bxpdlgegei tabùejtghe h` kbalvghur ge tbrfs h` tebss `hr l spbjgbs. _ab htabr bxpdleltghe ge tags jltbihry gs tabpaydhibebtgj bxpdleltghe. _ags bxpdleltghe ̀ hjusbs he ahw tab bvhdutghelry agsthry h` l spbjgbs alsgeubejbo tab kbalvghurld shdutghes bfpdhybo ky l spbjgbs ( b.i. Klrrbtt, Oueklr, leo Dyjbtt ;==;,Nrbks leo Olvgbs <779, _gekbribe <70:). H@_ fhobds lrb obsgiebo th stuoy kbalvghur leo bxpdlgegt lt le bvhdutghelry dbvbd. _aby lrb bspbjglddy prhfgsgei `hr tab ùejtgheld stuoy h` kbalvghur. _ablppdgjltghe h` H@_ th lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs gs bxpbjtbo th gddufgeltb wagja `ljthrs wbrb rbsphesgkdb`hr tab kbalvghur bxagkgtbo ky Ebleobrtalds ge og``brbet sbttgeis. He tab htabr aleo, ky lppdygeiH@_ th og``brbet pbrghos h` tgfb wb fly ldsh kb lkdb th trljn tab obvbdhpfbet h` strltbigbs tarhuiatgfb leo taus ilge gesgiat ge tab paydhibebtgj obvbdhpfbet h` kbalvghurs.

_ab usb h` H@_ fhobds th bxpdlge aufle `hrligei kbalvghur als kbbe jrgtgjgsbo ky shfb, kb-jlusb tab ueobrdygei lssufptghes lrb obbfbo th kb prhkdbfltgj. @grst, gt gs eht jdblr ahw `hrligeikbalvghur jhrrbdltbs bxljtdy wgta rbprhoujtgvb sujjbss. _abrb`hrb, ge H@_ fhobds l prhxy gs usbotalt gs tahuiat th jhrrbdltb wgta rbprhoujtgvb tebss. _ags prhxy gs jlddbo tab jurrbejy. Rsulddy,tab jurrbejy gs bebribtgj ilge. Gt gs taus lssufbo talt flxgfgsgei bebribtgj rbtures `rhf `hrligeiljtgvgtgbs jhrrbdltbs phsgtgvbdy wgta tab tebss h` tab `hrlibr. _ags jurrbejy tbeos th kb l ihho prb-ogjthr h` `hrligei objgsghes ( b.i. Ylgtb leo Wobekbri <770, Ygetbraldobr <719). _ags lssufptghegs jbrtlgedy eht uegvbrslddy vldgo, ahwbvbr. Hptgfgsltghe h` kbalvghur fly alvb kbbe sbdbjtbo `hrhtabr bdbfbets. _absb jle kb `ljthrs dgnb rlrb kut bssbetgld eutrgbets, ilgegei shjgld prbstgib hr tabrboujtghe h` rgsns ( b.i. Kdgbib Kgro leo Zfgta ;==2, Ahjnbtt leo Alws ;==2, Duovgjh, Kbeebtt, leoKbjnbrfle <77<). _abrb`hrb, tab `ljt talt H@_ fhobds usulddy `hjus he jldhrgj ilge jle kb prhk-dbfltgj. Fldeutrgtghe gs h` jhursb le gfphrtlet prhkdbf, wgta irblt jhesbqubejbs `hr le legfld‗s

tebss. Ebvbrtabdbss, aufles ebbo 2= bssbetgld eutrgbets, leo gt als kbbe prhvbe talt l fhrb ogvbrsbogbt dhwbrs ge`let fhrtldgty leo prhdheis dg`b-bxpbjtlejy ( b.i. Kdgbib Kgro leo Zfgta ;==2, Ahjnbttleo Alws ;==2, Duovgjh, Kbeebtt, leo Kbjnbrfle <77<). _ags prhkdbf jle kb shdvbo ky jhestrujt-gei fhobds usgei og``brbet jurrbejgbs. _ags flnbs gt phssgkdb th tbst wabtabr kbalvghur wls iblrbothwlro hptgfgsgei htabr jhffhogtgbs.

L sbjheo gssub gs talt gt gs h`tbe uejdblr ahw `hrligei kbalvghurs lrb trlesfgttbo. Ge H@_ fho-bds, getbr-ibebrltgheld trlesfgssghe h` `hrligei kbalvghurs gs l whrngei lssufptghe. Elturld sbdbj-tghe he tabsb geabrgtbo trlgts besurbs talt ̀ hrligei kbalvghur gs hptgfgsbo hvbr tgfb. Yabe lppdygeiH@_ th aufle ̀ hrlibrs, letarhphdhigsts h`tbe hkcbjt talt geabrgtlejb ge aufles gs eht hedy ibebtgjkut ldsh judturld. H` jhursb tags gs ldsh tab jlsb ge fley legfld spbjgbs. _ags rbsudts ge tab hkcbjtghetalt, gt gs uejdblr wabtabr ley rbprhoujtgvb lovletlibs h` l ihho `hrlibr wgdd kb trlesfgttbo th gtsh``sprgei (Geihdo ;===, :=). _ags flnbs tab lssufptghe talt elturld sbdbjtghe als rbsudtbo ge tebss-flxgfgsgei `hrligei kbalvghur hvbr tgfb prhkdbfltgj ( b.i. Geihdo <77;, Geihdo ;===).

H` jhursb, judturb ls l fbjalegsf h` geabrgtlejb, gs ldsh sukcbjt th sbdbjtghe. _ags sbdbjtghe sgf-pdy hpbrltbs og``brbetdy `rhf elturld sbdbjtghe lt l ibebtgj dbvbd (Klrrbtt, Oueklr, leo Dyjbtt ;==;). _ags gs bxljtdy tab lovletlib h` judturld hvbr ibebtgj geabrgtlejb. Gt lddhws l phpudltghe th obld wgtajaleib fuja ̀ lstbr tale whudo kb tab jlsb g` gt jhudo hedy lolpt ibebtgjlddy. Bspbjglddy ge dhei-dgvbolegflds, ibebtgjlddy lolptgei th jaleigei jgrjufstlejbs whudo tlnb l dhei tgfb leo krgei wgta gt tabobfgsb h` dlrib plrts h` tab phpudltghe. _abrb`hrb, judturb jle kb sbbe ls le bvhdutghelry fbjal-egsf talt `ljgdgtltbs `lst kbalvghurld jaleib ( b.i. ]htts <771).

@urtabrfhrb, ge auetbr-iltabrbrs, tabsb judturld kbalvghurs oh alvb jdblr rbprhoujtgvb kbebts. Letarhphdhigjld stuogbs sahw talt ihho auetbrs alvb irbltbr rbprhoujtgvb sujjbss leo fhrb bxtrl-flrgtld l``lgrs ( b.i. Nlpdle leo Agdd <712, Zfgta ;==?, Zfgta, Kdgbib Kgro, leo Kgro ;==:). _abrb lrbldsh fuja fhrb suktdb jhesbqubejbs h` `hrligei kbalvghur talt, oub th bvhdutghe kbgei l dhei-tbrfprhjbss, wgdd dtbr hut tab pbhpdb wgta dbss phtbetgld ̀ hr b`jgbet kbalvghur, wabtabr tags gs ibebtgj hr

judturld. @hr bxlfpdb, fley jhesbqubejbs h` fldeutrgtghe h` `hbtusbs fly hedy kbjhfb lpplrbetdltbr ge dg`b. Zh l jagdo talt wls eutrgtghelddy strbssbo ge tab whfk jle lppblr th kb vbry abldtay, kut



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? H]_GFLD @H[LIGEI FHOBDZ LEO EBLEOB[_ALD L[JALBHDHIW

dltbr ge dg`b tabrb fly stgdd kb sgiegjlet abldta jhesbqubejbs talt geagkgt tebss leo rbprhoujtghe( b.i. Duffll ;==;)._abrb`hrb ge jlsbs wgta judturld trlesfgssghe gt gs stgdd ge l `hrlibr‗s kbst getbrbstth ̀ hrlib b`jgbetdy. @hr tab h``sprgei h` uesujjbssùd ̀ hrlibrs, tab tebss jhesbqubejbs fly kb dbsssbvbrb wabe ̀ hrligei gs geabrgtbo judturlddy gestblo h` ibebtgjlddy. Ge l judturld shjgbty, h``sprgei jleljqugrb sngdds ̀ rhf geogvgoulds htabr tale tabgr plrbets. _abrb`hrb, taby fly kb lkdb th kbjhfb fhrb

sujjbssùd `hrlibrs tale tabgr plrbets. Le loogtgheld lriufbet `hr way H@_ fhobds whrn gs kbjlusb taby lrb irhueobo ge bjhehfgjprgejgpdbs ( b.i. [lpphrt leo _urebr <799). @hrlibrs fly eht kb jhesjghusdy flxgfgsgei tabgr bvhdu-tghelry tebss, kut taby lrb bxpbjtbo th sbrvb tabgr hwe getbrbsts ls wbdd ls phssgkdb leo taus th `hr-lib ls b`jgbetdy ls phssgkdb. He tab htabr aleo, gt gs jdblr `rhf judturld letarhphdhiy talt auflesoh eht ùejtghe shdbdy ls rltgheld, purbdy sbd` getbrbstbo ljthrs. Judturld ehrfs fly eht prbsjrgkbhptgfgsltghe h` `hrligei strltbigbs kut ge fhst jlsbs, `hho gs l vldulkdb shjgld jurrbejy. _abrb`hrb gtgs bxpbjtbo talt aufle `hrlibrs flnb rltgheld jahgjbs wabe `hrligei leo taby wgdd eht jhesjghusdyprljtgsb vbry uerbwlrogei strltbigbs. Gt gs nehwe `rhf btaehirlpay talt fuja kbalvghur h` auet-br/iltabrbrs gs rltgheld ge elturb ( b.i. Fgtabe <711, Ygetbraldobr ;==<). Auetbr/iltabrbrs lrb ehtjhestletdy jhfputgei bqultghes ge hrobr th lrrgvb lt objgsghes. Ge fley sgtultghes, rudbs h` taufklrb usbo leo tabsb alvb kbbe sbdbjtbo ̀ hr kbjlusb taby whrn wbdd ge fhst jlsbs (Ygetbraldobr ;==<,:;). Zgfpdb aburgstgj fbjalegsfs `hr objgsghe flngei alvb kbbe hksbrvbo ge fley legflds leoldsh ge fhobre aufles. _absb fbjalegsfs lrb usbo eht hedy ky auetbr/iltabrbrs, kut ̀ hr bxlfpdbldsh ky bfpdhybbs ge gesurlejb jhfplegbs (_hoo ;===). Yb jle taus lssufb talt aufles ibebrlddy . Yb jle taus lssufb talt aufles ibebrlddyflnb objgsghes ge l systbf h` —khueobo rltgheldgty‖. _aby wgdd eht jhesgobr tab geegtb eufkbr h`phssgkdb jhursbs h` ljtghes, kut wgdd objgob rltghelddy klsbo he sgfpdb aburgstgj fbjalegsfs (_hoo;===, 7?<)

Ge tab jhursb h` ahfgege bvhdutghe, tab irbltbr rbdglejb he judturld trlgts krhuiat wgta gt elturldsbdbjtghe he trlgts talt lrb lsshjgltbo wgta ùejtghegei ge l judturld shjgbty. _ags fly kb vgsgkdb getab stbloy gejrblsb ge krlge sgzb ge tab aufle dgeblib. Ls als kbbe lriubo ge jalptbrs < leo ;, sgejbdlrib krlges belkdb kbttbr `hrligei sngdds, elturld sbdbjtghe he `hrligei sngdds wls le gfphrtlet `ljthrge tags prhjbss ( b.i. Nlpdle bt ld. ;===). @urtabrfhrb, sbdbjtghe prhklkdy whrnbo he objgsghe flngeiprhjbssbs, `lvhurgei geogvgoulds talt wbrb lkdb th flnb lpprhprgltb jahgjbs ge `hrligei sgtultghes.Zbdbjtghe he objgsghe flngei fbjalegsf whudo kb rbdbvlet, sgejb eht bvbryheb‗s tebss kbebts

`rhf sgfgdlr objgsghes. _abrb lrb jdblr jhegjts kbtwbbe tebss getbrbsts h` fbe leo whfbe `hrbxlfpdb. _ags sbdbjtghe als tabrb`hrb rbsudtbo ge tab `ljt talt ge ibebtgjlddy sgfgdlr phpudltghes, kb-alvghur jle kb og``brbetgltbo (Alwnbs <77:, :?;).

Ge tab beo, tabsb sgfpdgbo fhobds prbogjt kbalvghur ge l surprgsgeidy wgob vlrgbty h` jhe-tbxts, ls phgetbo hut ge tab getrhoujtghe, `hr gestlejb ge `hrligei ky gesbjts, hr surei tab getbrebt(OgJdbfbetb leo O. L. Aletudl ;==:, Yldoklubr leo @rgbofle <77<). _ags ldheb geogjltbs taltusgei hptgfld `hrligei ls l —whrngei fhobd‖ gs l vldgo lpprhlja. _ab fbjalegsfs ky wagja tabsbkbalvghurs lrb trlesfgttbo ljrhss ibebrltghes fly kb uejdblr, kut H@_ jle stgdd kb usbo th prbogjtkbalvghur (Zfgta <71:, 0;9). Lppdgjltghe h` H@_-fhobds jle taus kb custgbo ky walt als kbbejlddbo —pdlygei tab pabehtypgj ilfkgt‖ (Klrrbtt, Oueklr, leo Dyjbtt ;==;, 7). _ab fhobd gs usboth prbogjt kbalvghur. G` gts prbogjtghes whrn hut, gt gs lssufbo talt tab bxpdleltghe talt `hrligeikbalvghur gs hrilegsbo ge hrobr th hptgfgsb l jbrtlge jurrbejy gs vldgo. _ab fbjalegsfs h` trlesfgs-sghe h` kbalvghur lrb giehrbo. H` jhursb rbsblrja geth tab fbjalegsfs h` trlesfgssghe h` kbalv-

ghur leo tab getbrpdly kbtwbbe ibebtgj leo judturld geabrgtlejb gs gfphrtlet, kut tabsb prhkdbfs dgb wgtage _gekbribe‗s prhxgfltb dbvbd h` getbrprbtltghe. H@_ fhobds lrb eht obsgiebo, ehr bqugppboth leswbr qubstghes lt tags dbvbd.

Ge jhejdusghe3 _ab lppdgjltghe h` H@_-fhobds gs l stlrtgei phget h` leldysgs. Gt belkdbs us thjabjn ahw wbdd tab sgfpdgstgj lssufptghes h` H@_ bxpdlge tab `hrligei jahgjbs talt lrb rbbjtbo ltlrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs. G` tab prbogjtghes t tab lttbstbo kbalvghur wbdd, tab lrjalbhdhigjld jhetbxt flyprhvgob bxpdleltghes he ley obvgltghes. G` tab t h` tab fhobd‗s prbogjtghes leo tab lrjalbhdhigjldlssbfkdlib gs phhr, wb lrb db`t wgta twh bxpdleltghes. @grst, jldhrgj vldub fly eht alvb kbbe tab jur-rbejy talt wls flxgfgsbo lt tab sgtb. Lehtabr jurrbejy jle kb prhphsbo leo l ebw fhobd jle kbjhestrujtbo g` tags gs tab jlsb. Ge tags wly, H@_ prhvgobs le lvbeub h` rbsblrja talt jle gddufgeltb walt `ljthrs wbrb gfphrtlet ge tab obvbdhpfbet h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei kbalvghurs. Gt als th kbjhfkgebo wgta tab lrjalbhdhigjld jhetbxt ge hrobr th jabjn ahw vldgo tab prbogjtghes h` l jbrtlge

fhobd lrb. L sbjheo phssgkgdgty gs talt tab fhobd gtsbd` gs eht vldgo. G` tab vlrglkdbs hr tab jltbihrg-zltghe h` og``brbet jltbihrgbs h` `hho usbo ge tab fhobd og``br `rhf tab vlrglkdbs uphe wagja tab



21

L PGBY _H L NGDD

hjjuplets h` l sgtb klsbo tabgr `hrligei objgsghes, l og``brbet fhobd fust kb lohptbo th stuoy tab`hrligei kbalvghur rbbjtbo lt tab sgtb.

?.: Le bxlfpdb h` le H@_ fhobd3 _ab ogbt krblota fhobd

L`tbr tabsb ibebrld jhesgobrltghes, gt gs tgfb th dhhn lt tab fhobds tabfsbdvbs. _ab fhst klsgj hptg-fld `hrligei fhobd gs tab ogbt krblota fhobd. _ags fhobd wls obsgiebo th prbogjt wagja spbjgbs lprbolthr bxpdhgts leo wagja spbjgbs lrb giehrbo ge l igvbe bevgrhefbet. Gt lssufbs talt tab prbolthrdgvbs ge l ahfhibehus bevgrhefbet, leo talt prby gtbfs lrb ogspbrsbo leo bejhuetbrbo rleohfdy.@hr bxlfpdb, l prbolthr jle jahhsb kbtwbbe twh spbjgbs h` prby, heb h` wagja gs jhesgobrlkdy dlribrtale tab htabr. Ge tags jlsb heb whudo bxpbjt talt tab prbolthr th jhejbetrltb he tab dlribr prby,sgejb gt whudo prhvgob agf wgta fhrb `hho. Ahwbvbr, prby gs bejhuetbrbo lt rleohf> tab sflddbrprby wgdd ldsh kb bejhuetbrbo. _ab ogbt krblota fhobd prbogjts walt l prbolthr wgdd oh ge tags sgtul-tghe. G` dlrib prby gs ukgqugthus, tab sflddbr spbjgbs wgdd kb giehrbo, sgejb bxpdhgtgei gt wgdd wlstb tgfbtalt jhudo kb spbet fhrb prhtlkdy he sblrjagei ̀ hr prby h` tab dlribr spbjgbs. _ab sfldd spbjgbs wgddhedy kb bxpdhgtbo ge sgtultghes wabrb tab dlrib spbjgbs gs eht bejhuetbrbo h`tbe behuia. G` tab rbturerltb h` `hrligei ̀ hr hedy tab dlrib spbjgbs orhps kbdhw tab rbture heb ibts wabe bxpdhgtgei khta spb-jgbs, tab sflddbr wgdd kb gejhrphrltbo geth tab sbt h` bxpdhgtbo prby ( b.i. FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700,

Ygetbraldobr <719, Ygetbraldobr ;==<). _ab ogbt krblota fhobd tabrb`hrb prbogjts le hptgfld sbt h` prby gtbfs talt sahudo kb bxpdhgtbo

wabe bejhuetbrbo, wagdb htabr spbjgbs sahudo kb giehrbo. Yabtabr l spbjgbs gs gejhrphrltbo ge tabhptgfld sbt obpbeos he tab prhtlkgdgty h` gts bxpdhgtltghe. _ags obpbeos he tarbb `ljthrs3 tab —vld -ub‖ h` tab spbjgbs, tab lkueolejb h` tab spbjgbs ge tab dleosjlpb leo tab jhst h` auetgei gt. Kbjlusbgt gs lssufbo talt l prbolthr rleohfdy bejhuetbrs prby, tab lovletlib h` tags fhobd gs talt gt ohbseht rbqugrb eb-irlgebo bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghes. Fhst htabr H@_ fhobds oh leo lrb tabrb-`hrb eht blsgdy lppdgjlkdb th tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro (Zabbale ;==?, <9=). _abrb`hrb, ldtahuia tagsfhobd gs sgfpdgstgj, gt jle kb lppdgbo ge tab lksbejb h` eb-irlgebo rbjhestrujtghes h` tab ogstrgku -tghe h` pdlet leo legfld rbshurjbs tarhuia tab ]dbgsthjbeb dleosjlpb. _ags fhobd prbogjts talt tabprby ge tab hptgfld sbt wgdd ldwlys kb bxpdhgtbo wabe bejhuetbrbo, wagdb prby eht ge tab hptgfld sbt wgdd ldwlys kb giehrbo. _ab hrobr h̀ prhtlkgdgty h` tab lvlgdlkdb prby typbs gs jlddbo tab rlengei.

Ge tab ogbt krblota fhobd, tab lvlgdlkdb rbshurjbs lrb rlenbo he tab klsgs h` tabgr prhtlkgdgty. Yabe usgei jldhrgj vldub ls l jurrbejy, tags gs tab ygbdo h` tab prby fgeus tab bebriy talt tab `hrlibralo th gevbst ge hrobr th ljqugrb gt (Kbttgeibr <77<, 1?-12). @hr og``brbet jurrbejgbs, og``brbet rlen-gei jle kb jhfpgdbo.

_ab bebriy gevbstbo ge ljqugrgei le legfld gs usulddy ogvgobo geth sblrja jhst leo aleodgei jhst. L `hrlibr gejurs sblrja jhst wagdb sblrjagei `hr `hho ge tab bevgrhefbet up uetgd tab fhfbet abbejhuetbrs l rbshurjb (FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700, 0=:, Ygetbraldobr <719, :<0). _ab prhklkgdgtytalt le legfld h` l spbjgj spbjgbs gs bejhuetbrbo gs jlddbo gts bejhuetbr rltb> gt obpbeos he tabphpudltghe obesgty h` tab prby spbjgbs. Zblrja tgfb gs obpbeobet he tab bejhuetbr rltbs h` ldd tabprby spbjgbs ge tab hptgfld sbt. _ab fhrb spbjgbs lrb gejduobo ge tab hptgfld sbt, tab fhrb tgfbspbet sblrjagei `hr sugtlkdb prby wgdd objrblsb. Gt gs gfphrtlet th rbldgsb talt tab gejdusghe h` l spb-jgbs ge tab hptgfld sbt ohbs eht obpbeo he tab lkueolejb h` tab spbjgbs gtsbd`. Gt obpbeos he tablkueolejb, hr rltabr dljn tabrbh`, h` agiabr rlenbo spbjgbs. Hedy g` sblrjagei `hr agiabr-rlenbo

spbjgbs kbjhfbs thh jhstdy wgdd loogtgheld spbjgbs kb loobo th tab ogbt, eh flttbr ahw lkueolet tabdhwbr-rlenbo spbjgbs lrb. Yabe le legfld gs bejhuetbrbo gt als th kb pursubo, ogspltjabo, prhjbssbo leo shfbtgfbs trles-

phrtbo kljn th l jlfp hr ebst. _ab jhst gejurrbo ge tabsb ljtgvgtgbs gs jlddbo aleodgei jhst. _ags gs ehtl sgfpdb ùejtghe dgnb sblrja tgfb. _ab aleodgei jhst h` le legfld obpbeos he khta tab prbolthr‗slkgdgtgbs wgta rbilro th pursugei leo ngddgei prby, leo tab prby‗s letg-prbolthr strltbigbs (FljLrtaurleo ]glenl <700, 0=?). Kutjabrgei leo trlesphrtltghe jhsts jle ldsh kb geubejbo ky tab prbolthr‗slkgdgtgbs. Ls l ibebrld rudb gt jle kb lssufbo talt aleodgei jhst ihbs up wabe fhrb prby spbjgbslrb loobo th tab ogbt. _ags gs kbjlusb spbjgbs talt lrb alro th jltja wgdd ibebrlddy kb dhwbr rlenbo.Fhrbhvbr, kbjlusb auetbrs irhw dbss spbjgldgsbo wabe fhrb spbjgbs lrb loobo th tab ogbt, wagja wgdd alvb ebiltgvb rbpbrjussghes `hr auetgei leo prhjbssgei b`jgbejy (FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700, Ygetbraldobr <719).

Yagja prby spbjgbs lrb gejduobo ge tab —hptgfld sbt‖ leo bxpdhgtbo uphe bejhuetbr obpbeos he

tab lkueolejb h` tab fhst rbwlrogei prby. Goblddy, l `hrlibr wgdd hedy bxpdhgt tab fhst prhtlkdb



27


@giurb ?.<3 Ayphtabtgjld gddustrltghe h` ogbt krblta fhobd. Loogei spbjgbs th tab ogbt dhwbrs sblrja tgfb, kut

rlgsbs aleodgei tgfb. Ge tags sgtultghe bxpdhgtgei tab tarbb fhst rbwlrogei spbjgbs fgegfgzbs tgfb spbet pbr

lfhuet h` bebriy ljqugrbo. Irlpa l`tbr Kbttgeibr (<77<) leo FljLrtaur leo ]glenl (<700).

spbjgbs. Hedy g` ab jleeht kb rblshelkdy surb talt gt wgdd kb bejhuetbrbo `rbqubetdy behuia wgdd abloo dbss dujrltgvb spbjgbs th tab fbeu (Kbttgeibr <77<, Ygetbraldobr ;==<). _ags wgdd rbsudt ge dhwbrsblrja tgfb, kut ge l agiabr aleodgei jhst leo jhesbqubetdy l dhwbr rbture rltb ̀ hr tab loobo spbjgbs.

_ab hptgfld sbt wgdd kb tab eufkbr h` spbjgbs talt rbsudt ge tab dhwbst hvbrldd sblrja leo aleodgeitgfb, ls gddustrltbo ky @giurb ?.<.

_ab sgfpdbst vbrsghes h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd lssufb talt g` l prby spbjgbs ge tab hptgfldsbt gs bejhuetbrbo gt gs ldwlys bxpdhgtbo. Lolptltghes h` tab fhobd alvb ldsh kbbe jhestrujtbo. Gtals kbbe prhphsbo talt tab ogjahthfy kbtwbbe spbjgbs talt lrb bxpdhgtbo leo spbjgbs talt lrb gi-ehrbo fly kb fhobddbo fhrb rbldgstgjlddy. _h tags beo, tab jhetgeibejy fhobd als kbbe `hrfudltbo(Kbttgeibr <77<, 12-10). _ags fhobd stltbs talt l prby spbjgbs talt gs ge tab hptgfld sbt, kut gs ehttab agiabst rlenbo spbjgbs, fly hr fly eht kb bxpdhgtbo wabe bejhuetbrbo. Gt whudo kb fhst dhig-jld `hr l `hrlibr th wbgia tab bxpbjtbo jhst h` jhetgeubo sblrjagei `hr tab agiabst rlenbo spbjgbslilgest tab prht ab wgdd flnb ̀ rhf tab prby lt aleo. G` tab prby lt aleo gs fhrb rbwlrogei tale tabbxpbjtbo jhst h` jhetgeubo sblrjagei, suktrljtbo `rhf tab ygbdo h` tab prb`brrbo prby, tab prby ltaleo wgdd kb bxpdhgtbo ky tab `hrlibr (Kbttgeibr <77<, 10).

Gt gs bxpbjtbo talt tab hptgfld sbt jaleibs wabe heb h` tab plrlfbtbrs h` tab fhobd jaleibs.Khta sblrja tgfb leo aleodgei tgfb h` spbjgbs fly jaleib leo tabsb jaleibs wgdd geubejb tabjhfphsgtghe h` tab —hptgfld sbt‖ h` prby gtbfs. Zblrja tgfb wgdd jaleib wabe prby kbjhfbs fhrbhr dbss lkueolet ̀ hr bxlfpdb. _ags jle kb l rbbjtghe h` jdgfltgj jaleib, kut ldsh h` aufle gfpljt. L spbjgbs jle kbjhfb rlrbr g` gt gs hvbrbxpdhgtbo, ge wagja jlsb gt gs bxpbjtbo talt dhwbr-rlenbo spb-jgbs wgdd kb loobo th tab ogbt (Chebs ;==?, :=1). Gt gs taus gfphrtlet th rbldgsb talt loogtghe h` gtbfsth tab ogbt obpbeos eht he tabgr hwe lkueolejb, kut he tab lkueolejb h` agiabr-rlenbo rbshurjbs(Kbttgeibr <77<, 19). G` tab prgfb prby gs rlrb, htabr prby fly kb bxpdhgtbo fhrb ablvgdy, eht kbjlusbtab `hrlibr prb`brs tags spbjgbs, kut kbjlusb h` gts agia(br) bejhuetbr rltb rbdltgvb th tab vbry dhwbejhuetbr rltb wgta tab agiabst rlenbo prby. _ags fbles, ̀ hr bxlfpdb, talt wabe ebw prbolthrs betbrjhfpbtgtghe `hr l rbshurjb, ogbt krblota fly kb gejrblsbo ls tab obesgty h` tab rbshurjb ibts dhwbr,kut gt wgdd eht kb orhppbo `rhf tab hptgfld sbt (FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700, 0=?).

Aleodgei tgfb gs obtbrfgebo ky tab lkgdgtgbs h` tab prby leo tab prbolthr. _ags vlrglkdb jle

jaleib ̀ hr bxlfpdb tarhuia bvhdutghelry obvbdhpfbets h` bgtabr prby hr prbolthr. Fhrb getbrbstgei`hr lrjalbhdhiy lrb tab geubejb h` tbjaehdhiy leo tab obvbdhpfbet h` auetgei strltbigbs he tab

< ; : ? 2 0

Ogbt krblota (eufkbr h` spbjgbs ge ogbt)

_ g f b s p b e t

Zblrja tgfb

Hvbrldd `hrligei tgfb

Aleodgei tgfb

Hptgfld ogbt krblota





0<


Gtldy. Abr lssbrtghe talt dbphrgos leo kgros lrb ibebrlddy kbttbr rbprbsbetbo ge Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj dbv-bds lt tabsb sgtbs sbbfs th kb trub. Ahwbvbr, dbphrgos leo kgros lrb eht lksbet lt tab Fbogtbrrleblesgtbs h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lib, khta ge tab sgtbs sab stuogbo hr lt tahsb bxlfgebo ky htabrs (_hrthsl bt ld. ;==;). Fhrbhvbr, tab gfphrtlejb h` sfldd ̀ luel sbbfs th gejrblsb dltb ge tab Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagjge tab wbstbre Fbogtbrrleble. @hr @rlejb gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt bxpdhgtltghe h` sfldd legflds

ohbs eht kbjhfb gfphrtlet uetgd tab Flioldbegle (Jhstlflieh leo Dlrhudleogb ;==?). _abrb`hrb,tab gejrblsb ge ogbt krblota leo bspbjglddy tab gejrblsb ge tab gfphrtlejb h` sfldd flfflds oh ehtldwlys jhgejgob wgta tab lrrgvld h` LFA.

[bdltbo th tags ayphtabsgs gs l agia-tbja lpprhlja talt als kbbe usbo th agiadgiat tab og``brbejbskbtwbbe Fgoodb leo Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj `hrligei kbalvghur3 gshthpgj leldysgs. Le gfphrtlet stuoyky ([gjalros bt ld. ;==<) jhfplrbs fgoodb th dltb Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj `hrlibrs th Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagjhebs. _ags stuoy sahws talt ge shfb jlsbs, Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj aufles loobo rbshurjbs th tabgr ogbttalt wbrb lksbet `rhf tab ogbts h` tab leldysbo Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj `hssgds, dgnb sa. Ahwbvbr, tabFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj `hssgds talt wbrb leldysbo wbrb ldd rbjhvbrbo ge Ybstbre Burhpb (Kbdiguf leo@rlejb) leo tab Fbogtbrrleble (Jrhltgl). _ab uppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj spbjgfbes th wagja taby wbrbjhfplrbo wbrb rbjhvbrbo ge [ussgl, tab Jzbja [bpukdgj leo Krgtlge. Fhrbhvbr, taby lrb ldd oltbo thtab fgoodb Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. _abrb`hrb, `hrlibrs hpbrltgei ge vbry og``brbet sgtultghes lrb jhf-plrbo. Zgejb ogbt krblota wgdd kb lolptbo th l `hrlibr‗s spbjgj bevgrhefbet, tab hutjhfb h` tagsjhfplrgshe ohbs eht ebjbsslrgdy tbdd us fuja lkhut tab `hrligei jlplkgdgtgbs h` Ebleobrtalds leofhobre aufles, gt hedy ge`hrfs us walt shdutghes wbrb jahsbe ky og``brbet ahfgeges ge og``brbetjgrjufstlejbs.

[bsblrjabrs alvb ldsh dhhnbo lt ogbt krblota ̀ hr rbgeobbr-ohfgeltbo ̀ luel ge @rlejb ( b.i. Irlysheleo Obdpbja <771, Irlyshe leo Obdpbja ;==:). Ge tags rbsblrja, jhegjtgei jhejdusghes alvb kbberbphrtbo. Zhfb lutahrs sly talt tab Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj lssbfkdlibs lrb jalrljtbrgsbo ky gejrblsgeispbjgldgsltghe he heb spbjgbs (g.b. elrrhwbr ogbt krblota) (Fbddlrs <770, Fbddlrs ;==?), wabrbls htabrrbsblrjabrs oh eht obtbjt l jaleib ge ogbt krblota uetgd tab Flioldbegle (Irlyshe leo Obdpbja;==:, Irlyshe leo Obdpbja ;==0).

Eheb h` tabsb leldysbs, prbsbet l eb-irlgebo bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghe, ehr gs l rlengeih` spbjgbs lvlgdlkdb ge tab bevgrhefbet jhestrujtbo. _ab lksbejb h` bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghesflnbs gt og`judt th bvldultb wabtabr gejrblsgei rbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs lt lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs rb -

bjts le gejrblsb ge ogbt krblota, hr l objrblsb ge bejhuetbr rltbs wgta fhrb agiady rlenbo spbjgbs.Jhevbrsbdy, le gejrblsgei rbprbsbetltghe h` rbgeobbr ( [leig`br tlrleous ) lt Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbsfly geogjltb spbjgldgsbo auetgei h` tags spbjgbs, kut jhudo ldsh sgield gejrblsbo bejhuetbr rltbs wgtatags spbjgbs, leo objrblsbo bejhuetbr rltbs wgta fhrb agiady rlenbo spbjgbs, oub th jdgfltgj `ljthrs( b.i. Irlyshe leo Obdpbja ;==1, :2:-:2?). _absb stuogbs tabrb`hrb oh eht lppdy tab ogbt krblotafhobd ls rgihrhusdy ls gs ebbobo ge hrobr th orlw wgta ge`brbejbs he tab `hrligei jahgjbs flob kytab ahfgeges talt prhoujbo tab lssbfkdlibs.

?.2 He rbjhestrujtgei tab fhobd‗s plrlfbtbrs

Ls lriubo lkhvb, lrjalbhdhigjld lppdgjltghes h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd lrb og``brbet `rhf —rbld-tgfb‖ stuogbs, talt fhstdy prbogjt wagja spbjgbs l prbolthr wgdd bxpdhgt. Zgejb oltl he prby obesgtgbsleo prby leo prbolthr jlplkgdgtgbs lrb h`tbe lvlgdlkdb, sblrja leo aleodgei jhst jle kb rbdglkdy rbjhe-

strujtbo. _ab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro he tab htabr aleo jhe`rhets us wgta tab rbsudts h` `hrligei kb-alvghur. _abrb`hrb wb jle lssufb talt tab ogbt krblota rbbjtbo lt lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs gs tab hptgfldogbt krblota. _ab ihld h` tags stuoy gs tabrb`hrb th usb H@_ th rblshe kljn `rhf tab beo rbsudt h``hrligei kbalvghur th ilge gesgiat geth tab vlrglkdbs obtbrfgegei tab ogbt krblota. Zblrja jhst leoaleodgei jhst lrb vlrglkdbs talt lrb geubejbo ky tab shpagstgjltghe h` `hrligei tljtgjs. _ab lgf hùsgei H@_ gs taus th iluib ahw Ebleobrtald kbalvghur geubejbo tabsb vlrglkdbs leo tab prht-lkgdgty h` bxpdhgtgei lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs. Yb wgdd jhfkgeb tab nehwe ogbt krblota wgta htabr nehwe hrrbjhestrujtlkdb vlrglkdbs. _ags wgdd belkdb us th fhobd sblrja jhst leo aleodgei jhst. _ab lovletlibh` suja l sgfpdgbo fhobd gs talt gt wgdd pbrfgt us th jhestrujt jdblr sjbelrghs. _absb ayphtabtgjldsjbelrghs wgdd kb tbstbo lilgest tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, wagja wgdd lddhw us th rbeb tabf leo usbtabf ge hrobr th rbjhestrujt Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj `hrligei kbalvghur. Ge tags sbjtghe G wgdd ih gethtab `ljthrs talt jle geubejb tab og``brbet vlrglkdbs h` tab ogbt krblota rbjhro leo ahw tags ge turejle geubejb tab `hrligei strltbigbs talt wbrb prljtgsbo. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky l sbjtghe he tablppdgjltghe h` tab tabhry wgtage Ebleobrtald lrjalbhdhiy.







0?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

dhwbrgei h` aleodgei jhst. Zgejb wb nehw walt spbjgbs wbrb bxpdhgtbo lt sgtbs leo wb jle rlen tabfhe tab klsgs h` khoy sgzb, wb fly kb lkdb th jhfb up wgta boujltbo iubssbs lkhut tab bxpdhgtltghestrltbigbs usbo ky Ebleobrtalds.

Flss jhddbjtghe gs cust heb bxlfpdb h` ahw rlengei h` legfld spbjgbs jle kb ldtbrbo ky strltbigjleo tbjaehdhigjld jaleib. Goblddy wb whudo dgnb th sbb l dgen kbtwbbe tbjaehdhiy leo bxpdhgtbo prby

spbjgbs. G` jaleibs ge tbjaehdhiy lrb ljjhfplegbo ky jaleibs ge tab spbjgbs talt lrb rbprbsbetbo ltsgtbs tags prhvgobs le geogjltghe h` jaleibs ge aleodgei jhst. Gt jle ldsh alppbe talt legflds talt lrbge tab bxpdhgtbo sbt jaleib ge rlengei kbjlusb h` jaleibs ge tab kbalvghurld strltbigbs usbo ge tabgrbxpdhgtltghe. _ags gs l obvbdhpfbet talt gs fhrb og`judt th obtbjt lrjalbhdhigjlddy. Gt fgiat sahw upge jaleigei rbprbsbetltghe h` prby spbjgbs tarhuia tgfb. Ge tab jlsb h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lrjalb-hdhiy, tab vbrsltgdgty h` tab stheb thhds fly phget th le lksbejb h` spbjgldgsbo tbjaehdhiy ge hrobrth auet spbjgj prby. G` og``brbet spbjgbs h` legfld rbqugrb og``brbet ngeos h` auetgei hr prhjbssgeithhds, tab jhst h` tab tbjaehdhigjld gevbstfbet ge tab thhds fly geubejb prby jahgjb. Ge shfb jlsbsgt jle kb fhrb prhtlkdb th gevbst ge l thhd `hr l fhrb jhffhe spbjgbs, kut heb talt wgdd jbrtlgedykb bejhuetbrbo, tale ge l thhd `hr l spbjgbs talt fly hr fly eht kb bejhuetbrbo (Rile, Krgiat, leo[hibrs ;==:, <:;:). He tab htabr aleo, ge hrobr th bxpdhgt dlrib flfflds, ibebrgj thhds wgdd ibebr-lddy su`jb ̀ hr og``brbet spbjgbs.

Ge tab beo, wb wgdd alvb th bvldultb tags vlrglkdb dlribdy he tab klsgs h` tab spbjgbs talt lrb rbp-rbsbetbo lt tab lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs. Ge tags stuoy, aleodgei jhst wgdd kb fhobddbo ky usgei sgfpdblttrgkutbs h` prby kbalvghur. G` letg-prbolthr kbalvghur h` tab lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs ohbs eht geubejbtabgr rbprbsbetltghe lt lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, tags geogjltbo talt strltbigbs wbrb ge pdljb th jhuetbrtabsb kbalvghurs. G` spbjgbs wgta wbdd-obvbdhpbo letg-prbolthr kbalvghurs lrb lksbet `rhf sgtbs, wbjle ge`br talt Ebleobrtalds prb`brrbo spbjgbs talt wbrb blsgbr th jltja.

L eld geubejb he aleodgei jhst talt ohbs eht rbjbgvb fuja lttbetghe ge fhst lppdgjltghes h`tab fhobd gs tab trlesphrt jhst h` alrvbstbo rbshurjbs. Auetbr/iltabrbrs ebbo fhrb tale heb rb-shurjb, tabrb`hrb taby h`tbe hpbrltb hut h` l jbetrld pdljb talt gs dhjltbo ge hrobr th fgegfgzb tabthtld trlesphrt jhst h` ldd jrujgld rbshurjbs (Ygetbraldobr ;==<, ;<). Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr :, tabdlrib lfhuet h` fltbrglds obphsgtbo lt shfb sgtbs hvbr dhei pbrghos h` tgfb sbbfs th phget th tabgrusb h` tabsb sgtbs ls l jbetrld pdljb hr ahfb-klsb. _ags lssufptghe gs obkltbo ( b.i. Nhdbe <777), kutge tags stuoy G wgdd lssufb talt tabgr `hrligei ogo alvb l `hjus lt l jbetrld pdljb `rhf wagja tab sur-

rhueogei bevgrhefbet wls bxpdhgtbo.@rhf tab jbetrld pdljb, tab lrbl jdhsbst th tab sgtb gs usulddy bxpdhgtbo rst. _ab fhrb tab lrblsurrhueogei tab sgtb ibts obpdbtbo, trlesphrt jhsts gejrblsb. Ls rbture rltbs kbjhfb dhwbr ls rb-shurjbs ge tab sgtb‗s vgjgegty kbjhfb obpdbtbo, lt l jbrtlge phget l rbsgobetgld fhvb wgdd kb ge hrobr.Ahwbvbr, trlesphrt jhsts h` jbrtlge rbshurjbs jle kb dhwbrbo, ̀ hr bxlfpdb ky prhjbssgei ge tab bdo,sh hedy tab fhst vldulkdb bdbfbets h` l rbshurjb lrb trlesphrtbo (Ygetbraldobr ;==<, ;;). _rlesphrtjhsts jle alvb gfphrtlet rbpbrjussghes `hr auetgei objgsghes ge tab bdo. Gt fly kbjhfb dbss getbr-bstgei th jlpturb dlrib prby wabe heb gs ùrtabr lwly `rhf tab klsb-jlfp `hr gestlejb. Fhrbhvbr gtfly dblo th gevbstfbet ge prhjbssgei bqugpfbet, ge hrobr th prhjbss tab rbshurjb ls ̀ uddy ls phssgkdbge tab bdo, tabrbky fgegfgzgei trlesphrt jhsts. Obvbdhpfbets ge prhjbssgei strltbigbs jle ldsh ge-ubejb aleodgei jhst leo taus tab rlengei h` spbjgbs.

_ab tagro vlrglkdb ge tab fhobd gs sblrja jhst. _ags gs obtbrfgebo ky tab bejhuetbr rltb wgta tabprby. Ge tab ogbt krblota fhobd, tab bevgrhefbet gs lssufbo th kb ahfhibebhus, leo bejhuetbr

wgta prby gs lssufbo th kb lt rleohf ( b.i. FljLrtaur leo ]glenl <700). _abrb`hrb flegpudltgheh` tab sblrja tgfb tarhuia nehwdboib h` prby kbalvghur gs lssufbo th kb lksbet. Ge tags jlsb, vlrgltghes ge sblrja tgfb `hr tab agiabst rlenbo spbjgbs wgdd alvb ogrbjt rbpbrjussghes `hr tab ogbtkrblota. _ags gs le uerbldgstgj lssufptghe wgta rbilro th Ebleobrtalds> sgejb wb jle lssufb talttaby nebw ahw legflds kbalvbo leo jhudo tabrb`hrb geubejb tabgr bejhuetbr-rltb wgta prby spb-jgbs. Ahpbùddy, obvgltghes `rhf tab bxpbjtltghes wgdd belkdb us th obtbrfgeb ahw shpagstgjltboEbleobrtalds wbrb lt flegpudltgei bejhuetbr rltbs wgta agia-rlenbo prby spbjgbs, ̀ hr bxlfpdb wabejbrtlge agia-rlenbo spbjgbs lrb rbprbsbetbo ge agiabr prhphrtghes tale heb whudo bxpbjt klsbo herbjhestrujtbo phpudltghe obesgtgbs.

Heb hkvghus bxlfpdb h` geubejgei aleodgei jhst jle kb `hueo ge tab bxpdhgtltghe h` pdlets. _ab dhjltghe h` pdlets gs stlkdb, ge jhetrlst th talt h` legflds. Bspbjglddy dhei dgvgei pdlets dgnb trbbs, wgdd kb lt nehwe dhjltghes `hr fley yblrs. _ags nehwdboib jle kb usbo th fgegfgzb sblrja tgfb th

vldubs jdhsb th zbrh. He tab htabr aleo, tab alrvbstgei h` pdlets ohbs alvb th kb tgfbo, sgejb tabfhfbet lt wagja taby kblr `rugt obpbeos he jgrjufstlejbs ourgei tab irhwgei sblshe. Ge hrobr th





00

L PGBY _H L NGDD

ky —sl`bty ge eufkbrs‖, kbjlusb l prbolthr als fley phtbetgld vgjtgfs, tab rgsn `hr ley geogvgould gsdhwbrbo. Fhrbhvbr, dgvgei ge irhups ldsh als tab b``bjt h` gejrblsgei aleodgei jhsts `hr prbolthrs.Fhrb geogvgoulds lrb he aleo th spht lpprhljagei prbolthrs leo wabe irhupbo, jle bvbe lttljnleo jalsb lwly prbolthrs. _abrb`hrb g` Ebleobrtald prby spbjgbs dgvbo ge irhups wb jle oboujb taltEbleobrtalds alo obvbdhpbo kbalvghur th obld wgta tags gejrblsb ge aleodgei jhst.

Ge hrobr th lppdy tab fhobd wb ldsh ebbo th objgob wagja vlrglkdb wb usb th fblsurb tab lkue-olejb h` spbjgbs ge lrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs leo taus tab gfphrtlejb h` gts bxpdhgtltghe ge tab`hrligei strltbigbs h` tab ahfgeges talt obphsgtbo tab lssbfkdlib. _ab eufkbr h` khebs gobetg-bo th spbjgbs dbvbd gs usulddy bxprbssbo ge Eufkbr h` Gobetgbo Zpbjgfbes (EGZ]). _ags fblsurbals shfb ogslovletlibs wabe jhfplrgei og``brbet spbjgbs leo lssbfkdlibs tahuia. @grst, og``brbetspbjgbs h` legflds alvb og``brbet snbdbthes. Zhfb spbjgbs‗snbdbthes alvb fhrb khebs tale htabrs, wagja fbles talt tabsb spbjgbs fly kb hvbrrbprbsbetbo (Dyfle <77?, 71, [bgtz leo Ygei <777, 0=-0;). Zbjheo, shfb legflds fly kb prhjbssbo ge tab bdo fhrb ùddy tale htabrs, wagja wgdd rbsudtge le ueobrrbprbsbetltghe h` tab prhjbssbo spbjgbs lt jbetrld pdljbs (Dyfle <77?, <<<). Fhrbhvbrg` l kheb gs `rlifbetbo, sbvbrld pgbjbs h` tab slfb kheb fly kb gobetglkdb. _ags fly ldsh dblo thhvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs. Ahwbvbr, g` khebs lrb prhjbssbo vbry getbesgvbdy, tab obirbb h` `rli-fbetltghe fly rbsudt ge tab `ljt talt eh `rlifbets kbdheigei th tab kheb fly kb gobetglkdb ky leleldyst (Dyfle <77?, ;1<).

Ge hrobr th ibt l fhrb rbldgstgj vgbw h` tab rbprbsbetbo legflds ge le lssbfkdlib, fley lrjalbh-zhhdhigsts jldjudltb tab Fgegfuf Eufkbr h` Geogvgoulds (FEG). _ags geobx spbjgbs ahw fleygeogvgoulds fust lt dblst alvb kbbe prbsbet th ljjhuet ̀ hr tab EGZ] h` l spbjgbs (Dyfle <77?). _agsjhuetbrs tab og``brbetgld rbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs oub th tab `ljt talt tabrb lrb og``brbet eufkbrsh` khebs ge tabgr snbdbthe. Fhrbhvbr, tab kbst rbprbsbetbo bdbfbet h` l spbjgbs gs sbdbjtbo ge hrobrth jldjudltb tab eufkbr h` rbprbsbetbo geogvgoulds, sh tags fblsurb ldsh jhuetbrs tab og``brbetgldrbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs oub th og``brbet prhjbssgei prhjbourbs. FEG ls le geobx gs prhkdbfltgjthh. Fhst gfphrtletdy, tags geobx gs eht ldwlys jldjudltbo hr prhvgobo ge rbphrts. Fhrbhvbr, shfb lr-jalbhzhhdhigsts usb l og``brbet obegtghe h` FEG leo taus l og``brbet wly h` jldjudltgei gt (Dyfle<77?, <==, <=?). Zhfb jrgtgjs bvbe lriub talt usgei FEG ls l fblsurb h` spbjgbs lkueolejb gs dhig-jlddy lwbo leo sahudo eht kb prljtgsbo ( b.i. ]dui leo ]dui <77=). Bvbe g` tabsb prhkdbfs jle kbrbshdvbo, FEG rbsudts ge le hvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` rlrb spbjgbs. H` shfb spbjgbs h`tbe heb hr twh

`rlifbets lrb prbsbet ge le lssbfkdlib (Luiustb <772l, <29). _abrb`hrb gt gs eht tab gobld geobx thjhfplrb og``brbet kheb lssbfkdlibs. Lehtabr vlrglkdb talt gs shfbtgfbs usbo ge hrobr th jhfplrb tab rbdltgvb gfphrtlejb h` legfld

spbjgbs ge le lssbfkdlib gs kheb wbgiats. _ags fly jgrjufvbet shfb prhkdbfs lsshjgltbo wgtahtabr geogjbs. @hr bxlfpdb, tab obirbb `rlifbetltghe h` kheb ge l jhddbjtghe als dbss b``bjt he tab wbgiat h` khebs h` l spbjgbs tale he tab EGZ]. Fhrbhvbr, og``brbejbs ge sgzb h` legflds leo taush` bjhehfgj gfphrtlejb wgdd eht kb vgsgkdb ge bgtabr EGZ] hr FEG, kut taby wgdd kb rbbjtbo ge tab wbgiat h` tab khebs. Re`hrtueltbdy, fley prhjbssbs prh`hueody geubejb tab wbgiat h` spbjgfbes,`hr bxlfpdb abltgei, kut ldsh prhjbssbs ge tab shgd ourgei obphsgtghe ([bgtz leo Ygei <777, <9=).Fhrbhvbr, eht fley stuogbs h` ]ldlbhdgtagj kheb lssbfkdlibs prhvgob tab wbgiat h` tab rbjhvbrbokhebs.

Htabr geogjbs lrb ldsh lvlgdlkdb, kut, dgnb tab wbgiat h` tab khebs, taby lrb eht dgstbo `hr tab sgtbstalt wbrb sbdbjtbo `hr tags stuoy. Fhrbhvbr, tabsb lrb ldd obrgvbo fblsurbs leo lrb eht ldwlys jldju-

dltbo ge tab slfb wly. _abrb`hrb ge tags stuoy gt wls objgobo th usb EGZ] ls tab fblsurb h` spbjgbslkueolejb lt l sgtb. Ge hrobr th jhrrbjt `hr tab prhkdbfs h` hvbrrbprbsbetltghe tab lrjalbhdhigjldjhetbxt jle kb tlnbe geth ljjhuet. @hr bxlfpdb dhhngei lt snbdbtld jhfpdbtbebss wgdd ge`hrf us wabtabr jbrtlge spbjgbs lrb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ge tab EGZ]. Fhrbhvbr, tab og``brbet jhfphsgtghe h`lrtgholjtyd, pbrgssholjtyd leo jlregvhrb snbdbthes gs nehwe (Dyfle <77?, 71, sbb tlkdb), sh wb jlejhrrbjt `hr hvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs ls l rbsudt h` tabgr og``brbet snbdbtld jhfphsgtghe.

Ygta rbilro th tab lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd gt gs gfphrtlet th rbldgsb talt lkueolejbge tbrfs h` EGZ] hr FEG ohbs eht ge`hrf us ls th l spbjgbs‗ rlen. Ybdd-rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs ebboeht kb tab agiabst rlenbo, taby lrb sgfpdy fhst h`tbe bejhuetbrbo. _ab agiabst rlenbo spbjgbs flykb rlrb leo tabrb`hrb hedy sphrlogjlddy bejhuetbrbo.

Klsbo he tab prbogjtghes h` tab fhobd leo tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbldgty, tab `hddhwgei rbsblrjaqubstghes bfbrib. @grst, wabtabr tab rlengei klsbo he jldhrgj vldub gs rbdglkdb, hr wabtabr wb ebbo

th bxpdhrb htabr jurrbejgbs ge hrobr th prbogjt Ebleobrtald `hrligei objgsghes. _ags fly wbdd kb tabjlsb, sgejb tab flffhta-stbppb als kbbe bevgslibo ls le lrbl rgja ge dlrib flffld kghflss, sh



09


jldhrgbs fly eht alvb kbbe sjlrjb. L sbjheo getbrbstgei qubry gs wabtabr wb jle sbb tab rbsudts h`flegpudltgei aleodgei jhsts. _ab prgfb bxlfpdb h` flegpudltgei aleodgei jhsts fly kb tab gejdu-sghe h` sfldd prby ge tab ogbt, kut ldsh h` dlrib oleibrhus prby. G` aleodgei jhst h` tabsb spbjgbs jlekb flegpudltbo sh talt taby jle kb auetbo rbdltgvbdy sl`bdy, tags fly dblo th tabgr gejdusghe ge tab ogbt.Dhhngei geth tags prhkdbf gs ldsh getbrbstgei ge l dheibr tbfphrld pbrspbjtgvb, ge hrobr th sbb g` `hr

bxlfpdb jaleibs ge tbjaehdhiy leo kbalvghur jhgejgob wgta sag`ts ge ogbt krblota (j`. Ztgebr, Fuerh,leo Zurhvbdd ;===, Ztgebr bt ld. <777). _agro, flegpudltghe h` bejhuetbr rltbs gs ldsh le getbrbstgei`ljthr. Gobetg`ygei sgies h` flegpudltghe h` bejhuetbr-rltbs fly kb fhrb jhfpdgjltbo. G` spbjgbsture up ge agiabr prhphrtghes tale bxpbjtbo tags whudo kb l dgnbdy bxpdleltghe. Kut tags getbrprbtl-tghe ldsh obpbeos he tab ljjurljy h` tab bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghes usbo. @urtabrfhrb, g` tabagiabst rlenbo prby ldsh alppbes th kb rbdltgvbdy jhffhe tags ngeo h` plttbre fly eht kb blsgdy vgsgkdb ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro.

?.0 ]hssgkdb jhe`hueogei `ljthrs ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro

_ab lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd th tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro gs eht strlgiat`hrwlro.Jbrtlge tlpahehfgj `ljthrs geubejb tab jhfphsgtghe h` kheb lssbfkdlibs leo jhestrlge tab rb-sblrja qubstghes wb jle leswbr ky stuoygei tabf. @grst, tabrb gs tab prhkdbf h` tbfphrld rbshdu-

tghe. Zgtbs lrb h`tbe pldgfpsbsts, jhetlgegei tab rbflges h` fudtgpdb, leo phssgkdy fley sbplrltbhjjupltghes leo ̀ hrligei bpgshobs. [lengei h` rbshurjbs ebbo eht alvb kbbe ueg`hrf hvbr ldd tabsbbpgshobs. _ags fbles talt wb wgdd dhsb sgiat h` sahrt-tbrf vlrgltghes, dgnb sblsheld ujtultghes geprby rlengei, kbjlusb tabsb bjhdhigjld pabehfbel hpbrltb ourgei l sahrtbr tgfb tale gs pbrjbptgkdbge tab lrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs ( b.i. Dyfle ;==:). _absb og``brbejbs wgdd kb ldfhst gfphssgkdb thoboujb ̀ rhf zhhlrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs.

He tab htabr aleo, tab tbfphrld sjldb h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro ldsh prbsbets us wgta lovle-tlibs. Zgejb sahrt-tbrf ujtultghes wgdd alvb kbbe lvbrlibo hut ge pldgfpsbsts, gt wgdd kb phssgkdbth rbjhestrujt tab strltbiy talt Ebleobrtalds obvbdhpbo th obld wgta tabgr bevgrhefbet ge tab dheitbrf. @urtabrfhrb, le gfphrtlet jrgtgjgsf h` `hrligei fhobds ge kghdhiy gs tab `ljt talt taby try thstuoy tab rhdb h` `hrligei ge le legfld‗s bvhdutghelry tebss, kut usulddy H@_ fhobds stuoy sahrt-tgfb hptgfgsltghe, wagdb tebss gs l dg`btgfb fblsurb (j`. Zfgta <71:, 0:1). Kbjlusb h` tab tbfphrldrbshdutghe h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, lppdygei H@_ ge prbagsthry ldwlys oblds wgta tab dhei-tbrf rbsudts h` `hrligei strltbigbs, leo jle tabrb`hrb sahw ahw dhei tbrf obvbdhpfbets h` `hrli-gei strltbigbs fly geubejb l phpudltghe‗s tebss. _ags gssub jle kb turebo geth l fbtahohdhigjldstrbeita ky `hjussgei he pldgfpsbsts leo rbsblrja qubstghes talt lorbss dhei-tbrf obvbdhpfbets.

Lehtabr gssub wabe stuoygei kheb lssbfkdlibs gs tab `ljt talt tab kbalvghur rbsphesgkdb `hrtabgr ljjufudltghe fly prhoujb lssbfkdlibs talt oh eht rbbjt tab ùdd sugtb h` `hrligei ljtgvg -tgbs bqulddy. Le hkvghus prhkdbf jhejbres tab vbibtlkdb jhetrgkutghe th tab ogbt, ls als kbbe ogs-jussbo ge sbjtghe :.:.0. _ab `ljt talt Ebleobrtalds dgvbo ourgei jhdo jdgfltgj palsbs fly lddbvgltbtab prhkdbf, sgejb pdlet `hhos lrb dbss gfphrtlet ge jhdobr jdgfbs. Fhrbhvbr, ls sahwe ge jalptbr ;,tab Ebleobrtald rbflges talt alvb kbbe gshthpgjlddy leldysbo ge hrobr th rbjhestrujt tabgr ogbt sui-ibst talt pdlet `hhos wbrb gesgiegjlet jhfphebets h` tabgr ogbt ( b.i. Khjabrbes leo Orujnbr ;==:,Khjabrbes bt ld. ;==2, [gjalros bt ld. ;===, [gjalros bt ld. ;==1k). _abrb`hrb wb jle lssufb talt, bs-pbjglddy `hr tab jhdobr lrbls h` tab Ebleobrtald rleib leo ge jhdo pbrghos, pdlet `hhos wgdd eht alvb

kbbe vbry gfphrtlet bjhehfgjlddy. Bvbe wabe wb `hjus he tab `lueld jhfphebet h` tab ogbt hedy,tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro gs dgnbdy th kb kglsbo. Ls ogsjussbo ge sbjtghe :.;, auetbr/iltabrbrs dblo lfhkgdb wly h` dg`b, prhoujgei og``brbet typbs h` sgtb. _abrb`hrb wb ebbo th tlnb geth ljjhuet og``br-bejbs ge sgtb ̀ uejtghe leo og``brbejbs ge sblsheld hjjupltghe. Kheb lssbfkdlibs fust eht kb stuogboge gshdltghe, kut sahudo kb jhfplrbo wgta htabr sgtbs `rhf jhfplrlkdb rbighes leo tgfb pbrghos.@urtabrfhrb, dhhngei geth loogtgheld `blturbs, suja ls kheb lssbfkdlibs leo sgtb lrjagtbjturb ̀ hueolt sgtbs fly prhvgob jdubs ls th tab ùejtghe h` sgtbs.

Getrgjltbdy jheebjtbo wgta tab prhkdbfs phsbo ky tab hrilegzltghe h` fhkgdgty lrb trlesphrt ob-jgsghes. Ge trlesphrt h` `hho, tab dhei-stleogei lssufptghe gs talt dgfks, bspbjglddy tab ageodgfks h`jlrjlssbs, lrb tab fhst agiady prgzbo plrts h` le legfld leo talt tabsb wgdd tabrb`hrb kb trlesphrtboth jbetrld pdljbs ( b.i. Kuee leo Nrhdd <710, ]htts <71:). Bspbjglddy wgta gejrblsgei ogstlejb leo/hrjlrjlss sgzb, sbdbjtghe ̀ hr tab fhst vldulkdb plrts sahudo kbjhfb hkvghus (Fhelale <771, ?=0). _abprhkdbf gs talt ge prljtgjb, tags lssufptghe ohbs eht sbbf th ahdo trub ge l dlrib eufkbr h` jlsbs

( b.i. Ohfæeiubz-[horgih ;==;). _abrb gs eh stleolro trlesphrt sbqubejb leo tabrb`hrb eh stleolro



01

L PGBY _H L NGDD

plttbre h` kheb ljjufudltghe, kut tabrb lrb gfphrtlet og``brbejbs kbtwbbe og``brbet auetbr/ilta-brbr irhups. Ls sbbe ge tab prbvghus jalptbr, tabsb ngeos h` objgsghes jle alvb prh`hueo gfpdgjl-tghes `hr tab rbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs leo ljtgvgtgbs lt spbjgj sgtbs.

Ztgdd, tabrb lrb shfb ibebrld plttbres ge tab wly ge wagja jlrjlssbs lrb trbltbo> wgta legflds hòg``brbet sgzbs h`tbe kbgei trbltbo og``brbetdy ( b.i. Kuee leo Nrhdd <710, [lkgehvgja leo Ahvbrs

;==?). Gt gs tahuiat talt sflddbr legflds, bspbjglddy g` taby lrb jluiat eblr l jbetrld pdljb, wgdd kbtrlesphrtbo th tab jlfp ge tabgr betgrbty. _ab rblshegei kbageo tags gs talt kbjlusb l rhueo trgp wgtatab jlrjlss whudo kb dbss tgfb leo bebriy jhesufgei tale prhjbssgei ge tab bdo leo trlesphrtgeiprhjbssbo plrts th tab jlfp. Dlribr legflds wgdd h`tbe kb prhjbssbo ge tab bdo, kut tab bxtbet th wagja taby lrb prhjbssbo leo wagja plrts wgdd kb trlesphrtbo obpbeos he fley ̀ ljthrs, ̀ hr bxlfpdbprboltghe rgsn hr judturld prb`brbejbs ( b.i. Ohfæeiubz-[horgih ;==;, Fhelale <771). ]rhkdbfsfly lrgsb g` trlesphrt ogstlejbs gejrblsb. Yabe l ̀ hrlibr bejhuetbrs l rbshurjb, ge objgogei wabtabrth bxpdhgt gt, ab als th jhesgobr talt ab jle hedy jlrry l sbt quletgty. Zh g` ab tabe wbrb th bejhuetbrlehtabr, fhrb vldulkdb rbshurjb, ab fgiat eht kb lkdb th bxpdhgt gt, hr whudo alvb th orhp walt-bvbr ab ldrbloy alo, flngei gts bxpdhgtltghe l wlstbo b``hrt. H` jhursb, jhetlgebrs jle lddbvgltb tagsprhkdbf th l obirbb (Ygetbraldobr ;==<, ;;). Ztgdd, tags ̀ ljthr fly jlusb l ̀ hrlibr eht th bxpdhgt spb-jgbs ge tab hptgfld sbt ge shfb jlsbs. Kbjlusb h` tab prhkdbfs rbilrogei trlesphrt jhsts, jlrb alsth kb tlnbe wabe getbrprbtgei lrjalbhdhigjld kheb lssbfkdlibs, kbjlusb ge tab fhst sbvbrb jlsb, g`fblt `rhf dlrib flfflds wls ddbtbo, eh khebs fly alvb kbbe trlesphrtbo kljn th tab sgtb lt ldd([lkgehvgja leo Ahvbrs ;==?, :=<).

@gelddy, tabrb gs tab og``brbejb ge `hrligei strltbigbs kbtwbbe geogvgoulds hr sukirhups h` shjg-bty. Fhst prhkdbfltgj ge tags rbilro lrb tab og``brbet rbprhoujtgvb getbrbsts h` fldbs leo `bfldbs. Lppdygei tab ogbt krblota fhobd th tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro wgdd eht belkdb us th rbshdvb flttbrs lttalt rbshdutghe> gt jle hedy sabo dgiat he tab ̀ hrligei strltbigbs lt tab dbvbd h` tab irhups rbsphesgkdb`hr ̀ hrfgei le lrjalbhdhigjld sgtb. Ge tab Ebleobrtald sgtultghe, g` wb ljjbpt tab bvgobejb ̀ hr l ogvg-sghe h` dlkhur kbtwbbe sbxbs leo tab rhdb h` fldbs ls auetbrs h` kgi ilfb ls ogsjussbo ge tab prbvghus jalptbrs, tags fgiat dblo th l prhkdbfltgj sgtultghe, bspbjglddy ge jhdo palsbs ge tab ehrtabreplrts h` tabgr rleib. _ab flffhta stbppb wls rgja ge dhw quldgty pdlet `hhos leo legflds suksgst-gei he pdlets ge tags bevgrhefbets ebbobo iuts iblrbo th `lst prhjbssgei h` dlrib lfhuets h` `hho(Iutargb ;==0, ;=1). _ags fbles talt gejduogei l dlrib lfhuet h` pdlet `hhos ge tab Ebleobrtald

ogbt gs b``bjtgvbdy rudbo hut. _ags sbvbrbdy dgfgts whfbe‗s ̀ hrligei phssgkgdgtgbs. Ldtahuia auetgei hrtrlppgei h` sfldd legflds bspbjglddy gs le ljtgvgty talt taby fgiat alvb prljtgsbo, sfldd legflds lrbuejhffhe lt fley Ebleobrtald sgtbs. _ags fly fble talt fldbs jhudo ldfhst fhehphdgzb `hhoogstrgkutghe ge shfb bevgrhefbets leo tags fly alvb kbbe l vbry gfphrtlet shjgld jurrbejy. _agssgtultghe ohbs bxgst ge shfb jhetbfphrlry auetbr/iltabrbrs dgvgei lt agia dltgtuobs thh, kut ge tabsbjlsbs whfbe `hrlib `hr ldtbreltgvb rbshurjbs dgnb sa leo sfldd ilfb ge hrobr th prhjurb rbshurjbs(Nbddy <772, ;0?, ;09). Ge wlrfbr pbrghos leo fhrb shutabre bevgrhefbets, pdlets fly alvb pdlybol dlribr rhdb ge tab ogbt. _ags fly alvb alo jhesbqubejbs `hr tab usb h` `hho ls l phdgtgjld thhd, kutldsh lt l fhrb klsgj dbvbd `hr tab hrilegzltghe h` fhkgdgty leo fldb auetgei strltbigbs.

Ge ldd dgnbdgahho, ̀ hho, leo bspbjglddy fblt alo le gfphrtlet rhdb ge tab shjgld dg`b h` Ebleobrtalds. Yb jle lssufb talt gt wls usbo ge hrobr th jbfbet kheos kbtwbbe pbhpdb leo flykb ldsh ls l thhdusbo `hr rbprhoujtgvb purphsbs. Heb tagei lkhut Ebleobrtald shjgbty gs gfphrtlet ge tags rbspbjt,ahwbvbr. Gt gs h`tbe suiibstbo talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb dbss jlplkdb h` flgetlgegei bxtbesgvb shjgld

ebtwhrns leo lddglejbs tale lelthfgjlddy fhobre aufles, klsbo he bvgobejb `hr dhei-ogstlejbtrlob, hr dljn h` gt ( b.i. Ilfkdb <777, ;09, ?<0). _ags dblos th tab ayphtabsgs talt tab rhdb h` fblt wgtage dhjld shjgbty fly alvb kbbe dbss bxtbesgvb tale walt wb sbb ge jhetbfphrlry auetbr-iltabr-brs. Ig`t-igvgei hr bxjaleigei fly eht alvb kbbe vbry gfphrtlet leo tab shjgld rhdb h` fblt flytaus alvb kbbe dbss gfphrtlet tale walt wb fgiat bxpbjt klsbo he fhobre aufle auetbr-iltabrbrshjgbtgbs. _abrb`hrb, fhrb ̀ hho fly alvb kbbe usbo ̀ hr prhvgsghegei ̀ bfldbs leo jagdorbe.

Gt gs jdblr talt wb fust tlnb geth ljjhuet tab rhdb h` tlpahehfgj leo kbalvghurld prhjbssbs wabe getbrprbtgei lrjalbhdhigjld kheb lssbfkdlibs. Zbdbjtghe h` sugtlkdb sgtbs `hr leldysgs fly lddhwus th hvbrjhfb shfb h` tabsb prhkdbfs. Ahwbvbr, htabr `ljthrs dgnb trlesphrt objgsghes wgdd alvbkbbe l uegvbrsld `ljthr ge Ebleobrtald `hrligei kbalvghur.





9=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Yalt whudo kb tab gfpdgjltghe `hr tab fhkgdgty prljtgsbo ky Ebleobrtalds8 @grst, l sflddbr lrblgs bxpdhgtbo lrhueo blja sgtb, wagja fbles talt rbshurjbs ge tab `hrligei rlogus wgdd kb obpdbtbo`lstbr tale lfhei LFA. _abrb`hrb, rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty wgdd alvb kbbe agiabr. Lehtabr wly th obld wgta tags gssub gs ky dgfgtgei irhup sgzb. G` dbss pbhpdb ebbo th kb ̀ bo, rbshurjbs wgdd kb obpdbtbo lt lsdhwbr pljb leo rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty wgdd kb dhwbr (Kge`hro ;==<, ;:7-;?<). Agiabr dhjhfhtghe jhsts

ldsh alvb gfpdgjltghes ̀ hr trlesphrt> gt sbbfs dhigjld th fgegfgzb tab wbgiat h` tageis talt ebbo th kbtrlesphrtbo ge hrobr th slvb bebriy. _abrb`hrb, trlesphrt h` `hho th leo `rhf sgtbs wgdd kb l``bjtbo.Heb whudo bxpbjt agia obirbbs h` prhjbssgei ge tab bdo ge hrobr th fgegfgzb tab wbgiat th kbtrlesphrtbo. He tab htabr aleo, g` l dlrib eufkbr h` legflds, hr vbry dlrib legflds wbrb jluiat, hebfgiat ldsh bxpbjt tab klsb jlfp th fhvb th tab fblt, gestblo h` tab htabr wly lrhueo. _ags whudodblo us th bxpbjt agiabr rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty leo ldsh shfbwalt wblnbes tab lssufptghe h` jbetrld-pdljb ̀ hrligei. Ahwbvbr, sgejb fley Burhpble sgtbs jhetlgegei dlrib flfflds sahw ljtgvgtgbs sple-egei bxtbeobo pbrghos h` tgfb, tabrb gs le geoukgtlkdb spltgld `hjus ge Ebleobrtald `hrligei.

Ls lriubo ge tab prbvghus sbjtghe, tags stuoy wgdd `hjus he tab ̀ lueld jhfphebet h` Ebleobrtaldsuksgstbejb strltbigbs. Auetgei gs l rgsny auetgei strltbiy ahwbvbr. Ge fley auetbr-iltabrbr shjgbtgbstab agia-rgsn/agia-ygbdo `hrligei strltbigbs h` fldbs lrb ku``brbo ky whfbe‗s `hrligei `hr dhw-rgsnpdlet `hhos. G` suja l ogvgsghe h` dlkhur wls ge pdljb lfhei Ebleobrtalds, wb whudo bxpbjt tab whfbe th `hrlib `hr pdlet `hhos. _ab gfphrtlejb h` pdlet `hhos gs vbry alro th obtbrfgeb, kut tabbvgobejb `rhf tab shutabre plrt tabgr rleib ogsjussbo ge tab prbvghus jalptbr sahws talt, ge shfbsbttgeis gt pdlybo l sgiegjlet rhdb ge tab ogbt. Ahwbvbr, ge fhrb ehrtabre lrbls, bspbjglddy ge idljgldbevgrhefbets, rbdygei he pdlet ̀ hhos gs le uedgnbdy ̀ hrligei strltbiy. Lehtabr rgsn-rboujgei phssgkgd-gty gs gejrblsgei ogbt krblota leo ldsh bxpdhgtgei sfldd legflds ( b.i. Nbddy <772). Ls sahwe ge jalptbr:, tags dlttbr strltbiy lppblrs eht th alvb kbbe vbry gfphrtlet ̀ hr Ebleobrtalds. Ge tab jhdobr palsbsheb fgiat tabrb`hrb bxpbjt whfbe th beilib ge tab dbss oleibrhus tlsns lsshjgltbo wgta auetgeidlribr flfflds. Lfhei fhobre oly auetbr/iltabrbrs, whfbe‗s lssgstlejb ge trljngei legflds gsle gfphrtlet `ljthr obtbrfgegei l fldb‗s auetgei sujjbss `hr bxlfpdb (Kgbsbdb leo Klrjdly ;==<). Lgogei ge tab dbss oleibrhus tlsns h` orgvgei legflds geth le lfkusa als ldsh kbbe prhphsbo (Nuaeleo Ztgebr ;==0, 721-727).

Yb alvb heb gfphrtlet geogjltghe talt Ebleobrtalds ogo flelib th ku``br tab rgsn h` ujtul-tghes ge auetgei rbtures ls wbdd ls fhobre aufles. _ags gs prhvgobo ky tab leldysgs h` Ebleobrtald

tbbta, ogsjussbo ge jalptbr ;, wagja sahws talt tab gejgobejb h` ayphpdlsgls ge tabgr tbbta gs jhf-plrlkdb th talt h` fhobre-oly Geugt. Ge loogtghe, tab eufkbr h` pbrgnyfltl sahwgei ayphpdl-sgls gs dhwbr ge Ebleobrtalds tale ge Geugt, phgetgei th sahrtbr pbrghos h` eutrgtgheld strbss lfheiEbleobrtalds (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri, Dlrsbe, leo Aujageshe ;==?).

Zgejb tab bxpdhgtltghe h` l krhlo sbt h` sfldd legflds wls eht tab shdutghe lohptbo kyEbleobrtalds, taby fust alvb usbo l og``brbet strltbiy th ku``br tab rgsn h` ujtultghes ge tab rb-tures h` auetgei dlrib legflds. Heb dhigjld strltbiy gs th bxpdhgt lrbls dbss getbesgvbdy, leo dblvb kb-`hrb prby obesgty orhps sgiegjletdy ( b.i. Nbddy leo _hoo <711). _ags whudo belkdb agia rbtures, kuthedy ge tab sahrt tbrf, sgejb dlrib-khogbo spbjgbs lrb ibebrlddy prbsbet ge dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs.Jhesbqubetdy, tags whudo dblo th l orlstgjlddy bdbvltbo obirbb h` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty. _ags whudo be-lkdb Ebleobrtalds th ̀ hjus he tab vbry dlribst legflds hedy. Ahwbvbr, sgejb dlrib spbjgbs alvb l sdhwrltb h` rbprhoujtghe, taby lrb blsgdy hvbrbxpdhgtbo. _abrb`hrb suja l strltbiy whudo hedy kb vglkdbg` Ebleobrtalds wbrb prbsbet ge dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs thh. Lehtabr wly h` ku``brgei sahrt-tbrf

ujtultghes ge auetgei rbtures whudo kb ky obvbdhpgei wlys th sthrb fblt. Orygei fblt gs eht vbryjhfpdgjltbo lpplrbetdy, aleigei gt hut th ory `hr twh olys lppblrs th kb su`jgbet th prbsbrvb gt `hrshfb tgfb leo tags prhjbss ùrtabrfhrb rboujbs tab wbgiat h` tab fblt ky up th 0=% (Nbddy ;==<,20). Zgejb Ebleobrtalds lrb nehwe th alvb `hjussbo he dlrib legflds, sthrlib h` surpdus fblt gs ldgnbdy strltbiy.

Ge wlrfbr pbrghos leo rgjabr lrbls ogbt wls dgnbdy krhlobebo. Ahwbvbr, ls lriubo ky Ztgebr bt ld .(Ztgebr ;==<, Ztgebr, Fuerh, leo Zurhvbdd ;===, Ztgebr bt ld. <777), gt gs strgngei talt Ebleobrtalds ogoeht bxpdhgt sfldd, `lst-fhvgei prby ls getbesgvbdy ls shfb fhobre aufles. _ags gs eht ebjbsslrgdyrbdltbo th og``brbejbs ge jlplkgdgtgbs tahuia. _ab `ljt talt sfldd `lst ilfb wls eht bxpdhgtbo fhrbablvgdy fly kb oub th rbdglejb ky whfbe he —thp-beo‖ rbshurjbs. Ebleobrtald `hrligei fly alvbkbbe jalrljtbrgsbo ky `hjussgei he l vbry elrrhw sbt h` spbjgbs. Zdhw fhvgei spbjgbs dgnb thrthgsbsleo sabddsa, wagja wbrb bxpdhgtbo ky Ebleobrtalds, fly alvb alo fuja dhwbr aleodgei jhsts leo

tabrb`hrb fuja agiabr rbture rltbs tale `lst fhvgei spbjgbs. _abrb`hrb, ge wlrfbr jheogtghes, tab wgobegei h` tab ogbt th gejduob pdlets leo sdhw fhvgei spbjgbs fgiat dblo th tab bxpbjtltghe talt



9<


rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty whudo alvb objrblsbo. Ahwbvbr, bvbe wabe `hrligei `hr dhw-rgsn rbshurjbs,Ebleobrtalds whudo alvb ̀ hjusbo he tab gtbfs wgta tab agiabst rbture rltbs. _aby lrb taus bxpbjtboth flgetlge agiabr rltbs h` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty jhfplrbo th LFA ueobr tabsb jgrjufstlejbs.

_ags gs jhfphueobo ky tab `ljt talt tabsb sdhw-fhvgei legfld spbjgbs ibebrlddy lrb sdhwbr rb-prhoujgei spbjgbs tale `lst fhvgei prby dgnb sfldd flfflds hr kgros ( b.i. Ztgebr bt ld. <777). Ztgdd,

kbjlusb h` tabgr rhdb ls thp-jlregvhrbs leo tabgr ablvgbr kugdo, Ebleobrtalds wbrb prhklkdy prbsbetge dhwbr phpudltghe obesgtgbs tale fhobre aufles. Jhfkgebo wgta tab ayphtabsgs talt taby wbrbfhrb rbsgobetglddy fhkgdb, gt fly alvb kbbe phssgkdb `hr tabf th bxpdhgt tabsb phpudltghes wgtahuttabgr rbture rltbs orhppgei thh orlfltgjlddy. Hvbr-bxpdhgtltghe h` shfb spbjgbs h` sfldd prby prhk-lkdy ogo hjjur ge tab dltb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj> ahwbvbr, tags kbjhfbs fuja fhrb lpplrbet ge tabRppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. Gt fly ldsh kb l jrgtgjld og``brbejb kbtwbbe Ebleobrtald leo LFA `hrligeistrltbigbs, wagja oh h`tbe sahw l irbltbr rbdglejb he sfldd ilfb3 taby fly tabrb`hrb alvb kbbe lkdbth bxpdhgt tbrrgthrgbs fhrb getbesgvbdy tale Ebleobrtalds jhudo.

Lehtabr bxpbjtltghe talt tgbs ge wgta tags prhphsbo agiabr rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty gs l rbdglejb hesgfpdb, vbrsltgdb leo trlesphrtlkdb thhdngts. Kbjlusb tabgr rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty wls agia, gt fly ehtalvb kbbe vbry rbwlrogei th gevbst ge —xbo‖ tbjaehdhiy suja ls selrbs leo trlps, bvbe g` taby wbrblkdb th prhoujb tabsb. _hhds `hr vbry spbjgj ljtgvgtgbs wgdd hedy alvb kbbe flob g` tab prbogjtlkdbrbtures wbrb agia behuia leo tab ljtgvgty wls bxbjutbo rbiudlrdy behuia th wlrrlet tags spbjgldgsbogevbstfbet. _ags fly kb tab jlsb wgta ebts `hr sagei hr trlppgei kgros, wahsb jhestrujtghe jhstslrb tahuiat th kb vbry agia. _abrb`hrb uedbss obesgtgbs h` kgros hr sa wbrb agia behuia th wlrrletjhestrujtghe h` ebts, wb sahudo bxpbjt fhrb sgfpdb tbjaehdhigbs th prbohfgeltb.

G` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty wls agia gt whudo kb gfphrtlet `hr Ebleobrtalds th hptgfgsb tab wbgiatth kb trlesphrtbo. _abrb`hrb wb bxpbjt Ebleobrtald thhds th kb vbrsltgdb, ge tab sbesb talt heb thhdjhudo kb usbo ge tab bxpdhgtltghe h` fudtgpdb rbshurjbs. _ags jhudo kb ljagbvbo ky ̀ hjussgei he sgf-pdb tbjaehdhigbs, iblrbo thwlros tab jltbihry h` prby talt wls fhst prhtlkdb, wagja whudo ge fhstjlsbs kb dlrib flfflds. Lrtb`ljts dgnb spblrs lrb usbo ̀ hr htabr ljtgvgtgbs dgnb sagei lfhei fhobreauetbr/iltabrbrs, kut spbjgldgsbo bqugpfbet `hr tabsb ljtgvgtgbs fly alvb ygbdobo th dgttdb th wlrrlettab gevbstfbet. G` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty wls dhwbrbo ge rgjabr bevgrhefbets, gevbstfbet ge trlppgeileo selrgei tbjaehdhiy gs bxpbjtbo th kbjhfb fhrb rbwlrogei. _ags dhwbrgei h` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty whudo kb bxpbjtbo ge fhrb tbfpbrltb jdgfltgj palsbs. He tab htabr aleo, ge ̀ hrbstbo bevgrhefbets,

kghflss gs vbry alro th bxpdhgt ̀ hr legflds leo auetbr/iltabrbrs, sgejb fhst h` gt gs dhjnbo up ge tabtrbbs ( b.i. Kge`hro ;==<, <=0). Ge tags sgtultghe ls wbdd, jhejbetrltgei he tab dlribst legflds lrhueo, whudo alvb kbbe tab fhst prhtlkdb jhursb h` ljtghe. Zgejb tabsb legflds whudo kb prbsbet lt dhwobesgtgbs rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty whudo stgdd kb agia. _rlppgei leo selrgei whudo taus prbsuflkdy thalvb hjjurrbo fhstdy ge tab kghflss rgja shutabre plrts h` tab Ebleobrtald rleib.

_bstgei tabsb bxpbjtltghes wgdd eht kb strlgiat`hrwlro. L dht h` tab bxpbjtltghes ageib he agiarbsgobetgld fhkgdgty kbjlusb h` l `hjus he dlrib ilfb. Ahwbvbr, kbjlusb h` tab tbfphrld rbshdutgheh` tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, gt wgdd kb alro th oboujb wabtabr sgtbs lrb pldgfpsbsts rbprbsbetgeifudtgpdb sahrt pbrghos h` usb, hr wabtabr sgtbs wbrb usbo ̀ hr l dheibr tgfb leo abejb rbsgobetgld fh-kgdgty wls eht vbry agia. G` wb sujjbbo ge rbjhestrujtgei dgnbdy phpudltghe obesgtgbs ̀ hr tab bxpdhgtbospbjgbs wb jle put jhestrlgets he tab getbrprbtltgvb sjbelrghs. @urtabrfhrb, gt wgdd kb gfphrtlet thtry th obtbrfgeb wabtabr tab pgjturb h` suksgstbejb strltbigbs prbsbetbo ky l sgtb gs rbprbsbetltgvbh` walt Ebleobrtalds wbrb ohgei ge talt ngeo h` bevgrhefbet. _ags jle kb ljagbvbo ky jhfplrgei

tab sgtbs th sgtbs ge sgfgdlr sbttgeis. _ags wgdd sahw wabtabr ̀ hr bxlfpdb sfldd ilfb gs ueobr hr hvbr-rbprbsbetbo lt sgtbs ueobr jhesgobrltghe.

?.1 Fhobddgei aybel ogbt krblota

Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbr <, tags stuoy lgfs th bvldultb tab kbebts h` lppdygei H@_ th Fgoodb]ldlbhdgtagj lssbfkdlibs ky ldsh usgei gt th leldysb `hrligei strltbigbs h` ]dbgsthjbeb jlvb aybels( Jrhjutl spbdlbl ). Ge hrobr th oh tags, wb ebbo th rbjhestrujt tab fhobd‗s plrlfbtbrs `hr tags spbjgbsthh. _ags spbjgbs gs jdhsbdy rbdltbo th sphttbo aybels ( Jrhjutl jrhjutl ) ([hadleo bt ld. ;==2) leo leldysgsleo leldysgsleo leldysgsh` tabgr kbalvghur lddhws us th lssbfkdb l fhobd ̀ hr jlvb aybels. Gt lppblrs talt sphttbo aybels lrbsgfgdlr th Ebleobrtalds ge lt dblst twh gfphrtlet rbspbjts. _aby wbrb h` rhuiady sgfgdlr sgzb, jlvbaybel kbgei sdgiatdy dlribr. Zbjheo, khta wbrb shjgld jlregvhrbs. Ge jhetrlst th dgvgei prgfltbs, ahw-bvbr, sphttbo aybels leo prbsuflkdy jlvb aybels lrb lolptbo th sjlvbeigei leo auetgei ( b.i. _hhky

leo ObPhrb <719). Zgejb Ebleobrtalds leo Jlvb aybels wbrb syfpltrgj ge dlrib lrbls leo taby lp-







9?

L PGBY _H L NGDD



92

2 Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst

2.< Getrhoujtghe

_ab prbvghus jalptbr sbt hut th obvbdhp l wly ge wagja tab ogbt krblota fhobd jle kb lppdgbo thtab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro. Ge tags jalptbr leo tab ebxt, G wgdd tbst wabtabr lppdygei tab fhobd thlrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs ygbdos sltgs`ljthry gesgiats. _ab `hjus h` tags jalptbr wgdd kb tab kheblssbfkdlib h` tab @rbeja sgtb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst.

Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst gs le hpbe-lgr sgtb ge tab ehrta h` @rlejb wgta sbvbrld hjjupltghe dbvbds. _absb dbvbds wbrb obphsgtbo ourgei tab trlesgtghe h` Flrgeb Gshthpb Ztlib (FGZ) 9 th FGZ 0. _absgtb wls ogsjhvbrbo ge <790 ourgei kugdogei ljtgvgtgbs. Bxjlvltghes thhn pdljb kbtwbbe <790 leo<71; (_u``rblu <711l). _ab sbogfbethdhigjld sbqubejb h` tab sgtb jhesgsts h` uvgltgdb sbogfbetslt tab klsb, hvbrdlge ky Zlldgle leo Ybgjasbdgle dhbss. _ab lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds lrb `hueo ge tabagiabr rbljabs h` tab uvgltgdb sbogfbets leo ge tab dhwbr plrt h` tab dhbss sbqubejb (Zhffç <711,

_u``rblu <711j). _ab kheb lssbfkdlib talt wls bxjlvltbo lt tab sgtb eufkbrs hvbr ;==.=== spbjgfbes, ;=.=== h`

wagja wbrb gobetglkdb. _ab flchrgty h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib jhfbs r̀hf l sgeidb hjjupltghe dbvbd,dbvbd GGL (Luiustb <77;, Luiustb <77:, Luiustb <772l). Fley h` tab khebs sahw jut-flrns, obf-hestrltgei talt ahfgeges pdlybo le gfphrtlet plrt ge tab `hrfltghe h` tab lssbfkdlib. Fhrbhvbr,l dlrib Fhustbrgle lssbfkdlib wls rbjhvbrbo `rhf tab sgtb. @gelddy, twh ahfgege snudds alvb kbbe`hueo lt tab sgtb. Hedy heb h` tabsb snudds als kbbe stuogbo. _ab tlxhehfgj obtbrfgeltghe h` tags`hssgd gs eht jhfpdbtbdy jdblr. Gt wls hrgigelddy jdlssgbo ls prb-Ebleobrtald, kut sahws lphfhrpagbstalt alvb dbo gt th kb jdlssgbo ls le blrdy Ebleobrtald hr l Ebleobrtald sbesu dlth ge fhrb rbjbetstuogbs ( b.i. Oble bt ld. <771, Aukdge <771, :=<, Zjawlrtz leo _lttbrsldd ;==;). _ab kheb lssbf-kdlib h` tab sgtb gs ohfgeltbo ky lurhjas ( Khs prgfgibegus ) `hddhwbo ky krhwe kblr ( Rrsus lrjths ) leoelrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs ( Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus ) (Luiustb <77;, Luiustb <77:, Luiustb <772l).Getbrbstgeidy, tab rbprbsbetltghe h` tab spbjgbs jaleibs tarhuia tab lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds. _ags ld-dhws us th stuoy ahw tab leldysgs usgei Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry (H@_) rbbjts tab jaleigei bevgrhefbetld jgrjufstlejbs.

_ags sgtb als tab lovletlib talt gt wls bxjlvltbo rbdltgvbdy rbjbetdy, usgei fhobre bxjlvltghefbtahos. _ags fbles talt ge jhetrlst th _luklja, wagja gs tab `hjus h` tab `hddhwgei jalptbr, ls-pbjts suja ls tab spltgld ogstrgkutghe h` eos alvb kbbe stuogbo lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst ( b.i. _u``rbluleo Flrjy <711l). _absb jgrjufstlejbs pbrfgt l agiabr rbshdutghe h` bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghetale lt _luklja. Re`hrtueltbdy, hedy heb vhdufb h` tab fhehirlpa als kbbe pukdgsabo th oltb. _ab trbltfbet h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib ge tags pukdgjltghe gs prbdgfgelry leo dgfgtbo th hedy tarbbdbvbds (Luiustb <711k). ]lpbrs alvb kbbe pukdgsabo he tab kheb lssbfkdlib, kut taby shfbtgfbsjhetlge jhegjtgei oltl.1 Fhrbhvbr, tab kheb lssbfkdlib h` tab rgjabst dbvbd, GGL, als eht kbbepukdgsabo ge irblt obtlgd.

Ge tags jalptbr G wgdd rst prhvgob tab strltgirlpagj leo ibhdhigjld jhetbxt h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld

sgtb. _ab lrtb`ljt lssbfkdlibs h` tab fhst gfphrtlet lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds wgdd kb prbsbetbo, l`tbr wagja G wgdd prhvgob le hvbrvgbw h` tab pukdgsabo kheb lssbfkdlibs. _abe G wgdd pdljb tab sgtb gegts dhjld leo rbigheld bevgrhefbetld jhetbxt. Zuksbqubetdy G wgdd lttbfpt th lppdy Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry (H@_) th tags sgtb. G wgdd beoblvhur th usb H@_ th obvbdhp l sjbelrgh bxpdlgegei tab ̀ hrligeistrltbigbs prljtgsbo ky tab sgtb‗s hjjuplets.

2.; _ab sgtb

_ab sgtb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst gs dhjltbo ge tab oçplrtbfbet ]ls-ob-Jldlgs ge ehrtabre @rlejb, ge tab vgjgegty h` tab jgty h` Lrrls. Gt wls ogsjhvbrbo ge <790 ourgei tab bxtbesghe h` l `ljthry leo `hddhw-gei tab ogsjhvbry, l rbsjub bxjlvltghe wls gegtgltbo. Ky tab tgfb tab bxjlvltghe iht ueobrwly, tab sbo-gfbets jhetlgegei tab eo dbvbds alo ldrbloy kbbe rbfhvbo `rhf <2== f; h` tab ;=== f; kugdogei

1 @hr bxlfpdb, ge tbrfs h` EGZ], (Luiustb <77:) prhvgobs l pbrjbetlib h` lkhut 2=% h` Lurhjas khebs, wagdb ge

(Luiustb <772l) gt gs jdhsb th 9=%.



90

L PGBY _H L NGDD

sgtb (_u``rblu <711l, <2). @rhf <799 hewlros, l rbsblrja bxjlvltghe wls stlrtbo he l ebgiakhurgeiplrt h` tab `ljthry tbrrlge. Rp th <71; lkhut 0== f; wls bxjlvltbo ge tags prhcbjt (_u``rblu <711l,<9-<1). Ge thtld, tarbb dhjltghes alvb kbbe bxjlvltbo lt tab sgtb. Heb dhjltghe wls bxjlvltbo ourgeitab rbsjub prhcbjt ge <790, wagdb ourgei tab rbsblrja prhcbjt jlrrgbo hut `rhf <799 hewlros twh

htabr dhjltghes wbrb bxjlvltbo (sbb iurb 2.< `hr l pdle h` tab bxjlvltbo lrbls). _ab lrjalbhdhig-jld strltgirlpay ge tab og``brbet bxjlvltghe zhebs gs eht ueg`hrf, oub th tab jhfpdgjltbo ibhdhigjldagsthry h` tab sgtb.

Ibhdhigjlddy, tab sgtb gs dhjltbo ge tab zheb wabrb Ehrta Burhpble pdlge fbbts tab jaldn pdltbluh` tab Lrthgs (Zhffç bt ld. <711). L jldjlrbhus pdltblu gs dhjltbo th tab ehrtawbst h` tab sgtb. _absgtb gtsbd` sgts he tab boib h` l rgvbr-tbrrljb ge tab Zjlrpb vlddby Gt gs sgtultbo kbtwbbe 20 leo ?? fb-trbs lkhvb sbl-dbvbd (Zhffç bt ld. <711, <<2).

2.: Oltgei

_ab sgtb gs tahuiat th oltb th le getbridljgld wgtage tab Zlldgle, FGZ 9. _ags gs klsbo he l jhfkgel-tghe h` ogrbjt oltgei, leo (kgh)strltgirlpagj `ljthrs. Zgx kuret get thhds `rhf dbvbd GGL wbrb oltbousgei tabrfh dufgebsjbejb (_D). _ags ygbdobo le lvbrlib oltb h` <92 ¼ <: nl. _ags leldysgs wls

pbr`hrfbo he gets talt alo kbbe bxjlvltbo sbvbrld yblrs prbvghusdy leo fust tabrb`hrb kb rbilrobo

= ; f

C

N

D

Jaletgbr

Ehro

`hugddb <790

Jaletgbr

Zuo

@ h u r s A b u r t b y

v h g b s ` b r r b b s

K

J

B

@

I

A

O

G

@giurb 2.< ]dle h` tab dhjltghe h` tab bxjlvltghe trbejabs lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst.

Klsbo he (_u``rblu <711l, ;;).



99

2 KGLJAB-Z LGE_-P LLZ_

wgta jlutghe (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <=<). Heb h` tab ahfgege snudds, ̀ hueoge dbvbd GGL, wls oltbo usgei ilffl-rly spbjtrhfbtry, ygbdogei le lib h` ;2:+2:/-:9 nl. L kheb `rhf tab slfb dbvbd wls oltbo usgei R-_a> tags ygbdobole lib h` <1; +?0/-:< nl (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <=<). FGZ 9 gs tahuiat thalvb dlstbo `rhf ;?2 uetgd <7= nl. _ab ogrbjt oltbs tabrb`hrb rhuiady jhgejgob

wgta tags pbrgho (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <=<). Ebvbrtabdbss, tab jhfkgebobvgobejb `rhf tab strltgirlpagj sbqubejb, tab phddbe-spbjtrl leo tab fldljh-dhigjld leo fgjrhflffld rbflges, sahws talt eh getbridljgld jdgfltgj hptg-fuf gs rbprbsbetbo ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld dlybrs.

Le gfphrtlet geogjltghe `hr tab oltb h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds gs tab `ljttalt tab uvgltgdb sleos tab khtthf h` tab sbqubejb, rbprbsbet l jdgfltgj hptg-fuf (Zbb iurb 2.; `hr l sjabfltgj hvbrvgbw h` tab strltgirlpagj jhdufe h`tab sgtb). _ags uegt jhetlges Jhrkgjudl ufgeldgs fhddusjs (_u``rblu leo Zhffç<711l, :<<-:<;). _ags spbjgbs gs geogjltgvb h` getbridljgld jheogtghes, kut gseht nehwe ̀ rhf tab Bbfgle (Fbgcbr leo ]rbbjb ;===). Fhrbhvbr, tab Lrvgjhdl `hssgds lt tab sgtb geogjltb talt gt gs yhueibr tale Fllstrgjat Kbdvçoárb ge tabEbtabrdleos, wagja gs oltbo th FGZ 9 ([hbkrhbns <710, 10). _ab lrjalbhdhig-jld dbvbds ohjufbet tab trlesgtghe th jhdobr jdgfbs, wgta lt dblst twh jdgfltgjlfbdghrltghes rbprbsbetbo ge tab dbvbds (_u``rblu leo Zhffç <711l, :<<).

_ab pldbhshd cust ueobr < fbtrb ge iurb 0.< ldsh prhvgobs vgtld jdubs wgtarbilro th tab oltgei h` tab sgtb. _ags uegt, wagja gs hedy prbsbrvbo ge l sflddplrt h` tab Jaletgbr Zuo, gs l pldbhshd wagja jle kb jhrrbdltbo th tab Zhd ob[hjhurt/Zhd ob Ylrebthe ge tab rbigheld strltgirlpay. _ags shgd jhfpdbx gsoltbo th tab Bbfgle getbridljgld leo taus prhvgobs l tbrfgeus letb qubf `hr tabueobrdygei dlybrs (Zhffç <711, :?-?:). _ab ueobrdygei dlybrs lppblr th sahwl `lgrdy jhetgeuhus sbqubejb h` dhbss obphsgtghe, ldtahuia shfb brhsgheldbvbets lppblr th alvb tlnbe pdljb ge tab uppbr plrt h` tab sbqubejb (Zhffç bt ld. <711, <<0-<<9). G` tab dhbss obphsgtghe rblddy wls h` l jhetgeuhus elturb,tags gfpdgbs talt tab dlybrs ueobrdygei tab pldbhshd oltb th tab sbjheo jhdopalsb h` tab Zlldgle, FGZ 0. _ags gs supphrtbo ky tab `ljt talt tab ueobrdygei

dhbss jhetlges obbp `rhst jrljns (Zhffç <711, :?). _ab uvgltgdb uegts, ohju-fbetgei wlrfbr jheogtghes whudo tabe oltb th le getbridljgld hr getbrstlogldblrdgbr tale tab Bbfgle.

_ab jhfkgeltghe h` tab ogrbjt oltbs wgta tab strltgirlpagj bvgobejb ogs-jussbo suiibst tab sgtb fust kb oltbo ourgei tab trlesgtghe h` FGZ 9 th FGZ 0,hr ourgei tab blrdy plrt h` FGZ 0.

2.? Ztrltgirlpay leo lrjalbhdhigjld ahrgzhes

Fudtgpdb lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds alvb kbbe bxjlvltbo lt tab sgtb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (sbb iurbs 2.;& 2.:). _ab strltgirlpay h` tab sgtb gs jhfpdbx, ls l rbsudt h` tbjthegj prhjbssbs leo fley sfldd`ludts lrb vgsgkdb ge tab prhdbs, bspbjglddy ge tab Jaletgbr Ehro (_u``rblu <711j, <;9). Fhrbhvbr, tabsujjbssghe h` lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds ge tab Jaletgbr Zuo gs og``brbet `rhf talt h` tab ehrtabre plrt h`

tab sgtb. G wgdd sufflrgzb tab ge`hrfltghe lkhut tab strltgirlpagj sbqubejb abrb, wgta le bfpalsgshe tab fhst gfphrtlet lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds. _ab lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds lrb sgtultbo ge tab dhwbr plrt h` tab sbogfbetlry sbqubejb. _ab fhst

gfphrtlet lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds wbrb obsgieltbo (`rhf hdobst th yhueibst) GGL, GGμ, GG klsb, O=, O<leo O. _ab sbogfbets ge wagja dbvbd GGL th O= lrb sgtultbo lrb uvgltgdb. _aby wbrb prhklkdy ob-phsgtbo ge salddhw sdhw-fhvgei th stleogei wltbr. Dbvbd O< leo O he tab htabr aleo, lrb sgtultboge wgeo-kdhwe dhbssgj obphsgts. _ags alo jhesbqubejbs `hr tab prbsbrvltghe h` tab `lueld rbflgesge tabsb dbvbds, wagja lrb jabfgjlddy wbltabrbo (Luiustb <711k).

@duvgltgdb irlvbds alvb kbbe obphsgtbo lt tab klsb h` tab sbqubejb, he thp h` tab jrbtljbhusjaldn sukstrltb. _ags dbvbd gs hvbrdlge ky jrhss-kboobo fboguf th eb-irlgebo ybddhwgsa uvgltgdbsleos jhetlgegei, jaldn irleudbs. _ags dbvbd gs jlppbo ky eb-irlgebo uvgltgdb sbogfbets, oukkbo—tu`` ‖ ge tab dgtbrlturb leo obsgieltbo ls Regt ;k. _ags uegt jhetlges tab lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds GGLleo, sdgiatdy agiabr GGμ ge tab Jaletgbr Ehro. Ge tab Jaletgbr Zuo gt alrkhurs dbvbds A tarhuia @

(Zhffç <711, :=-:<). _ab uegt jhesgsts h` vbry jldjlrbhus ybddhwgsa uvgltgdb sgdt, wgta jldjlrbhus

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=f

dhbss

sdhpb obphsgt, jdlys leo pbkkdbs

@d duvgltgdb sleos

jaldn

jdlyby sgdt, trljbs h` shgd `hrfltghe

rgvbr irlvbds

dlfgeltbo dhbss

dhbss, `rhst jrljns

Zgdt wgta jdly, pldbhshd

dlybr O

dlybr O<

dlybr O=

dlybrs GG

@d duvgltgdb sgdts

@giurb 2.;3 Zjabfltgj strltgirlpagj

jhdufe h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, wgta

tab phsgtghe h` lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds.

Klsbo he (Zhffç <711, :;).











1;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

pukdgjltghes h` tab zhhlrjalbhdhiy h` tags sgtb trblt ldd tab khebs ls l sgeidb lssbfkdlib, obspgtb tab`ljt talt taby wbrb rbjhvbrbo ge sbvbrld dbvbds ohjufbetgei og``brgei bevgrhefbetld jheogtghes ( b.i. Luiustb <77:, Luiustb <772l, Luiustb ;==:, Luiustb leo ]lthu-Fltags <77?). @hrtueltbdy, l sbpl-rltb stuoy h` tab fbilabrkgvhrbs h` tab sgtb prhvgobs loogtgheld ge`hrfltghe lkhut tab eufkbrs h`gobetgbo khebs pbr dbvbd (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2). _ab eufkbr h` gobetgbo khebs vlrgbs kbtwbbe

pukdgjltghes, prbsuflkdy kbjlusb ls rbsblrja prhirbssbo loogtgheld rbflges wbrb gobetgbo. Ygta rbilro th tab spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb, tabrb lrb ldsh shfb prhkdbfs. Fhst gfphrtletgs tab jlsb h` dlrib khvgos. Fley h` tab khvgo khebs jhudo eht kb obtbrfgebo lt spbjgbs dbvbd, kutfly alvb kbdheibo th bgtabr Khs hr Kgshe. G alvb eht jhfb ljrhss tab bxljt eufkbrs h` khebs ob-tbrfgelkdb th spbjgbs dbvbd ̀ hr khvgos ge tab lssbfkdlib ls l wahdb. Ahwbvbr, Kgshe ( Kgshe prgsjus ) alshedy kbbe fbetghebo ge tab spbjgbs dgst ge (Luiustb <77;), wagdb tab spbjgbs dgsts ge (Luiustb <711l, Luiustb <711k, Luiustb, Fhejbd, leo ]lthu-Fltags <771, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2) hedy jhetlgelurhjas. Htabr pukdgjltghes dgnb (Luiustb <77:, Luiustb <772l, Luiustb ;==:) oh eht jhetlge lebxalustgvb dgst h` tab spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo ge tab lssbfkdlib, kut taby hedy fbetghe lurhjas `hr tabsgtb leo eht kgshe. _abrb`hrb, G wgdd lssufb talt tab dlrib khvgo rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb gs lurhjas leotalt kgshe gs bgtabr lksbet hr lt dblst vbry rlrb ge tab lssbfkdlib.

_ab obirbb h` ahfgege bxpdhgtltghe h` tab og``brbet spbjgbs lt tab sgtb ls l wahdb als kbbe rb-sblrjabo. Ahwbvbr, gt gs eht ldwlys quletgbo, tabrb`hrb gt als kbbe ebjbsslry th ljjbpt quldgtltgvbstltbfbets h` tab lrjalbhzhhdhigsts ls ge3 —lurhjas khebs lrb fhrb getbesgvbdy jut-flrnbo taletahsb h` ragehjbrhs.‖ Fhrbhvbr, tab obirbb h` jlregvhrb olflib th tab khebs gs ldsh eht quletgbo.@rhf tab ge`hrfltghe talt gs prbsbetbo, gt gs jdblr talt ahfgeges wbrb tab ljjufudltgei spbjgbs ltKgljab-Zlget-Pllst tahuia.

Ge tags sbjtghe, tab `hjus wgdd kb he tab ge`hrfltghe lvlgdlkdb `hr tab lssbfkdlib h` tab sgtb ls l wahdb leo tab trbltfbet h` tab ohfgelet tlxl. Hedy `hr dbvbds GG klsb, O< leo O lrb fhrb obtlgdbooltl lvlgdlkdb. _abrb`hrb tabsb dbvbds wgdd kb ogsjussbo sbplrltbdy. Leldysgs h` tab lssbfkdlib ls l wahdb gs ob`besgkdb, sgejb dbvbd GGL ldheb ygbdobo 17% h` tab gobetglkdb kheb fltbrglds lt tab sgtb.Fhrbhvbr, tab dbvbds wgta tab htabr dlrib lssbfkdlibs GGμ (lkhut 2% h` tab thtld lssbfkdlib) leoGGklsb (lkhut ;.2% h` tab thtld), wbrb obphsgtbo ge sgfgdlr bevgrhefbetld jgrjufstlejbs. _ab dlribflffld lssbfkdlibs ge tabsb dbvbds lrb phhrbr ge spbjgbs, kut ibebrlddy h` sgfgdlr jalrljtbr th tablssbfkdlib `rhf dbvbd GGL (sbb tlkdb 2.<).

@giurb 2.? gddustrltbs tab rbdltgvb gfphrtlejb h` tab og``brbet tlxl ge tab kheb lssbfkdlib `rhftags sgtb. Zbvbrld lutahrs brrhebhusdy dgst khvgos ls ljjhuetgei `hr 9=% h` tab lssbfkdlib, `hddhw-gei Luiustb (Luiustb <772l). Htabr pukdgjltghes dgst og``brbet vldubs ( b.i. Luiustb <77:, Luiustb<772k), wgta khvgos hedy ljjhuetgei `hr dbss tale 2=% h` tab lssbfkdlib. _ags pbrjbetlib gs ldshkhreb hut ky tab ljtuld EGZ] iurbs prhvgobo ky Luiustb (Luiustb <772l). _abrb`hrb tab wgobdyjgtbo vldub h` 9=% khvgos fust kb tab rbsudt h` le ljjhuetgei brrhr. _lkdb 2.< sahws tab jhfph-sgtghe h` tab `lueld lssbfkdlib pbr lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbd lt tab sgtb ge tbrfs h` spbjgbs. _ab thtldeufkbr h` gobetgbo khebs gs dgstbo ls wbdd. Gt gs hkvghus talt dbvbd GGL gs tab fhst gfphrtlet dbvbdkhta ge tbrfs h` tab eufkbr h` spbjgbs gobetgbo leo ge tbrfs h` tab EGZ].

_ab sgtb gs taus ohfgeltbo ky tarbb irhups h` spbjgbs. Ge tbrfs h` EGZ], khvgos ljjhuet `hr2=%, kblrs `hr ::% leo ragehjbrhtgos `hr <2% h` tab lssbfkdlib. _ab rbflgegei <2 spbjgbs lj-jhuet `hr hedy :.2% h` tab EGZ]. G` wb dhhn lt tab FEG vldubs, tab pgjturb jaleibs sdgiatdy, lssahwe ge iurb 2.2. Lurhjas gs fhst gfphrtlet stgdd, `hddhwbo ky kblr leo elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs.

Ahwbvbr, tab htabr spbjgbs talt wbrb rbprbsbetbo ky sfldd eufkbrs h` gobetgbo khebs gejrblsb gegfphrtlejb ehw.

Jaleibs ge spbjgbs rbprbsbetltghe hjjur ourgei tab sbqubejb leo rbbjt jdgfltgj jaleibs(Zhffç bt ld. <711, <<1). Ge ibebrld, tab `luel phgets th l fhslgj bevgrhefbet. Zhfb h` tab spb-jgbs, dgnb jbrvgos leo bspbjglddy wgdo khlr ( Zus sjrh`l ), wagja gs prbsbet kut rlrb, phget th tab prbsbejbh` `hrbstbo lrbls. Htabrs, dgnb elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leo bqugos, phget th le hpbe bevgrhefbet(Luiustb <77;). Ygta rbilro th tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_, trbltgei tab `lueld lssbfkdlib h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst ls l sgeidb betgty gs alzlrohus. Jdgfltgj leo bevgrhefbetld jaleib fly alvb rbsudtbo geldtbrbo rlengeis h` tab spbjgbs gevhdvbo hr ge tab krhlobegei h` ahfgege ogbt kbjlusb h` jaleibsge sblrja tgfb.









10

L PGBY _H L NGDD

<711k, <2=). Fhrbhvbr, wbltabrgei als dbo th l kglsbo prbsbrvltghe h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib3 fhrbourlkdb bdbfbets, bspbjglddy tbbta, sbbf th kb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ge tabsb dbvbds (Luiustb <711k, <2;-<2:). _ab lsshjgltghe h` tab khebs leo tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbflges gs tabrb`hrb dbss sbjurb `hr tabsbdbvbds tale ̀ hr tab ueobrdygei dbvbds.

_ab `lueld rbflges ̀ rhf dbvbd O< wbrb ogstrgkutbo ge twh spltgld jhejbetrltghes. L rgja jhejbe-trltghe ge tab shutabre plrt h` tab bxjlvltbo lrbl leo l phhrbr, dbss salrpdy obflrjltbo ehrtabrejhejbetrltghe. _ab ogstrgkutghe h` ragehjbrhtgos leo tab jbrvgos sbbfs th kb dgfgtbo th tab shutabre

jhejbetrltghe, wagdb khvgos leo bqugos lrb fhrb wgobsprblo (Luiustb <711k, <2<). Ge tab shuta-bre jhejbetrltghe, tab khebs jh-hjjur wgta l obesb lrtb`ljt jhejbetrltghe. _ab stheb thhds sui-ibst nelppgei ljtgvgtgbs, kut ge tags jhejbetrltghe, l dlrib eufkbr h` elturlddy kljnbo negvbs gs ldshprbsbet. _ags suiibsts talt ogsfbfkbrgei ljtgvgtgbs ldsh thhn pdljb abrb (Flrjy leo _u``rblu <711k,;1:). _ab lsshjgltghe h` dgtagjs leo `lueld rbflges gs dbss hkvghus ge tab ehrtabre jhejbetrltghe. _ags zheb gs phhrbr ge lrjalbhdhigjld rbflges leo walt rbflges tabrb lrb, lrb fhrb wgobdy ogspbrsboabrb (Flrjy leo _u``rblu <711k, ;19).

Fhst strgngei lkhut tab kheb lssbfkdlib ̀ rhf dbvbd O< gs tab lksbejb h` kblrs. _aby lrb lfheitab ohfgelet tlxl lt tab sgtb, ljjhuetgei `hr l tagro h` tab thtld EGZ]. Fhrbhvbr taby lrb prbsbet geldd ueobrdygei dbvbds (sbb tlkdb 2.<). Lehtabr strgngei ̀ blturb gs tab ̀ ljt talt tab spbjgbs h` ragehjbrhstalt gs rbprbsbetbo ge tags dbvbd jaleibs wgta rbilro th tab prbvghus dbvbd. @rhf dbvbd O< hewlros,elrrhw-ehsbo leo Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs lrb eh dheibr prbsbet kut tab jhdo-lolptbo whhddy ragehjbrhslppblrs.<< Ge loogtghe th tabsb jaleibs wgta rbilro th prbvghus dbvbds, rhb obbr gs eht prbsbet ley-

fhrb, ehr gs iglet obbr. Ygdo khlr, dgnb rhb obbr l tbfpbrltb spbjgbs, als ldsh vlegsabo ge tags dbvbd.Khvgos ldsh objrblsb ge gfphrtlejb ge tags dbvbd, wagdb bqugos leo ragehjbrhtgos gejrblsb ge gfphr-tlejb. Ge ldd, tab `luel taus als l fhrb jhdo-lolptbo jalrljtbr tale ge tab ueobrdygei dbvbds.

_ab `lueld rbflges h` dbvbd O ldsh sahw l kgphdlr ogstrgkutghe. _ags dbvbd als ygbdobo l rgjaehrtabre jhejbetrltghe leo l phhrbr shutabre jhejbetrltghe. _ab dlttbr jhejbetrltghe jhetlgesfhstdy sfldd khebs talt lrb agiady `rlifbetbo, wagdb tab `hrfbr jhetlges fhstdy dlribr, fhrb jhf-pdbtb spbjgfbes (Luiustb <711k, <2<). _ab lsshjgltghe h` tab `rlifbetbo rbflges wgta ahfgegeljtgvgtgbs gs ohuktbo ky Luiustb, (Luiustb, <2<), bvbe tahuia bdsbwabrb ab usbs tab obirbb h` `rli-fbetltghe h` khebs (Luiustb <77;, 0<) ls supphrt `hr ahfgege getbr`brbejb wgta tab kheb lssbf-kdlib. _ab dlribr, ehrtabre jhejbetrltghe gs spltglddy lsshjgltbo wgta l og`ùsb sjlttbr h` dgtagjs, ld-

<< _ab obtbrfgeltghe h` tab ragehjbrhtgos ge tags dbvbd als jaleibo ge rbjbet yblrs Luiustb (<711k) dgsts elrrhw-ehsbo,

fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo Ogjbrhrageus sp. Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) dgsts whhddy ragehjbrhs `hr dbvbds O< leo O.

_lxhe Whuei Loudt Hdo

[agehjbrhtgolb < 0 <

Bqugolb < ; <

Khvgolb < 0 <

Jbrvgolb < 2 =

Rrsgolb < 9 ;=%

<=%

;=%

:=%

?=%

2=%

0=%

9=%

1=%

7=%

<==%

Dbvbd O Dbvbd O< Dbvbd GG klsb

_lkdb 2.23 ]hpudltghe strujturb ge FEG

h` tab tlxl rbprbsbetbo ge dbvbd GGklsb.

@rhf (Luiustb <77;, 0:).

@giurb 2.03 Irlpa sahwgei tab tlxl rbprbsbetbo ge dbvbd GGklsb

ljjhrogei th (Luiustb <711k) leo (Luiustb <77;).

Jlego

Rrsgo

Jbrvgo

khvgo

Bqugo

[agehjbrhtgo



19


tahuia tab obesbst jhejbetrltghe h` lrtb`ljts ge tags dbvbd gs dhjltbo fhrb th tab shuta (Flrjy leo _u``rblu <711l).

_ab `lueld lssbfkdlib ge dbvbd O gs eht fuja og``brbet `rhf talt h` dbvbd O<. Ge tbrfs h`rbprbsbetbo tlxl wb sbb talt jbrvgos leo ragehjbrhtgos objrblsb ge gfphrtlejb, wagdb bqugos leokhvgos gejrblsb ge gfphrtlejb. _ab gejrblsb h` bqugos ge tags dbvbd leo ge dbvbd O< gs tlnbe th geog-

jltb le hpbegei up h` tab bevgrhefbet. _ags whudo t wgta l objrblsgei rbprbsbetltghe h` jbrvgos,sgejb taby lrb fhstdy lsshjgltbo wgta fhrb jdhsbo bevgrhefbets. _ab objrblsb h` whhddy ragehj-brhs jleeht kb bxpdlgebo ge tags wly, sgejb gt gs tahuiat th alvb kbbe lolptbo th jhdo leo hpbebevgrhefbets.

Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2), als stuogbo tab fbilabrkgvhrbs rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb ge obtlgd. Zabdgsts tab bxljt eufkbrs h` gobetgbo fbilabrkgvhrb khebs pbr dbvbd (sbb tlkdb 2.0). Hedy ge dbvbdGGL wbrb rbflges prbsbet ge su`jgbet eufkbrs `hr gts quletgtltgvb stuoy th alvb ley sgiegjlejb.Ebvbrtabdbss, tab ragehjbrhs rbflges `rhf tab htabr dbvbds sbbf th supphrt tab ge`brbejbs talt jlekb orlwe `rhf tab rbflges `rhf dbvbd GGL (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <<?).

Dbvbd GGL als ygbdobo 22? tbbta kbdheigei th elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs. _absb alvb kbbe usbo thjhfpgdb l phpudltghe strujturb h` tab elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhss rbprbsbetbo ge tags dbvbd. Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <<?) gddustrltbs abr eogeis wgta l irlpa. Ahwbvbr, usgei taboltl ge abr lppbeogx, tab irlpa dhhns og``brbet (jhfplrb tab irlpas ge iurb 2.9 wgta tab oltl `rhfabr lppbeogx ge tlkdb 2.9). _ab gfphrtlet og``brbejb kbtwbbe tab irlpas gs l og``brgei thtld eufkbrh` geogvgoulds. Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2, <<?) fbetghes le FEG h` ?< ge tab tbxt ljjhfpleygei tabirlpa, loogei up tab eufkbrs ygbdos :2. Fhrbhvbr, usgei abr lppbeogjbs, tab prhphrtghe h` loudtgeogvgoulds gs agiabr tale ge tab irlpa sab usbs, wagdb tab eufkbr h` cuvbegdbs leo yhuei loudts gsagiabr ge abr irlpa. _ab ibebrld gflib ̀ rhf tab rbprbsbetltghe h` tab og``brbet lib jdlssbs usgei taboltl `rhf tab lppbeogjbs gs talt h` le lssbfkdlib ohfgeltbo ky ge`lets leo yhuei loudts.

_lkdb 2.03 EGZ] jhuets h` fbilabrkgvhrbs. @rhf (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, leebxb :l).<;

_lkdb 2.93 Eufkbr h` elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs tbbta pbr lib-jdlss, klsbo he tab oltl `rhf (Dhuiubt-Db`bk-

vrb ;==2, leebxb ;l)<:.

Geogjltghes `hr ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs lrb prbsbet he tab khebs ls wbdd. Lkhut <2% h` tab ragehj-brhs khebs `rhf dbvbd GGL sahw geogjltghes h` ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs ge tab `hrf h` jut-flrns leoabdghjhgold `rljturbs he `rbsa kheb (Luiustb, Fhejbd, leo ]lthu-Fltags <771, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb;==2). Ljjhrogei th Luiustb, (Luiustb, <0;) 0;: ragehjbrhs khebs sahw jut-flrns, wagja lfhuetsth <7.1% h` ldd ragehjbrhtgo rbflges he tab sgtb. Re`hrtueltbdy, G wls uelkdb th lsjbrtlge wabtabrtabrb lrb ley geogjltghes lkhut wagja lib-jdlssbs sahw trljbs h` ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs. H` <=1 ̀ rljturbs

<; Heb thhta ([<=;70) gs `rhf dlybr GGk.

<: Ge leebxb ;j, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) dgsts 7 O: ge` db`t ls tab klsb `hr abr FEG. Ge leebxb ;l, hedy 1 lrb dgstbo

ahwbvbr.

Zpbjgbs G A I @ Be GGL GGμ GG klsb O= O< O _htld

]ldlbhdhxhohe

letgquus

- 0 - < < <: - - - < - ;;

Jhbdhohetl

letgqugtltgs

- - - - - - - - - ;; <; :?

Ogjbrhrageus

abfgthbjaus

< 1 - : <; 7?; 99 ;< ; - - <=00

Ogjbrhrageus

fbrjng

- : - - ? <=< 1 ? < - - <;<

Ogjbrhrageus sp. - 7 2 - 2; <9=: 71 :9 <9 - - <7;<

_htld

fbilabrkgvhrb

< ;0 2 ? 07 ;927 <1: 0; ;= ;: <; :<0?

_htld EGZ] ;2 <<1 9 <; ;;9 <1:;< <=77 2<? <<1 12 <=0

Lib Jdlss G G/GG GG GG/GGG GGG GGG/GP GP GP/P P P/

PG

PG PG/PGG PGG PGG/PGGG PGGG

Eufkbr 0 < < = < ? 7<; ? 1 : < ; = = =



11

L PGBY _H L NGDD

he 71 dheikhebs leo dheikheb `rlifbets `rhf dbvbd GGL stuogbo ky (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <<0-<<1) :9% lrb h` letarhpgj hrgige. Krblnlib plttbres og``br irbltdy ky kheb typb. 2;% h` aufbrg leo02% tgkglb wbrb `rljturbo, wagdb hedy ;<% h` rlogg leo <0% h` `bfhrl wbrb krhnbe hpbe ky ah-fgeges. Fhst krhnbe `bfurs leo tgkgl‗s sahw phst-obphsgtgheld krblnlib (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2,<<0, <<7). Ldd ge ldd, ̀ rlifbetltghe h` ragehjbrhs khebs gs fuja dbss getbesgvb tale h` kblr leo khvgokhebs lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <<0).

_rljbs h` jlregvhrb ljtgvgtgbs lrb prbsbet he lkhut 2% h` tab ragehjbrhtgo khebs. Ahwbvbr, `hurhut h` tab egeb `rlifbets wgta jlregvhrb trljbs stuogbo ky (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <;;), sahwjut-flrns thh leo tab pdljbfbet h` tab dlttbr suiibsts talt ahfgeges alo prgflry ljjbss th tabjlrjlssbs.

Kblrs lrb l sbjheo gfphrtlet jltbihry h` prby rbprbsbetbo lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst. Ldtahuiaauetgei h` kblrs als dhei kbbe jhetrhvbrsgld, tab eufkbr h` rbflges `hueo lt tags sgtb leo tab`rbqubejy h` trljbs h` ahfgege bxpdhgtltghe he tab khebs sbbfs th prbjduob htabr getbrprbtltghes. Ls sahwe ge tlkdb 2.;, 9=<: ursgo khebs alvb kbbe `hueo, tab flchrgty h` tab gobetglkdb khebskbdheigei th krhwe kblr, tab rbflgeobr th Obegeibr‗s kblr, l prbjurshr th tab jlvb kblr (Luiustb;==:). Obegeibr‗s kblr wls tab dlribr h` tab twh spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb (Luiustb <711k, <?9).@urtabrfhrb, gt gs whrta ehtgei talt tab krhwe kblrs rbjhvbrbo lt tab sgtb wbrb sgiegjletdy dlribrtale tabgr jurrbet Burhpble ahfhdhiubs (Luiustb ;==:, <?=).

Ge ldd, <=9 geogvgoulds lrb slgo th kb rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb. _ab phpudltghe strujturb `hr dbvbdGGL gs gddustrltbo ge iurb 2.7. Gt gs jdblr talt loudts lrb ge tab flchrgty ge khta tab krhwe kblr leoObegeibr‗s kblr jltbihrgbs. Fhrbhvbr, ge krhwe kblrs gt sbbfs talt fldbs lrb sdgiatdy kbttbr rbprb-

sbetbo tale `bfldbs. _ab lib prhdb h` Obegeibr‗s kblr suiibsts ueelturld jlusbs `hr tab ljjufu-dltghe h` tab khebs `hr tags spbjgbs ls wbdd, sh wb fly lssufb talt tags spbjgbs thh wls bxpdhgtboky tab hjjuplets h` tab sgtb. Ge loogtghe, ;?70 h` tab kblr khebs bxagkgt jut-flrns (Luiustb <77:,22). Ljjhrogei th Luiustb (<772l, <0<) tab flchrgty h` jut-flrns gs `hueo he krhwe kblr khebs. _ab pdljbfbet h` tab jut-flrns rbvblds shfb getbrbstgei plttbres. Ge tbrfs h` lkshdutb eufkbrsh` jut-flrns, tab flchrgty h` jut-flrns gs prbsbet he snudds, rgks leo aufbrg. Ahwbvbr, g` wb dhhnlt tab pbrjbetlib h` l typb h` kheb rbjhvbrbo talt gs jut-flrnbo, wb sbb talt 9:% h` ldd udelb lrbjut-flrnbo, `hddhwbo ky 02 % h` rlogg, 0<% h` prhxgfld paldleibs, 0<% h` sjlpudlb leo 29% hàgp khebs (jhxld) leo aufbrg. _ags gs tlnbe th geogjltb talt ahfgeges wbrb l`tbr tab khoy plrts taltygbdobo tab irbltbst lfhuet h` fblt (Luiustb ;==:, <:7). Loogtghelddy, shfb h` tab jut-flrns hetab snudds, fleogkdbs, paldleibs leo fbtlphoglds suiibst taby wbrb prhoujbo wagdb sngeegei tablegfld ge hrobr th rbfhvb tab ùr (Luiustb ;==:, <:7).

=

;

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0

1

<=

<;

<?

4< <-: ?-2 0-9 1-7 <=-<: <?-;; 5;;

Lib jltbihry

@giurb 2.93 Lib strujturb ljjhrogei th irlpa `rhf (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, <<?) leo rbjhestrujtbo usgei

abr lppbeogjbs. _bbta lssgiebo th twh jltbihrgbs wbrb put ge tab hdobst jdlss.

_ags stuoy

Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb

Fbrjn's [ageh





7=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Le getbrbstgei jhfphebet h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib gs `hrfbo ky sabo letdbrs. Lkhut :== saboletdbrs kbdheigei th rbo obbr ( Jbrvus bdlpaus ) leo iglet obbr alvb kbbe rbjhvbrbo `rhf tab sgtb. _abylppblr th alvb kbbe tab `hjus h` jhddbjtghe ky ahfgeges leo th alvb kbbe usbo ls rbthujahgrs(Luiustb <77:, Luiustb <772l). Zhfb khebs wbrb ldsh usbo ls rbthujahgrs (Luiustb <77:, 27).

He tab klsgs h` tab jbrvgo rbflges, tab sblshes h` hjjupltghe h` tab sgtb alvb kbbe obtbrfgebo.

Ljjhrogei th Luiustb (<772) leo Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2), letdbrs h` rhb obbr, rbo obbr leo igletobbr sahw talt tab sgtb wls hjjupgbo ge lutufe leo ge blrdy sprgei. G lssufb talt taby usb tab prbs-bejb h` sabo letdbrs ls geogjltghe ̀ hr le hjjupltghe ge blrdy sprgei, sgejb rhb obbr leo rbo obbr sabotabgr letdbrs lt tab beo h` wgetbr. Ahwbvbr, sgejb tabsb wbrb jhddbjtbo ky ahfgeges taby fly ldshalvb kbbe jurltbo leo jleeht kb tlnbe ls le ueprhkdbfltgj geogjlthr h` sblsheldgty. Hjjupltghe gelutufe fly kb sgiegbo ky tab `ljt talt kblrs lrb eht bxpdhgtbo `hr tabgr flrrhw, kut tabgr fblt.Ge blrdy sprgei, kblrs whudo alvb rbjbetdy whnbe `rhf tabgr agkbreltghe leo taby whudo kb vbrydble. Jhesufptghe h` tabgr fblt whudo jhe`rhet ahfgeges wgta tab prhkdbf talt tab ogibstghe h`dble fblt whudo ljtulddy tlnb bebriy gestblo h` suppdy gt ( b.i. Zpbta leo Zpgbdflee <71:). Ge tagssjbelrgh, hedy bxpdhgtgei tab flrrhw whudo flnb sbesb. Ge tab lutufe he tab htabr aleo, kblrs lj-jufudltb `lt rbsbrvbs ge letgjgpltghe h` agkbreltghe leo abejb bxpdhgtltghe h` kblr fblt whudo kb vbry rbwlrogei ge tags sblshe.

_ab lssbfkdlib ls l wahdb rbprbsbets l jdblr-jut jlsb h` aufle auetgei h` lurhjas, kblr leoelrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs. Jbrvgos leo bqugos fly alvb kbbe bxpdhgtbo dbss `rbqubetdy, g` tab jut-flrns `rhf dbvbd GG klsb rbphrtbo ge (Luiustb <77;) jle kb bxtrlphdltbo th tab htabr dbvbds. Ltdblst <70 lurhjas lrb rbprbsbetbo, thibtabr wgta 19 krhwe kblrs leo 0< elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs(Luiustb <772l, Luiustb ;==:, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2). Fhrbhvbr, jut-flrns lrb lkueolet he tabkhebs h` tabsb spbjgbs, bxpdhgtltghe h` kheb `hr gts flrrhw jhetbet gs ge bvgobejb leo tab lib prh-dbs sahw le loudt-ohfgeltbo fhrtldgty prhdb ge ldd tarbb jlsbs.

_abrb gs fhrb obtlgdbo oltl `hr tab fhst rbjbet dbvbds. Dbvbd GG klsb sahws le lssbfkdlib dgnbtab heb rbjhvbrbo `rhf GGL, bxjbpt `hr tab lksbejb h` wgdo khlr leo strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet. _ab fhogjltghes he tab khebs rbfhvb ldd ohukt ls th tab ehe-elturld hrgiges h` l dlrib plrt h`tab lssbfkdlib. Zlody, tab khebs `rhf dbvbds O< leo O lrb fhrb wbltabrbo leo l systbfltgj stuoyh` fhogjltghes he tabsb khebs als eht kbbe pukdgsabo. Yalt gs strgngei gs talt kblrs lrb lksbetge tabsb lssbfkdlibs, bvbe tahuia taby wbrb prbsbet ge ldd htabr dbvbds. _ab jdgfltb wls jaleigei

ourgei tab tgfb h` obphsgtghe h` tags dbvbd, kut kblrs, bspbjglddy krhwe kblrs sbbf th kb l jltahdgjspbjgbs talt sahudo kb lkdb th obld wgta tab jheogtghes suiibstbo ky tab prbsbejb h` htabr legfldsge tab lssbfkdlibs ̀ rhf tabsb dbvbds. _ab gejrblsb ge tab eufkbr h` ahrsb rbflges leo tab ogspdljb-fbet h` spbjgbs h` Ogjbrhrageus ky whhddy ragehjbrhs geogjltbs l jhdobr jdgfltb. Jdgfltgj ujtultghesfly ldsh alvb pdlybo l rhdb ge tab jhfphsgtghe> ahwbvbr, spbjgbs dgsts ldheb ls sahwe ge tlkdb 2.<lrb eht behuia th iluib tab ngeo h` jdgfltb leo bevgrhefbet talt gs rbprbsbetbo ky tab lssbfkdlib.Bspbjglddy tab prhphrtghes h` jbrvgos, wgdo khlr leo bqugos whudo kb getbrbstgei th nehw ge tagsrbspbjt.

_ab sgtb taus rbprbsbets l pdljb ahfgeges vgsgtbo `hr l prhdheibo pbrgho h` tgfb. _ab sgtb tabrb-`hrb igvbs gesgiat ge tab rlengei h` prby talt `hrfbo tab klsgs h` ahfgege `hrligei strltbigbs hvbrshfb tgfb, wagja gs way tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_ he tab kheb lssbfkdlib lppblrs th kb l prhouj-tgvb beoblvhur.

2.9 _ab bevgrhefbet

Ge tags sbjtghe G wgdd ogsjuss tab lvlgdlkdb ge`hrfltghe rbilrogei tab bevgrhefbetld jgrjufstlejbslt tab tgfb h` hjjupltghe h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst. _ab sbogfbetlry sbqubejb leo tab dlrib flffld`luel, khta h` wagja alvb ldrbloy kbbe ogsjussbo ge tbrfs h` tab ge`hrfltghe taby prhvgob lkhuttab jalrljtbr h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld hjjupltghe, fly ldsh prhvgob bevgrhefbetld ge`hrfltghe. Ge lo-ogtghe, phddbe leo fhddusjs wgdd kb usbo th ilge gesgiat geth tab bevgrhefbet lrhueo tab sgtb.]hddbe oltl prhvgob ge`hrfltghe lkhut tab jalrljtbr h` tab vbibtltghe jhvbr ge tab wgobr bevgrhe-fbet, wagdb fhddusjs geogjltb tab dhjld bevgrhefbetld jheogtghes.

_ab sbogfbetlry sbqubejb lt tab sgtb ohjufbets tab trlesgtghe `rhf FGZ 9 th FGZ 0. _ab og`-`brbet lrjalbhdhigjld dbvbds lrb taus sgtultbo ge le bevgrhefbet talt gs irloulddy kbjhfgei jhdobr.Ahwbvbr, jdgfltgj lfbdghrltghes alvb kbbe ohjufbetbo ge tab sbqubejb. _ab sbogfbetlry uegts lrbgddustrltbo ge iurb 2.;> abrb G wgdd ogsjuss tab jdgfltgj ge`hrfltghe wb alvb `hr tab og``brbet uegtsge jarhehdhigjld hrobr.







7:


<772l, <0=, Zdhtt-Fhddbr <77=, 2<), bdbfbets wgta agia eutrgtgheld vldub lrb vbry phhrdy rbprbsbetbo,ge jhetrlst th bdbfbets h` dgttdb eutrgtgheld vldub. _ags sgtb prhklkdy rbprbsbets l ngdd sgtb `rhf wabrbfblt-kblrgei bdbfbets wbrb trlesphrtbo lwly. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst he tab htabr aleo, fblt-kblr-gei bdbfbets `rhf kgshe leo ragehjbrhs sbbf th kb sdgiatdy hvbrrbprbsbetbo. Fhrbhvbr, prhjbssgeih` khebs bvgobetdy thhn pdljb he tab spht, sh legflds wbrb prhklkdy ngddbo ge tab vgjgegty h` tab sgtb.

_ab sgtb prhklkdy pdlybo l dlribr rhdb tale talt h` l auetgei stltghe, sgejb tab fblt kblrgei plrts wbrb bvgobetdy eht trlesphrtbo bdsbwabrb. _ags, jhfkgebo wgta tab dlrib lfhuet h` dgtagj fltbrgldsprbsbet lt tab sgtb, suiibsts talt tab sgtb fly alvb ùejtghebo ls l jbetrld pdljb, wabrb legflds wbrbprhjbssbo, kut ldsh wabrb thhdngts wbrb flgetlgebo, usgei tab lkueolet dhjld get obphsgts.

_ab dbvbds agiabr up ge tab sbqubejb sahw le hvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` tbbta leo snudd plrts, bs-pbjglddy ge dbvbd O< leo O. _ags gs plrtdy oub th dbss `lvhurlkdb jhesbrvltghe jheogtghes ge tabsbdbvbds (Luiustb <711k, <2:). Ahfgege hjjupltghes abrb wbrb prhklkdy fhrb bpabfbrld, lttbstboky l fuja dhwbr obesgty h` eos jhfplrbo th dbvbd GGL. Dbvbd O< sahws nelppgei ljtgvgtgbs, kuttab jh-hjjurrbejb h` tab obesbst dgtagj jhejbetrltghe jhetlgegei elturlddy kljnbo negvbs wgta tabfhst sgiegjlet jhejbetrltghe h` khebs suiibsts kutjabry ldsh thhn pdljb ge tags dbvbd. Ge dbvbd O,khta stheb lrtb`ljts leo khebs lrb rbprbsbetbo ge dhw eufkbrs. _ags dbvbd prhklkdy rbprbsbets l vbry sahrt vgsgt th tab sgtb. _ab jhfphsgtghe h` tab `lueld lssbfkdlib suiibsts talt tab sgtb ogo ehtùejtghe ls l spbjgldgsbo auetgei jlfp ourgei tabsb hjjupltghes sgejb eh tlxhe gs ohfgelet ge tablssbfkdlibs. _abrb`hrb, wb jle lssufb talt tab sgtb ohbs eht rbprbsbet tab rbsudt h` heb spbjgldgsboljtgvgty ge tab rbpbrthgrb h` gts hjjuplets. He tab htabr aleo, tags gs eht jbrtlge. Kbjlusb tab `luelgs dbss jdblrdy lsshjgltbo wgta ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs, shfb h` gt fly cust kb kljnirhueo `luel leo kbuerbdltbo th tab hjjupltghe h` tab sgtb. Yb tabrb`hrb ebbo th nbbp ge fgeo tab `ljt talt dbvbds O<leo O lrb h` l og``brbet jalrljtbr tale tab prbjbogei dbvbds wabe leldysgei tabf.

Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr ?, H@_ lssufbs talt `hrligei objgsghes lrb ihvbrebo ky tab obsgrb thflxgfgsb tab tlngeis h` auetgei ljtgvgtgbs. @grst wb tabrb`hrb ebbo th jhestrujt l rlengei h` tablvlgdlkdb prby spbjgbs ge obsjbeogei hrobr h` tabgr prhtlkgdgty. G lssufb talt Ebleobrtalds ̀ hjussbotabgr auetgei ljtgvgtgbs he flxgfgsgei tab jldhrgj rbture rltbs h` tabgr auetgei ljtgvgtgbs gestbloh` htabr vlrglkdbs, dgnb prbstgib hr rlrb eutrgbets. Zgejb wbgiat gs l ihho prhxy `hr jldhrgj vldublfhei flfflds, G jhestrujtbo l rlengei h` tab lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs klsbo he tabgr rbjhestrujtbo khoy wbgiats. _ags rlengei gs sahwe ge tlkdb 2.1. L prhkdbf talt wls bejhuetbrbo wabe jhestrujtgei tags

rlengei gs tab `ljt talt `hr shfb spbjgbs og``brbet lutahrs dgst wgobdy vlrygei khoy wbgiat bstgfltbs(Krhhn leo Khwfle ;==?, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2, ]usangel leo [lgl ;==1). Ge tab jlsb h` bxtgejtlegflds, G jhfplrbo tab wbgiats wgta h` bxtlet rbdltgvbs ge hrobr th iluib wabtabr prhvgobo bstg-fltbs lrb rbldgstgj. Ls l klsgs G usbo tab wbgiats dgstbo ge (Krhhn leo Khwfle ;==?). Ge tahsb jlsbs wabrb G rbcbjtbo tabgr bstgfltbs, tab shurjb gs igvbe ge l `hhtehtb.

Ge fley spbjgbs, ]dbgsthjbeb geogvgoulds alo dlribr khoy sgzbs tale tabgr Ahdhjbeb jhuetbr-plrts. _ags gs tab jlsb ge bqugos `hr bxlfpdb wagja sahw l stbloy rboujtghe ge sgzb tarhuiahut tabFgoodb leo Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb ( b.i. Bgsbeflee <77<). Dlribr khoy sgzbs alvb ldsh kbbe rbphrtbo `hr]dbgsthjbeb khvgos leo jbrvgos (Iluozgesng pbrs jhff.). Ahwbvbr, khoy sgzb h` tabsb legflds ldsh vlrgbo ge rbsphesb th fhrb sahrt tbrf obvbdhpfbets, dgnb jaleibs ge jdgfltb (Obdpbja <777). Ge tabjlsb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, lttbetghe gs igvbe th tab vldubs rbphrtbo ky (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2), wah whrnbo he tab lssbfkdlib, ge hrobr th lrrgvb lt l rbldgstgj rlengei.

Yabe wb jhfplrb tab bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs wgta tab jhestrujtbo rlengei (tlkdb 2.1), wb sbb talt

elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leo lurhjas lrb rlenbo agiady. Krhwe kblr gs shfbwalt dhwbr ohwe getab rlengei ls sbvbeta ablvgbst spbjgbs. _ab eblr lksbejb h` tab ablvgbst spbjgbs, strlgiat-tusnbo bd-bpalet gs strgngei. Ldd ge ldd, ;; khebs kbdheigei th tags spbjgbs alvb kbbe ̀ hueo lt tab sgtb. Eh sgiesh` bxpdhgtltghe alvb kbbe rbphrtbo `hr tab khebs h` tags spbjgbs. Yb jle tabrb`hrb eht lssufb talttab spbjgbs wls gfphrtlet ge ahfgege `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs.

_ab getbrprbtltghe h` tab rbflges h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs gs jhfpdgjltbo. G` wb lssufb taltkhebs obtbrfgebo ls kbdheigei th Ogjbrhrageus sp. rbprbsbet sgfgdlr elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leoFbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs ge tab slfb prhphrtghes ls tab khebs talt jhudo kb obtbrfgebo th spbjgbs dbvbd,tags whudo rbsudt ge l EGZ] jhuet h` lkhut ::=, hr lkhut <.0% h` tab thtld Kgljab-Zlget-Pllstlssbfkdlib (usgei tab eufkbrs leo pbrjbetlibs `rhf Luiustb <77:, 20). _ab rbprbsbetltghe hÒbegeibr‗s kblr prbsbets us wgta l sgfgdlr quleolry. G` wb lssufb talt krhwe kblr leo Obegeibr‗skblr lrb rbprbsbetbo ge tab slfb prhphrtghe ge tab khebs talt wbrb obtbrfgelkdb th Rrsus sp. ls taby

lrb ge tab lssbfkdlibs talt wbrb gobetglkdb lt spbjgbs dbvbd, tags whudo dblo th l EGZ] h` 02=, hrlkhut :% ge tab thtld lssbfkdlib `rhf Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (usgei tab oltl `rhf Luiustb ;==:).





72


jhuet tab `ljt talt ge loogtghe th khvgos, ursgos leo ragehjbrhtgos <2 spbjgbs lrb rbprbsbetbo lt tabsgtb leo talt tabsb spbjgbs flnb up :.2% h` tab EGZ], Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo Obegeibr‗s kblr lrb wbdd rbprbsbetbo. Khta spbjgbs ljjhuet `hr sbvbrld aueorbo khebs. Fhrbhvbr, jut-flrns lrb prbsbethe Obegeibr‗s kblr leo dgnbdy hjjurrbo he Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs. He thp h` tags, tab lib prhdbs h`khta spbjgbs sahw l ohfgelejb h` flturb geogvgoulds.

_ab tlribtgei h` lurhjas gs th kb bxpbjtbo, sgejb gt gs l agiady-rlenbo spbjgbs ge tbrfs h` wbgiat. _ab ohfgelejb h` tags spbjgbs hvbr tab htabr tlribtbo spbjgbs h` elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leokrhwe kblr jle kb bxpdlgebo ge tbrfs h` bejhuetbr rltb. _ab dlribr l spbjgbs, tab dhwbr gts phpudl-tghe obesgty ibebrlddy gs. _ags fbles talt ahfgeges prhklkdy bejhuetbrbo lurhjas fuja fhrb h`tbetale elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs.

Iglet obbr wls eht bxpdhgtbo `hr eutrgtghe. Gts EGZ] gs eht dgstbo ge pukdgsabo lrtgjdbs, kut gsprhklkdy dhw. Fhrbhvbr, ge tags spbjgbs, ls wbdd ls ge rbo obbr, letdbrs lrb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ge tablssbfkdlib. L dlrib plrt h` tab EGZ] h` tags spbjgbs gs tabrb`hrb tlnbe up ky bdbfbets wgtahut eu-trgtgheld vldub (Luiustb <77:, 0<). _ags phhr rbprbsbetltghe gs uebxpbjtbo, sgejb dlribr legflds dgnbragehjbrhs lrb rbprbsbetbo ls wbdd ls tab sflddbr krhwe kblr. _ab spbjgbs gs tabrb`hrb ge tab rleibh` spbjgbs ky wbgiat talt wls rbilrobo ls l tlribt ky ahfgeges.

Krhwe kblr wls sdgiatdy sflddbr tale iglet obbr, kut hkvghusdy le gfphrtlet spbjgbs. Gt ljjhuets`hr :?% h` tab lssbfkdlib. _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` tags spbjgbs gs uebxpbjtbo lt rst sgiat, sgejb l ablv -gbr spbjgbs, iglet obbr, wls eht bxpdhgtbo. Ztgdd tab og``brbejb ge sgzb kbtwbbe khta spbjgbs gs sfldd.Fhrbhvbr, ljjhrogei th Luiustb (;==:, <?=), tab spbjgfbes `rhf Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst wbrb dlribrtale fhobre oly krhwe kblrs.

Ls ogsjussbo, tab ogstrgkutghe h` bxpdhgtltghe flrns he spbjgbs, htabr tale he tab ohfgelet tlxl,gs eht quletgbo ge pukdgsabo whrns (Luiustb <772l, <0;). Ebvbrtabdbss bxpdhgtltghe flrns he htabrspbjgbs lrb prbsbet, kut slgo th kb rlrb. Ls sahwe ge tlkdb 2.?, dbvbd GG klsb ygbdobo shfb geogjltghesh` bxpdhgtltghe he jbrvgo leo bqugo khebs. G` tabsb rbsudts lrb lppdgjlkdb th tab lssbfkdlib ls l wahdb, tabsb spbjgbs wbrb lt dblst hpphrtuegstgjlddy bxpdhgtbo ge dbvbd GGL. Ge tags jlsb gt gs strgngeitalt tabsb spbjgbs lrb eht prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib ge dlribr eufkbrs. _ags jleeht kb bxpdlgebo ky l`ljthr dgnb phpudltghe obesgty, sgejb tabsb spbjgbs lrb bxpbjtbo th kb prbsbet ge fuja agiabr eufkbrstale tab spbjgbs talt wbrb tab `hjus h` getbesb ahfgege bxpdhgtltghe ljtgvgtgbs.

_ab bxpdhgtbo prby jdlssbs sahw talt tab rlengei h̀ prby he tab klsgs h` legfld wbgiat gs l ihho

prbogjthr h` `hrligei objgsghes. _ab `hjus h` `hrligei wls jdblrdy he tab ablvgbr spbjgbs talt wbrbprbsbet ge tab bevgrhefbet. Ztgdd, gt ohbs eht bxpdlge ldd `hrligei objg-sghes. Fhst strgngei gs tab lksbejb h` sgies h` bxpdhgtltghe he ky `lrtab ablvgbst spbjgbs lvlgdlkdb, strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet. Ge loogtghe, wb whudo bxpbjt iglet obbr th kb bxpdhgtbo, sgejb gt gs ablvgbr tale krhwekblr.

Ls ogsjussbo, tab phhr rbprbsbetltghe h` shfb spbjgbs fly kb lrbsudt h` dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs. Gt sbbfs `hr bxlfpdb talt Fbrjn‗sragehjbrhs wls bxpdhgtbo lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst. _ags spbjgbs wls lolpt-bo th krhwsgei ge `hrbstbo bevgrhefbets, leo gts phhr rbprbsbetltghelt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst fly tabrb`hrb alvb kbbe jlusbo ky gts rlrgty getab vgjgegty h` tab sgtb. ]hssgkdy, bejhuetbrs sgfpdy ogo eht tlnb pdljb vbry h`tbe, rbsudtgei ge tab sfldd salrb h` khebs h` tags spbjgbs ge tab

lssbfkdlib.Ge hrobr th jabjn wabtabr l dhw bejhuetbr rltb wls tab jlusb h`

tab phhr rbprbsbetltghe h` htabr spbjgbs, G alvb rbjhestrujtbo tab php-udltghe obesgtgbs h` tab spbjgbs talt wbrb prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib.[bjhestrujtgei phpudltghe obesgtgbs h` l ]dbgsthjbeb jhffuegty gs log`judt beoblvhur, sgejb shfb h` tab spbjgbs lrb bxtgejt ehwlolys leotab jhfphsgtghe h` legfld jhffuegtgbs ge ]dbgsthjbeb lssbfkdlibs

_lkdb 2.73 [bjhestrujtbo phpudltghe obesgtgbs h` tab spbjgbs prbsbet ge tab

Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lssbfkdlib, usgei tab bqultghes prhvgobo ky (Zgdvl,

Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei ;==<, ?99).;:

;: _ab bqultghes usbo lrb3 Abrkgvhrbs3 Dhi O 6 <.?; ‚ =.01(Dhi F)> Jlregvhrbs3 Dhi O 6 <.?< ‚ <.1:(Dhi F) ‚ =.:?(Dhi

F;) + =.;1(Dhi F:). Eh bqultghe gs prhvgobo ̀ hr hfegvhrbs. G trbltbo Obegeibr‗s kblr ls l abrkgvhrb, leo krhwe kblr

ls l jlregvhrb.

Zpbjgbs Obesgty (geo/nf;)

]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus =.=92

Ztbpalehrageus

ngrjakbribesgs

=.<2

Kgshe prgsjus =.:<

Rrsus spbdlbus =.:1?

Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus =.?<:

Rrsus lrjths =.<7

Bquus jlklddus =.2=2

Jbrvus bdlpaus =.9<9

]letabrl spbdlbl =.=0:

Jrhjutl jrjhjutl =.=?

Zus sjrh`l <.;?:

]letabrl plrous =.=?2

Jlegs dupus =.=2:

Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus :.<<7

Dyex dyex =.<<1

Jlsthr ̀ gkbr :.012

Fbdbs fbdbs =.::<

Dutrl dutrl =.0<0









77


ohbs phget th loogtgheld `ljthrs talt jhudo geubejb ahfgege strltbigbs. _ab obvbdhpfbets ge dbv -bds GG klsb, O< leo O lrb alrobr th bxpdlge. _ab kheb lssbfkdlibs lrb sflddbr leo tab hjjupltghes wbrb l dht fhrb bpabfbrld tale tab hjjupltghes rbprbsbetbo ge dbvbd GGL. Ge dbvbd GG klsb wb sbble gejrblsb ge tab rhdb h` jbrvgos leo bqugos wgta rbilro th tab ohfgelet tlxl. Gt fly kb talt tabbejhuetbr rltb wgta fhrb agiady rlenbo spbjgbs objrblsbo, wagja dbo th tabsb tlxl pdlygei l fhrb

gfphrtlet rhdb ge tab ahfgege ogbt.

2.7 Ogsjussghe

_ab kheb lssbfkdlibs h` tags sgtb ohjufbet tab trlesgtghe `rhf l wlrf pbrgho th l idljgld. _abbevgrhefbetld jheogtghes lt tab sgtb jaleib ̀ rhf l dleosjlpb jhvbrbo ky hpbe ̀ hrbst. Jdgfltgj jhe-ogtghes wbrb eht ybt vbry jhdo lt dblst ourgei tab `hrfltghe h` tab dhwbr dbvbds h` tab sgtb, sh gssubsh` gesudltghe leo sabdtbrbo pdljbs `hr jlfps wbrb eht ybt thh gfphrtlet. _ab dltbr dbvbds h` hjjupl-tghe rbprbsbet jhdobr jheogtghes, kut tab prbsbejb h` spbjgbs talt lrb trlogtghelddy lsshjgltbo wgta`hrbstbo bevgrhefbets, dgnb lurhjas, sahws talt jheogtghes wbrb eht bxtrbfb. _ab sgtb gs dhjltbo ltl —t-cuejtghe‖ h` rgvbr vlddbys, he tab ehrtabre boib h` tab vlddby. _ab dhjltghe l``hrobo ljjbss thl dlrib lrbl h` tab dhw-dygei rgvbr vlddbys, wagja prhklkdy sbrvbo ls tab flchr fgirltghe rhutbs `hrkhta ahfgeges leo legflds. _ab sabdtbrbo rgvbr vlddbys lrb ldsh tab dhjltghes talt lrb dgnbdy th alvb

kbbe jhvbrbo ky ̀ hrbst. _ab bxphsbo pdltblux prhklkdy alo l dbss dusa pdlet jhvbr, sgejb jheogtghesabrb wbrb fhrb sbvbrb.

Kbjlusb h` tab behrfhus lfhuet h` fltbrgld rbjhvbrbo ge dbvbd GGL, tab bxjlvlthrs oh ehttagen talt tags dbvbd jle kb tab rbsudt h` heb hjjupltghe. [ltabr, taby getbrprbt tab sgtb ls tab rbsudth` rbpbltbo hjjupltghes h` sgfgdlr jalrljtbr. Htabr dbvbds, dgnb GG klsb, O< leo O lrb tahuiat th kbtab rbsudt h` ogsjrbtb hjjupltghes. _ab bxjbddbet jheogtghe h` tab kheb sur`ljbs ge dbvbd GGL ohbssuiibst talt tab fltbrgld wls eht db`t bxphsbo `hr l dhei tgfb. _ab khebs oh eht sahw ley sgies h` wbltabrgei lt ldd. Klsbo he ljtuldgstgj rbsblrja ge Blst L`rgjl, gt gs tahuiat talt tags jhrrbspheos thkhebs alvgei kbbe kurgbo wgtage 2 yblrs. Ge fhrb ehrtabre bevgrhefbets, wbltabrgei tlnbs pdljbfhrb sdhwdy (@hssb bt ld. ;==?), kut geubejbs dgnb jlregvhrb rlvligei, trlfpdgei leo shrtgei h` bdb-fbets ky ourlkgdgty oh eht sbbf th alvb pdlybo le gfphrtlet rhdb ge tab eld jhfphsgtghe h` tabkheb lssbfkdlib. G bxpbjt tab kheb lssbfkdlib h` dbvbd GGL th rbbjt hedy l `bw hjjupltghes leoeht l pldgfpsbst talt gs tab rbsudt h` ljtgvgtgbs spleegei fhrb tale l objlob.

_ab lssbfkdlib talt gs prbsbet lt tab sgtb rbbjts l stlkdb `hrligei systbf rbdgbo he tarbb irhupsh` legflds3 dlrib khvgos, ursgos leo ragehjbrhtgos. Ogbt krblota wls taus sfldd leo tab `hjus hàuetgei wls, ls bxpbjtbo, he tab ablvgbr spbjgbs lvlgdlkdb. He tab htabr aleo, gt gs jdblr talt wbgiat wls eht tab hedy jhesgobrltghe obtbrfgegei `hrligei objgsghes. _ags gs sahwe fhst jdblrdy ky tablksbejb h` strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet ge tab lssbfkdlib. Zgejb tags spbjgbs gs ky `lr tab dlribst spb-jgbs lvlgdlkdb th tab hjjuplets h` tab sgtb, heb whudo bxpbjt gt th alvb kbbe ablvgdy bxpdhgtbo. Gprhphsb talt, alo gt kbbe bxpdhgtbo, bvbe g` gt wls fhrb tahrhuiady prhjbssbo ge tab bdo tale rag -ehjbrhs, gt whudo kb bxpbjtbo th kb kbttbr rbprbsbetbo lt l sgtb wgta suja l auib kheb lssbfkdlibls Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst.

_ab sgfpdb lssufptghes talt G usbo th fhobd gejrblsbo aleodgei jhst lrb vbry jhlrsb irlgebo. _ab tarbsahdo h` :== ni. talt G usbo th jdlssg`y l spbjgbs ls oleibrhus gs klsbo he tab bxpbjtbo flxg-fuf prby sgzb `hr l flffld h` tab slfb sgzb ls l fldb Ebleobrtald. Ldd spbjgbs ge tab rbiudlrdy

bxpdhgtbo sbt lrb dlribr tale :== ni. _ags sahws talt tab hjjuplets h` tab sgtb alo obvbdhpbo wlysh` obldgei wgta dlrib prby. Ge flfflds, prbolthrs lrb nehwe th kb lkdb th gejrblsb tab flxgfufsgzb h` prby talt gs sujjbssùddy auetbo ky hpbrltgei ge irhups ([lodh`` leo _hgt ;==?). Ahwbvbr, tabbxtrbfb sgzb h` tab prby talt Ebleobrtalds auetbo lt tags sgtb gs uedgnb leytagei sbbe ge flffldglejlregvhrbs. _ags suiibsts talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th auet ge irhups ge l jh-hrogeltbo fleebr.

Yabtabr legflds dgvb ge irhups hr eht ohbs sbbf th kb le gfphrtlet jhesgobrltghe kut gt gs jdblr`rhf khta dltbr dbvbds leo htabr ]dbgsthjbeb sgtbs, dgnb Zjaðegeibe talt ahfgeges wbrb lkdb th ogs-pltja legflds dgvgei ge abros ge tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb. _abrb`hrb, tab objgsghe th jhejbetrltb heshdgtlry legflds gs plrt h` l strltbiy, rbprbsbetgei l jhesjghus jahgjb ky tab ̀ hrlibrs. Lpplrbetdy, tabloobo og`judtgbs h` surprgsgei l abro leo obldgei wgta tab letg-prbolthr kbalvghurs h` l abro wbrbeht tab fhst hptgfld jahgjb ge tab sgtultghes rbprbsbetbo ky tab dbvbd GGL lssbfkdlib.

Fhobddgei sblrja tgfb gs l jhfpdgjltbo flttbr. H@_ lssufbs talt bejhuetbrs wgta legflds hjjurlt rleohf. _ags jle kb fhobddbo ky rbjhestrujtgei tab phpudltghe obesgtgbs h` tab lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs.

_ags als prhvbe og`judt ahwbvbr. Ygtage flfflds, phpudltghe obesgty leo khoy sgzb lrb jhrrb-



<==

L PGBY _H L NGDD

dltbo, kut lt spbjgbs dbvbd, ljtuld obesgtgbs fly og``br up th le hrobr h` fliegtuob ̀ rhf tab prbogjtbo vldubs (Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei ;==<, Zgdvl, Krhwe, leo Ohwegei <779). _abrb`hrb, tabrbjhestrujtbo obesgtgbs jle hedy kb tlnbe ls l vbry rhuia geogjltghe h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb vldubs. _abyjle geogjltb ge wagja prhphrtghes og``brbet spbjgbs h` legflds fly alvb kbbe prbsbet ge tab bevgrhe-fbet. G` tab sgtb wls dhjltbo lt tab boib h` l rleib h` l spbjgbs‗ ogstrgkutghe, tab bevgrhefbet fly

eht alvb kbbe tab gobld bevgrhefbet `hr l spbjgbs leo tab phpudltghe obesgty fly alvb kbbe dhwbrtale bstgfltbo abrb. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst tags fly alvb kbbe tab jlsb `hr Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs. _abgr phhr rbprb-

sbetltghe ge tab kheb lssbfkdlib gs alro th bxpdlge usgei H@_, bxjbpt wabe lssufgei talt tabyfly alvb kbbe lt l ogslovletlib ge tags bevgrhefbet wgta rbilro th elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs. _agsdblos us th l flchr prhkdbf ge tab rbjhestrujtgei h` tab hptgfld sbt h` prby legflds `hr ]dbgsthjbeb`hrlibrs. Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs fly alvb kbbe fhrb agiady rlenbo ky ̀ hrlibrs tale elrrhw-ehsbo rag-ehjbrhs leo htabr wbdd rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs. Gt fly sgfpdy eht alvb kbbe bejhuetbrbo vbry h`tbe. _ags gs ldsh tab bxpdleltghe G prhphsb `hr tab rltabr phhr rbprbsbetltghe h` Obegeibr‗s kblr ge tablssbfkdlib.

_abrb`hrb, agia aleodgei jhsts ls prhphsbo rblshe `hr tab lksbejb h` strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet getab lssbfkdlib jle hedy kb ljjbptbo wgta rbsbrvltghes. _ags gs l vbry dlrib spbjgbs talt wgdd hedy alvbkbbe prbsbet ge vbry dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs, bvbe ge bevgrhefbets th wagja gt wls wbdd lolptbo.G` tab bevgrhefbet h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst wls eht hptgfld ̀ hr tags spbjgbs, tabe gts phpudltghes flyalvb kbbe vbry tagedy sprblo he tab irhueo. Gt fly taus alvb kbdheibo ge tab sbt h` legflds talt whudo kb bxpdhgtbo he bejhuetbr, kut ourgei tab pbrgho h` tgfb rbprbsbetbo ge dbvbd GGL gt fly sgf-pdy eht alvb kbbe bejhuetbrbo ourgei tab tgfbs lt wagja tab sgtb wls hjjupgbo.

He tab htabr aleo, tab lssufptghe talt bejhuetbrs wgta prby legflds alppbebo lt rleohf gseht tbelkdb `hr Ebleobrtalds. _ags wls le getbddgibet spbjgbs h` ahfgege talt wls lkdb th hksbrvbleo dblre tab typbs h` kbalvghur bxagkgtbo ky prby spbjgbs, gt gs tabrb`hrb rblshelkdb th lssufbtalt taby wbrb lkdb th flegpudltb tabgr bejhuetbr rltbs wgta prby spbjgbs. _ags gs ge bvgobejb ge tabKgljab-Zlget-Pllst lssbfkdlib, wagja obfhestrltbs l rbdglejb he l sfldd eufkbr h` prby spbjgbs,ldd h` wagja wbrb dlrib leo tabrb`hrb eht prbsbet ge vbry agia eufkbrs. Fhrbhvbr, taby ̀ hjussbo hespbjgj jltbihrgbs h` geogvgoulds h` tab prb`brrbo spbjgbs. Ge lurhjas taby `hjussbo he loudt fldbs,ge kblrs taby sgfpdy prb`brrbo loudts, wagdb lt dblst wgta rbilro th elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs taby

lpplrbetdy prb`brrbo cuvbegdbs th yhuei loudts. Zgejb tags `hjus h` auetgei wls flgetlgebo ge l jhe-sgstbet fleebr hvbr tgfb, rbsudtgei ge le lssbfkdlib ge dbvbd GGL rbprbsbetgei aueorbos h` geogvgou-lds, gt lppblrs talt tab hjjuplets h` tab sgtb wbrb vbry jlplkdb h` bejhuetbrgei tab prb`brrbo prbyjltbihrgbs ge l jhesgstbet fleebr. G tlnb tags ls le gfphrtlet lriufbet th supphrt tab prhphsgtghesG alvb flob wgta rbilro th tab geubejb h` aleodgei jhst ls tab rblshe `hr tab lksbejb h` sujaspbjgbs ls bdbpalet leo dghe.

L strgngei spbjgbs talt gs lksbet gs iglet obbr. G eo gts lksbejb og`judt th bxpdlge ge tbrfs h`sblrja jhst, sgejb tags spbjgbs lppblrs th alvb kbbe wbdd lttuebo th tab bevgrhefbet talt gs geogjltbo`hr dbvbd GGL. Ge tbrfs h` aleodgei jhst, tab lksbejb h` `bfldbs gs ueobrstleolkdb, sgejb taby prb-suflkdy dgvbo ge abros. _ab lksbejb h` fldbs gs pbjudglr, ahwbvbr, sgejb tabsb wbrb prbsuflkdy shdg-tlry `hr fhst h` tab yblr leo lrb ablvgbr tale krhwe kblr, l spbjgbs talt wls bxpdhgtbo. _wh bxpdl-eltghes jle kb prhphsbo. @grst, tab sblshe h` hjjupltghe fly alvb jhgejgobo wgta tab rut. Ourgeitags tgfb tab fldbs prbsuflkdy dgvbo ge alrbf-irhups. Zbjheo, tab sblshe h` hjjupltghe fly alvb

tlnbe pdljb cust l`tbr tab rut. Fldbs wbrb shdgtlry lt tags tgfb h` yblr. Ahwbvbr, sgejb taby lpplrbetdyoh eht `bbo ourgei rut taby wgdd alvb kbbe vbry dble leo tabgr rlengei fly tabrb`hrb alvb orhppbo. _ab sbjheo ayphtabsgs whudo lirbb wgta hjjupltghe ge lutufe ls prhphsbo ky Luiustb (<772l) leoDhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2). Fhrbhvbr, ge tags sblshe, rlengei h` kblr whudo kb bdbvltbo sgejb kblrs whudo kb kugdogei `lt rbsbrvbs th survgvb tabgr agkbreltghe.

2.<= Jhejdusghe

_ab flge dbvbd h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, dbvbd GGL, rbbjts tab rbsudt h` plrt h` l `hrligei systbf talt wls stlkdb hvbr l eufkbr h` yblrs. _ab sgtb als kbbe oltbo th tab pbrgho h` trlesgtghe kbtwbbe FGZ9 leo FGZ 0, rbbjtgei jgrjufstlejbs getbrfbogltb kbtwbbe getbridljgld leo pdbegidljgld. _absb lrbbxljtdy tab jgrjufstlejbs th wagja Ebleobrtalds wbrb lolptbo ljjhrogei th Ilfkdb (<710, <719).

_ab auetgei ljtgvgtgbs jdblrdy rbprbsbet l prb`brbejb `hr shdgtlry prby h` dlrib sgzb. Elrrhw-

ehsbo ragehjbrhs prhklkdy rbljabo tabgr flxgfuf sgzb lt tab lib h` 7 (Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2,





<=;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

sgzb h` fley legflds gejrblsbs ls tab bevgrhefbet irhws fhrb hpbe (j`. Iutargb <77=). _abrb`hrb,abros fly alvb rbprbsbetbo gejrblsgeidy dlrib lfhuets h` fblt.

Bxpdhgtgei spbjgbs dgvgei ge abros rbqugrbs l dlrib irhup, strltbigj kbalvghur leo jhffuegjl-tghe ge hrobr th jh-hrogeltb tab auet ( b.i. @lrgzy bt ld. <77?). Ahwbvbr, tags gs ldsh ebjbsslry `hr lsfldd prbolthr th ngdd prby ls dlrib ls taby ogo ourgei dbvbd GGL tgfbs. Ge fhrb hpbe bevgrhefbets,

auetgei shdgtlry leo oleibrhus legflds fly alvb kbbe dbss prhoujtgvb tale gejrblsgei irhup sgzbleo jhejbetrltgei he abros h` ueiudltbs. _ab `ljt talt tab legflds ge tab abro lrb sflddbr tale hebragehjbrhs gs jhfpbesltbo ky tab `ljt talt heb jle bxpdhgt fley h` tabf ge heb ih. Fhrbhvbr, gejhetrlst th kblrs, ueiudltbs lrb fuja dbss oleibrhus th auet.





<=?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

0.; _ab sgtb

_ab trlvbrtgeb jhfpdbx h` _luklja rbprbsbets l sfldd trlvbrtgeb obphsgt, jhvbrgei le lrbl h` lkhut=.; nf;. Gt gs dhjltbo ge tab Kueobsdleo h` _aurgeigl ge Ibrfley, jdhsb th tab jgty h` Ybgflr. _abtrlvbrtgebs lrb dhjltbo he l tbrrljb khrobrgei tab Gdf rgvbr vlddby. _ab sur`ljb h` tab tbrrljb gs dh-jltbo lkhut 9 fbtrbs lkhvb tab vlddby hhr. Lrjalbhdhigjld eos wbrb jhddbjtbo ourgei jhffbr-

jgld bxpdhgtltghe h` tab trlvbrtgebs (Krltdueo <777). _luklja wls tab rst nehwe Ibrfle sgtb taltprhvbo aufle prbsbejb ge tab Ogduvgldzbgt ( b.i. Bgjaahre <7=7) leo kbjlfb `lfhus kbjlusb h` tabdlrib eufkbrs h` wbdd-prbsbrvbo flffld khebs `hueo lt tab dhjltghe.

0.: Oltgei

_ab trlogtgheld oltb lssgiebo th tab sgtb wls klsbo he tab jhfphsgtghe h` gts flffld lssbfkdlib. _ab flffld spbjgbs `hueo lt _luklja leo ldsh lt tab eblrky sgtb h` Bargeisohr`, bspbjglddy tabdhwbr trlvbrtgebs lt tab dlttbr, wbrb tahuiat th kb geogjltgvb h` wlrf bevgrhefbets leo wbrb oltboth tab dlst getbridljgld. Ahwbvbr, tabrb lrb shfb prhkdbfs wgta tags oltb. _ab dhwbr trlvbrtgebs h`Bargeisohr` alvb kbbe rboltbo leo ehw lppblr th kb hdobr tale hrgigelddy tahuiat. _aby prhklkdyoltb th FGZ 9 (Krltdueo <777, 9?, 1<). Ygta rbilro th tab dlrib flffld `luel, tab dhwbr trlvbr-tgebs h` Bargeisohr` alvb ygbdobo tab fhst sgfgdlr nehwe `lueld lssbfkdlib jhfplrbo th talt h` _luklja (Krltdueo <777, 1<). _ags als dbo th ohukts ls th wabtabr tab kheb lssbfkdlib wls ljtulddy`hrfbo ourgei FGZ 2b.

Ls phgetbo hut, tab trlvbrtgeb obphsgts lt _luklja lrb ogstrgkutbo hvbr l sfldd lrbl. Re`hrtueltbdy,tab thtldgty h` tags lrbl als ehw kbbe kugdt hvbr, sh fhst strltgirlpagj ge`hrfltghe fust kb hktlgebo`rhf prhdbs obsjrgkbo lrhueo tab ture h` tab prbvghus jbetury. Heb loogtgheld prhdb wls ob -sjrgkbo ge <79; (Krltdueo <777, 0:-0?). @rhf tab strltgirlpagj ge`hrfltghe leo twh ogrbjt oltbshktlgebo ge rbjbet yblrs gt lppblrs talt le Bbfgle oltb ts tab strltgirlpagj jhdufe h` tab sgtb gethth. Ahwbvbr, ldd shurjbs jhetbfphrlebhus wgta tab jhddbjtgei h` khebs `rhf tab sgtb stltb talt tabfltbrglds wbrb jhddbjtbo ̀ rhf l dlybr ge tab dhwbr plrt h` tab sbqubejb, kbdhw tab flssgvb trlvbrtgebs

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=f

rgvbr irlvbds

jldjlrbhus dhlfs

aufgj sleo

thpshgd

trlvbrtgeb

trlvbrtgeb sleo

ogsjhetgeuhus trlvbrtgeb 1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=

f

@giurb 0.<3 Gobldgsbo prh`gdb h` tab _luklja

trlvbrtgeb obphsgts. Klsbo he (Ztbgebr <799, <<=).

@giurb 0.;3 Zjabfltgj orlwgei h` tab prh`gdb bxphsbo ge <79; sahw-

gei _rlvbrtgeb ge kdljn. Ehtb tab ogsjhetgeugty ge tab dlrib trlvbrtgeb

klen kbtwbbe : leo ? fbtrbs. _ags geogjltbs talt tab gobetg`gjltghe

h` tab Ybrnstbgeotrlvbrtgeb ls l flrnbr ahrgzhe fly kb prhkdbfltgj.Klsbo he (Ztbgebr <799, 7:).



<=2

0 _ LRKLJA

talt wbrb tab hkcbjt h` bxpdhgtltghe (Krltdueo <777, 09, 07). _ab slfpdbs `hr tab ogrbjt oltbs wbrbtlnbe `rhf l agiabr plrt h` tab strltgirlpay. _abrb`hrb, tab lvlgdlkdb ogrbjt oltbs hedy prhvgob l tbrfgeus letb qubf `hr tab `hrfltghe h` tab dlrib flffld lssbfkdlib. _ags sahws talt tab _lukljagle`hssgd lssbfkdlibs oh eht ebjbsslrgdy rbprbsbet le hjjupltghe ourgei ùdd getbridljgld jheogtghes.

Le gobldgsbo strltgirlpagj jhdufe, tab Gobldprhd, wls jhestrujtbo he tab klsgs h` tab <79;

prhdb (Zbb i. 0.<). ]rhkdbfltgj ge tags rbspbjt gs tab `ljt talt tab trlvbrtgeb strltgirlpay h` tabsgtb gs vbry vlrglkdb. _abrb gs eh jhetgeuhus flrnbr ahrgzhe lvlgdlkdb talt gs prbsbet tarhuiahut tabtrlvbrtgeb obphsgt. Fley lutahrs usb tab tagjn kbos h` trlvbrtgeb talt wbrb tab `hjus h` bxpdhgtl-tghe ( Ybrnstbgetrlvbrtgeb ) tab dlybr kbtwbbe ? leo 2 fbtrbs ge i. 0.<, jlddbo kbo << ge tab dgtbrlturb, lsl flrnbr ahrgzhe (b.i. Krltdueo <777, Ztbgebr <799). Ahwbvbr, bvbe tags dlybr gs ogsjhetgeuhus leoirlobs geth trlvbrtgeb sleos dhjlddy (Zbb i. 0.;). _ab obsjrgptghes `rhf tab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe ob-sjrgkb l dlybr h` sleoy trlvbrtgeb, jlddbo tab Nehjabesleo (kheb sleo) talt ygbdobo tab dlrib flffldrbflges (Krltdueo <777, 09). _ags gs gevlrglkdy obsjrgkbo ls l sleoy dlybr sgtultbo kbeblta tab geou-rltbo trlvbrtgebs (Ztbgebr <799, 19, 17). _wh gfphrtlet tageis fust kb ehtbo wgta rbilro th tab <79;prhdb. @grstdy, tab dlybrs kbeblta tab shdgo trlvbrtgeb obphsgts ogo eht ygbdo ley khebs, sh tab prbjgsbstrltgirlpagj phsgtghe h` tab kheb sleo jhudo eht kb jdlrgbo. He tab htabr aleo, l dlybr h` aufgjsleo lkhvb tab bxpdhgtbo trlvbrtgebs ogo ygbdo heb fhdlr kbdheigei th `lddhw obbr (Olfl olfl), ls wbdd ls sbvbrld kheb `rlifbets h` dheikhebs. _ab dlribst h` tabsb `rlifbets wls <? jbetgfbtrbs gedbeita (Ztbgebr <799, 77-<==). _ags fly geogjltb talt tabrb wbrb lt dblst twh eodbvbds lt _luklja(b.i. Krltdueo <777, 9=). Zbjheody, tab Fhddusnbe sleo, Fhddusj sleo, gs obsjrgkbo ls l sbplrltb uegt`rhf tab dlybrs ueobrdygei gt, leo wgta ihho rblshe, ls wgdd kb ogsjussbo dltbr. Ahwbvbr, lt tab tgfbh` kheb jhddbjtghe, ldd dlybrs kbeblta tab Ybrnstbgetrlvbrtgeb wbrb h`tbe jhddbjtgvbdy rb`brrbo th ls tabkheb sleo (Krltdueo <777, 9=).

_ab lvlgdlkdb ogrbjt oltbs lrb twh ;:=_a/;:?R oltbs. Heb slfpdb wls tlnbe `rhf tabYbrnstbgetrlvbrtgeb , ygbdogei l oltb h` <<0.=== ¼ <7.=== yblrs. _ab htabr oltbo slfpdb wls hktlgebo`rhf kbo 9, tab geourltbo trlvbrtgeb kbtwbbe twh leo tarbb fbtrbs ge i. 0.<, tags slfpdb ygbdobo loltb h` <<<.=== ¼ <;.=== yblrs. _abrb`hrb, l oltb ge tab Bbfgle `hr tab uppbr plrt h` tab sbqubejbgs wbdd bstlkdgsabo (Krltdueo <777, 9=).

Ls phgetbo hut, tabsb oltbs oh eht prhvb talt ueobrdygei kheb sleo ebjbsslrgdy oltbs th tab slfbpbrgho. Yb nehw talt trlvbrtgebs ge Ibrfley wbrb hedy `hrfbo ourgei wlrf pbrghos, leo taby lrb

usulddy lssufbo th geogjltb getbridljgld jheogtghes. Ahwbvbr, tabgr `hrfltghe ebbo eht kb rbstrgjtboth getbridljglds. _rlvbrtgeb obphsgts `rhf Ztuttilrt `hr bxlfpdb fly oltb ge plrt th FGZ 2j (Ybezbd;==;, ?=). _abrb`hrb, shfb trlvbrtgeb `hrfltghe jhudo ldsh alvb tlnbe pdljb ourgei le getrl-Zlldgle wlrf palsb.

Ge <79;, tab bxjlvltbo prhdb wls slfpdbo`hr fhddusjs, lfhei htabr tageis. Leldysgs h` tabfhddusjs `rhf dhwbr sleoy dlybrs h` tags prhdbsbbf th phget th rbdltgvbdy jhdo bevgrhefbetldjheogtghes. _aby alvb kbbe tbrfbo l rbdgntgsjabNldtzbgt`luel . _ags flnbs le Bbfgle oltb prhk-dbfltgj (Krltdueo <777, 1=). Ge i. 0.:, tab prh-db leo dhjltghes h` slfpdbs `hr tab leldysgs h`selgds lrb sahwe. H` getbrbst wgta rbilro th tab

kheb sleo lrb tab dlybrs kbtwbbe tab Gdfngbs , tabrgvbr irlvbds ueobrdygei tab trlvbrtgeb obphsgts,leo tab Ztbgeklen, tab bxpdhgtbo flssgvb dlybr h`trlvbrtgeb. _ab slfpdbs wbrb stuogbo ky (Sbgssdbr<799). Ljjhrogei th abr, tab slfpdbs `rhf tabdhwbr plrt h` tab sbqubejb ge tab Fbribd rbprb-sbet spbjgbs geogjltgvb h` jhdo leo stbppgj jhe-ogtghes. Zab getbrprbts tab lssbfkdlib ls l trle-sgtgheld `luel, sahwgei le bevgrhefbet talt gsibttgei wlrfbr (slfpdbs 7=<-171, sbb i. 0.:)(Sbgssdbr <799, <22). _ab slfb spbjgbs lrb ldsh

rgvbr irlvbds

jldjlrbhus dhlfs

aufgj sleo

thpshgd

trlvbrtgeb

trlvbrtgeb sleo

ogsjhetgeuhus trlvbrtgeb

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=f

7;=

7<7

7=<7==1771<1

7=?

7=:

7=;7=0

7=2

7=9 7=1 7=? 7<=7<2

7<?

7<9

7<1

7<0

@giurb 0.:3 Zjabfltgj prh`gdb wgta dhjltghes h` fhd-

dusj slfpdbs. Klsbo he Sbgssdbr, (<799, <?<).



<=0

L PGBY _H L NGDD

rbprbsbetbo ge tab dhwbr _rlvbrtgeb uegts, ldtahuia ge tabsb uegts tab eufkbr h` ory spbjgbs gejrbls-bs leo ldsh whhodleo spbjgbs gejrblsb sdgiatdy (slfpdbs 7=: & 7=?, sbb i. 0.:) (Sbgssdbr <799, <22).Ahwbvbr, `rhf slfpdb 7=; upwlros l ùdd getbridljgld `luel gs ge bvgobejb. Ljjhrogei th Sbgssdbr(<799), tags fust geogjltb l agltus ge tab dhwbr trlvbrtgeb obphsgts. Krltdueo lssufbs talt tab khebjhddbjtghe jhfbs ̀ rhf tab dlybrs kbeblta tab fhddusj sleo leo fust tabrb`hrb oltb th le blrdy palsb

h` tab Bbfgle hr l tbfpbrltb palsb h` tab Zlldgle (Krltdueo <777, 1=-1<). Ahwbvbr, sgejb h t̀be ehogstgejtghe wls flob kbtwbbe tabsb sbogfbets lt tab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe, lt dblst plrt h` tab kheblssbfkdlib fly alvb kbbe rbjhvbrbo ̀ rhf tab fhddusj sleo.

_ab fgjrhflffld slfpdb talt als kbbe usbo th oltb th tab sgtb, jhfbs ̀ rhf tab dlybr h` aufgjsleo lkhvb tab Ybrnstbgetrlvbrtgeb ge tab Gobldprhd, leo gs ge`brrbo th rbprbsbet ùdd getbridljgld jhe-ogtghes (Krltdueo <777, 9<-9;). _abrb`hrb tab fgjrhflfflds alvb kbbe usbo th oltb tab sgtb th tabBbfgle ( b.i. Ple Nhd`sjahtbe ;===, ;==;). Ahwbvbr, sgejb tab slfpdb jhfbs ̀ rhf l og``brbet dlybrtale tab dlrib flffld khebs tags oltb jle hedy kb usbo ls l tbrfgeus letb qubf . Zgejb shfb thhds wbrbrbjhvbrbo `rhf tags dlybr, wb jle kb jbrtlge talt ahfgeges wbrb prbsbet ge tab lrbl lt tags pbrgho getgfb. Re`hrtueltbdy, ge tab <79; rbsblrja, hedy tab rgvbr obphsgts lt tab klsb h` tab sbqubejb leo tabfhddusj sleo ygbdobo fgjrhflffld rbflges, eht tab dhwbr dlybrs h` tab dhwbr plrt h` tab trlvbrtgebobphsgts (Abgergja leo Cìehssy <799, ?=<).

Bvhdutghelry trbeos ge dlrib flffld spbjgbs jle ldsh kb usbo th oltb tab sgtb. Ge tab jlsb h` _luklja, kblvbr ( Jlsthr kbr ) leo ahrsb ( Bquus tlukljabesgs ) tbbta alvb kbbe bxlfgebo. Re`hrtueltbdy,tags prhvgobs l dbss eb-irlgebo rbshdutghe tale bxlfgeltghe h` fgjrhflffld `hssgds whudo. Ge tabjlsb h` tab kblvbr rbflges taby sbbf th kb fhrb lovlejbo tale tab hebs `hueo lt Bargeisohr`(Krltdueo <777, 9;). _ab ahrsb slfpdb he tab htabr aleo gs thh sfldd th orlw obegtgvb jhejdusghes`rhf, kut tab rbflges prhklkdy oltb th kb`hrb <== nl (Krltdueo <777, 9;-9:). L rbjbet leldysgs h`tab rbflges h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs als sahwe talt tab _luklja ̀ hssgds wbrb ogstgejtdy fhrb lovlejbotale tahsb h` tab dhwbr _rlvbrtgeb ̀ rhf Bargeisohr`, supphrtgei l yhueibr oltb ̀ hr _luklja (Flob;===). L sgfgdlr phget als kbbe flob `hr tab iglet obbr ( Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus ) rbflges. Ljjhrogei th Ple obr Flob (;==:, :90-:99) tahsb lt Bargeisohr` lrb sgiegjletdy hdobr tale tab Bbfgle rbflges,lfhei wagja tahsb h` _luklja.

_ab dlrib flffld `luel `rhf tab sgtb als trlogtghelddy kbbe getbrprbtbo ls sgieg`ygei wlrfgetbridljgld jgrjufstlejbs. Ahwbvbr, ljjhrogei th Krltdueo (<777), l dht h` wgetbralro spbjgbs lrb

prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib. Zab jhfkgebs tags wgta tab geogjltghes ̀ rhf tab fhddusjs ̀ rhf tab Fbribd leo tab dhwbr trlvbrtgeb th oltb tab sgtb th tab blrdy Bbfgle. Kbjlusb h` tab fhddusj bvgobejb,sab tabhrgsbs talt tab dltbst phssgkdb oltb `hr tab lssbfkdlib whudo kb ourgei phddbezheb : h` tabBbfgle (Krltdueo <777). He tab htabr aleo, sab upahdos tab phssgkgdgty h` tab sgtb oltgei th le ge-trl-Zlldgle wlrf palsb.

Re`hrtueltbdy, ljjbptgei l oltb ge tab blrdy Bbfgle gs ldsh prhkdbfltgj `hr tab lssbfkdlib lsl wahdb. @grst, tabrb gs tab phssgkgdgty talt plrt h` tab lssbfkdlib jhfbs `rhf dlybrs agiabr upge tab sbqubejb, dgnb tab fhddusj sleo. _ags gs flob fhrb dgnbdy ky tab prbsbejb h` Lbsjudlpgleselnb ( Bdlpab l``. dheigssgfl ) leo Burhpble pheo turtdb ( Bfys hrkgjudlrgs ) ge tab fusbuf jhddbjtghes(Fdyelrsng leo Rddrgja <799). Khta h` tabsb spbjgbs ebbo wlrf bevgrhefbets leo lrb ehw rbstrgjtboth fhrb shutabre plrts h` Burhpb. Fhrb gfphrtletdy, l sgfgdlr lriufbet jle kb lovlejbo `hr hebh` tab fhrb gfphrtlet jhestgtubets h` tab lssbfkdlib, Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs. _ags spbjgbs sahws`blturbs talt suiibst le lolptltghe th jdhsbo bevgrhefbets, bspbjglddy ge jhfplrgshe th tab htabr

nehwe ragehjbrhs spbjgbs `rhf tags brl. Gts tbbta alvb dhwbr jrhwes tale talt h` elrrhw-ehsboragehjbrhs ( Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus ) leo whhddy ragehjbrhs ( Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ), suiibstgei fhrbbfpalsgs he krhwsgei tale he irlzgei. Fhrbhvbr, gts tbbta alvb dbss jbfbetuf tale tabsb htabrspbjgbs, dgnbwgsb suiibstgei l spbjgldgsltghe ̀ hr krhwsgei. _ags gfprbssghe gs strbeitabebo ky tab `ljttalt gts dhjhfhtghe lpplrltus gs fhrb irljgdb tale talt h` tab htabr spbjgbs suiibstgei le lolptl-tghe th l jdhsbo bevgrhefbet. Ge tags rbspbjt gt gs ldsh getbrbstgei th ehtb talt ldtahuia tab spbjgbs gsldwlys `hueo ge getbridljgld jhetbxts, gt ebvbr betbrbo Zplge. _ags jle kb tlnbe ls le geogjltghe taltgt jhudo eht obld wgta hpbe bevgrhefbets. _ab slfb gs suiibstbo ky tab `ljt talt lt tahsb Ibrflesgtbs wabrb gt hjjurs thibtabr wgta tab sflddbr elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs, gt gs ldwlys prbsbet geagiabr eufkbrs. Rsulddy wabe twh sgfgdlr spbjgbs jh-hjjur, tab sflddbr heb gs fhrb lkueolet. _agsldsh suiibsts talt ge tab vgjgegty h` tabsb sgtbs, jdhsbo bevgrhefbets wbrb fhrb lkueolet tale hpbehebs (Ple obr Flob ge prbss, ??-?0).

_ab obkltb surrhueogei tab sgtb‗s oltb gs alro th rbshdvb, sgejb tab strltgirlpagj obsjrgptghes ̀ rhftab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe lrb eht vbry obtlgdbo leo tabrb wls l dht h` vlrgltghe wgtage tab _luklja



<=9

0 _ LRKLJA

obphsgts, ls sahwe ge @giurb 0.?. _h fb, tabrb sbbf th kb tarbb hptghes. @grst, wb jle tlnb Krltdueo‗sbstgfltbs th kb jhrrbjt. Jhfkgebo wgta tab oltl he Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs wb fgiat tale lssufb talt

tab dlrib flffld lssbfkdlib oltbs th tab tagro phddbe palsb h` tab Bbfgle, jhfkgegei l trlesg-tgheld bevgrhefbet leo fhobrltbdy jhdo jheogtghes wgta jdhsbo lrbls ge tab bevgrhefbet. Lehtabrphssgkgdgty gs th lssufb talt fhst h` tab dlrib flffld lssbfkdlib jhfbs `rhf tab fhddusj sleo.Zgejb tags wls shfbtgfbs irhupbo thibtabr wgta tab kheb sleo lt tab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe tags gs lphssgkgdgty. @urtabrfhrb, tab rbptgdbs ge tab lssbfkdlib oh sbbf th phget th tab bevgrhefbet kbgei wlrfbr tale lt prbsbet. L jhfkgeltghe h` tabsb twh ayphtabsbs gs ldsh l phssgkgdgty. _ab wlrfta-dhvgei spbjgbs, bspbjglddy tab rbptgdbs ge ldd prhklkgdgty jhfb `rhf tab fhddusj sleo. L dlrib plrt h`tab kheb lssbfkdlib jhudo kb ̀ rhf tab dhwbr trlvbrtgeb sleos. _absb jhudo oltb th tab blrdy Bbfgle,hr l tbfpbrltb palsb wgtage tab dltbr stlibs h` FGZ 0.

_ab tagro phssgkgdgty gs th lssufb talt tab survgvgei obsjrgptghes lkhut tab prhvbelejb h` tabkhebs ̀ rhf tab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe lrb gejhrrbjt. _ab ̀ luel fgiat tabe jhfb ̀ rhf tab dhwbr aufgjdlybr. _ags gs tab hedy dlybr talt ygbdobo stheb thhds leo dlrib flffld rbflges ge <79;. @urtabrfhrb,oub th tab vlrglkgdgty h` tab strltgirlpay, ls sbbe ge tab irlogei h` tab Ybrnstbgetrlvbrtge ge trlvbr-

tgeb sleo wgtage l `bw fbtrbs ge tab <79; prhdb (i 0.;), tags fgiat ljtulddy t shfb h` tab hrgigeld

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=f

rgvbr irlvbds

jldjlrbhus dhlfs

aufgj sleo

thpshgd

trlvbrtgeb

trlvbrtgeb sleo

ogsjhetgeuhus trlvbrtgeb

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

<

=f

1

9

0

2

?

:

;

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=f

Kruja Phddflr Krôjab Brest ueo Aïesibe Kruja Fbadahre

@giurb 0.?3 Jrhss sbjtghe tarhuia tab _luklja trlvbrtgeb obphsgts klsbo he hdo obsjrgptghes leo tab <79;

prh`gdb. Ehtb tab agia phsgtghe h` tab kheb sleo ge tab Sbetrldkbrbgja. Klsbo he (Ztbgebr <799, <<<).





<=7

0 _ LRKLJA

gobetglkdb khebs, tabsb fly alvb kbbe fgssbo. He tab htabr aleo, l pgbjb h` letdbr wgta beirlvborbiudlr dgebs als kbbe rbphrtbo ̀ rhf tab sgtb. Zgfgdlr pgbjbs alvb kbbe ̀ hueo lt NŨdel (Pldhja <71?,<71). @urtabrfhrb, purphrtbo letdbr ogiigei stgjns alvb kbbe rbjhvbrbo lt tab sgtb. Gt als kbbe ay-phtabsgsbo talt taby wbrb usbo ge hrobr th ogi pgt`ldds `hr tab auetgei h` tab dlrib legflds `hueo lttab sgtb (Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, ;=2). Ahwbvbr, ourgei abr stuoy, Krltdueo wls uelkdb th dhjltb letdbrs

talt wbrb jhevgejgei lrtb`ljts (Krltdueo <777, 7=-7<). _abrb`hrb, tags lspbjt h` tab _lukljagle alseht kbbe jhevgejgeidy obfhestrltbo lt tags sgtb. Fhst dgnbdy, fley h` tab —lrtb`ljts‖ wbrb elturlddyolflibo pgbjbs h` kheb leo letdbr talt wbrb fgstlnbe `hr lrtb`ljts.

0.2 _ab kheb jhddbjtghe

Zgejb tab kheb lssbfkdlib wls jhddbjtbo dlribdy ge tab <7 ta jbetury, le gfphrtlet jhejbre gs th ob-tbrfgeb th walt obirbb tab jhddbjtghe gs rbprbsbetltgvb h` walt wls hrgigelddy tabrb. @urtabrfhrb, gtgs bssbetgld th lsjbrtlge tab rhdb talt ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs pdlybo ge tab `hrfltghe h` tab kheb lssbf-kdlib. Heb prhkdbfltgj lspbjt h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib h` tags sgtb gs tab `ljt talt tab rbflges lrbogspbrsbo hvbr fley jhddbjtghes. _ags gs kbjlusb ourgei tab abgiat h` sjgbetgj getbrbst ge tab sgtblt tab beo h` tab <7ta jbetury, khebs `rhf tags sgtb wbrb agiady vldubo pldlbhethdhigjld jhddbjthr‗sgtbfs (Krltdueo <777, 1<). Fhrbhvbr, kb`hrb sjgbetgj getbrbst ge _luklja wls stgrrbo, bxpdhgtltghe

h` tab trlvbrtgeb alo ldrbloy stlrtbo leo lt tab tgfb dlrib jhddbjtghes h` khebs wbrb oufpbo ge tabGdf [gvbr (Krltdueo <777 19, 1;).

Ztgdd, dhjltbo lt tab @hrsjaueisstltghe `ôr \ulrtïrpldïhethdhigb h` tab @hrsjaueisgestgtut Zbejnbekbri ge Ybgflr, tab dlribst survgvgei jhddbjtghe als kbbe survbybo ky Krltdueo (<777). _ags jhddbjtghe wlsljjufudltbo ky dhjld sjgbetgsts wgta ogrbjt ljjbss th tab _luklja qulrrgbs. _abrb`hrb, tab prhvbelejbh` tab eos ge tab jhddbjtghe gs jdblr. _ags ohbs eht fble talt tab jhddbjtghe gs uekglsbo. _ab jhddbj-tghe sahws l jdblr `hjus thwlro jhfpdbtb leo gobetglkdb khebs. _ags als rbsudtbo ge l ohfgelejbh` jrlegld fltbrgld leo bspbjglddy h` gshdltbo tbbta, wagja flnb up :?.9?% (e6<2?=) h` tab jhddbj -tghe stuogbo ky Krltdueo (<777, 12-10). @urtabrfhrb, jhddbjtghe jahgjbs fly kb plrtglddy rbsphesgkdb`hr tab ohfgelejb h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo krhwe kblr ge tab survgvgei slfpdb (Krltdueo <777,1;, <2<). He tab htabr aleo, tabsb spbjgbs wbrb ldsh rbphrtbo ls kbgei ohfgelet ge blrdgbr pukdgjl-tghes (Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, Krltdueo <777). _abrb`hrb, tabgr lkueolejb ge tabsb obphsgts gs prhk-lkdy l rbld pabehfbehe. _ags jle kb tlnbe ls le geogjltghe talt tab dgst h` spbjgbs leo tabgr rbdltgvb

Zpbjgbs _htld `rlifbets Jut-flrnbo FEG

Rrsus lrjths <2:9 ;7; 2;

Ztbpalehrageus ngrjakbribesgs

(shfb Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus)

<;;? 77 90

Khvgos (Flgedy Kgshe, shfb Khs) 2:: ;2 <1

Jlsthr ̀ gkbr :<7 <= <9

Jbrvus bdlpaus ;=9 ; eht prhvgobo

]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus <1; eht prhvgobo

Bquus tlukljabesgs <0< <8 eht prhvgobo

Zus sjrh`l 70 eht prhvgobo

Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus 21 eht prhvgobo

Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus 0 eht prhvgobo

Rrsus spbdlbus 9 eht prhvgobo

]letabrl dbh 2 eht prhvgobo

Jrhjutl jrhjutl < eht prhvgobo

Jlegs dupus 9 eht prhvgobo

]letabrl plrous dhst

Dyex dyex dhst

Fbdbs fbdbs dhst

Dutrl dutrl dhst

Regobetg`gbo jlregvhrb ?

Regobetg`gbo 10 :

_lkdb 0.<3 Jhfphsgtghe h` tab _luklja flffld lssbfkdlib. L`tbr (Krltdueo <777, 1?, 10).



<<=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

lkueolejb ge tab jhddbjtghe fly rhuiady rbbjt tab hrgigeld `rbqubejgbs. G` tabrb wls l jhddbjtghekgls lilgest sflddbr, dbss getbrbstgei legflds `hr bxlfpdb, wb whudo bxpbjt l sfldd leo stgdd bxtletlegfld dgnb kblvbr th kb hedy vbry phhrdy rbprbsbetbo. Fhrbhvbr, tab plttbre h` rbjhvbry `hr tagsspbjgbs gs sgfgdlr th talt h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs, krhwe kblr leo dlrib khvgos. _ags als rbsudtbo gesfldd khebs h` tab aleo leo `bbt kbgei vbry wbdd rbprbsbetbo, ljjhuetgei `hr <1.;% (e621) h` tab

kblvbr fltbrgld (Krltdueo <777, <:=). _ab `lueld lssbfkdlib prbsbet lt tab @hrsjaueisstltghe ̀ ôr \ulrtïrpldïhethdhigb eufkbrs ??::pgbjbs. Gt jhfprgsbs l vbry ogvbrsb `luel. Le hvbrvgbw h` tab jhddbjtghe gs prhvgobo ge tlkdb 0.<. Ls stltbo, tab ohfgelet spbjgbs lrb Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo krhwe kblr. Htabr lkueolet spbjgbslrb dlrib khvgos leo kblvbr. Ge loogtghe th tab spbjgbs talt lrb prbsbet ge tab jhddbjtghe prbsbetboky Krltdueo, htabr spbjgbs alvb ge tab plst kbbe rbphrtbo ls algdgei `rhf _luklja, tabsb lrb ldshdgstbo ge tlkdb 0.<. H` tabsb, gt sahudo kb ehtbo talt tab ljtuld rbflges lrb ehw dhst leo hedy tahsbkbdheigei th dbhplro ( ]letabrl plrous ) alvb kbbe pukdgsabo. Fhrbhvbr, shfb rbflges h` flffhta( Flffutaus prgfgibegus ) leo rbgeobbr ( [leig`br tlrleous ) lrb prbsbet ge fusbuf jhddbjtghes talt lrbslgo th jhfb `rhf tab sgtb. _aby lrb prhklkdy obrgvbo `rhf og``brbet obphsgts tahuia (Krltdueo<777, 1?). Krltdueo ogo eht stuoy tab rbflges h` sfldd legflds, dgnb kgros leo rbptgdbs, kut taby lrbrlrb (Krltdueo <777, 1?). Ahwbvbr, (dlrib) flfflds wbrb tab `hjus h` jhddbjtghe ljtgvgtgbs, sh tabsfldd legflds prbsbet wgdd alvb kbbe sbvbrbdy kglsbo lilgest.

Zgejb tab spltgld ogstrgkutghe h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld eos jleeht kb stuogbo leyfhrb, tab hpphr-tuegtgbs th jheoujt tlpahehfgj stuogbs ge hrobr th obtbrfgeb walt elturld prhjbssbs fly alvb jhe-trgkutbo th tab ̀ hrfltghe h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib lrb sbvbrbdy dgfgtbo. @urtabrfhrb, wb oh eht nehwahw tab khebs wbrb ogstrgkutbo ge rbdltghe th tab lrtb`ljts leo sh-jlddbo Krleosjagjatbe. _abrb`hrb, wb jle hedy usb fhogjltghes he tab khebs tabfsbdvbs th ge`br ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs (Krltdueo <777,10-79). Ge tab plst, rbsblrjabrs alvb trgbo th rbjhestrujt ahfgege auetgei leo trlesphrt kbalvghur,klsbo he tab kheb-jltbihrgbs prbsbet ge tab slfpdbs. @hr bxlfpdb, gt wls tahuiat talt sgejb rgks leo vbrtbkrlb h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs wbrb eht rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb, taby wbrb ngddbo lt shfb ogstlejbh` tab sgtb leo krhuiat ge. Ahwbvbr, tags plttbre sbbfs th alvb kbbe l prhoujt h` tab jhddbjtghefbtahos. Lpplrbetdy rgks wbrb eht vbry vldulkdb jhffbrjglddy ̀ hr tab qulrry whrnbrs leo taus wbrbeht jhddbjtbo. Yabe pbhpdb stlrtbo dhhngei `hr tabf, lpplrbetdy rgks wbrb `hueo ge lkueolet euf-kbrs (Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, ;=9). Kbjlusb h` tab jhddbjtghe kgls, khoy plrt rbprbsbetltghe ge tab ls-

sbfkdlib wgdd eht tbdd us fuja lkhut Ebleobrtald auetgei strltbigbs, G wgdd eht ih geth tags ge obtlgdabrb (`hr ge`hrfltghe sbb Krltdueo <777). _lkdb 0.< taus prhvgobs le gesgiat geth walt prby spbjgbs wbrb lvlgdlkdb. Ge loogtghe th tab ge`hrfltghe wb jle idble `rhf tab spbjgbs talt wbrb prbsbet, wbfust ldsh nbbp ge fgeo talt pdlets wbrb lvlgdlkdb, tahuia wb oh eht nehw tabgr gfphrtlejb (Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, Ybezbd ;==;).

_ab fhst lkueolet spbjgbs prbsbet lt tab sgtb ldsh prhvgob us wgta fhst geogjltghes `hr ahfgegeljtgvgtgbs. Krhwe kblr ( Rrsus lrjths ), Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs, kgshe ( Kgshe prgsjus ) leo kblvbr ljjhuet `hr7=% h` tab slfpdb. Kbtwbbe 0 leo <;% h` tab khebs h` tabsb spbjgbs wbrb jut-flrnbo, bxjbpt `hrkrhwe kblr, wagja stleos lt ;0% (Krltdueo <777, 7<). Lehtabr kheb fhogjltghe talt jle kb lttrgk-utbo th ahfgege geubejb gs jalrrgei, wagja sahws talt tab kheb wls ge vbry jdhsb jhetljt wgta rb. _ab jalrrbo kheb slfpdb gs ldsh ohfgeltbo ky Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo krhwe kblr (Krltdueo <777,19). Krblnlib h` khebs ge hrobr th bxpdhgt tabgr flrrhw jhetbet jleeht kb stuogbo ge tab lssbf-kdlib, sgejb jhddbjtghe `hjusbo he ueolflibo khebs. Ahwbvbr, _l`bd QQQPG ge (Bgjaahre <7=7)

sahws tab ogstld beos h` vb krhnbe fbtltlrsg h` kgshe, obfhestrltgei talt khebs wbrb krhnbe `hrflrrhw lt tab sgtb. Ahw rbiudlr tab kbalvghur wls jle ue`hrtueltbdy eh dheibr kb rbjhestrujtbo.

Geogjltghes `hr ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs he khebs h` htabr spbjgbs lrb rlrb. _ags gs plrtdy oub th tabjhddbjtghe fbtahos tahuia. Fley spbjgbs lrb flgedy rbprbsbetbo ky tbbta leo jrlegld `rlifbets. _aby lrb ourlkdb bdbfbets leo lddhw `hr blsy spbjgbs obtbrfgeltghe. Ahwbvbr, taby oh eht ygbdofuja ge`hrfltghe he tabgr rhdb ge ahfgege hr jlregvhrb suksgstbejb strltbigbs. Hut h` ;=9 rbo obbr( Jbrvus bdlpaus ) spbjgfbes ge tab jhddbjtghe, hedy << lrb phstjrlegld khebs, 09 lrb gshdltbo tbbta leolehtabr gfphrtlet irhup gs letdbrs (e6<=0). H` tab phstjrlegld khebs, twh, l tldus leo l paldleib,sahw jut-flrns. _ags fbles talt g` wb ogsjhuet tab gshdltbo tbbta leo letdbr spbjgfbes ge tab jhd-dbjtghes, lkhut 0% h` rbo obbr khebs lrb jut-flrnbo (Krltdueo <777, 7<). _ab jhddbjtghes h` khebsh` htabr ueiudltbs lrb sfldd> fhst spbjgbs oh eht sahw ley jut-flrns. Ahwbvbr, shfb khlr clw`rlifbets sahw gfpljt sjlrs, wagja fly geogjltb ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta tab khebs. Ahrsb gs

ldsh rbprbsbetbo flgedy ky tbbta. H` tab khebs talt lrb prbsbet, tab fblty plrts h` tab snbdbthe lrbueobrrbprbsbetbo. Ahwbvbr, heb paldleib bxagkgts l phssgkdb jut-flrn (Krltdueo <777, 7;).



<<<

0 _ LRKLJA

@giurb 0.23 Lib prh`gdb h` strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet lt _luklja. Oltl `rhf (Krltdueo <777, 7;). Cu3 Cuvbegdb>

ZL3 sukloudt> LO3 loudt> LO+3 Hdo loudts.

Lehtabr geogjltghe talt le lssbfkdlib gs eht l elturld slfpdb jle kb idblebo `rhf tab fhrtld-gty prhdb h` tab spbjgbs prbsbet, ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr :. _ab lib-prhdb h` tab strlgiat-tusnbobdbpalets `rhf _luklja als kbbe usbo th lriub talt bdbpalets wbrb auetbo lt tab sgtb obspgtb tab`ljt talt jut-flrns leo gfpljt sjlrs lrb lksbet he tab khebs h` tab spbjgbs. @giurb 0.2 gddustrltbstab lib-strujturb h` tab phpudltghe klsbo he tab bxlfgeltghe h` 77 bdbpalet fhdlrs `rhf _luklja.Re`hrtueltbdy, shfb h` tab fhdlrs fly alvb kbdheibo th tab slfb geogvgould, l``bjtgei tab rbdglkgdgtyh` tab oltl (Iubetabr <799, ;1;). Ahwbvbr, gt gs gffbogltbdy hkvghus talt tags lib-ogstrgkutghe ohbseht rbrprbsbet l jdlssgj lttrgtgheld prhdb, sgejb loudts lrb vbry wbdd rbprbsbetbo. _ab ihho rbprbsbe-

tltghe h` cuvbegdbs als kbbe usbo ls le lriufbet supphrtgei tab ̀ ljt talt tab lssbfkdlib wls auetbo(Iubetabr <799, ;1:). Ebvbrtabdbss, jhfplrgshe h` tab _luklja lib-prhdb wgta tahsb h` elturldoblta lssbfkdlibs sahws talt g` leytagei cuvbegdbs lrb ueobrrbprbsbetbo ge tab _luklja lssbfkdlib( b.i. Alyebs <712, Alyebs <719). Lssbfkdlibs wgta suja l ihho rbprbsbetltghe h` loudts lt _lukljalrb rlrb leo gt gs tags `ljthr talt ge fy hpgeghe fly kb usbo ge supphrt h` l auetgei getbrprbtltghe. L sgfgdlr lib-prhdb gs nehwe `rhf tab sgtb h` Lfkrhel tahuia (Alyebs <719, 002-000). Ls ogs-jussbo ge jalptbr :, lt tags sgtb ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta tab bdbpalet lssbfkdlib lppblrs th alvbkbbe fgegfld. _ab flffhta sgtb h` Aht Zprgeis ge tab Regtbo Ztltbs prhvgobs lehtabr bxlfpdbh` l elturld oblta lssbfkdlib jhetlgegei fhrb loudt leo hdo geogvgoulds tale whudo kb bxpbjtbo(Alyebs <711, 002). Zgejb l sgfgdlr lib-prhdb ls talt gddustrltbo ge iurb 0.2 fly lrgsb ge elturldjgrjufstlejbs, tab lib-strujturb h` tab phpudltghe h` _luklja prhvgobs gesu`jgbet supphrt `hr legetbrprbtltghe h` tabgr rbflges ge tbrfs h` ahfgege auetgei.

Eht hedy oh tab khebs h` tab `hur fhst lkueolet spbjgbs bxagkgt jut-flrns, tabsb hjjur plt-tbrebo lt spbjgj dhjltghes, suiibstgei l systbfgsbo wly h` jlrjlss bxpdhgtltghe. _ags whudo hedy kbphssgkdb g` ahfgeges alo tab jhetrhd hvbr tab jlrjlss leo jhudo jahhsb tab plrts taby wbrb bxpdhgt-gei, sgejb ldrbloy bxpdhgtbo jlrjlssbs whudo rbqugrb lo ahj bxpdhgtltghe h` tab plrts talt wbrb db`t. _abrb`hrb, sjlvbeigei gs le uetbelkdb bxpdleltghe ̀ hr tab `hrfltghe h` tags lssbfkdlib.

_ab spbjgbs talt gs rbprbsbetbo ky tab dlribst eufkbr h` khebs gs krhwe kblr. @urtabrfhrb,tags spbjgbs bxagkgts tab agiabst `rbqubejy h` jut-flrns. Ge tbrfs h` tab Fgegfuf Eufkbr h`Geogvgoulds (FEG), 2; geogvgoulds lrb rbprbsbetbo, flngei Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs kbttbr rbprbsbetboge talt rbspbjt. Heb h` tab rblshes h` tab hvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` tags spbjgbs ge tbrfs h` EGZ]leo jut-flrns EGZ] gs tab lkueolejb h` aleo leo `hht khebs ge tab lssbfkdlib. Ls ogsjussbo gesbjtghe ?.0, jlregvhrbs alvb 2 jlrplds, tlrslds btj., wagdb ge abrkgvhrbs tabsb alvb kbbe rboujbo geeufkbr. Fhrbhvbr, tabsb lrb vbry ourlkdb bdbfbets leo tabrb`hrb dgnbdy th survgvb ge tab lrjalbh-dhigjld rbjhro. _ags fbles talt ge tbrfs h` EGZ], krhwe kblr gs hvbrrbprbsbetbo lt tags sgtb. Ge

kblrs, tab jut-flrns phget th l stleolrogsbo plttbre h` ablo rbfhvld leo theiub bxtrljtghe. _abdgfks wbrb ablvgdy ddbtbo, bvbe tab plws (Krltdueo <777, <<1). Jut-flrns lrb prbsbet he ;0% h`

=

2

<=

<2

;=

;2

:=

:2

?=

CR ZL LO LO +

Lib Jdlss

%



<<;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

ldd kblr khebs, l pbrjbetlib twgjb ls agia ls ge tab htabr spbjgbs> tags gs jlusbo ky tab ddbtgei h` tabplw khebs. _ags plttbre gs jhesgstbet wgta ùr bxpdhgtltghe h` tab legflds (Luiustb <772l, <0;). Gejhetrlst th tab plttbre sbbe ge Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs, ge kblrs tabrb gs eh jhejbetrltghe he yhuei geogvgoulds, ls sahwe ge @giurb 0.0 (Luiustb <772l, Krltdueo <777, <<;-<<:). Ge tags spbjgbs tabrb`hrb,prgfb-libo loudts lrb tab fhst ablvgdy rbprbsbetbo jltbihry.

_ab fhst lkueolet spbjgbs, wgta rbspbjt th tab FEG, rbprbsbetbo ge tab lssbfkdlib gs Fbrjn‗sragehjbrhs. Ahwbvbr, l vbry sfldd salrb h` tab khebs jdlssgbo ls Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs ge tab jhddbj-tghes lt tab @hrsjaueisstltghe ̀ ôr \ulrtïrpldïhethdhigb gs jhesgobrlkdy sflddbr tale tab rbst h` tab ragehj-brhs khebs (e6;1). _absb prhklkdy rbprbsbet elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs. Ls stltbo blrdgbr, tabsb twhspbjgbs h`tbe jh-hjjur. Kbjlusb tab eufkbr h` `rlifbets gs sh sfldd, taby alvb kbbe gejduobo ge tabFbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs slfpdb (Krltdueo <777, 7:-7?). _ab spbjgbs gs rbprbsbetbo ky <;;? khebs leotab FEG als kbbe bstgfltbo lt 90 (Krltdueo <777, 7:, <=<). _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` ragehjbrhs sbbfsth alvb `hjusbo he sbplrltgei tab ablo `rhf tab khoy leo rbfhvgei tab theiub, ogslrtgjudltghe h`

tab jlrpld-fbtljlrpld chgets ge tab dgfks, leo ddbtgei tab dheikhebs. Bvbe tab `bbt wbrb sngeebo

=

2

<=

<2

;=

;2

:=

:2

?=

CR ZL G ZL GG LO LO +

Lib Jdlss

F E G

@giurb 0.03 Lib prh`gdb h` krhwe kblr `rhf _luklja. Oltl ̀ rhf (Krltdueo <777, <<:).

Cu3 Cuvbegdb> ZL3 sukloudt> LO3 loudt> LO+3 Hdo loudts.

=

2

<=

<2

;=

;2

:=

:2

4=.2 =.2-< < <-<.2 ; :-? 2-0 9 1 1-<; 5<?

Lib jltbihry

@giurb 0.93 Lib prh`gdb h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs `rhf _luklja (E602). Klsbo he

(Krltdueo <777, <==).



<<:

0 _ LRKLJA

leo ddbtbo (Krltdueo <777, <=9-<=1). Zgejb tab ogsjhvbry h` tab sgtb gt als kbbe lpplrbet talt yhueigeogvgoulds ohfgeltb tab ragehjbrhs lssbfkdlib ( b.i. Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, ;=<-;=:). Krltdueo usbotab obetgtghe h` tab lssbfkdlib th obtbrfgeb tab lib strujturb leo ge tab jhddbjtghe stuogbo ky abr,tabrb wbrb ?? jldvbs, 9 sukloudt geogvgoulds leo ;2 loudts (Krltdueo <777, <==). Le lib prhdb h` tagsspbjgbs gs prbsbetbo ge iurb 0.9 (Re`hrtueltbdy Krltdueo (<777) usbs og``brbet lib-jltbihrgbs tale

Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) lppdgbs th tab Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lssbfkdlib). _ab ebxt kbst rbprbsbetbo prby jltbihry jhfprgsbs sbvbrld spbjgbs3 tab dlrib khvgos. _ab khebsge tab lssbfkdlib kbdhei flgedy th Kgshe, twh sukspbjgbs h` wagja wbrb prbsbet3 Kgshe prgsjus prgsjus , wagja prbohfgeltbo, leo Kgshe prgsjus fboglthr . @urtabrfhrb, twh hr tarbb phstjrlegld khebskbdhei th Khs prgfgibegus. Jhejbregei FEG‗s, loudts lrb lilge ge tab flchrgty, taby lrb rbprbsbetboky lt dblst :? geogvgoulds. _abrb lrb ldsh lt dblst <; hdobr geogvgoulds rbprbsbetbo ge tab lssbfkdlib.@urtabrfhrb, heb yhuei legfld leo 2 hdobr sukloudts lrb rbprbsbetbo (Krltdueo <777, <;:). _abahrejhrbs lt tab sgtb, ls wbdd ls tab flchrgty h` tab khebs kbdheibo th fldbs. Jut-flrns lrb prbsbetflgedy he jlrplds, tlrslds leo paldleibs, kut taby lrb thh sfldd ge eufkbr th flnb ibebrldgsltghesrbilrogei tab plttbre h` bxpdhgtltghe (Krltdueo <777).

_ab eld spbjgbs talt sahws trljbs h` bxpdhgtltghe gs kblvbr. Hedy <= khebs h` tags spbjgbs sahwjdblr jut-flrns, sh ls wgta tab dlrib khvgos, l plttbre h` bxpdhgtltghe gs alro th oboujb (Krltdueo<777, <:=). Lt dblst <9 geogvgoulds lrb prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib. _abgr lib gs alro th obtbrfgeb,ahwbvbr, gt sbbfs talt fhst geogvgoulds rbprbsbetbo wbrb hdobr sukloudts hr loudts (Krltdueo <777,<:=-<:<).

_ab fltbrgld stuogbo ky Krltdueo leo prbsbetbo abrb `hrfs hedy l sfldd rbfelet h` walt fusthrgigelddy alvb kbbe l auib lssbfkdlib. _ab ihho rbprbsbetltghe h` l spbjgbs dgnb kblvbr ge tabkheb lssbfkdlib, bvbe wgta rbilro th gts sflddbr khebs, sahws talt jhddbjtghe kgls wgta rbilro thspbjgbs wls eht irblt. Hedy heb spbjgbs talt wls fbetghebo th kb prbsbet ge dlrib eufkbrs ge blrdypukdgjltghes, tab strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet, gs eht vbry wbdd rbprbsbetbo ge tab lssbfkdlib stuogbo kyKrltdueo. _ab `luel wls bvbe hrgigelddy elfbo l`tbr tags spbjgbs leo oukkbo letgquus-`luel ( b.i. Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=, Bgjaahre <7=7). Ge <7;;, Zhbribd wrhtb talt fhrb tale <== ragehjbrhsbs leofhrb tale 9= kblrs, ls wbdd ls lt dblst 0? bdbpalets alo kbbe `hueo lt _luklja (ge Kbaf-Kdlejnb<70=, ;=?). Ahwbvbr, G tagen tags bfpalsgs he bdbpalet fgiat ge plrt kb oub th gts sgzb. G` leytagei,tab dlribr bxtgejt spbjgbs wbrb spbjgjlddy jhddbjtbo leo sahudo kb hvbrrbprbsbetbo. _abrb`hrb, G

obbf gt uedgnbdy talt strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet gs ueobrrbprbsbetbo ge tab stuogbo jhddbjtghe, kut fhrbdgnbdy talt gt wls igvbe le gehrogeltb lfhuet h` lttbetghe ge blrdy pukdgjltghes. Ljjhrogei th Krltdueo (<777, <2=), tab sgtb fly rbprbsbet l sldt dgjn talt wls h` getbrbst th rag-

ehjbrhs. _ab `ljt talt tags wls le lrbl h` agiabr sldgegty sbbfs th kb supphrtbo ky tab hstrljhobvgobejb. _ab behrfhus lfhuet h` fltbrgld talt wls hrgigelddy prbsbet sahws talt tab sgtb rbprb-sbets l pldgfpsbst. Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbr ? tags gs lovletlibhus wgta rbilro th tab lppdgjltgheh` H@_ th l sgtb, kbjlusb wb jle lssufb talt sahrt-tbrf vlrgltghes ge prby lvlgdlkgdgty alvb kbbelvbrlibo hut.

0.0 _ab bevgrhefbet

Igvbe tab oltgei uejbrtlgetgbs surrhueogei tags lssbfkdlib, rbjhestrujtgei tab bevgrhefbet h` tabsgtb kbjhfbs sdgiatdy prhkdbfltgj kbjlusb bevgrhefbetld og``brbejbs kbtwbbe tab dltb Zlldgle leo

blrdy Bbfgle phddbe palsbs fly alvb kbbe qugtb dlrib. He tab htabr aleo, tab dlrib flffld lssbf-kdlib ldsh ygbdos ge`hrfltghe lkhut tab elturb h` tab bevgrhefbet. Ls lriubo ge sbjtghe 0.:, G wgdd ls-sufb talt tab sgtb oltbs th tab blrdy Bbfgle. Ge tags sbjtghe, G wgdd sufflrgsb tab bevgrhefbetld geog-jlthrs wb alvb `hr tab sgtb leo tab wgobr surrhueogeis leo prhphsb l tbetltgvb sjbelrgh h` walt tabbevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb dhhnbo dgnb lt tab tgfb h` tab `hrfltghe h` tab lrjalbhdhigjld obphsgts.

_ab Ibrfle trlvbrtgebs wbrb `hrfbo ourgei wlrf jdgfltgj palsbs. Ahwbvbr, ls stltbo lkhvb,shfb h` tab trlvbrtgeb kugdo-up fly alvb hjjurrbo ourgei getbrstloglds, ls wbdd ls getbridljglds. Ltdblst wb jle tabrb`hrb kb jbrtlge talt tab jdgfltb wls wlrf ourgei tab ljjufudltghe h` tab kheblssbfkdlib. _ab _luklja trlvbrtgebs wbrb `hrfbo ky wlrf wltbr wbddgei up lt tab boib h` tab Gdfrgvbr vlddby. @rhf tab vlddby‗s boib, gt trgjndbo ohwe th tab rgvbr. Kbjlusb h` tab dhwbrgei tbfpbrl-turb leo prbssurb l`tbr sur`ljgei, plrt h` tab jldjguf jlrkheltb prbsbet ge tab wltbr prbjgpgtltbo,`hrfgei tab trlvbrtgeb obphsgts (Zpbdbbrs ;===, Ztbgebr <799). _ab obphsgtgheld jgrjufstlejbs vlrgboorlstgjlddy wgtage tab lrbl h` trlvbrtgeb kugdo-up. Og` b̀rbetgld prbjgpgtltghe jhudo jaleib tab dhjld rb-

dgb` leo jaleib tab ogrbjtghe ge wagja tab wltbr hwbo, wagja alo jhesbqubejbs ̀ hr dltbr trlvbrtgeb



<<?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

`hrfltghe. _ags rbsudtbo ge og``brbetgld obphsgtghe h` trlvbrtgebs leo ge fley ahrgzhetld leo vbrtgjld`ljgbs jaleibs (Ztbgebr <799,<<;). _ags fbles talt sleoy leo geourltbo trlvbrtgebs wbrb eht ebjbs-slrgdy obphsgtbo ge og``brbet jdgfltgj jheogtghes.

_absb wlrf wltbr shurjbs wbrb prhklkdy le lttrljtgvb dhjltghe `hr ]dbgsthjbeb auetbr/iltabr-brs. Fhrbhvbr, tabsb wltbr shurjbs whudo eht `rbbzb ge wgetbr. Ge jhetrlst th fhst htabr Ibrfle

trlvbrtgeb obphsgts, dbl` gfprbssghes lrb lksbet ge tab _luklja trlvbrtgebs. _ags suiibsts talt tab gf-fbogltb bevgrhefbet h` tab lrbl wabrb tab wltbr wbddbo up leo obphsgtbo wls hpbe (Ztbgebr <799,<<:). _ab trlvbrtgeb kugdo-up thhn pdljb ge salddhw khogbs h` wltbr. Ahwbvbr, tab hjjurrbejb h`lsa-dbesbs hr ablrtas leo dleo selgds ge tab kheb sleo suiibsts talt tab pheos orgbo up pbrghogjlddy(Krltdueo <777, 09). _ab gffbogltb bevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb wls tabrb`hrb l flrsay lrbl, l [gbsbd`bdo wgta strblfs h` wltbr trgjndgei ohwe `rhf tab tbrrljb boib th tab rgvbr vlddby. _ab wltbr `hrfbostrblfs leo pbrghogjlddy pheos ge wagja tab trlvbrtgeb wls obphsgtbo. _ab bxljt jheiurltghe h`tabsb wls vbry vlrglkdb leo tab trlvbrtgeb obphsgtghe geubejbo tab salpb h` tab lrbl leo khogbsh` wltbr.

Re`hrtueltbdy, pdlet rbflges leo phddbe lrb eht nehwe ̀ rhf tab obphsgts. @urtabrfhrb, ls fbe-tghebo, fgjrhflfflds wbrb eht rbjhvbrbo `rhf tab kheb sleo sbesu strgjth, hedy `rhf tab hvbrdy-gei fhddusj sleo. Fhddusjs `rhf tab dhwbr dlybrs h` tab kheb sleo alvb kbbe stuogbo ahwbvbr (sbbi. 0.: `hr l sjabfltgj prhdb wgta tab slfpdgei dhjltghes). _abgr gfpdgjltghes wgta rbilro th taboltgei h` tab sgtb alvb ldrbloy kbbe ogsjussbo. Ge tags sbjtghe G wgdd ih geth tab bvgobejb talt tabfhddusjs prhvgob wgta rbilro th tab bevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb.

Zlfpdb eufkbrs 7=< upwlros th 7=2 lrb h` getbrbst (sbb i. 0.:). Zlfpdb 7=< gs qugtb sfldd, hedyjhetlgegei :2 fhddusjs, kut tab htabr slfpdbs ueobr jhesgobrltghe jhetlgebo sbvbrld aueorbo spbjg-fbes (Sbgssdbr <799). Ls ogsjussbo prbvghusdy, tab fhddusj slfpdbs jle kb irhupbo ge twh jltbih-rgbs. @grstdy, slfpdbs 7=< th 7=: sahw spbjgbs geogjltgvb h` agia fhuetlges leo jhetgebetld stbppbs,geogjltgei l jdgfltb talt wls jhdobr tale ehwlolys. Ge tab htabr irhup, `rhf slfpdb 7=; upwlro, wlrf spbjgbs lrb vbry wbdd rbprbsbetbo (Sbgssdbr <799, <22). _ags geogjltbs l agltus ge tab strltg-irlpagj sbqubejb, sgejb suja trlesgtghes tbeo th tlnb pdljb irloulddy. @urtabrfhrb ls fhddusjs alvbl dhw ogspbrsld rltb, gt whudo tlnb tabf tgfb l`tbr l jdgfltgj gfprhvbfbet th bstlkdgsa tabfsbdvbs getab rbighe. @rhf slfpdb 7=: hewlros taby lrb jdblrdy wbdd bstlkdgsabo ge tab rbighe.

Bvgobejb rbilrogei tab vbibtltghe h` tab sgtb gs lksbet. Ahwbvbr, lt l rbigheld dbvbd, stuogbs h`

phddbe jle ygbdo gfphrtlet gesgiats ge tab vbibtltghe prbsbet. Jhrbs alvb kbbe leldysbo `rhf tabsgtbs h` Irðkbre, Irlksjaôtz leo Ebuflrn Ehro, wagja lrb eht thh ogstlet `rhf tab sgtb. Htabrsgtbs talt wbrb stuogbo gejduob Kgspgeibe `rhf Ehrtabre Ibrfley, Dl Irleob ]gdb ge @rlejb leoOzgbwudb ge ]hdleo ( b.i. Kgenl leo Egtyjahrun ;==:, Iught bt ld. <77;, Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:, Dgtt<77=, Dgtt, Cueib, leo Kðttibr <770). _ab phddbe-sbqubejb h` tab Bbfgle gs qugtb wbdd nehwe leo gsueg`hrf hvbr dlrib lrbls h` wbstbre leo jbetrld Burhpb ( b.i. Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:, ;=0). ]hddbe jhrbsalvb obfhestrltbo tab sujjbssgvb jhdhegzltghe h` Burhpb ky og``brbet trbb spbjgbs. _ab Bbfgleals kbbe sukogvgobo geth phddbe stlibs ljjhrogei th tab ohfgelet trbb spbjgbs. [bjhestrujtghes h`tab Bbfgle jdgfltb leo bevgrhefbet jle tabrb`hrb kb flob wgta rblshelkdb jheobejb. _abrb gsshfb ogsjussghe ahwbvbr, lkhut tab stlkgdgty h` tab jdgfltb ge tab Bbfgle leo tab kbst fbtaho thrbjhestrujt jdgfltb klsbo he tab phddbe jhrbs (Jaboolog bt ld. <771, Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:, Dgtt, Cueib,leo Kðttibr <770). Jalrljtbrgstgj h` ùdd Bbfgle jdgfltgj jgrjufstlejbs gs tab sprblo h` jdgfltg-jlddy sbesgtgvb spbjgbs dgnb Ahddy ( Gdbx ), Gvy ( Abobrl ), Fgstdbthb ( Pgsjuf ), Khx ( Kuxus ) leo ahebysujndb

( Dhegjbrl ) (Dgtt, Cueib, leo Kðttibr <770, Ybezbd ;==;). Ge tags stuoy, tab blrdy phddbe-palsbs h` tabBbfgle lrb h` rbdbvlejb.

_ab `hddhwgei pgjturb jle kb plgetbo jhfkgegei tab nehwe phddbe sbqubejbs `rhf jbetrldIbrfley leo ùrtabr lbdo. (Zbb i 2. `hr tab phddbe sbqubejb `hueo lt Irðkbre wagja h``brsle bxlfpdb h` tabsb obvbdhpfbets.) _ab fbdtgei h` tab gjb ge tab dltb Zlldgle sgields l stlrt h`tbfpbrltb jheogtghes wgta rblshelkdy agia suffbr leo wgetbr tbfpbrlturbs. _ags wlrfgei up gsgetbrruptbo ky tab Nlttbilt-stlogld leo l rbture th vbry jhdo leo ory jheogtghes. _ags stlogld dlsts`hr lkhut <=== yblrs, l`tbr wagja tbfpbrlturbs rgsb rlpgody (Kbbts, Kbbts, leo Jdbvbrgeil ;==0). _abblrdgbst palsb h` tab Bbfgle gs jalrljtbrgsbo ky tab bxplesghe h` pghebbr spbjgbs, fhst ehtlkdykgrja ( Kbtudl ). Ztuoy h` vlrvb jhuets als sahwe talt tags palsb als l sahrt ourltghe h` lkhut <==yblrs (Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:). _ab sbjheo palsb h` tab Bbfgle gs stgdd ohfgeltbo ky pghebbr spbjgbs.Ge loogtghe th kgrja, pgeb ( ]geus ) ehw kbjhfbs gfphrtlet, tags palsb gs tabrb`hrb nehwe ls tab ]geus- Kbtudl

stlib. Gt als l ourltghe h` lkhut ;== yblrs. Ge tab tagro palsb h` tab Bbfgle, objgouhus trbbsstlrt flngei tabgr lppblrlejb ge ehrtawbstbre Burhpb. _ab fhst ukgqugthus h` tabsb spbjgbs gs hln



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L PGBY _H L NGDD

( \ubrjus ), wagja gs way tags palsb gs oukkbo ]geus \ubrjbtuf fgxtuf . Htabr spbjgbs h` trbb prbsbetlrb lsa ( @rlxgeus ) leo bdf ( Rdfus ). _ags palsb dlsts `hr lkhut ?2= yblrs ( b.i. Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:,Dgtt, Cueib, leo Kðttibr <770). _ab dltbr palsbs sahw tab suksbqubet bxplesghe h` ohfgelejb hàlzbd ( Jhrydus ), tabe ahrekblf ( Jlrpgeus ) leo r ( Lkgbs ). _absb palsbs alvb l dheibr ourltghe taletab blrdgbr pghebbr palsbs. _ab Jhrydus palsb dlsts lkhut ;;== yblrs, tab Jlrpgeus palsb lkhut ?===.

_abe tab jdgfltb jhhds shfbwalt ge tab dltbr plrt h` tab Bbfgle. @gr leo sprujb ( ]gjbl ) flnb tabgrlppblrlejb ge tab sgxta palsb. _ags palsb dlsts lkhut ;=== yblrs. _ab sbvbeta leo eld phddbe stlibh` tab Bbfgle ldsh dlsts lkhut ;=== yblrs leo gs lilge ohfgeltbo ky pgeb (Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:, Dgtt, Cueib, leo Kðttibr <770).

Ls slgo, fhst lrjalbhdhigjld eos lt _luklja prhklkdy oltb th tab blrdgbr phddbe palsbs. _abjhfkgeltghe h` tab fhddusj bvgobejb wgta tab prbsbejb h` spbjgbs rbqugrgei rbdltgvbdy wlrf bevg-rhefbets dgnb tab pheo turtdb fgiat phget th l oltb lt tab beo h` tab pghebbr palsbs, ge palsb tarbb wabe objgouhus trbbs ldrbloy kbjhfb gfphrtlet ge tab phddbe-oglirlfs. Ahwbvbr, rbjhestrujtghesh` tab Cleulry leo Cudy tbfpbrlturbs sahw talt tbfpbrlturbs gejrblsbo vbry stbbpdy ge tab rst phd-dbe palsb wgta fble Cleulry tbfpbrlturbs ldrbloy lt = obirbbs `hr Kgspgeibe leo Dl Irleob ]gdb.Gt gs tahuiat talt tab agiabst Cudy tbfpbrlturbs h` tab getbridljgld wbrb rbljabo ge tab blrdy stlibsh` tab Bbfgle. _ags gs sahwe ky tab blrdy lppblrlejb h` fley tabrfhpagdhus tlxl ( b.i. Kgenl leoEgtyjahrun ;==:, <0?). Ge phddbe palsb tarbb fble Cleulry tbfpbrlturbs wbrb agiabr tale tholy wgta le lvbrlib h` +; ½J lt Irðkbre leo Cudy tbfpbrlturbs h` <9-<1 ½J (sbb rgiat aleo jhdufesge iurb 0.1 (Nôad leo Dgtt ;==:, ;<=)). Gt sbbfs tabrb`hrb talt jdgfltgj jgrjufstlejbs gfprhvboorlstgjlddy ̀ rhf tab blrdgbst palsbs h` tab Bbfgle hewlros. _bfpbrlturbs rhsb stbbpdy ldrbloy ge tabrst palsb h` tab Bbfgle leo tab agiabst tbfpbrlturbs wbrb rbljabo ge tab \ubrjus palsb h` tabBbfgle. _ab lksbejb h` l jdgflx `luel ge tab fhddusj rbflges jle tabrb`hrb kb bxpdlgebo ls tabrbsudt h` l dli b``bjt oub th dhw ogspbrsld spbbos.

Ygta rbilro th tab hjjupltghe h` Bbfgle bevgrhefbet, gt gs gfphrtlet th nehw ahw jdhsbo tabbevgrhefbet wls, sgejb gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt Ebleobrtalds jhudo eht obld wgta l obesbdy ̀ hrbst-bo bevgrhefbet. Le gfphrtlet geogjlthr `hr tab hpbeebss h` tab bevgrhefbet gs tab rltgh kbtwbbelrkhrbld leo ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe. _rlogtghelddy, vldubs h` ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe h` <=% leo dhwbr lrbgetbrprbtbo ls bvgobejb `hr jdhsbo `hrbst. He tab htabr aleo, tab rbdltghesagp kbtwbbe tab lfhueth` ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe leo bevgrhefbetld hpbeebss gs eht vbry strlgiat`hrwlro leo whudo goblddy kb

suppdbfbetbo ky loogtgheld bevgrhefbetld oltl ( b.i. Zvbeegei ;==;, <:2). Ge tab Irðkbre oglirlf,ourgei tab rst phddbe palsb h` tab Bbfgle, ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe rbprbsbet hvbr ;=% h` tab phddbespbjtruf. _ags objrblsbs ourgei palsb < rbljabs lkhut <=% ourgei palsb ;, hedy th orhp th vbrydhw dbvbds ourgei tab dlst plrt h` palsb ;. @rhf phddbe palsb tarbb up uetgd tab beo h` phddbe palsb9, ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe vldubs lrb dhwbr tale <=% (Dgtt <77=). _ags suiibsts talt tab bevgrhefbet hÌrðkbre wls jhvbrbo wgta ̀ hrbst ̀ rhf lt dblst palsb ; h` tab Bbfgle. _ab ̀ hrbst kbjlfb bvbr fhrbjdhsbo ourgei tags pbrgho leo wls obegtbdy jdhsbo `rhf palsb : hewlro.

Ge rbjbet yblrs, tabrb als kbbe ogsjussghe lkhut ahw jdhsbo Burhpble getbridljgld `hrbsts wbrbkb`hrb aufles stlrtbo th alvb le gfpljt. Klsbo he tab prhphrtghes h` lrkhrbld leo ehe-lrkhrbldphddbe ge phddbe jhrbs taby wbrb tahuiat th alvb kbbe jdhsbo. Ahwbvbr, klsbo he shfb h` tab abr-kgvhrbs talt wbrb prbsbet ourgei tabsb pbrghos, gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt tab bevgrhefbet jhetlgebofhrb hpbe spljbs tale geogjltbo ky tab phddbe bvgobejb. _absb hpbe spljbs wbrb jrbltbo leo flge-tlgebo ky dlrib abrkgvhrbs. _ags whudo alvb rbsudtbo ge l whhodleo plsturb typb h` vbibtltghe ( b.i.

Kgrns ;==2, <2?). _ags ogsjussghe als kbbe rbshdvbo ky dhhngei lt tab Ahdhjbeb sgtultghe. Ge tags pbrgho, hln

leo alzbd wbrb gfphrtlet jhestgtubets h` tab Burhpble hrl. _aby ebbo jlehpy hpbegeis ge hr -obr th rbprhoujb. _ab qubstghe gs wabtabr trbb`ldds whudo prhvgob behuia hpbegeis ge hrobr `hrtabsb spbjgbs th rbibebrltb. Ge tab Ahdhjbeb, tags wls tab jlsb kbjlusb ge Grbdleo leo ge Sbldleo geObeflrn, dlrib abrkgvhrbs wbrb lksbet, wagdb prhphrtghes h` hln leo alzbd ge phddbe jhrbs wbrbsgfgdlr th tahsb ge tab rbst h` Burhpb (Kgrns ;==2, Zvbeegei ;==;). _abrb`hrb, ̀ hr tab Ahdhjbeb, tabogsjussghe sbbfs th kb sbttdbo ge `lvhur h` l fhrb jdhsbo bevgrhefbet. _ab `ljt talt alzbd leo hlnrbflge prbsbet ge rblshelkdy dlrib pbrjbetlibs ge tab phddbe spbjtrl suiibsts talt trbb`ldds leo rbfly alvb prhvgobo behuia hpbegeis ge tab jlehpy `hr tabf th rbprhoujb. @urtabrfhrb, tabrb lrbshfb egjabs, dgnb stbbp sdhpbs `hr alzbd leo phhr ljgogj shgds `hr hln wabrb taby oh kbttbr tale tabjhfpbtgtghe, sh taby fly alvb flgetlgebo l prbsbejb ge tabsb egjabs talt gs rbbjtbo ge tab phddbe

jhrbs (Zvbeegei ;==;, <:7). @gelddy, kblvbr gs l spbjgbs h` legfld talt wls prbsbet ge tab Ahdhjbebleo talt prhoujbs hpbe pltjabs ge tab dleosjlpb ldhei strblfs. _ags spbjgbs `bbos he trbbs leo als



<<9

0 _ LRKLJA

kbbe nehwe th `bdd trbbs wgta oglfbtbrs h` up th < fbtrb (Jhddbe leo Igkshe ;===, ??:). _ags spb-jgbs fly tabrb`hrb alvb jrbltbo hpbe spljbs ge Grbdleo leo Obeflrn.

Ge tab Bbfgle, wb alvb l og``brbet sgtultghe kbjlusb fhrb dlrib abrkgvhrbs lrb prbsbet. Lt _luklja, wb lrb obldgei wgta bdbpalets, twh spbjgbs h` ragehjbrhs, iglet obbr leo ahrsbs ge loogtgheth tab trlogtgheld Burhpble abrkgvhrbs dgnb lurhjas, kgshe leo obbr. L rbvgbw h` phddbe rbsblrja h`

getbridljgld sgtbs ge ehrtawbstbre Burhpb sahws talt fhst dlnbs talt slfpdbo le updleo bevgrhe-fbet sahw bvgobejb h` l jdhsbo bevgrhefbet. Ahwbvbr, shfb lrbls, dgnb rgvbr vlddbys sahw agiabrlfhuets h` ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe, up th ?=%. _ab slfb sbbfs th kb trub `hr sgtbs wgta phhr shgdssuja ls jldjlrbhus updleos leo sleoy lrbls (Zvbeegei ;==;). Fhrbhvbr, tab jhfphsgtghe h` Bbfgle`hrbsts wls sdgiatdy og``brbet `rhf tab Ahdhjbeb hebs. Fhst gfphrtlet gs tab `ljt talt tab rhdb h`tab Burhpble kbbja (@lius sydvltgjl) wls sflddbr ge tab Bbfgle tale ge tab Ahdhjbeb. Kbbja gs lpdlet talt gs plrtgjudlrdy salob-dhvgei3 gt irhws ge olrn `hrbsts leo yhuei spbjgfbes oh eht irhw wbdd ge dgiat jheogtghes. Ahwbvbr, ge tab Bbfgle tab flge salob-prhoujgei trbbs sbbf th alvb kbbeahrekblf leo r. _absb spbjgbs ebbo dgiatbr jheogtghes ourgei tabgr palsb ls yhuei trbbs (Ybezbd;==;, ?1). _abrb`hrb, wb jle lssufb talt tab Bbfgle ̀ hrbsts wbrb jdhsbo, kut talt hpbe spljbs wbrbprbsbet leo th l dlribr obirbb tale ge tab Ahdhjbeb.

_ab prbsbejb h` jbrtlge spbjgbs h` legfld ge tab lssbfkdlib lddhws us th orlw shfb jhejdusgheslkhut tab spbjgj bevgrhefbet lt _luklja. @grst, tabrb gs tab l`hrbfbetghebo Burhpble pheo turtdb>tags spbjgbs‗prbsbejb lt tab sgtb phgets th tab suffbr tbfpbrlturbs kbgei qugtb agia (<1½ J ge Cudy)leo wgetbrs kbgei fgdo, leo lt dblst th wgetbrs wgtahut prhdheibo pbrghos h` sbvbrb `rhst ( b.i. PleNhd`sjahtbe ;===). @urtabrfhrb, tab prbsbejb h` wgdo khlr fly kb sgiegjlet. _ags spbjgbs rleibdgfgt gs ehw he tab ehrtabre Burhpble pdlge, wagja phgets th gt kbgei lt dblst ge plrt jdgfltgjlddyrbstrgjtbo (Ple Nhd`sjahtbe <772, 91). _ab `ljt tags spbjgbs gs prbsbet lt _luklja suiibsts talt gtjleeht alvb kbbe fuja jhdobr lt tab tgfb h` tab obphsgtghe h` tab lssbfkdlib tale gt gs ehwlolys.

Zhfb spbjgbs prbsbet rbqugrb l `hrbstbo bevgrhefbet. G ldrbloy ogsjussbo Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs ls l`hrbst geogjlthr. Ztrlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet gs ldsh usulddy ̀ hueo wgta ̀ hrbst geogjlthrs (Krltdueo <777,91). H` tab bxtlet `luel, rhb obbr, wgdo khlr, kblvbr, krhwe kblr, dyex leo kloibr lrb `hrbst geogjl-thrs (Krltdueo <777, Zvbeegei ;==;). He tab htabr aleo, shfb spbjgbs prbsbet prb`br hpbe bevgrhe-fbets. Gfphrtlet lfhei tabsb lrb elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leo ahrsb. Dghe leo aybel ldsh lvhgoobesb ̀ hrbsts ehwlolys, ldtahuia taby oh dgvb ge whhodleos (Krltdueo <777, Zvbeegei ;==;). Ge tags

rbspbjt gt gs gfphrtlet th ehtb talt tab trlogtgheld `hrbst geogjlthrs lrb fuja kbttbr rbprbsbetbo lt tabsgtb tale geogjlthrs h` hpbe bevgrhefbets. L qugjn gevbethry h` tab bevgrhefbet suiibsts fhslgj vbibtltghe eblr tab sgtb, wgta l ohfgelejb h` whhodleo bevgrhefbet, kut ldsh hpbe spljbs.

L spbjgbs talt whudo alvb alo behrfhus geubejb he tab bevgrhefbet whudo alvb kbbe tabstrlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet. Bdbpalets lrb ehwlolys jhesgobrbo nbystheb spbjgbs talt ljtgvbdy fhog`ytabgr bevgrhefbets leo ky tabsb fhogjltghes ldsh geubejb tab ljtghes h` htabr spbjgbs ge tab bevgrhefbet ( b.i. Alyebs ;==0). @grstdy, bdbpalets `bbo ge kudn3 he lvbrlib L`rgjle bdbpalets jhesufb3 he lvbrlib L`rgjle bdbpalets jhesufbhe lvbrlib L`rgjle bdbpalets jhesufblkhut <2= th ;2= ni. bvbry oly. _ags whudo alvb l irblt gfpljt he tab vbibtltghe. @urtabrfhrb, bdb-palets ljtgvbdy geubejb tab dleosjlpb ky kugdogei fgebrld dgjns leo flgetlgegei wltbrahdbs (Alyebs;==0, ;9). Lt _luklja tabsb ljtgvgtgbs fly alvb kbbe gfphrtlet `hr tab ogrbjt bevgrhefbet h` tabsgtb. Lehtabr spbjgbs talt whudo alvb le gfphrtlet geubejb he tab lrbl ogrbjtdy surrhueogei tabsgtb gs kblvbr. _ab prbsbejb h` kblvbr fly alvb rbsudtbo ge le lksbejb hr l objrblsb ge tab eufkbrh` trbbs ge tab gffbogltb vgjgegty. Ahwbvbr, tags spbjgbs ebbos whhoy vbibtltghe th ̀ bbo leo gt rlrbdy

`bbos ùrtabr tale <== fbtrbs lwly `rhf wltbr (Jhddbe leo Igkshe ;===, ??:). _abrb`hrb wb jlejhejduob talt, bvbe tahuia dbl` gfprbssghes lrb lksbet lt _luklja, ge tab wgobr bevgrhefbet ̀ hrbst wls tab ohfgelet typb h̀ vbibtltghe.

_ab gffbogltb bevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb als kbbe obsjrgkbo ls slvleela-dgnb kbjlusb h` tab lk-sbejb h` dbl` gfprbssghes (Ztbgebr <799, Ztbgebr leo Ygb`bd <799). Ahwbvbr, wb fly lssufb talt`hrbst wls tab ohfgelet vbibtltghe typb ge tab wgobr bevgrhefbet. @rhf Bbfgle phddbe palsb ;hewlros, tab bevgrhefbet lt eblrky sgtbs sbbfs th kb qugtb jdhsbo. Ebvbrtabdbss, tab Bbfgle ̀ hrbstsge ibebrld wbrb h` l sdgiatdy dbss obesb jalrljtbr tale ge tab Ahdhjbeb. Lt _luklja tags gfprbssghe gsrbge`hrjbo ky tab prbsbejb h` ahrsb, shfb elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs leo strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet.



<<1

L PGBY _H L NGDD

0.9 Lppdygei H@_ th _luklja

L`tbr prbsbetgei le hvbrvgbw h` tab bevgrhefbet leo tab kheb lssbfkdlib h` tab sgtb wb wgdd lel-dysb tab oltl usgei tab fbtahohdhiy h` ogbt krblota obsjrgkbo ge jalptbr ?. Lt tags sgtb tab getbrbst-gei prhkdbf gs th sbb ahw Ebleobrtalds obldt wgta `hrbstbo bevgrhefbets wabrb kghflss gs fhstdydhjnbo up ge trbb truens leo dblvbs ( b.i. Kge`hro ;==<, <=0). Ljtuld flffld kghflss gs vbry dhw, dbss

tale =.2 theeb pbr ngdhfbtrb ge Burhpble tbfpbrltb `hrbsts. Fhrb hpbe bevgrhefbets fly h``brfuja fhrb abrkgvhrb kghflss `hr aufle auetbr/iltabrbrs th bxpdhgt (Obdpbja <777, ;;). Kghflssfly alvb kbbe sdgiatdy agiabr ge tab Bbfgle tale ge tab Ahdhjbeb, kbjlusb tab `hrbsts alo l fhrbhpbe jalrljtbr, kut tab prhphrtghes h` lrkhrbld leo ehe-lrkhrbld phddbe lt eblrky sgtbs dblvb ehohukt talt tab ohfgelet vbibtltghe typb wls `hrbst.

Le gfphrtlet `ljthr wb ebbo th jhesgobr wabe leldysgei tab ogbt krblota lt tab sgtb gs tab sgtb‗sùejtghe. Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbrs : & ?, trlesphrt objgsghes fly alvb le gfphrtlet geubejb he wagja khebs beo up lt wagja sgtbs. Obkltbs ls th wabtabr tab legflds wbrb ngddbo he sgtb hr wbrbtrlesphrtbo th tab sgtb `rhf shfb ogstlejb alvb tlnbe pdljb ge tab plst. _ab prhjbssgei h` ldd snbd-btld plrts gs strheidy suiibstgvb h` l ngdd sgtb. @urtabrfhrb, tab prbsbejb h` ablrtas lt ngdd sgtbs gseht uejhffhe ge tab btaehirlpagj rbjhro, sh tabgr prbsbejb ebbo eht kb le geogjltghe h` tab sgtbùejtghegei ls l jbetrld pdljb (Krltdueo <777, <:2).

Ls lriubo, kbjlusb h` tab vbry dlrib lfhuets h` fltbrgld rbjhvbrbo, tab sgtb prhklkdy rbprbsbetsl pldgfpsbst `hrfbo hvbr l dhei tgfb. Lehtabr geogjltghe `hr tags gs tab `ljt talt kblrs leo ragehj-brhs dgvb shdgtlrgdy ehwlolys. Fley og``brbet bpgshobs h` bxpdhgtltghe fust tabrb`hrb kb rbprbsbetbo. Ljjhrogei th (Krltdueo <777, <:2), sustlgelkdb bxpdhgtltghe h` khta kblrs leo ragehjbrhs whudolddhw lt fhst ? hr 2 ngdds pbr yblr. Ge vgbw h` tab lfhuet h` fltbrgld h` tabsb spbjgbs rbjhvbrbo lttab sgtb, wb jle jhejduob talt tab lssbfkdlib rbbjts l dhei agsthry h` hjjupltghes. _ags gs bspb -jglddy trub sgejb tab jhddbjtghe Krltdueo stuogbo rbprbsbets hedy l ̀ rljtghe h` tab hrgigeld lssbfkdlib. _abrb`hrb wb jle lssufb talt tab sgtb bxagkgts l tgfb-lvbrlibo rlengei h` legflds leo sahrt-tbrfujtultghes ge rlengei wgdd alvb kbbe lvbrlibo hut.

Klsbo he legfld wbgiats, wb whudo bxpbjt tab ablvgbst spbjgbs th kb tab fhst agia-rlenbo hebleo tab dbss tab spbjgbs wbgia, tab dhwbr taby whudo kb rlenbo. _lkdb 0.; igvbs le hvbrvgbw h` rb-jhestrujtbo khoy wbgiats h` tab legflds `hueo lt _luklja. G` tab rlengei usbo ky Ebleobrtalds wbrb klsbo he khoy wbgiat ldheb, wb whudo bxpbjt Ebleobrtalds th bxpdhgt l eufkbr h` tab ablvgbr

spbjgbs. Zgejb khoy wbgiat gs gevbrsbdy rbdltbo th phpudltghe obesgty ( b.i. Zgdvl, Krhwe, leo Ohwegei<779), tab ablvgbst spbjgbs lrb bxpbjtbo th kb qugtb rlrb. _abrb`hrb, l eufkbr h` spbjgbs whudo ebboth kb bxpdhgtbo ge hrobr th dhwbr bejhuetbr rltbs su`jgbetdy th besurb l stbloy suppdy h` `hho.

Ygta rbilro th tab jurrbejy usbo ky tab ahfgeges rbsphesgkdb `hr tab _luklja lssbfkdlib, l`bw tageis jle kb ehtbo gffbogltbdy. Gt gs jdblr talt tags rlengei ohbs eht bxpdlge ldd tab bxpdhgtltgheplttbres sbbe ge tab _luklja lssbfkdlib. Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbr ?, tags rlengei klsbo he legfld wbgiat ldheb gs l sgfpdgjltghe. Ztgdd, wbgiat ohbs sbbf th kb le gfphrtlet jrgtbrghe lfhei auetbr/iltabrbrs wabe sbdbjtgei prby. @rhf tags rlengei gt gs jdblr talt lt _luklja tab bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs,bxjbpt ̀ hr kblvbr, wbrb lfhei tab ablvgbst ge tab bevgrhefbet.

He tab htabr aleo, tab ablvgbst spbjgbs, strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet, fly eht alvb kbbe bxpdhgt-bo. _ab kheb slfpdb h` tab spbjgbs ohbs eht sahw geogjltghes h` ahfgege gevhdvbfbet, klr hebjalrrbo pgbjb (Krltdueo <777, 19). Ahwbvbr, tab spbjgbs wls lpplrbetdy jhesgobrbo le gfphrtletjhestgtubet h` tab sgtb ge blrdy pukdgjltghes leo gts prbsbejb ge tab jhddbjtghes wls getbrprbtbo ls tabrbsudt h` ahfgege auetgei ( b.i. Kbaf-Kdlejnb <70=). Ls stltbo lkhvb, gt als kbbe lriubo talt tabslfpdb gs ohfgeltbo ky yhuei geogvgoulds, dgnb tab slfpdb h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs (Krltdueo <777,7;). Ahwbvbr ls sahwe ky @gi 0.2, tags plttbre gs fuja dbss prhehuejbo tale ge tab Fbrjn‗s ragehj-brhs slfpdb. Ldtahuia wb oh eht sbb l —jdlssgj‖ lttrgtgheld fhrtldgty prhdb ge tags spbjgbs, gt gs klsbohe l sfldd slfpdb. Fhrbhvbr, sgejb trljbs h` bxpdhgtltghe lrb lksbet, G oh eht tagen tags prhvgobs ljhevgejgei lriufbet `hr tab auetgei h` strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet.

Ebvbrtabdbss, tlngei jldhrgj vldub ls jurrbejy taby whudo kb bxpbjtbo th kb tab agiabst rlenbospbjgbs leo th alvb kbbe bxpdhgtbo he bejhuetbr ge trlogtgheld H@_ fhobds. Fhrbhvbr, tab spbjgbsgs rbprbsbetbo ky qugtb l dlrib lfhuet h` fltbrgld, wagdb ls tab ablvgbst spbjgbs gt whudo kb bxpbjtboth kb prbsbet ge tab dhwbst phpudltghe obesgtgbs. _ags jle kb plrtdy bxpdlgebo ky tlpahehfgj ̀ ljthrs. _abgr khebs lrb tab dlribst leo jhddbjtghe wls tabrb`hrb prhklkdy kglsbo ge l̀vhur h` tabgr rbjhvbry.@urtabrfhrb ls le bxhtgj spbjgbs taby fly alvb rbjbgvbo bvbe fhrb lttbetghe tale whudo kb bx-

pbjtbo shdbdy he tab klsgs h` tabgr sgzb.



<<7

0 _ LRKLJA

Htabr ablvy spbjgbs wahsb khebs oh eht sahwtrljbs h` bxpdhgtltghe lrb iglet obbr leo jlvb kblr( Rrsus spbdlbus ). He tab htabr aleo, tabsb spbjgbs lrbrlrb ge tab lssbfkdlib, sh wb jleeht kb surb talt taby whudo eht alvb kbbe bxpdhgtbo wabe bejhuetbrbo.

Heb h` tab bxpdleltghes `hr tab lksbejb h` tabsb ge-ogjltghes he tabgr khebs jhudo kb talt taby wbrb vbryrlrb ge tab bevgrhefbet leo wbrb tabrb`hrb ldfhstebvbr bejhuetbrbo. _abrb`hrb, tabgr khebs ogo ehtbeo up lt tab sgtb ge irbltbr eufkbrs. Gt sbbfs taltiglet obbr wls l fgxbo `bbobr, krhwsgei ls wbdd lsirlzgei, kut gt gs usulddy `hueo ge jhfkgeltghe wgtageogjlthrs h` le hpbe bevgrhefbet (Krltdueo <777,9?). @urtabrfhrb, tabgr kgi letdbrs whudo lt dblstalvb prbvbetbo fldb iglet obbr ̀ rhf fhvgei tarhuiaobesb whhodleo (Ztulrt bt ld. ;==?, 01?). Jlvb kblrlppblrs th kb l spbjgbs talt jle jhpb wgta l jdhsbobevgrhefbet, sh tabrb gs eh rblshe th lssufb talt gt wls rlrb ge tab lrbl (Khjabrbes leo Orujnbr ;==:, 2). _abrb`hrb, gts lksbejb `rhf tab ogbt fly alvb htabrjlusbs.;2;0;9;1;7

Lohptgei wbgiat ls jurrbejy, tab bxpdhgtltghe h`Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs gs th kb bxpbjtbo. Gt gs tab sbjheoablvgbst spbjgbs ge tab bevgrhefbet, wbgiagei ge lt;=== ngdhs,. Khta auetgei usgei trlps leo jhe`rhetl-tgheld auetgei alvb kbbe ohjufbetbo btaehirlpag-

jlddy `hr ragehjbrhs (Krltdueo <777, <:1-<?<). Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs wls sdgiatdy dlribr leo ablvgbrtale tab fhobre L`rgjle wagtb ragehjbrhs. Hdobr jldvbs, wagja `hrf tab flchrgty h` tab FEG lt _luklja, wbrb prhklkdy geobpbeobet h` tabgr fhtabrs, g` tabgr dg`b-agsthrgbs rbsbfkdb tahsb h` bx-tlet spbjgbs h` ragehjbrhs. _aby whudo kb lkhut twh-tagros h` tab sgzb h` tab loudts (Krltdueo <777,

<?;-<??). Zgejb trlps oh eht prb`brbetglddy sbdbjt ̀ hr lib jdlssbs (Krltdueo <777, <?:), lt dblst tab rag-ehjbrhsbs wgdd alvb kbbe jlpturbo ky jhe`rhetltgheld auetgei. _ab kbalvghur h` ragehjbrhsbs alskbbe sukcbjt h` fuja ogsjussghe. _aby lrb h`tbe slgo th kb oleibrhus, kut wgta l vgbw th fhobre L`rgjle ragehjbrhs tags sbbfs bxliibrltbo (Krltdueo <777, Obsplrt-Bstbs <77<).

Kgshe gs ldsh lfhei tab ablvgbst spbjgbs ge tab bevgrhefbet. Fhrbhvbr, tab ̀ hjus h` bxpdhgtltghe wls he loudt fldbs (Krltdueo <777, <?7), wagja lrb jhesgobrlkdy ablvgbr tale tab `bfldbs. _ags spb-jgbs gs taus lfhei tab agiabst rlenbo lvlgdlkdb prby spbjgbs. Fhrbhvbr, loudt fldbs lrb tab geogvgou-lds fhst dgnbdy th kb bejhuetbrbo ldheb> tabrb`hrb auetgei tabf fly eht kb ls oleibrhus ls auetgeil abro h` `bfldbs (Krltdueo <777, <2=).

_ab bxpdhgtltghe h` krhwe kblr, rlenbo ls tab 0ta ablvgbst spbjgbs, wls getbesgvb. Gt gs rbprbsbet-bo ky l dlrib eufkbr h` geogvgoulds leo ldfhst :== krhwe kblr khebs bxagkgt jut-flrns. Auetgeikrhwe kblr gs ehwlolys jhesgobrbo th kb vbry oleibrhus. Btaehirlpagjlddy gt gs nehwe talt ls shhels iues kbjlfb lvlgdlkdb, trlogtgheld fbtahos h` kblr auetgei wbrb usulddy rlpgody lkleohebo ge

`lvhur h` auetgei wgta leo iues. Fley h` tab trlogtgheld fbtahos wbrb `hjusbo he twh spbjgjtageis3 nbbpgei tab kblr `rhf bbgei leo prbvbetgei tab kblr `rhf `hjusgei he spbjgj tlribts.

;2 Bstgfltb tlnbe `rhf Fljoheldo (;==0). _ab wbgiat prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) gs qugtb dhw (2;: ni.)

Fljoheldo (;==0) prhvgobs tab ̀ hddhwgei wbgiats3 ̀ hr Lfbrgjle kgshe (Kgshe kgshe) ̀ bfldbs3 2?2 ni., fldbs 1<1 ni.

@hr Burhpble kgshe (Kgshe khelsus) fldbs3 1== ni. Zgejb fldbs wbrb tab `hjus h` auetgei lt _luklja tags bstgfltb

gs usbo.

;0 Bstgfltb tlnbe `rhf Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2). _ab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) (9== ni.) gs

agiabr tale ldd htabr bstgfltbs G bejhuetbrbo, tab bstgfltb ̀ rhf Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) sbbfs fhrb rblshelkdb,

ldtahuia ]usangel leo [lgl. (;==1) prhvgob l dhwbr heb (:19 ni.).

;9 stgfltb tlnbe ̀ rhf ]usangel leo [lgl. (;==1), sgejb Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) prhvgob l vbry agia bstgfltb (2==

ni.).

;1 stgfltb tlnbe `rhf ]usangel leo [lgl.(;==1), sgejb Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) prhvgob l vbry agia bstgfltb (7=

ni.).

;7 stgfltb tlnbe `rhf ]usangel leo [lgl. (;==1), sgejb Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) prhvgob l vbry agia bstgfltb (:=

ni.).

[len Zpbjgbs Ybgiat EGZ]

< ]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus 2?72 <1;

; Ztbpalehrageus ngrjakbribesgs ;=== <;;?

: Kgshe prgsjus 019;2 2::

? Rrsus spbdlbus 2== 9

2 Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus ?2=;0 0

0 Rrsus lrjths ?== <2:9

9 Bquus jlklddus ::2 <0<

1 Jbrvus bdlpaus ;==;9 ;=9

7 ]letabrl spbdlbl <72 2

<= Jrhjutl jrjhjutl 07 <

<< Zus sjrh`l 17 70

<; ]letabrl plrous 0=;1 dhst

<: Jlegs dupus ?2 9

<? Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus ;:;7 21

<2 Dyex dyex ;= dhst

<0 Jlsthr ̀ gkbr <1 :<7

<9 Fbdbs fbdbs <= dhst

<1 Dutrl dutrl 9 dhst

_lkdb 0.;3 [bjhestrujtbo rlengei h` tab spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo

lt _luklja, ljjhrogei th legfld khoy wbgiat.



<;=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Zpblrs wbrb tabe usbo th ngdd gt (Krltdueo <777, <?9). Ge loogtghe th tab oleibr h` jltjagei gt, blt-gei kblr fblt fly ldsh alvb kbbe oleibrhus. Zgejb kblrs sjlvbeib l dht h` fblt, fley h` tabf lrbge`bjtbo wgta tab phrnwhrf, l plrlsgtb talt jle jlusb prhdheibo gddebss leo bvbe oblta ge aufles(Krltdueo <777, <?9). Krltdueo ayphtabsgzbs talt kblrs fly alvb kbbe auetbo wabe taby lppblrbolt l ngdd sgtb th sjlvbeib tab rbflges h` prbvghus ahfgege ngdds (Krltdueo <777, <2=).

Krhwe kblrs alvb l yblrdy ljtgvgty jyjdb talt jle phget th tab dgnbdy sblshe h` tabgr bxpdhgtltghe.Ge wgetbr, krhwe kblrs agkbreltb, ge dltb wgetbr leo blrdy sprgei taby alvb bxalustbo tabgr wgetbr`lt sthrbs leo lrb vbry dble. _abrb`hrb, ̀ rhf le H@_ pbrspbjtgvb tabgr rlengei ge tags sblshe wgdd kbqugtb dhw leo bxpdhgtltghe uedgnbdy. Ge lutufe ahwbvbr, taby wgdd kb kugdogei up ̀ lt rbsbrvbs ge hrobrth survgvb tab wgetbr. Lt tags tgfb, tabgr jldhrgj vldub wgdd kb lt gts agiabst. He tab htabr aleo, tabrlengei usbo ky l prbolthr gs klsbo he fhrb tale jldhrgj ygbdo. Ngddgei tabsb legflds ourgei agkbrel-tghe whudo ldsh kb le getbrbstgei hptghe, sgejb tags whudo jhesgobrlkdy dhwbr tab rgsn leo phssgkdytab sblrja tgfb lsshjgltbo wgta tab auet. _ab prhkdbf wgta tags phssgkgdgty gs tab `ljt talt G obbfgt uedgnbdy talt tab kblrs agkbreltbo ge tab trlvbrtgeb bdo gtsbd`. _abrb`hrb, tabgr khebs whudo alvbkbbe trlesphrtbo th tab sgtb `rhf tab obeegei sgtbs. Gt whudo sbbf fhrb dhigjld th prhjbss tab leg-flds he tab spht gestblo h` trlesphrtgei tabf. Ge talt jlsb heb whudo bxpbjt th sbb l jdblrbr `hjushe fblt-kblrgei plrts lt tab sgtb leo ̀ bwbr aleo leo `hht khebs. Zgejb tags ogo eht alppbe, wb flylssufb talt tab kblrs wbrb auetbo ge tab vgjgegty h` tab sgtb.

Ge lutufe, g` kblrs lrb lflssgei `lt rbsbrvbs taby lrb fhrb dgnbdy th try leo sjlvbeib ahf-gege ngdds ls ayphtabsgsbo ky Krltdueo. Fhrbhvbr, gt gs dgnbdy talt taby whudo ldsh kb liirbssgvb leo wbrb fhrb dgnbdy th lttljn ahfgeges tabfsbdvbs ourgei tags pbrgho (b.i. T\ulffbe, ;==2, :=2-:=0> attp3//www.fldl.kj.jl/www/ogsjhvbr/rfht/prhcbjt.atf). _abrb`hrb, bejhuetbr rltb wgtatags spbjgbs wgdd kb bdbvltbo. Ge jhfkgeltghe wgta tabgr liirbssgvb kbalvghur tags fly alvb dbo thEbleobrtalds prb`brbetglddy ngddgei tabf ge tags sblshe.

_ab bxpdhgtltghe h` rbo obbr gs prhkdbfltgj. Gt gs prbsbet ge rblshelkdy dlrib eufkbrs ge tablssbfkdlib leo twh h` tab rbflges kblr jut-flrns. _ags geogjltbs talt tabrb wls lt dblst shfb ge-tbr`brbejb h` ahfgeges wgta khebs h` tags spbjgbs. He tab htabr aleo, tab spbjgbs wls eht ablvgdybxpdhgtbo. _ags gs qugtb strleib, sgejb gt gs l dlrib abrkgvhrb talt als kbbe bxpdhgtbo lt fley sgtbs our-gei tab ]ldlbhdgtagj ( b.i. Ztbbdb ;==?). He tab htabr aleo, gt gs l dht dgiatbr tale tab htabr bxpdhgtbospbjgbs, tabrb`hrb ge ehrfld sgtultghes gt wls prhklkdy eht ge tab sbt h` bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs.

_ab eufkbr h` rbo obbr khebs `hueo lt tab sgtb gs eht hedy dhwbr tale talt h` tab htabr bxpdhgtbospbjgbs, kut gt gs ldsh sbvbrbdy kglsbo. <=0 h` tab pgbjbs lrb letdbrs, h` wagja << wbrb uesabo leo29 wbrb sabo. Lehtabr 09 pgbjbs wbrb gshdltbo tbbta, wagja oh eht usulddy kblr sgies h` bxpdhgtl-tghe. _ags flnbs tab sgiegjlejb h` rbo obbr bxpdhgtltghe bvbe alrobr th lssbss, sgejb tab khebs taltfgiat rbvbld bxpdhgtltghe lrb ueobrrbprbsbetbo. _ab sflddbr spbjgbs ygbdo sgfgdlr lssbfkdlibs leotabgr khebs oh eht sahw uejhetrhvbrsgld sgies h` bxpdhgtltghe (Krltdueo <777, 7<-7;).

Ge tab jlsb h` rbo obbr wb fust lssufb talt tab spbjgbs wls eht vbry gfphrtlet th ahfgeges. _ab`ljt talt l sflddbr spbjgbs dgnb kblvbr gs kbttbr rbprbsbetbo ge tab lssbfkdlib sahws talt wb jleehtlttrgkutb tab plujgty h` rbo obbr khebs wahddy th l jhddbjtghe kgls. _ab sabo letdbrs leo fley h` tabkheb `rlifbets fly wbdd kb plrt h` tab elturld kljnirhueo `luel, sgejb `hr bxlfpdb fldb jbrvgoslpplrbetdy spbeo tab wgetbrs ge dhw dygei lrbls rgja ge wltbr shurjbs wabrb wgetbr ngdds lrb h`tbesgiegjlet. Kbjlusb fley h` tabsb legflds ogb eblr shurjbs h` wltbr trlfpdgei h` tabgr rbflges wlsprhklkdy jhffhepdljb. _ags fly kb le loogtgheld ̀ ljthr way tabrb gs l ohfgelejb h` jrlegld khebs,

tbbta leo letdbr `rlifbets lfhei tab jbrvgos (Klrehsny <712, :?=, :?:). _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` kblvbr, wagja gs heb h` tab sflddbst flfflds prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib, gs

strgngei. Jldhrgj vldub ldheb jleeht bxpdlge tab prbsbejb h` dlrib lfhuet h` kblvbr fltbrgld ge tablssbfkdlib. _ags getugtgvbdy sbbfs th kb l jdblr bxlfpdb h` l spbjgbs kbgei bxpdhgtbo `hr ehe`hhoygbdos, g.b. gts ùr. He tab htabr aleo, kblvbr fblt gs lpplrbetdy h` irblt eutrgtgheld vldub, oub thagia jhejbetrltghes h` prhtbges, fgebrlds leo phdy-ueslturltbo `ltty ljgos (Clenhwsnl bt ld. ;==2).@urtabrfhrb, ge lutufe, gts eutrgtgheld vldub leo taus gts rlengei gejrblsbs kbjlusb dlrib lfhuetsh` `lt lrb sthrbo ge tab tlgds (Fljoheldo ;==0, <??). Hedy tbe jut-flrns wbrb ̀ hueo he kblvbr khebs.Fhst h` tabsb sbbf th phget th ogslrtgjudltghe leo ddbtgei. Ahwbvbr, tarbb jut-flrns he fleogkdbssbbf th kb tab rbsudt h` sngeegei h` tab legfld (Krltdueo <777, <:;).

Ge hrobr th ilge gesgiat ge tab ogbt krblota talt wls prljtgsbo lt _luklja, wb ldsh ebbo th jldju-dltb ge tab bejhuetbr rltb leo aleodgei jhst h` tab lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs. Ls wgta Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, tab

bejhuetbr rltb h` tab spbjgbs wgdd kb fhobddbo ky rbjhestrujtgei tabgr phpudltghe obesgtgbs usgei tabjhrrbdltghe kbtwbbe khoy sgzb leo phpudltghe obesgty prhvgobo ky Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei



<;<

0 _ LRKLJA

(;==<). Aleodgei jhst wgdd lilge kb fhobddbo ky dhhngei lt wabtabr spbjgbs wbrb jlregvhrbs hr eht,khoy sgzb h` spbjgbs leo wabtabr spbjgbs dgvbo ge irhups hr shdgtlrgdy.

]hpudltghe obesgty obtbrfgebs walt tab bejhuetbr rltb h` l spbjgbs wls, kut tab bejhuetbr rltbh` l spbjgbs jleeht kb usbo th prbogjt gts bxpdhgtltghe. _ab ogbt krblota fhobd stltbs talt tab fhstagiady rlenbo spbjgbs wgdd ldwlys kb bxpdhgtbo. Yabe tabgr bejhuetbr rltb gs dhw, spbjgbs wgdd kb

loobo th tab hptgfld sbt, kut agiady rlenbo spbjgbs wgdd eht kb orhppbo `rhf tab sbt (FljLrtaurleo ]glenl <700). Bstgfltgei phpudltghe obesgtgbs `hr l ]dbgsthjbeb legfld lssbfkdlib wgta bxtgejtspbjgbs gs spbjudltgvb. Gt lppblrs talt ljrhss flfflds tabrb gs l sgiegjlet jhrrbdltghe kbtwbbe khoy wbgiat leo phpudltghe obesgty ( b.i. Bgsbekbri <77=, Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei ;==<, Zgdvl,Krhwe, leo Ohwegei <779). _ags ohbs eht bxpdlge ldd vlrglkgdgty ge phpudltghe obesgtgbs, kut ohbssbbf th kb tab flchr vlrglkdb obtbrfgegei flffld phpudltghe obesgtgbs (Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leoOhwegei ;==<, ?92-?99). L sbjheo gfphrtlet vlrglkdb gs tab ogbtlry spbjgldgsltghe h` le legfld spb-jgbs (Bgsbekbri <77=, Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei ;==<). G alvb rbjhestrujtbo tab phpudltgheobesgtgbs `hr tab spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo ge tab _luklja lssbfkdlib (tlkdb 0.:) usgei tab bqultghes prhvgobo ky Zgdvl, Krgfljhfkb, leo Ohwegei (;==<, ?99):=. Gt fust kb rbldgsbo tahuia, talt tabsb lrbhedy rhuia bstgfltbs h` lvbrlib phpudltghe obesgtgbs. ]hpudltghe obesgtgbs jle vlry trbfbeohusdykbtwbbe phpudltghes h` l spbjgbs, `hr bxlfpdb kbjlusb h` jgrjufstlejbs ge tab dhjld alkgtlt. _abeufkbrs abrb rbbjt tab bxpbjtbo phpudltghe obesgty `hr l spbjgbs wgta l spbjgj khoy wbgiat leoogbt, ge tabgr typgjld alkgtlt. G` _luklja wls lt tab boib h` l spbjgbs‗ rleib, tags fly alvb alo gf-phrtlet jhesbqubejbs ̀ hr gts phpudltghe obesgty.

Ls jle kb sbbe ldd tab bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs, bxjbpt kblvbr, alvb qugtb dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs.Fhrbhvbr, tab bxtbet h` kblvbr alkgtlt ge tab bevgrhefbet wls dgfgtbo, jhesgstgei h` tab Gdf [gvbrleo tab wbtdleo lrbl wabrb tab trlvbrtgeb wls `hrfgei. _abrb`hrb tab kblvbr phpudltghe ge tab lrbltalt wls bxpdhgtbo ̀ rhf tags sgtb fly eht alvb kbbe vbry dlrib. @urtabrfhrb, ge tab jlsb h` kgshe leoragehjbrhs l spbjgj sbx leo lib jdlss h` tab phpudltghe wls tlribtbo, ùrtabr dgfgtgei tab eufkbrh` lvlgdlkdb prby legflds. G` wb lssufb talt Ebleobrtalds bxpdhgtbo le lrbl up th <= ngdhfbtrbslwly `rhf tab sgtb, ls fhobre oly auetbr/iltabrbrs oh ( b.i. Pgtl-@gezg leo Agiis <79=), tags lrbl whudo jhetlge l ragehjbrhs phpudltghe h` lkhut ?1 legflds ge tab :<? nf; h` tbrrgthry lvlgdlkdb thtabf. Ls lriubo blrdgbr, tab tbrrgthry wls prhklkdysflddbr oub th dhjhfhtghe jhsts kbgei :=% agiabr ge

Ebleobrtalds tale ge fhobre aufles. G̀ wb lssufble bxpdhgtltghe ogstlejb h` flxgflddy 9 ngdhfbtrbs`rhf tab sgtb tags whudo lfhuet th l tbrrgthry h` <2?nf;. Ge talt jlsb tab ragehjbrhs phpudltghe ge tabtbrrgthry whudo prhklkdy eufkbr lrhueo ;: hr ;?legflds. Kbjlusb h` tabgr sbdbjtgvgty ge lib jdlss, hedyl `bw legflds whudo kb lvlgdlkdb `hr bxpdhgtltghe.Kgshe, h` wagja hedy tab loudt fldbs wbrb bxpdhgtbo,prbsbets l sgfgdlr sgtultghe.

Ogbt krblota wls taus elrrhw leo tab spbjgbstalt wbrb bxpdhgtbo wbrb prbsbet ge dhw phpudltgheobesgtgbs. _ags dblos th tab supphsgtghe talt obspgtbdhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs leo ogspbrsbo rbshurjbs (j`.

Ilfkdb <777, ;;1-;;7), tab ahfgeges rbsphesgkdb`hr tab _luklja lssbfkdlib wbrb lkdb th flegpu-dltb tab bejhuetbr rltbs wgta sugtlkdb prby wbdd. _aby wbrb lpplrbetdy lkdb th prbogjtlkdy bejhuetbr leoogspltja cuvbegdb ragehjbrhs, loudt fldb kgshe, loudtkblrs leo kblvbr, wgtahut alvgei th loo htabr fhrbjhffhe spbjgbs th tab ogbt. Ge vgbw h` tab rbjhe-strujtbo phpudltghe obesgtgbs, tlribtbo bxpdhgtltgheh` bdbpalets kbjhfbs dbss dgnbdy. _aby lrb prbsbet ltald` tab obesgty h` Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs. _abrb`hrb, g`

:= _ab bqultghes usbo lrb3 Abrkgvhrbs3 Dhi O 6 <.?; ‚ =.01(Dhi F)> Jlregvhrbs3 Dhi O 6 <.?< ‚ <.1:(Dhi F) ‚ =.:?(Dhi

F;) + =.;1(Dhi F:). Zgejb eh bqultghe gs prhvgobo `hr hfegvhrbs, G objgobo th trblt krhwe kblr ls l jlregvhrb leo

wgdo khlr ls l abrkgvhrb. G usbo tab wbgiats suppdgbo ky Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?).


]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus =.=92

Ztbpalehrageus ngrjakbribesgs =.<2

Kgshe prgsjus =.:<

Rrsus spbdlbus =.:1?

Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus =.?<:

Rrsus lrjths =.<7

Bquus jlklddus =.2=2


]letabrl spbdlbl =.=0:

Jrhjutl jrjhjutl =.=?

Zus sjrh`l <.;?:

]letabrl plrous =.=?2

Jlegs dupus =.=2:

Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus :.<<7

Dyex dyex =.<<1

Jlsthr ̀ gkbr :.012

Fbdbs fbdbs =.::<

Dutrl dutrl =.0<0

_lkdb 0.:3 [bjhestrujtbo phpudltghe obesg-

tgbs `hr tab spbjgbs prbsbet ge tab _luklja

lssbfkdlib.



<;;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

taby alo kbbe bxpdhgtbo heb whudo alvb bxpbjtbo tags spbjgbs th kb kbttbr rbprbsbetbo ge tablssbfkdlib.

Ge tab jlsb h` ragehjbrhs leo kblrs, ?-2 ngdds h` l phpudltghe pbr yblr gs tab flxgfuf `hr sus-tlgelkdb bxpdhgtltghe h` l phpudltghe ljjhrogei th Krltdueo (<777, <:2). Igvbe tab `ljt talt tab jhd-dbjtghe Krltdueo stuogbo rbprbsbets hedy l `rljtghe h` tab hrgigeld lssbfkdlib, tab sgtb fust rbbjt

l sujjbssùd auetgei strltbiy talt wls ge usb `hr l dhei pbrgho h` tgfb. _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` tags lrbl wls prhdheibo leo rbprbsbetbo le bjhehfgjlddy vbry b`jgbet strltbiy h` fblt ljqugsgtghe.Ge loogtghe th tab bejhuetbr rltb, lehtabr gfphrtlet jhesgobrltghe he wabtabr th bxpdhgt legfld

spbjgbs gs tabgr aleodgei jhst. Ls bxpdlgebo ge jalptbr ?, tags rbprbsbets tab jhfkgebo b``bjt h` tabauetgei leo prhjbssgei sngdds h` tab auetbr leo tab letg-prbolthr sngdds h` tab prby. Agia aleodgeijhst dhwbr tab hvbrldd rbture rltb. _abrb`hrb, aleodgei jhst fly geubejb tab rlengei h` prby spb -jgbs. Ge hrobr th ibt le geogjltghe h` aleodgei jhst G sjhrbo tab legfld spbjgbs he tab klsgs h` l `bwjalrljtbrgstgjs. _ab fhobddgei h` aleodgei jhst usgei tabsb jalrljtbrgstgjs lgfs th sahw wabtabrtaby geubejbo l spbjgbs‗ aleodgei jhst. G` spbjgbs talt sjhrb phsgtgvb ̀ hr tab jalrljtbrgstgjs lrb ebv -brtabdbss bxpdhgtbo wb jle jhejduob talt Ebleobrtalds phssbssbo strltbigbs th obld b``bjtgvbdy wgtatabgr gfpljt he l spbjgbs‗ aleodgei jhst.

Pbry gfphrtlet ge tab aleodgei jhst gs tab rgsn lsshjgltbo wgta auetgei oleibrhus legflds. G obs-gieltbo jlregvhrhus spbjgbs th kb bxtrl rgsny. G lssufb talt taby lrb fhrb oleibrhus th auet taleabrkgvhrbs. G lssgiebo jlvb kblrs th tab jlregvhrbs sgejb taby `ldd wgtage tab hrobr h` jlregvhrbs leotaby ogo phssbss jlregvhrb —wblphes‖, dgnb jdlws leo dlrib tbbta. Lehtabr lttrgkutb talt G jhrrbdltb wgta auetgei rgsn gs tab sgzb h` tab legfld. G ldsh lssufb talt dlribr legflds lrb fhrb oleibrhustale sflddbr hebs. G thhn l wbgiat h` :== ngdh‗s ls l tarbsahdo, lkhvb wagja legflds ibt l —oleibrkheus‖. _ags gs tab wbgiat h` tab bxpbjtbo flxgfuf sgzb h` prby `hr l flffldgle jlregvhrb h` tabslfb wbgiat ls l Ebleobrtald. L tagro vlrglkdb gs wabtabr legflds lrb shdgtlry hr wabtabr taby dgvb geirhups. G lssufb talt legflds dgvgei ge irhups ahdo l irbltbr lovletlib wabe `ljbo wgta prbolthrstale shdgtlry legflds. _ags gs kbjlusb ge l irhup jalejbs h` blrdy pbrjbptghe h` prbolthrs gejrblsbsleo kbjlusb legflds fhvgei ge l irhup wgdd usulddy alvb th kb gshdltbo kb`hrb l ngdd jle kb lttbfptbo. _lkdb 0.? sufflrgsbs tab sjhrbs.

Zpbjgbs Zgzb Jlregvhrb Ge irhup

Fldb @bfldb

]ldlbhdhxhohe

letgquus

+ - - +

Ogjbrhrageus

ngrjakbribesgs

+ - - -

Kgshe prgsjus + - - +

Rrsus spbdlbus + + - +

Fbildhjbrhs

igiletbus

+ - - -

Rrsus lrjths + + - +

Bquus jlklddus + - - -

Jbrvus bdlpaus - - + +

]letabrl spbdlbl - + + +

Jrhjutl jrhjutl - + - -

Zus sjrh`l - - -8 +

]letabrl plrous - + + +

Jlegs dupus - + + +

Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus - - - +

Dyex dyex - + - -

Jlsthr ̀ gkbr - - + +

Fbdbs fbdbs - + 8 8

Dutrl dutrl - + 8 8

_lkdb 0.?3 Aleodgei jhst lttrgkutbs. Zpbjgbs talt lrb flrnbo wgta + ge jltbihrgbs lrb obbfbo th alvb

gejrblsbo aleodgei jhst oub th tabgr sgzb, jlregvhrhus —wblphes‖ hr shjgld strujturb.





<;?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

h` krhwe kblr, kblvbr leo tab fgehr gevhdvbfbet wgta rbo obbr lrb alrobr th bxpdlge. ]bjudglr thh gstab ̀ ljt talt jlvb kblr leo iglet obbr wbrb eht gejduobo ge tab hptgfld sbt. Bspbjglddy fldb iglet obbrsbbf th alvb salrbo fley jalrljtbrgstgjs wgta ragehjbrhs leo kgshe. Gts bxjdusghe fly alvb kbbejlusbo gts sjlrjgty ge tab bevgrhefbet. Gt wbet bxtgejt ge tab Ahdhjbeb getbridljgld leo fly eht alvbkbbe lkdb th obld wbdd wgta getbridljglds. @urtabrfhrb ourgei tab lutufe, tab ayphtabsgsbo sblshe h`

hjjupltghe lt _luklja, tabgr rlengei fly alvb orhppbo oub th wbgiat dhss ourgei rut. Ls slgo, krhwe kblr ohbs rbprbsbet qugtb l dlrib lfhuet h` fblt, kut gs l oleibrhus spbjgbs. Geloogtghe th wbgiat, shfb lriufbets ge `lvhur h` tags spbjgbs‗ bxpdhgtltghe fly kb krhuiat `hrwlro.@grst, gt prhvgobo le loobo kheus ge tab `hrf h` ùr. Zbjheo, gts rlengei fly alvb kbbe agiabr sbl-shelddy kbjlusb h` l agia `lt jhetbet. _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` kblvbr fly ldsh alvb kbbe rbdltbo th gtsùr. @urtabrfhrb, g` gt rbsgobo lt tab sgtb ge tab pheos wabrb tab trlvbrtgeb wls kbgei `hrfbo, gtssblrja jhst fly alvb kbbe vbry dhw, wagja fly alvb gejrblsbo gts rlengei.

0.1 Ogsjussghe

Ahw jle wb getbrprbt tabsb plttbres h` bxpdhgtltghe ge tbrfs h` ahfgege `hrligei strltbigbs8 @grst,kbjlusb h` tab prbpheobrlejb ge tab lssbfkdlib h` spbjgbs geogjltgvb h` l ̀ hrbstbo bevgrhefbet, wbjle lriub talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th obld wgta Bbfgle `hrbstbo bevgrhefbets jalrljtbrgsbo ky

ogspbrsbo legfld rbshurjbs (jhetrl Ilfkdb <77;, Ilfkdb <777). Fhrbhvbr, taby ogo sh ky bxpdhgt-gei l sfldd sbt h` spbjgbs, suiibstgei talt auetgei h` tabsb spbjgbs wls oheb b`jgbetdy behuia thfbbt tab ebbos h` Ebleobrtalds.

_abrb lrb shfb rblshes th lssufb talt dg`b wls og``brbet `hr Bbfgle auetbr/iltabrbrs tale `hrirhups dgvgei ge jhdobr jheogtghes. _ab fhst strgngei tagei lkhut tab legflds bxpdhgtbo lt _lukljags talt tab flge `hjus gs he vbry dlrib, shdgtlry legflds. Ge tab Ybgjasbdgle, gt lppblrs talt lt fleysgtbs tab ohfgelet spbjgbs wbrb ueiudltbs dgvgei ge dlrib abros (sbb `hr bxlfpdb tab hvbrvgbw prhvgobo ky Irlyshe leo Obdpbja ;==0). Ls prhphsbo ge jalptbr ?, tags fgiat kb jlusbo ky tab ̀ ljt taltauetbr/iltabrbrs ge tab Bbfgle hpbrltbo ge sflddbr kleos tale ge pbrghos wabe abrkgvhrb kghflss wls fhrb rblogdy lvlgdlkdb. Yabe hpbrltgei ge sfldd irhups, jhejbetrltgei he shdgtlry legflds gsprhklkdy l fhrb prhoujtgvb strltbiy tale trygei th obld wgta l dlrib abro h` legflds.

[boujgei irhup sgzb gs heb h` tab phssgkdb shdutghes th obldgei wgta jheogtghes ge wagja rb-shurjbs lrb ogspbrsbo leo tabgr dhjltghe alro th prbogjt. G tagen tab sgtultghe ge le getbridljgld whudoalvb prhvgobo l phwbrùd `bbokljn fbjalegsf `hr rbstrgjtgei Ebleobrtald irhup sgzb3 Dlrib abrosfhvgei prbogjtlkdy tarhuia tab dleosjlpb wbrb rlrbr tale ge jhdobr jheogtghes. _abrb`hrb, tab ph-tbetgld `hr supphrtgei dlribr liirbiltghes h` auetbrs wls ldsh ogfgegsabo. Ge hrobr th obld wgta tags, rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty fly alvb kbbe gejrblsbo. Yabe rbsgobetgld fhvbs lrb flob kb`hrbrbture rltbs ge l jbrtlge lrbl orhp thh `lr, dlribr irhups fly stgdd kb supphrtbo ( b.i. Kge`hro ;==<,;:7-;?<). @urtabrfhrb, lilge, kbjlusb h` dhjhfhtghe jhsts tab tbrrgthry bxpdhgtbo `rhf l jbetrldpdljb wls rlogjlddy sflddbr tale talt h` fhobre oly auetbr/iltabrbrs. _ags gejrblsbo tab ebbo `hragiabr rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty. Objrblsgei irhup sgzb wgdd rbsudt ge sdhwbr obpdbtghe h` rbshurjbs lrhueol klsb jlfp. @urtabrfhrb, ge `hrbstbo bevgrhefbets tab thtld lfhuet h` kghflss lvlgdlkdb th au-fle ̀ hrlibrs gs dhwbr tale ge slvleela hr stbppb dgnb bevgrhefbets (Obdpbja <777), sh tab Bbfgledleosjlpb h``brbo l dhwbr jlrrygei jlpljgty `hr aufle irhups tale bevgrhefbets ge jhdobr pbrghosogo.

_ab elrrhw ogbt krblota, `hjusbo he vbry dlrib legflds lt _luklja rbbjts l auetgei strltbiyiblrbo thwlros agia ygbdos. Ahwbvbr, kbjlusb h` tab dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs talt tabsb legfldsalvb ge ibebrld, gt fly ldsh alvb kbbe l agia-rgsn strltbiy. _absb rgsns wbrb lpplrbetdy wbdd ku``brbo,htabrwgsb ogbt krblota whudo alvb kbbe irbltbr. _ab ku``brgei fbjalegsf gs uejdblr. Gt fly kb talt`bfldbs `hrlibo `hr pdlet `hho lt dblst ourgei wlrf sblshes. ]dlet `hhos jbrtlgedy wbrb lvlgdlkdbourgei tab Bbfgle> lt tab sgtb h` [lkutz, shfb kuret alzbdebt sabdds wbrb `hueo (Ybezbd ;==;). Lttab eblrky sgtb h` Ebuflrn Ehro, jalrrbo pduf sbbos leo ljhres wbrb rbjhvbrbo ([hbkrhbns pbrsjhff.). _aby lrb uenehwe ̀ hr _luklja tahuia. Lehtabr phssgkgdgty `hr whfbe‗s ̀ hrligei fly alvbkbbe jhejbetrltgei he sfldd legflds, dgnb tab kblvbrs `hueo lt tab sgtb.

Ahwbvbr, flegpudltgei tab bejhuetbr rltb wgta tab legflds prhklkdy ldsh dhwbrbo tab rgsn h`tags auetgei strltbiy. Krltdueo (<777) suiibstbo talt tab sgtb wls l fliebt-dhjltghe `hr ragehjbrhskbjlusb gt prhklkdy ùejtghebo ls l sldt dgjn. @urtabrfhrb, sgejb gt wls he l tbrrljb hvbrdhhngei tabGdf-rgvbr vlddby gt fly alvb kbbe l strltbigj pdljb th hksbrvb fhvbfbets h` htabr legflds, sgejb

rgvbr vlddbys wbrb fhrb hpbe bevgrhefbets tale fhst h` tab rbst h` tab dleosjlpb ourgei getbridl-



<;2

0 _ LRKLJA

jglds. _ab flegpudltghe h` bejhuetbr rltbs wgta prby gs lehtabr ohflge ge wagja `bfldbs fly alvbjhetrgkutbo th tab `hrligei b``hrt. Ls prhphsbo ky Nuae leo Ztgebr (;==0), `bfldbs fly ldsh alvblssgstbo fldbs ge tab dbss oleibrhus lspbjts h` auetgei dlrib flfflds. Ge tab Bbfgle bevgrhefbet, wgta gts dhw prby vgsgkgdgty, `bfldb trljngei fly alvb kbbe le gfphrtlet jhetrgkutghe th tab flegpu-dltghe h` bejhuetbr rltbs wgta prby. Gt lppblrs talt `bfldb trljngei sngdds fly sukstletglddy geubejb

fldb auetgei sujjbss ge fhobre oly auetbr/iltabrbrs ( b.i. Kgbsbdb leo Klrjdly ;==<). Ge l sgtultghels lt _luklja, wabrb ogbt krblota gs vbry elrrhw, besurgei l `rbqubet behuia bejhuetbr rltb gs vbrygfphrtlet, flngei tab `bfldb jhetrgkutghe th trljngei prby phtbetglddy bssbetgld.

Lehtabr wly th ku``br uejbrtlge `hrligei rbtures whudo kb ky gejrblsgei ogbt krblota. Ahwbvbr,sflddbr legflds whudo ldsh kb ogspbrsbo leo bejhuetbr rltbs whudo kb ueprbogjtlkdb. Fhrbhvbr, gejhfplrgshe th dlribr legflds, prhjbssgei jhsts whudo kb rbdltgvbdy agia. @urtabrfhrb, ge jdhsbo bevgrhefbets, abro sgzb h` shjgld abrkgvhrbs gs dhwbrbo ( b.i. Iutargb <77=, <22). Jhesbqubetdy wabrblsl `hjus he abro legflds ge jhdobr pbrghos fgiat belkdb auetgei plrtgbs th ngdd l sgiegjlet eufkbrh` legflds ge heb bejhuetbr, tags whudo kb fuja dbss prhoujtgvb ge tab Bbfgle. _abrb`hrb, bvbetahuia abros alvb l irbltbr jalejb h` sphttgei prbolthrs blrdy leo alvb l ihho ob`bejb fbjalegsfkbjlusb taby lrb ge l irhup, tabgr flxgfuf ygbdo whudo alvb kbbe orlstgjlddy dhwbrbo ge tab Bbfgle.@gelddy, rbtures whudo orhp `lstbr tale ge jhetbfphrlry auetbr/iltabrbrs kbjlusb h` agiabr dhjh-fhtghe jhsts ̀ hr Ebleobrtalds. _abrb`hrb, krhlobegei tab ogbt fly alvb kbbe jhuetbr-prhoujtgvb.

He tab htabr aleo, tab ogbt wls krhlobebo lt dblst hjjlsghelddy, ls bvgobejbo ky tab jut-flrnshe rbo obbr khebs leo tab putltgvb bxpdhgtltghe flrns he ahrsb leo khlr. G` tab auetgei bpgshobsrbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb thhn pdljb fhstdy ge lutufe, ls ayphtabsgsbo blrdgbr, jbrvgos, bspbjglddy fldbsfly kb rlenbo dhwbr tale bxpbjtbo he tab klsgs h` khoy wbgiat. Lpplrbetdy stlis oh eht `bbo h`-tbe ourgei rut leo ky lutufe wgdd alvb dhst sgiegjlet lfhuets h` wbgiat. _aus auetgei jbrvgosdgnb rbo leo iglet obbr fly eht alvb kbbe vbry prhtlkdb ge lutufe ( b.i., Klrehsny <712, Zpbta leo _jabrehv ;==<). _abrb`hrb, ourgei jbrtlge sblshes krhlobegei tab ogbt fly alvb kbbe l fhrb ge-tbrbstgei prhphsgtghe tale ourgei htabrs. Ztgdd, tab kudn h` fltbrgld suiibsts talt hedy l elrrhw sbth` spbjgbs prhvgobo tab flgestly h` tab ogbt. Fhrbhvbr, spbjgj jltbihrgbs h` tabsb spbjgbs wbrbtlribtbo, elrrhwgei ogbt krblota bvbe ùrtabr.

_ags suiibsts talt tab _luklja lssbfkdlib fust rbprbsbet tab ljtgvgtgbs h̀ sfldd irhups h` ah-fgeges hvbr l dhei tgfb. Ge rbljtghe th tab wlrf jdgfltb leo fhrb ogspbrsbo ueprbogjtlkdb rbshurj-

bs, Ebleobrtalds tabfsbdvbs prhklkdy kbjlfb fhrb ogspbrsbo ls wbdd. _aby sngffbo h`` tab dlribstlegflds ge tab dleosjlpb, flngei l `bw ngdds pbr bpgshob leo tabe fhvbo he th l og``brbet tbrrgthry. Ljjhrogei th Yagtb (;==0), g` Ebleobrtalds ebbobo :=== njld/oly, taby ebbobo th prhjurb <.12 ngdhsh` `lt rgja fblt pbr oly. Ygta l rbture rltb h` 0=% l rbgeobbr jhudo `bbo l irhup h` <= `hr : olysleo l ahrsb ̀ hr 0 olys. L rbgeobbr wbgias lkhut 10 ngdhs ljjhrogei th ]usangel leo [lgl (;==1). _ablegflds he wagja Ebleobrtalds `hjusbo lt _luklja fly alvb kbbe rlrb, kut heb ngdd whudo suppdytabf wgta `hho `hr l jhesgobrlkdb pbrgho h` tgfb. Jhejbetrltgei he sflddbr kut stgdd ueprbogjtlkdbrbshurjbs whudo, ge tab dhei rue, eht ygbdo l stbloy behuia hw h` `hho.

H` jhursb auetbrs bfpdhy htabr jhesgobrltghes tale legfld wbgiat ldheb ge hrobr th sbdbjt tabgrprby. Ge tab bxpdhgtbo sbt, krhwe kblr leo kblvbr fly alvb prhvgobo ehe-`hho kbebts th auetbrskbjlusb h` tabgr ̀ ur. Khta h` tabsb spbjgbs ldsh alvb bdbvltbo rlengeis ge lutufe, kbjlusb taby sthrb`lt `hr tab wgetbr lt tags tgfb h` yblr. @urtabrfhrb, ge tab jlsb h` krhwe kblr, tab ngddgei h` tabsblegflds fly alvb alo loogtgheld kbebts kbjlusb tags bdgfgeltbo ogrbjt jhfpbtgthrs.

_abrb gs ldsh lehtabr vldub talt prby fly alvb dbet th gts ogspltjabr talt G alvb eht ybt trbltbobxtbesgvbdy ge tags jalptbr3 prbstgib. Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbr ?, fblt jle kb usbo ls l shjgh-phdgtg-jld jurrbejy ge auetbr/iltabrbr shjgbtgbs. Auetgei dlrib leo oleibrhus legflds fly ge tags jlsb kbgfphrtlet ge sahwgei h`` hebs ihho quldgtgbs. Krltdueo (<777, <2=-<2<) als geobbo prhphsbo tagsls l rblshe ̀ hr tab bfpalsgs he Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs leo krhwe kblr. _abrb gs heb prhkdbf wgta tagsayphtabsgs ahwbvbr3 g` prbstgib wls le gfphrtlet jhesgobrltghe, bspbjglddy wabe auetgei krhwekblr, heb whudo bxpbjt jlvb kblr th kb wbdd rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb ls wbdd, sgejb gt gs fuja dlribr talekrhwe kblr. _ab ̀ ljt talt tags spbjgbs wls eht bxpdhgtbo suiibsts talt prbstgib fly eht alvb kbbe legfphrtlet jhesgobrltghe ge prby sbdbjtghe.



<;0

L PGBY _H L NGDD

0.7 Jhejdusghe

Getbrprbtgei l sgtb dgnb _luklja wgta l dhei agsthry h` rbsblrja gs jhfpdgjltbo. @grst, gt fust kbrbjhiegsbo talt tabrb gs l jdblr kgls thwlros jhfpdbtb leo gobetglkdb khebs. Ahwbvbr, sgejb bvbesfldd khebs h` l sfldd spbjgbs dgnb kblvbr lrb wbdd rbprbsbetbo, tab kgls ohbs eht lppblr thh sbvbrb.@urtabrfhrb, tab prbpheobrlejb h` obetld bdbfbets leo jrlegld plrts ldtahuia jbrtlgedy plrtdy lt-

trgkutlkdb th tab jhddbjtghe prb`brbejbs lt tab tgfb h` bxpdhgtltghe gs prhklkdy ldsh plrtdy jlusbo kytrlfpdgei, le gfphrtlet prhjbss eblr jhetbfphrlry wltbrahdbs leo sprgeis.

Re`hrtueltbdy, tab oltb h` tab sgtb gs eht ùddy jbrtlge. Fhst h` tab `lueld bvgobejb phgets thtags sgtb kbgei yhueibr tale Bargeisohr`. @urtabrfhrb, tab sgtb wls ljjufudltbo hvbr qugtb l dheipbrgho h` tgfb, ybt sahws l elrrhw ogbt krblota, wagja phgets th l stlkdb bevgrhefbet. Ge uestlkdbbevgrhefbets, spbjgbs whudo kb loobo th leo orhppbo `rhf tab hptgfld sbt rbiudlrdy ls bejhuetbrrltbs h` tab agiabst rlenbo spbjgbs ujtultbo. _ags dblos fb th ayphtabsgzb talt tab sgtb wls ̀ hrfboourgei l jdgfltgjlddy stlkdb pbrgho h` tgfb. Yabtabr tags gs le getrl-Zlldb wlrf palsb hr tab Bbfgleohbs eht flnb fuja og``brbejb `hr tab getbrprbtltghe h` tab `hrligei kbalvghur rbprbsbetbo ge tablssbfkdlib. L oltb ge tab Bbfgle, prhklkdy eh blrdgbr tale palsb tarbb sbbfs fhst dhigjld.

_ab dhjld bevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb wls hpbe, ls sahwe ky tab lksbejb h` dbl` gfprgets lt tabsgtb. Ahwbvbr, tab prbpheobrlejb h` spbjgbs lsshjgltbo wgta `hrbstbo bevgrhefbets leo leldysgs

h` phddbe jhrbs `rhf eblrky sgtbs suiibst talt tab wgobr bevgrhefbet wls ohfgeltbo ky `hrbst. Lilge, kbjlusb h` tab dhei pbrgho h` tgfb rbbjtbo ge tab lssbfkdlib wb jle sl`bdy jhejduob taltEbleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th flgetlge l dlstgei hjjupltghe h` tab Bbfgle `hrbsts. _ags gs ueobrdgeboky tab `ljt talt l dbvbd oltgei th tab jdgflx palsb h` tab Bbfgle wls `hueo th jhetlge stheb thhdsourgei rbsblrja ge <799.

_ab `hjus he dlrib shdgtlry legflds suiibsts talt Ebleobrtalds prhklkdy auetbo ge sfldd irhups. _ags fly ldsh bxpdlge way tab vbry dlribst legflds, bdbpalets, leo ldsh loudt ragehjbrhs wbrb lvhgo-bo. Irhup sgzbs fly alvb kbbe thh sfldd th tljndb tabsb prby. Dhwbrgei irhup sgzb sbbfs l dhigjldrbljtghe th tab ̀ ljt talt tabrb wls dbss `hho lvlgdlkdb ge tab bevgrhefbet jhfplrbo th jhdobr pbrghos.@urtabrfhrb, rbshurjbs wbrb ogspbrsbo, leo dbss prbogjtlkdb. _arbb htabr Bbfgle sgtbs lrb nehwe,taby lrb sgeidb jlrjlss sgtbs (Iluozgesng ;==?). _ags sbbfs th kb l rbbjtghe h` legflds kbgei rle -ohfdy sjlttbrbo ge tab bevgrhefbet. Hedy lt l fliebt dhjltghe dgnb _luklja jhudo l pldgfpsbstobvbdhp. _ab `ljt talt dlrib legflds lrb wbdd rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb sbbfs th suiibst taby wbrb eht

ngddbo thh `lr `rhf tab sgtb. G` tab sh-jlddbo Krleosjagjatbe rbprbsbet ablrtas, tags gevbstfbet ge —sgtb-ùregturb‖ fly phget th dheibr hjjupltghes. Loogtghelddy, bvbe wagdb tab jhddbjtghe fbtahos wbrbkglsbo, l dht h` prhoujtghe wlstb gs prbsbet ge tab jhddbjtghes h` lrtb`ljts (Zjaï`br <77=, 20). _agssuiibsts talt tab sgtb ùejtghebo ls l jhevbegbet jlfpsgtb `hr ahfgeges `rhf wagja taby bxpdhgtbotab eblrky bevgrhefbet.

Ge tbrfs h` ogbt krblota, tab bxpdhgtltghe h` loudt fldb kgshe leo sukloudt ragehjbrhs sbbfsdhigjld. L`tbr bdbpalet taby rbprbsbet tab ablvgbst legflds lvlgdlkdb. _aby lrb khta shdgtlry leo tabrb-`hrb fhrb blsgdy auetbo tale `hr bxlfpdb `bfldb kgshe. Krhwe kblr bxpdhgtltghe gs oleibrhus, kutgt fly alvb prbsbetbo lovletlibs ge tab `hrf h` ùr leo, ge lutufe, agia `lt jhetbet. @urtabrfhrb`rhf btaehirlpay gt gs jdblr talt auetgei dlrib leo oleibrhus legflds krgeis stltus leo tabrb`hrbshjgld lovletlibs th auetbrs. Ge tags jlsb, tabsb dlrib legflds lrb ldsh ogrbjt jhfpbtgthrs leo bvbephsb l tarblt th ahfgeges, tabrb`hrb auetgei tabf fly alvb krhuiat auetbrs l sgiegjlet lfhueth` prbstgib. @bfldbs fly alvb `hrlibo `hr pdlet `hhos leo ldsh kblvbr, wagja ohbs eht sbbf sujal oleibrhus lovbrslry. Fhrbhvbr, gt fly alvb kbbe prbsbet ogrbjtdy he tab sgtb, wagja whudo besurbagia rbture rltbs. _ags spbjgbs fly ldsh alvb kbbe auetbo prb`brlkdy ge lutufe, kbjlusb h` bdbvltbo`lt jhetbets.

Ge jhejdusghe, tags jalptbr als sahwe talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th obld wgta ̀ hrbstbo getbridl-jgld bevgrhefbets. Fhrbhvbr, taby flelibo th suksgst he l sfldd sbt h` spbjgbs leo hedy spbjgj jlt-bihrgbs h` geogvgoulds h` tabsb spbjgbs `hr l prhdheibo pbrgho h` tgfb. _ags suiibsts talt taby alolrrgvbo lt l stlkdb ̀ hrligei lolptltghe. Gt lppblrs talt ge tags jlsb, taby sbttdbo he tab dlribst legfldsge tab bevgrhefbet, wgta tab bxjbptghe h` bdbpalet. Gt gs dgnbdy talt tags ebjbssgtltbo dgvgei ge sflddbrshjgld irhups tale ge hpbe bevgrhefbets leo wgta l agiabr obirbb h` rbsgobetgld fhkgdgty.



<;9

9 Aybel `hrligei

9.< Getrhoujtghe

L`tbr leldysgei Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs iugobo ky Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry (H@_), tags jalptbrlgfs th prhvgob le loogtgheld bvldultghe h` tab lppdgjlkgdgty h` tags rblshegei th tab ]dbgsthjbebky lppdygei H@_ rblshegei th tab `hrligei kbalvghur h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpble jlvb aybel( Jrhjutl spbdlbl ). _ab rbsudts h` tags leldysgs wgdd kb jhfplrbo th tab rbsudts h` tab leldysgs h` Fgoodb]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs. _ags spbjgbs wls jahsbe kbjlusb h` gts gfphrtlet sgfgdlrgtgbs th Ebleobrtalds,fhst sgiegjletdy tab `ljts talt khta spbjgbs lrb h` rhuiady sgfgdlr sgzb leo taby lrb khta shjgld jlr-egvhrbs. Gt gs prhphsbo talt ge hrobr `hr tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th ]dbgsthjbeb `hrligei kbalvghurth kb `rugtùd, tab tabhry sahudo kb lkdb th agiadgiat tab og``brbejbs kbtwbbe tab `hrligei egjabs h`khta spbjgbs.

Gt gs bxpbjtbo talt Ebleobrtalds leo jlvb aybels hjjupgbo og``brbet egjabs ourgei tab Fgoodb

leo Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb, sgejb taby jh-bxgstbo ge dlrib lrbls, wabrb khta spbjgbs db`t l rgja rbjhro h`tabgr ljtgvgtgbs ( b.i. Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, @hssb bt ld. <771). G` khta spbjgbs hjjupgbo lsgfgdlr egjab, tags whudo alvb rbsudtbo ge tab dhjld bxtgejtghe h` heb h` tab twh. Ls tags wls pltbetdyeht tab jlsb, wb lrb prbsbetbo wgta le hpphrtuegty th tbst wabtabr lppdygei H@_ th jlvb aybelsrbsudts ge l og``brbet fhobddbo ogbt. Abejb, tags jlsb-stuoy prhvgobs l jabjn h` tab vldgogty h` tagsngeo h` leldysgs. Aybels lrb h`tbe sbbe ls sjlvbeibrs, wagja whudo kb le gfphrtlet egjab og``brbejblddhwgei tabf th jh-bxgst wgta prbolthrs. Ahwbvbr, tags vgbw gs eht jhrrbjt ge tab jlsb h` sphttboaybel ( Jrhjutl jrhjutl ), sgejb tags spbjgbs gs le ljjhfpdgsabo auetbr ( b.i. Nruun <79;). Ibebtgjlddy gtgs jdhsbdy rbdltbo th jlvb aybel ([hadleo bt ld. ;==2), suiibstgei talt tags spbjgbs thh wls le gfphr-tlet prbolthr ge gts bevgrhefbet. _abrb`hrb jlvb aybel leo Ebleobrtald egjabs wbrb phtbetglddy vbrysgfgdlr. Gt fust kb ehtbo tahuia, talt tab rleib h` spbjgbs jhesufbo ky l prbolthr rbprbsbets hedyheb `ljbt h` gts egjab. _ab og``brbet egjabs h` jlvb aybels leo ahfgeges fly alvb kbbe obebo kyhtabr lolptltghes tale tab rleib h` spbjgbs taby bxpdhgtbo, dgnb spltgld sbirbiltghe, hr tab usb h` og`-`brbet strltbigbs ( b.i. Ztgebr <77;, ??0).

Ztuoygei aybel `hrligei als lovletlibs hvbr tab stuoy h` `hrligei ky htabr jlregvhrbs. Aybelsalvb dhei kbbe rbjhiegsbo ls le gfphrtlet tlpahehfgj libet ge tab `hrfltghe h` kheb obphsgts ltlrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, khta ge ]dgh-]dbgsthjbeb L`rgjle leo Burhpble stuogbs. _ags als dbo th l irbltlfhuet h` ljtuldgstgj leo pldlbhethdhigjld rbsblrja geth tab `hrligei strltbigbs h` aybegos leo tabgrpldlbhdhethdhigjld rbsgoubs, ge hrobr th sbb walt tabgr rhdb ge tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro als kbbe ( b.i. Kge`hro, Fgdds, leo Ztheb <711, Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, Ahrwgtz<771, Dlf <77;, Ztgebr <77;, Pgddl bt ld. ;==?).

Re`hrtueltbdy, eht ldd bxjlvltbo aybel sgtbs alvb kbbe pukdgsabo ge obtlgd leo tab bevgrhefbetldjheogtghes h` fley sgtbs lrb eht jdlrgbo lt ldd ge tab pukdgjltghes talt wbrb lt fy ogsphsld. G wgddprbsbet twh jlsb stuogbs, `hr wagja su`jgbet oltl lrb lvlgdlkdb, elfbdy tab @rbeja sgtbs h` Duebd- Pgbd leo Jlfglj. Ge tab jlsb h` Duebd-Pgbd, tab kheb lssbfkdlib als kbbe pukdgsabo ge irblt obtlgd,

kut ue`hrtueltbdy, eht fuja ge`hrfltghe gs lvlgdlkdb `hr bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghe. Lt Jlfglj wb alvb ge`hrfltghe lkhut tab bevgrhefbet ge wagja tab jlvb aybels `hrlibo. Ahwbvbr, obtlgdslkhut tab snbdbtld plrt rbprbsbetltghe leo lib-strujturb h` tab spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo lrb sjlet. _abge`hrfltghe talt tabsb sgtbs ygbdo wgdd kb jhfkgebo leo suppdbfbetbo wgta ge`hrfltghe `rhf htabrsgtbs ge hrobr th lrrgvb lt l syetabsgzbo gflib h` `hrligei strltbigbs h` ]dbgsthjbeb jlvb aybels taltjle kb jhfplrbo th hur ueobrstleogei h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei.

Loogtghelddy, ldd bxtlet aybel spbjgbs bfpdhy sjlvbeigei ls plrt h` tabgr `hrligei strltbigbs.Zphttbo aybels h`tbe bfpdhy sjlvbeigei ls l sbjheolry strltbiy, kut ge shfb phpudltghes tags strlt-biy jhetrgkutbs le gfphrtlet plrt h` tab thtld jldhrgbs talt lrb jhesufbo. Fhobddgei aybel `hrli-gei egjabs wgta H@_ fly tabrb`hrb ldsh prhoujb gesgiat ge tab vglkgdgty h` sjlvbeigei ge ahfgege`hrligei strltbigbs.

Ge hrobr th kb lkdb th jhestrujt l ogbt krblota fhobd `hr aybels, G wgdd rst sahrtdy prbsbet hurnehwdboib h` bxtlet aybego spbjgbs, bfpalsgsgei tab sphttbo aybel, kbjlusb gt gs lelthfgjlddy leo

ibebtgjlddy vbry sgfgdlr th tab jlvb aybel. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky l ogsjussghe he tab jalrljtbr



<;1

L PGBY _H L NGDD

h` tab kheb ljjufudltghes talt lrb prhoujbo ky aybels, wagja gs jrujgld ge hrobr th kb lkdb th ge-tbrprbt ]dbgsthjbeb aybel kheb lssbfkdlibs. L`tbr tags G wgdd prbsbet tab sgtbs usbo ls jlsb-stuogbs. _ab nehwdboib he ]dbgsthjbeb aybel kbalvghur ilgebo `rhf tabsb jlsb-stuogbs wgdd tabe kb sup-pdbfbetbo wgta nehwdboib ilgebo `rhf htabr ]dbgsthjbeb sgtbs leo l sjbelrgh wgdd kb obvbdhpbotalt getbrprbts aybel `hrligei objgsghes leo jdlrgbs tab sbplrltghe kbtwbbe tabgr egjab leo talt h`

Ebleobrtalds.

9.; Aybel bjhdhiy

Aybegos lrb l irhup h` `bdg`hrf jlregvhrbs. _aby lrb l sfldd @lfgdy ge tab jdlss Flffldgl, h` wagjahedy ̀ hur spbjgbs lrb ge bxgstbejb tholy. _absb ̀ hur spbjgbs lrb tab rbfelets h` l fuja dlribr irhup.Ge tab dltb Fghjbeb, ;? spbjgbs lrb nehwe th alvb bxgstbo (Yltts leo Ahdbnlfp ;==9, r029). _abbxtlet spbjgbs sahw qugtb l wgob rleib h` lolptltghes. Heb h` tabf, tab llrowhd` ( ]rhtbdbs jrgstltus ),`bbos fhstdy he tbrfgtbs leo gs hedy ogstletdy rbdltbo th tab htabr tarbb spbjgbs. Oub th tab ogstlet rb-dltghesagp leo gejheiruhus ̀ hrligei plttbre gt wgdd eht kb rb`brrbo th ge tags jalptbr. _ab htabr tarbbspbjgbs `bbo fhstdy he fblt h` fljrh`luel, wagja gs ljqugrbo ky auetgei leo sjlvbeigei. _absbspbjgbs lrb krhwe aybel ( Aylbel krueebl ) leo strgpbo aybel ( Aylbel aylbel ), wagja lrb jdhsbdy rbdltbo,leo sphttbo aybel (Fgdds leo Kblrobr ;==0). Aybels lrb ogstrgkutbo hvbr l dlrib lrbl. Ztrgpbo aybel

gs ̀ hueo ge Geogl, tab Eblr Blst leo lrbls ge Ehrta leo Blst L`rgjl. Krhwe aybel gs ̀ hueo flgedy geshutabre L`rgjl, wagdb sphttbo aybel dgvbs ge fhst h` Zuk-Zlalrle L`rgjl. (Fgdds leo Kblrobr ;==0, Yltts leo Ahdbnlfp ;==9).

Ge ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb, sbvbrld aybegos bxgstbo. Ge tab dltb ]dghjbeb leo blrdy ]dbgsthjbeb, twh`hrfs hjjurrbo, tab —igiletgj‖ sahrt-`ljbo aybel ( ]ljayjrhjutl krbvgrhstrgs ) leo tab fboguf sgzboAylbel pbrrgbrg . _ab dlttbr spbjgbs fly kb jdhsbdy rbdltbo th tab krhwe aybel, tab `hrfbr spbjgbs wlsprhklkdy ogstletdy rbdltbo th tab fhobre sphttbo aybel. Ourgei tab Fgoodb leo Dltb ]dbgsthjbebtabrb gs l spbjgbs rbsbfkdgei tab strgpbo aybel, Aylbel prgsjl , leo tab jlvb aybel (Kruild, @hssb, leoIulobddg <779, Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0).

_ab jlvb aybel wgdd kb tab `hjus h` tags leldysgs, sgejb gts sgtbs alvb kbbe wbdd rbsblrjabo leokbjlusb gt wls tab fhst jhffhe h` tab Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb spbjgbs. Lelthfgjlddy gt lppblrs th kbjdhsbdy rbdltbo th fhobre oly sphttbo aybel. Ahwbvbr, Juvgbr `hueo gt su`jgbetdy og``brbet `rhfsphttbo aybel th obeb gt ls l sbplrltb spbjgbs (@hssb <779, <9). Fhobre ibebtgj leldysgs, ahwbvbr,als sahwe talt sphttbo aybel leo jlvb aybel slfpdbs ̀ ldd ge tab slfb irhup leo jle kb rbilrobo lskbdheigei th l sgeidb spbjgbs ([hadleo bt ld. ;==2, ;??<). Zphttbo aybels tabrb`hrb prbsbet l sugtlkdbkbalvghurld leldhiub. _ab jdhsb ngesagp h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb leo jhetbfphrlry phpudltghes suiibststalt taby fly alvb kbbe kbalvghurlddy sgfgdlr. He tab htabr aleo, obeegei leo kheb ljjufudl-tghe hjjurs ge ldd tarbb jhetbfphrlry aybel spbjgbs, suiibstgei talt gt gs le lejbstrld `blturb h` tagsirhup. _abrb`hrb, rb`brbejb th kheb ljjufudltghes prhoujbo ky htabr spbjgbs wgdd hjjlsghelddy kbflob.

Aybels lrb shjgld jlregvhrbs dgvgei ge jdles. Lfhei krhwe leo strgpbo aybels, jdles lrb sflddleo taby usulddy jhesgst h` rbdltbo geogvgoulds. L krhwe aybel jdle jle jhfprgsb hedy l fhtabr leoabr h``sprgei. He tab htabr aleo, sphttbo aybel jdles fly eufkbr up th 1= geogvgoulds, kut he lvbr-lib, jdles eufkbr ;2 geogvgoulds (Nruun <79;, Fgdds leo Kblrobr ;==0, Yltts leo Ahdbnlfp ;==9). _absb jdles lrb fudtg-fldb, fudtg-`bfldb irhups. Fhrbhvbr, ge-irhup rbdltboebss ge sphttbo aybel

gs dhw. _ags ngeo h` shjgld systbf gs fhrb rbfgegsjbet h` talt h` prgfltbs tale h` jlregvhrbs (Ylttsleo Ahdbnlfp ;==9, r021). Gt jhetrlsts salrpdy wgta tab shjgld systbf h` tab htabr twh spbjgbs. Ls phgetbo hut lkhvb, tab jlvb aybel wls jdhsbdy rbdltbo th tab fhobre sphttbo aybel. _ags spb-

jgbs als l rbflrnlkdb shjgld systbf ge wagja `bfldbs lrb tab ohfgelet sbx (Yltts leo Ahdbnlfp;==9, 00=). @bfldbs bxagkgt bdbvltbo dbvbds h` tbsthstbrheb leo tab `bfldb rbprhoujtgvb hriles getab spbjgbs alvb kbbe flsjudgegsbo. Zphttbo aybel `bfldbs alvb l pbegs-dgnb jdgthrgs, tarhuia wagjatab `bfldbs igvb kgrta (Orbl leo @rlen ;==:, <;?). @urtabrfhrb, `bfldbs lrb lkhut <; % dlribrtale fldbs. Fldbs wbgia kbtwbbe ?2 leo 0; ngdhs, wabrbls ̀ bfldbs wbgia 22 th 1;.2 ngdhs (Fgdds leoKblrobr ;==0). _ab flsjudgegzltghe als gfphrtlet jhesbqubejbs `hr jagdokgrta ge tags spbjgbs. _abrst tgfb l `bfldb igvbs kgrta, tab jdgthrgs als th tblr, sgejb gt gs thh sfldd th lddhw tab `btld ablo thplss tarhuia gt. _ab rst pbrgho h` dlkhur gs tabrb`hrb prhdheibo leo plgeùd ge sphttbo aybels. _ags rbsudts ge le bdbvltbo eufkbr h` stgddkhre juks `rhf l `bfldb‗s rst prbielejy leo obdgvbry.Fhrbhvbr, gt ldsh dblos th bdbvltbo fhrtldgty ge ̀ bfldb aybels. Ls fuja ls :0% h` tab ̀ bfldb phpu-

dltghe fly ogb ourgei tabgr rst dlkhur (@rlen, Ybdobdb, leo Idgjnfle <772).





<:=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Ge loogtghe th auetgei, sphttbo aybels sjlvbeib. Ahwbvbr, tab jhetrgkutghe h` sjlvbeigei jlekb uegfphrtlet ge tab ogbt h` sphttbo aybels. Gt gs tahuiat talt tab lfhuet h` `hho prhjurbo kysjlvbeigei gs obpbeobet he tab bjhdhigjld sgtultghe. Ge lrbls rgja ge kghflss, sjlvbeigei gs rbdltgvbdyuegfphrtlet. _ags gs tab jlsb ̀ hr khta tab phpudltghes he tab Flslg Flrl pdlges ge Nbeyl leo ge tabEihrheihrh jrltbr ge _lezlegl. Abrb auetbo ̀ hho jhestgtutbs 72% leo 1;% h` tab jhesufbo ̀ hho

rbspbjtgvbdy. Ge tab Zbrbeibtg leo htabr lrbls ge shutabre L`rgjl, tags pbrjbetlib gs ibebrlddy 9=%hr dhwbr. Ge Nruibr plrn `hr bxlfpdb, tab lfhuet h` auetbo leo sjlvbeibo fblt khta ljjhuet `hrlkhut 2=% h` tab jhesufbo ogbt (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777, Fgdds leo Kblrobr ;==0).

He tab rgjabr pdlges h` Blst L`rgjl, sfldd leo fboguf-sgzbo ueiudltbs lrb fhrb lkueolet talege shutabre L`rgjl. Ge tab dlttbr lrbl, fbilabrkgvhrbs `hrf l fuja dlribr prhphrtghe h` tab abr-kgvhrb iugdo. _abrb`hrb, dlribr lfhuets h` jlrrghe lrb lvlgdlkdb ge shutabre L`rgjl tale ge blstbre L`rgjl (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777, <21). Lt dblst ge blstbre L`rgjl tab dhw prbogjtlkgdgty h`lvlgdlkdb jlrrghe, ls wbdd ls tab dhw pltja quldgty h` jlrrghe, rbsudts ge sphttbo aybels ge l prb`brbejb`hr auetbo ̀ hho (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777, <27).

Ge jhejdusghe wb alvb sbbe talt sphttbo aybels lolpt tabgr `hrligei kbalvghurs th tab bjhdhig-jld sbttgei. @hr bxlfpdb, jdhsb th lqultgj rbshurjbs, taby alvb kbbe sahwe th kb jlplkdb h` sagei`hr bxlfpdb, leo lt dblst heb phpudltghe rhutgebdy auets sfldd Egdb jrhjhogdbs ( Jrhjhogdus egdhtgjus )(Dlf <77;, :71). Lt dblst shfb h` tab vlrglkgdgty ge tab prby jltbihrgbs jle kb bxpdlgebo ge tbrfs h`bjhdhigjld vlrgltghe. Ge fhrb jdhsbo lrbls, wabrb irhup sgzb gs sflddbr, ibebrlddy sflddbr spbjgbs lrbauetbo tale ge hpbe lrbls. Fhrbhvbr, tab `hjus he yhuei legflds sbbfs th kb fhrb gfphrtlet gefhrb jdhsbo lrbls (Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, <9?). Fhst gfphrtletdy, tab lfhuet h` sjlv-beibo `hho ge tab ogbt sbbfs th vlry ljjhrogei th tab bjhdhigjld jgrjufstlejbs ge wagja l aybelphpudltghe eos gtsbd` (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777). Ahwbvbr, eht ldd tab vlrgltghe ge tabogbt h` sphttbo aybels als l strlgiat`hrwlro bjhdhigjld bxpdleltghe (Dlf <77;, ?=?).

9.: Aybel sgtbs

Fhst gfphrtlet `hr hur purphsb gs tab `ljt talt aybels dblvb l fltbrgld rbjhro h` tabgr ljtgvgtgbs.Fuja h` tabgr dg`b gs hrilegsbo lrhueo obeegei sgtbs wagja jle kb ogvgobo geth twh typbs. Eltldobes lrb gshdltbo sgtbs, usbo ky l usulddy dhw-rlengei fhtabr th igvb kgrta leo eursb abr juks. Fhrbagia rlengei fhtabrs usulddy igvb kgrta ge tab —jhffueld obe‖, wagja gs usbo ky ldd geogvgoulds h`l irhup (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf, leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0). Ge loogtghe th obes, tabrb lrb ldsh pdljbs wabrb`hho gs jljabo (Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, ]hngebs leo ]btbrales ;==9). _ags fbles talt wb phtbetglddyalvb sgtbs talt prhvgob l idgfpsb h` tab thtldgty h` aybel ̀ hrligei strltbigbs, shfbtagei talt gs alrobrth jhfb ky ̀ hr htabr jlregvhrbs.

Ge sphttbo aybels, tab obe gs le gfphrtlet `hjus h` tab dg`b h` l jdle. Juks lrb rlgsbo abrb leotab obe pdlys le gfphrtlet rhdb ge shjgld dblregei, kbjlusb tab yhuei dblre tabgr pdljb ge tab ohfg-elejb agbrlrjay leo jhrrbspheogei rhdb ge irhup dg`b lt tabsb sgtbs (Orbl leo @rlen ;==:, Yltts leoAhdbnlfp ;==9, r021). [bflges h` prby lrb trlesphrtbo th tabsb sgtbs, shfbtgfbs hvbr dlrib ogs-tlejbs ( b.i. Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, Dlf <77;, Fgdds leo Kblrobr;==0).:; Ge jhetrlst th strgpbo leo krhwe aybel, sphttbo aybels oh eht prhvgsghe tabgr h``sprgei wgta trlesphrtbo `hho. Retgd tab yhuei dblvb tab obe, taby suksgst shdbdy he fgdn ( b.i. ]hngebs leo]btbrales ;==9, <7<2). _ab khebs trlesphrtbo th jhffueld obes lrb taus usulddy trlesphrtbo ky

loudts th `bbo tabfsbdvbs. _ab ùejtghe h` tags kbalvghur sbbfs th kb th objrblsb tab jalejb h`tab`t ky htabr prbolthrs hr ky irhup fbfkbrs (]hngebs leo ]btbrales ;==9). _ab kheb lssbfkdlibstabrb`hrb rbbjt tab ogbt h` loudt aybels.

_ab dhjltghe h` tab jhffueld obe fly kb rbdhjltbo `rbqubetdy tarhuiahut tab tbrrgthry h` tabjdle. Ge heb <=-yblr stuoy, tags alppbebo hejb l fheta he lvbrlib. Fhst obeegei sgtbs wbrb hedyusbo hejb, ldtahuia shfb phpudlr dhjltghes wbrb rb-hjjupgbo pbrghogjlddy (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf,leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0). Obe fhvbs jle kb prhfptbo ky sbvbrld `ljthrs, dgnb gejrblsbs ge bjthplrlsgtbphpudltghes, hr l ogsturklejb lt tab obe, ̀ hr bxlfpdb ky dghes. Ge htabr jlsbs, tab rblshes ̀ hr fhvbsrbflgebo uejdblr (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf, leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0). Gejrblsbs ge `hrligei b`jgbejy jlekb jgtbo ls rblshes ̀ hr obe fhvbs ge lrbls wgta fgirlthry prby. Ahwbvbr, obe fhvbs lrb h`tbe flobhvbr sahrt ogstlejbs, lvbrligei lkhut <.2 ngdhfbtrb (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf, leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0). Ztgdd,

:; Re`hrtueltbdy, bxljt fgegfld trlesphrt ogstlejbs lrb hedy rlrbdy spbjg`gbo ge tab dgtbrlturb. L fgegfuf h` ?.0 nf jle

kb igvbe `hr obes leldysbo ky Dlf (<77;). Abrb jrhjhogdbs auetbo lt Dlnb _urnlel wbrb bxjlvltbo ge l obe ?.0

ngdhfbtrbs ̀ rhf tab sahrb.



<:<

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

ge lrbls wgta l dht h` stleogei prby, tab obe fly kb fhvbo rbiudlrdy fly alppbe ge rbsphesb thjaleigei prby obesgtgbs

Dgnb ̀ hrligei kbalvghur, obeegei leo kheb ljjufudltgei kbalvghur ge fhobre aybels gs vlrgbo.Ge shutabre L`rgjl, sphttbo aybels oh eht sbbf th ljjufudltb sgiegjlet quletgtgbs h` khebs getabgr obes, ge jhetrlst th blstbre L`rgjl, wabrb tags als kbbe hksbrvbo (Zutjdg``b <79=, <<<<, ]hngebs

leo ]btbrales ;==9). _ab bvgobejb ̀ rhf tab Burhpble ]dbgsthjbeb rbjhro wgdd kb ogsjussbo lt l dltbrstlib, kut gt gs jdblr talt jlvb aybels ogo ljjufudltb dlrib quletgtgbs h` kheb fltbrglds ge tabgr obes.Ge jhetrlst th tab ]dbgsthjbeb sgtultghe, tab eufkbr h` aybel rbflges prbsbet ge bxjlvltbo fhobreobes gs sfldd (j`. @hssb <779, <0), bvbe tahuia agia cuvbegdb fhrtldgty als kbbe rbjhrobo ̀ hr fhobresphttbo aybel ( b.i. Orbl leo @rlen ;==:, Fgdds leo Kblrobr ;==0).

L eufkbr h` kheb lssbfkdlibs h` ]dbgsthjbeb lib talt wbrb lt dblst fhstdy ljjufudltbo ky ay-bels alvb kbbe bxjlvltbo ge wbstbre leo Jbetrld Burhpb. L fuja dlribr eufkbr h` sgtbs gs nehwe wabrb jlvb-usb sbbfs th alvb ldtbreltbo kbtwbbe ahfgeges leo aybels. @urtabrfhrb, bvbe jlvbsgtbs talt sahw l jdblr aybel sgielturb shfbtgfbs jhetlge sfldd eufkbrs h` ahfgege thhds ( b.i. Pgddlleo Zhrbssg ;===). Kheb lssbfkdlibs lsshjgltbo wgta aybel ljtgvgtgbs jle kb ogvgobo geth og``brbetjltbihrgbs. Heb typb h` lssbfkdlib phgets th tab usb h` l sgtb ls l obeegei sgtb, wagdb htabr lssbf-kdlib typbs obfhestrltb tab bxgstbejb h` prby obphsgt leo jhesufptghe sgtbs ( b.i. Ogborgja leo Ŷìn;==0). Ge loogtghe shfb sgtbs jhetlge kheb ljjufudltghes talt lppblr th rbbjt ljtgvgtgbs h` fudtgpdb,jhfpbtgei jlregvhrbs ( b.i. @hssb bt ld. <771, 2?). Yb fust tabrb`hrb bxbrjgsb jlutghe wabe leldysgeisgtbs ge tbrfs h` aybel `hrligei strltbigbs. Gt lppblrs talt obeegei sgtbs wgdd sahw tab kbst sgielturbh` aybel `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs, sgejb tabsb rbbjt tab rbsudts h` `hrligei ky l irhup hvbr l pbrgho h`tgfb.

Zhfb jdblr jalrljtbrgstgjs alvb kbbe prhphsbo th obtbrfgeb wabtabr aybels wbrb tab prgejgpldljjufudlthrs h` l kheb lssbfkdlib hr eht. Gfphrtlet geogjlthrs h` aybel sgtbs lrb tab prbsbejb h`dlrib eufkbrs h` jhprhdgtbs, shfbtgfbs jhejbetrltbo ge —dltrgebs‖ (Ztgebr leo Nuae <77;, ?:9). Lagia rltgh h` jlregvhrbs th abrkgvhrbs wabe jhfplrbo th ahfgege ljjufudltghe gs ldsh jhffhe.Fhrbhvbr, wgtage tab jlregvhrb irhup aybels tabfsbdvbs lrb h`tbe gfphrtlet. _ags gs kbjlusb aybelsgetbrljt ̀ rbqubetdy wgta htabr jlregvhrbs, wagdb ge ibebrld jlregvhrbs tbeo th lvhgo blja htabr (Jruz-Rrgkb <77<). Fhrbhvbr, tab brjb getrl-spbjgj jhfpbtgtghe rbsudts ge agia ge`let fhrtldgty ge obes,bxpdlgegei tab lkueolejb h` aybel `hssgds. @urtabrfhrb, tab prbsbejb h` lkueolet ielw flrns he

tab khebs gs le gfphrtlet jalrljtbrgstgj (Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, Ztgebr <77;). _ab spbjgbsh` aybel talt ljjufudltbo tab khebs gs usulddy obtbrfgebo ky tab rbflges h` aybels prbsbet ge tabljjufudltghes, bspbjglddy ge tab jlsb h` obe sgtbs wabrb cuvbegdbs ogb gesgob tab obe. Ge fhst jlsbs ge]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb, tab ljjufudltgei spbjgbs wls jlvb aybel.

Dlrib eufkbrs h` jhprhdgtbs leo le lkueolejb h` aybego rbflges lrb lsshjgltbo wgta obeegeisgtbs. _absb sgtbs jle kb rb-usbo `hr dhei pbrghos h` tgfb, bspbjglddy wabe tabsb lrb dhjltbo ge jlvbs(]hngebs leo ]btbrales ;==9). _ags belkdbs us th leldysb dlrib tgfb lvbrlibo lssbfkdlibs. Obeegeisgtbs jle kb jhesgobrbo jhfplrlkdb th l —Jbetrld ]dljb‖ ge ahfgeges ge talt taby lrb tab `hjld phgeth` tab ljtgvgtgbs h` ldd geogvgoulds ge l jdle. Juks lrb khre lt tabsb sgtbs leo taby rbflge tabrb.Zphttbo aybel ge`lets wlib le gfphrtlet struiidb `hr ohfgelejb wgta tabgr sgkdgeis vbry rlpgodyl`tbr taby lrb khre. Ourgei tabsb struiidbs ;2% h` ldd juks talt lrb khre lrb ngddbo ky tabgr sgkdgeis.Ge loogtghe th juks kbgei ngddbo shhe l`tbr kgrta, ge lrbls wabrb `hho gs sjlrjb, tab ohfgelet jukfly prbvbet l sukhrogeltb juk ̀ rhf ̀ bbogei, rbsudtgei ge oblta ky stlrvltghe (@rlen, Idgjnfle, leo

Dgjat <77<). _ags rbsudts ge agia eufkbrs h` cuvbegdb khebs lt aybel obes (Orbl leo @rlen ;==:). _ab usb h` obeegei sgtbs gs spltglddy hrilegsbo. Whuei lrb rlgsbo ge sfldd egjabs h` tab jlvb, wagdb`hho rbflges lrb jhejbetrltbo ge dlribr rhhfs. _ab jdblrbst geogjltghe h` spltgld hrilegsltghe gstbeos th kb jhejbetrltghe h` dlrib eufkbrs h` jhprhdgtbs ge dltrgebs ( b.i. Ahrwgtz <771, Ztgebr <77;,Zutjdg``b <79=).

Ahwbvbr, eht ldd kheb lssbfkdlibs talt lppblr th alvb kbbe ljjufudltbo ky aybels rbsbfkdbobeegei sgtbs. Ge shfb sgtbs, ̀ hr bxlfpdb, tab aybel lib prhdb gs eht ohfgeltbo ky cuvbegdbs, kut kyloudts (@hssb bt ld. <771, 2:-2?). _absb lssbfkdlibs lppblr th rbbjt jhfpbtgtghe ̀ hr prby wgta htabrjlregvhrbs hr jhespbjgjs, ̀ hr bxlfpdb ̀ rhf l og``brbet jdle. Lehtabr typb h` sgtb gs tab prby obphsgtsgtb, wabrb jlrjlssbs alvb kbbe obphsgtbo. _ags kbalvghur als ldsh kbbe hksbrvbo ge fhobre aybels(Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, ;2=). Ge Burhpble jhetbxts, tab jhhd bevgrhefbets h` jlvbs prhvgobo ay-bels wgta gobld lrbls ̀ hr prby sthrlib. Fhrbhvbr, ge shfb jlsbs, vbrtgjld jlvb systbfs wbrb lvlgdlkdb.

_absb wbrb og`judt th ljjbss leo tabrb`hrb prhvgobo wbdd prhtbjtbo sthrlib sgtbs. _ags leldysgs wgddkb rbstrgjtbo th obeegei sgtbs wahsb aybel phpudltghe jhetlges prbohfgeletdy cuvbegdb geogvgoulds. Gt



<:;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

gs ahpbo talt tags sbdbjtghe wgdd rbsudt ge tab leldysgs h` lssbfkdlibs sahwgei fgegfld geubejb ̀ rhfhtabr jlregvhrbs ls hpphsbo th leldysgei lssbfkdlibs ge wagja loudt aybels lrb lkueolet.

Gt gs ahpbo talt kheb lssbfkdlibs `rhf suja sgtbs, prhvgob l fhrb rbdglkdb gflib h` jlvb aybel`hrligei strltbigbs tale sgtbs wgta —fgxbo‖ lssbfkdlibs. Ebvbrtabdbss, tab elturb h` aybel obe ls-sbfkdlibs ldrbloy gfpdgbs shfb kglsbs wgta rbilro th tab kheb jhddbjtghe obphsgtbo lt tab sgtb. _ab

fhst gfphrtlet `ljthr gs tab `ljt talt jlvb aybels, dgnb fhobre sphttbo aybels, wbrb lolptbo th ob-strhy dlrib khebs. _ags lolptltghe belkdbs tabf th sjlvbeib jlrjlssbs wgtahut fuja fblt, kbjlusbtaby jle stgdd bxpdhgt irblsy khebs leo flrrhw, ge jhetrlst th `hr bxlfpdb `bdgos ( b.i. Kdufbesjageb<719). _ags kbalvghur rbsudts ge tab prb`brbetgld obstrujtghe h` jbrtlge jltbihrgbs h` kheb. Bspbjglddysfldd spbjgbs wgdd kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo ge tab Eufkbr h` Gobetgbo Zpbjgfbes (EGZ]) h` l sgtb3usulddy hedy tab jrlegld snbdbthe h` sfldd ueiudltbs gs prbsbet lt ]dbgsthjbeb obes ( b.i. Kruild, @hssb,leo Iulobddg <779, Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, @hssb <770, Dlf <77;). Ge dlribr spbjgbs, wahsb khebslrb fhrb og`judt th obstrhy, tab hvbrrbprbsbetltghe h` jrlegld rbflges objrblsbs. Zgejb fhrb gobe-tglkdb snbdbtld plrts alvb survgvbo, dlribr spbjgbs wgdd tabrb`hrb kb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ge aybel obelssbfkdlibs.

Lehtabr gfphrtlet phget jhejbres aybel trlesphrt kbalvghur. Aybels trlesphrt rbflges h` prbylegflds th tabgr obes. _ags trlesphrt jle tlnb pdljb hvbr qugtb irblt ogstlejbs. Zhfbtgfbs twh leg-flds bvbe jhhpbrltb. Dlf (<77;, :7;) ̀ hr bxlfpdb, obsjrgkbs l sphhr jhesgstgei h` twh sbts h` spht-tbo aybel trljns, wgta tab orli flrn h` l jrhjhogdb tlgd kbtwbbe tabf. _ab trlesphrt kbalvghur flygetrhoujb l kgls ge tab spbjgbs talt lrb rbprbsbetbo lt obe sgtbs. Dlrib spbjgbs fly kb trlesphrtbodbss h`tbe, ls gs ldsh tab jlsb ge ahfgege sgtbs (sbb jalptbr :). He tab htabr aleo, g` l sfldd legfldgs jlpturbo leo fudtgpdb aybels `bbo he gt, tabrb fly kb `bw rbflges db`t th trlesphrt th tab obe. _abrb`hrb, jhuetbrgetugtgvbdy, sfldd legflds fly kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo lt obe sgtbs, sgejb taby prhvgobthh sfldd l pljnlib th salrb wgta fudtgpdb geogvgoulds.

Ge fhobre aybel sgtbs, he tab htabr aleo, gt als kbbe hksbrvbo talt tab rltgh h` rbprbsbetbo spb-jgbs strheidy rbsbfkdbs tab ljtuld rltghs ge wagja tab spbjgbs lrb prbsbet ge tab bevgrhefbet (Ztgebr<77;, ??0). _ags suiibsts talt tab kglsbs geubejgei tab survgvld h` khebs ge aybel obes sgtbs flyeht kb thh orlstgj.

9.? Bxpbjtltghes `hr tab stuoy h` ]dbgsthjbeb aybels

_ab `hrbihgei ogsjussghe h` fhobre sphttbo aybels belkdbs us th fhobd tab dgnbdy kbalvghur h`tab jdhsbdy rbdltbo jlvb aybel. Yb wgdd lssufb talt jlvb aybels wbrb ls dlrib ls Ebleobrtalds, wagjafbles talt :== ngdhirlfs whudo kb tab bxpbjtbo uppbr dgfgt h` tab sgzb h` tabgr prby. Ge tab jlsb hìrhup ̀ hrligei, dlribr spbjgbs fly alvb kbbe tlnbe, ahwbvbr sphttbo aybels lppblr th prb`br ̀ hrli-gei ldheb ge fley jlsbs.

_abrb`hrb, wb bxpbjt ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpble aybels, dgnb fhobre oly sphttbo aybels, th `hjus hefboguf-sgzbo ueiudltbs, `hr bxlfpdb rbo obbr hr rbgeobbr. _absb jhudo kb auetbo shdgtlrgdy leo geirhups. _aby lrb tabrb`hrb bxpbjtbo th kb wbdd-rbprbsbetbo ge aybel kheb lssbfkdlibs. Dlribr prbyspbjgbs, dgnb ahrsbs hr khvgos lrb bxpbjtbo th kb rlrbr, sgejb taby alo th kb tlnbe ge irhups. Kbjlusbh` tab vbrsltgdgty h` `hrligei strltbigbs ge sphttbo aybels, jhesgstgei h` shdgtlry auetgei, irhup auet-gei leo sjlvbeigei, wb bxpbjt talt aybels wgdd alvb alo l krhlo ogbt. Zgejb sjlvbeigei gs prljtgsbo`rbqubetdy leo auetgei gs `hjussbo he tab wbln geogvgoulds, wb bxpbjt tab lib prhdbs h` prby leg-

flds lt jlvb aybel sgtbs th kb kglsbo ge `lvhur h` cuvbegdb leo sbegdb geogvgoulds.

9.2 Jlsb-stuogbs

G wgdd leldysb jlvb aybel `hrligei strltbigbs he tab klsgs h` twh @rbeja sgtbs talt alvb kbbe puk-dgsabo ge rblshelkdb obtlgd. @grstdy, G wgdd ogsjuss Duebd-Pgbd, le blrdy sgtb. He tab klsgs h` `lueld rb-flges, tags sgtb jle kb oltbo th tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb. Zbjheody G wgdd ogsjuss tab sgtb h` Jlfglj, wagja gs oltbo th FGZ :.

9.2.< Duebd-Pgbd

Eblr tab vgddlib h` Duebd-Pgbd, dhjltbo kbtwbbe Eåfbs leo Fhetpbddgbr, ge tab Açrludt oçplrtbfbet,l systbf h` `hur jlvbs als kbbe ogsjhvbrbo. _ab jlvb obsgieltbo Duebd-Pgbd < wls ̀ hueo th jhetlge]dbgsthjbeb `lueld rbflges ge tab <7ta jbetury. Ge tab ;=ta jbetury, l tblf dbo ky Kheg`ly jlrrgbo

hut bxjlvltghes ge tags jlvb, wagja ygbdobo l dlrib kheb lssbfkdlib (hvbr 1=== pgbjbs gobetgbo th



<::

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

lelthfgjld leo/hr spbjgbs dbvbd), leo l sfldd stheb lrtb`ljt lssbfkdlib (@hssb <770, ?9). Klsbo hetab rbjhvbrbo `lueld rbflges, tab sgtb als kbbe oltbo th tab fgoodb plrt h` tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb,th lkhut :2= nl. Ourgei tab bxjlvltghe, << jhujabs wbrb rbjhiegsbo. _absb alvb kbbe irhupbo gethtwh lssbfkdlibs, l dhwbr (ge`.) lssbfkdlib, jhetlgegei jhujabs 0-<< leo le uppbr (sup.) lssbfkdlibjhetlgegei jhujabs <-2 (@hssb <770). _absb twh lssbfkdlibs og``br sdgiatdy ge jalrljtbr. _ab sgtb prh-

vgobs us wgta l dlrib leo tgfb-lvbrlibo lssbfkdlib th wagja H@_ jle kb lppdgbo.Zbvbrld dgebs h` bvgobejb suiibst talt tab khebs rbjhvbrbo wbrb ljjufudltbo ky jlvb aybels.@grstdy, aybel rbflges (fhstdy jlvb aybel, kut ldsh sfldd eufkbrs h` Aylbel prgsjl ) wbrb `hueo getab bxjlvltghes. Loogtghelddy, eufbrhus aybel jhprhdgtbs wbrb rbjhvbrbo. Fhrbhvbr, ielw flrnslrb vgsgkdb he tab —qulsg-thtldgty‖ h` rbjhvbrbo abrkgvhrb kheb fltbrglds (@hssb <770, 22). Geobxbsh` tab fleebr h` `rljturltghe h` tab kheb alvb kbbe jhfplrbo th rb`brbejb jhddbjtghes h` khtaauetbr/iltabrbr leo aybel kheb jhddbjtghes, jhfpgdbo ky Kuee (Kuee <71:). _absb jhfplrgshessahw talt tab fleebr h` kheb krblnlib gs jhfplrlkdb th talt sbbe ge fhobre aybel obes (@hssb<770, 2<-2;).

Ahwbvbr, tabrb lrb shfb og``brbejbs kbtwbbe tab uppbr leo dhwbr lssbfkdlibs. @grst, tabeufkbr h` khebs ge tab Rppbr Lssbfkdlib gs sflddbr tale ge tab Dhwbr heb. Jhevbrsbdy tab Rppbr Lssbfkdlib jhetlges fhrb stheb lrtb`ljts tale tab Dhwbr Lssbfkdlib. Ge tab uppbr dbvbd, tabgobetgbo khebs huteufkbr lrtb`ljts ky l rltgh h` ;.9, wagdb ge tab dhwbr dbvbd tags rltgh gs <=.0(@hssb <770, 9:). [bttgei stuogbs alvb sahwe talt tab lsshjgltghe h` tab stheb lrtb`ljts wgta tabkheb lssbfkdlib ljjufudltbo ky aybels gs tab rbsudt h` phst-obphsgtgheld prhjbssbs. _ab lrtb`ljts wbrb prhklkdy ogspdljbo `rhf tab jlvb betrlejb ohwesdhpb geth tab getbrghr h` tab jlvb wabrb

tab aybel kheb lssbfkdlib wls ljjufudltbo (Pgddl leo Zhrbssg;===, ;=7). Lehtabr og``brbejb kbtwbbe tab Rppbr leo tabDhwbr Lssbfkdlib gs tab aybel phpudltghe gtsbd`. Ge tab Rppbr Lssbfkdlib, tab aybel slfpdb gs ohfgeltbo ky loudts, wagdb getab dhwbr lssbfkdlib gt gs ohfgeltbo ky cuvbegdbs (@hssb <770,9=). _ab Dhwbr Lssbfkdlib taus sahws l strheibr aybel sgiel-turb. _ab ̀ ljt talt vbry yhuei legflds ohfgeltb tab aybel phpu-dltghe suiibsts talt gt wls l obeegei sgtb. Abejb, ourgei tab `hr-fltghe h` tab Dhwbr Lssbfkdlib, aybels usbo tags jlvb ̀ hr dhei

pbrghos h` tgfb rblrgei tabgr vudebrlkdb juks. Yb jle tabrb`hrbkb jbrtlge talt ahfgege usb h` tab jlvb wls bpabfbrld ourgeitags tgfb. _ab leldysgs gs taus dgfgtbo th tags lssbfkdlib.

_ab EGZ] jhuets h` tab rbjhvbrbo kheb fltbrgld `rhfDuebd-Pgbd lrb dgstbo ge tlkdb 9.<. _ab dhwbr lssbfkdlib gs ablv-gdy ohfgeltbo ky jbrvgos, wgta lurhjas (Khs prgfgibegus) kbgeisbjheo ge gfphrtlejb leo jlvb aybels tabfsbdvbs ge tagro pdljb.@hr tab lurhjas slfpdb, tab rltgh kbtwbbe tab sbxbs jhudo kbobtbrfgebo kbjlusb h` tabgr sbxuld ogfhrpagsf. Ge tab dhwbrlssbfkdlib, gt lppblrbo talt ::% h` tab lssbfkdlib wls fldb, wagdb 09% wls `bfldb (@hssb <770, 91).:::?

Jrlegld bdbfbets lrb hvbrrbprbsbetbo ge tab jbrvgo slfpdb. _ags jhrrbspheos th tab hksbrvltghes lkhut sfldd ueiudltbs lt

htabr ]dbgsthjbeb obes fbetghebo ge tab prbvghus plrlirlpa. _ab ohfgelejb h` tabsb bdbfbets gs rboujbo ge tab bqugos leotaby lrb qugtb rlrb jhfplrbo th phstjrlegld khebs ge tab khvgoslfpdb (@hssb <770, 2=). Ygta rbilro th tab dheikhebs, bspbjgld-dy aufbrus leo tgkgl, tab ogstld beos lrb hvbrrbprbsbetbo. _ags gsth kb bxpbjtbo, kbjlusb tab prhxgfld beos lrb fhrb spheiy leojhetlge fhrb flrrhw. _aby wbrb tabrb`hrb prb`brbetglddy jhe-sufbo. Fhrbhvbr, jydgeobrs, dheikhebs fgssgei khta oglpaysbs, wagja lrb jalrljtbrgstgj h` aybel obes alvb ldsh kbbe rbjhvbrbo(@hssb <770, 2=). Gt lppblrs talt cust dgnb ge fhobre sphttbo ay-

:: Fudtgpdb spbjgbs lrb dgstbo ls @bdgs spbdlbl. _ags spbjgbs wls dgstbo ueobr jdlss L Jlregvhrbs. Fhrbhvbr, @hssb

(<770) rb`brs th dghes ge ags tbxt.

:? [b`brrbo th ls @bdgs (]letabrl) duebddbesgs ky @hssb <770). _bstu (;==0) obtbrfgebs gt th kb ]letabrl plrous.

EGZ]

Zpbjgbs Dhwbr Rppbr

Jbrvgos (Jbrvus bdlpaus +

Bujtbehjbrhs fbogtbrrlebus)

;9=9 2;:

Khs prgfgibegus trhjabrhs 17: :;?

Jrhjutl spbdlbl getbrfbogl 20; ;;:

Bquus fhskljabesgs pldustrgs :9: <2;

Jlegs dupus duebddbesgs 77 ;1

Bquus ayoruetgeus 2: ;?

Zus sp. ?0 <?

Ogjbrhrageus btrusjus :7 <:

Aylbel prgsjl <0 :

Juhe prgsjus 9 <

]letabrl spbdlbl:: 2 0

@bdgs (Dyex) spbdlbl 2 ;

Rrsus j`. obegeibrg 2 -

Jlprbhdus j`. sôssbekhrebesgs ? -

]letabrl plrous:? ? ;

Kgshe j`. sjahbtbesljng ; -

Fbdbs tahrldg spbdlbus < <

Pudpbs vudpbs < <<

@bdgs (Dyex) j`. plrogel < -

@bdgs fhespbssudlel < -

Fustbdl pldbrfgebl <

Dutrl sp. - ;

_htld ?1;2 <:;7

_lkdb 9.<3 _ab ̀ lueld lssbfkdlib ̀ rhf Duebd-

Pgbd. Klsbo he (@hssb <770, 9<).



<:?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

bel obes, ogstld lppbeogjudlr khebs leo jrlegld bdbfbets lrb hvbrrbprbsbetbo (jhfplrb @hssb <770,9?-90, ]hngebs leo ]btbrales ;==9).

@hr shfb irhups, tab lib strujturb h` tab rbprbsbetbo legflds jhudo kb bstgfltbo, klsbo he tab wblr h` tabgr tbbta. _ab lib strujturb h` tab dlribst irhup, tab jbrvgos, gs gddustrltbo ge irlpa <. Lib-jdlssbs G leo GG rbprbsbet cuvbegdb legflds, wagdb lib jdlssbs Q leo lkhvb rbprbsbet hdo geogvgoulds.

Gt gs jdblr talt ge tab dhwbr dbvbd, cuvbegdbs lrb kbst rbprbsbetbo. Ebxt th tabsb twh lib-jdlssbs, yhueiloudts `rhf lib-jdlss GP leo P wbrb prbsbet ge rbdltgvbdy dlrib quletgtgbs. _ab lib strujturb h` tabahrsbs gs gddustrltbo ge irlpa ;. _ab bqugo slfpdb gs ohfgeltbo ky geogvgoulds `rhf tab 2-0 yblr-hdoleo :-? yblr-hdo jltbihrgbs. Ahwbvbr, tab lib jltbihrgbs ̀ rhf 9 th <= lrb ldsh qugtb wbdd rbprbsbetbo(@hssb <770, 2:, 01). ]rgfb-lib ge ahrsb gs ibebrlddy jhesgobrbo th kb tab lib jltbihry kbtwbbe 0 leo7 yblrs hdo ( b.i. @breleobz, Iulobddg, leo @hssb ;==0).

Ge tab khvgo slfpdb gt fust kb ehtbo talt obetld rbflges lrb rlrb. Ahwbvbr, jhfkgegei obetldrbflges wgta tab stlibs h` ùsghe h` phstjrlegld khebs, shfb geogjltghe h` tab lib h` tab legfldsrbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb gs dgstbo ky @hssb (<770, 2:). Ljjhrogei th agf, tab khvgo slfpdb `rhf tabdhwbr lssbfkdlib jhetlgebo vb yhuei legflds leo ;1 loudts. Ge aybels, ls ogsjussbo lkhvb, tabdhwbr lssbfkdlib gs ohfgeltbo ky cuvbegdb legflds. Ge whdvbs, tab slfpdb jhesgstbo h` tbe yhuei

=

2

<=

<2

;=

;2

G GG GGG GP P PG PGG PGGG GQ Q QG QGG

Lib jltbihrgbs

%

@giurb 9.<3 Lib strujturb h` tab jbrvgos rbprbsbetbo ge tab dhwbr lssbfkdlib.

Lolptbo `rhf (@hssb <770, 01).

=

2

<=

<2

;=

;2

=-< <-; ;-: :-? ?-2 2-0 0-9 9-1 1-7 7-<= <=-<< <<-<; <;-<: 5<:

Lib ge yblrs

%

@giurb 9.;3 Lib strujturb h` tab ahrsbs rbprbsbetbo ge tab dhwbr lssbfkdlib. Lolptbo `rhf (@hssb <770, 01).



<:2

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

loudts leo twh loudts (@hssb <770, 2?). Ygta rbilro th htabrlegflds, prbsbet ge sflddbr eufkbrs, gt lppblrs talt tab sflddbqugo ( Bquus ayoruetgeus ) gs rbprbsbetbo ge tab dhwbr lssbf-kdlib ky tarbb yhuei leo tarbb loudt legflds. Khlr ( Zus sp.) gsrbprbsbetbo ky lt dblst twh yhuei legflds, heb yhuei loudt,

heb prgfb-libo geogvgould leo heb vbry hdo legfld. Dlstdy, tabragehjbrhs ( Ogjbrhrageus btrusjus ), gs rbprbsbetbo ky tarbb yhueileo twh loudts ge tab dhwbr lssbfkdlib (@hssb <770, 2?).

Re`hrtueltbdy, tabrb gs eh phddbe oltl talt jle kb usboth rbjhestrujt tab bevgrhefbet> abejb rbjhestrujtghe fustkb lttbfptbo he tab klsgs h` tab spbjgbs talt lrb prbsbetge tab lssbfkdlib. _ab dlrib flffld `luel h` tab Dhwbr Lssbfkdlib gs geogjltgvb h` l tbfpbrltb jdgfltb. Ge tab up-pbrfhst dlybr kbdheigei th tab dhwbr lssbfkdlib, kgro leothrthgsb rbflges geogjltb jdgfltgj wlrfgei (@hssb <770, ?1). _ags dlybr hedy jhetlgebo lkhut <=% h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib`rhf tab dhwbr lssbfkdlib. Yb jle tabrb`hrb lssufb talt tagslssbfkdlib wls dlribdy `hrfbo ourgei l pbrgho h` tbfpbrltbjheogtghes. _ab ohfgelejb h` jbrvgos gs getbrprbtbo ky @hssb(<770) ls rbbjtgei tab gfphrtlejb h` `hrbstbo lrbls ge tabbevgrhefbet, wagdb bqugos prhvgob bvgobejb h` tab bxgstbejbh` hpbe lrbls ge tab surrhueogeis h` tab sgtb. H` jhursb,tab `hrligei prb`brbejbs h` aybels fly geubejb tab oltl he wagja tab bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghe gs klsbo. @hrtueltbdy,kgros wbrb ldsh `hueo lt tab sgtb. Gt gs uedgnbdy talt taby jhe-stgtutbo le gfphrtlet plrt h` tab aybel ogbt. _absb legfldstabrb`hrb prhvgob us wgta ge`hrfltghe he tab bevgrhefbettalt gs geobpbeobet h` aybel prb`brbejbs. _arbb irhups h`kgro spbjgbs lrb gfphrtlet. Zpbjgbs prb`brrgei whhobo lrblslrb kbst rbprbsbetbo, ̀ hddhwbo ky spbjgbs prb`brrgei rhjny leo

hpbe tbrrlges (@hssb <770, ?1). Ls `hr tab ahfgege sgtbs ogsjussbo ge tab prbvghus jalp-tbrs, G jhestrujtbo l rlengei h` tab spbjgbs prbsbet klsbo hetabgr khoy wbgiat, dgstbo ge tlkdb 9.:. L jhfplrgshe h` tabrlengei wgta tab tlkdb dgstgei tab gobetgbo khebs lt spbjgbsdbvbd sahws talt tab fhst agiady rlenbo spbjgbs, ragehjbrhs, wls eht bxpdhgtbo ablvgdy. _ab slfb gs trub `hr Kgshe leoObegeibr‗s kblr, khta h` wagja lrb bvbe rlrbr ge tab lssbf-kdlib. _ab ebxt fhst agiady rlenbo ueiudltbs lrb prbsbet ge

dlrib eufkbrs. _ab sflddbst, jbrvgos wbrb bxpdhgtbo fhst getbesgvbdy, kut ahrsb leo lurhjas lrb ldshprbsbet ge dlrib eufkbrs. Yhdvbs lrb ldsh prbsbet ge rblshelkdy dlrib eufkbrs, bvbe tahuia taby lrbeht vbry agiady rlenbo. Ahwbvbr, fley stuogbs geogjltb talt liirbssghe kbtwbbe og``brbet jlregvhrbspbjgbs gs l jhffhe pabehfbehe. Ge loogtghe th trygei th stbld jlrjlssbs `rhf jlregvhrbs h` htabr

spbjgbs, jlregvhrbs h`tbe ngdd htabr jlregvhrbs (sbb hvbrvgbw ge Ple Pldnbekuria ;==<, <=?-<=2).Rsulddy, tab ngddbo jlregvhrbs lrb eht jhesufbo, tahuia. Ahwbvbr, sgejb tab whdvbs wbrb prhklkdytrlesphrtbo th tab sgtb, tags fly alvb kbbe tab jlsb abrb.:2:0:9

_ab aybels rbsphesgkdb `hr tab ljjufudltghe h` tags kheb lssbfkdlib taus prb`brbetglddy tlribt-bo fboguf th dlrib sgzbo ueiudltbs. _ab sflddbr spbjgbs fly kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo oub th og``brbetgldkheb obstrujtghe. Fhrbhvbr, sflddbr spbjgbs fly alvb kbbe jhfpdbtbdy obvhurbo lt tab ngdd sgtb leotabrb`hrb trlesphrtbo th tab obe sgtb dbss h`tbe.

:2 Ljjhrogei th Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2), tags gs l sfldd spbjgbs, wgta l sahudobr abgiat h` <.2 f., wagdb ̀ hr Ogjbrhrageus

ngrjakbribesgs l sahudobr abgiat h` ;.2f gs igvbe. Zab ogo eht prhvgob le bstgfltb `hr Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus

kut ohbs stltb talt gt gs h` fboguf abgiat. G tabrb`hrb bstgfltbo tags spbjgbs lt 0=% h` O. ngrjakbribegs ls dgstbo ky

Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?).

:0 G usbo tab bstgfltbs prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) `hr Aylbel ayblel leo Aylbel krueebl, sgejb taby

lrb prhklkdy jdhsbdy rbdltbo th Aylbel prgsjl, ̀ hr wagja eh bstgfltb wls prhvgobo.

:9 G usbo tab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) ̀ hr Jlprbhdus jlprbhdus.

Zpbjgbs FEG Whuei FEG Loudt

Khs prgfgibegus 2 ;1

Bquus ayoruetgeus : :

Zus sp. ; :

Ogjbrhrageus btrusjus : ;

_lkdb 9.;3 Lib jltbihrgbs h` tab dbss jhffhe

spbjgbs rbprbsbetbo ge Duebd-Pgbd ge tbrfs h`

FEG. Klsbo he (@hssb <770, 2?).


< Ogjbrhrageus btrusjus <;2=:2 :7

; Kgshe j`. sjahbtbesljng 02= ;

: Khs prgfgibegus trhjabrhs 0== 17:

? Rrsus j`. obegeibrg 20= 2

2 Bquus fhskljabesgs ::2 :9:

0 Jbrvus bdlpaus ;== ;9=9

9 ]letabrb spbdlbl <72 2

1 Bquus ayoruetgeus <11 2:

7 ]letabrl plrous 7= ?

<= Zus sp. 17 ?0

<< Jrhjutl jrhjutl 9= 20;

<; Jlegs dupus duebddbesgs ?2 77

<: Aylbel prgsjl ?=:0 <0

<? Jlprbhdus j`.

sôssbekhrebesgs

:;:9 ?

<2 @bdgs (Dyex) spbdlbl ;= 2

<9 Juhe prgsjus <2 9

<1 @bdgs (Dyex) j`. plrogel <= <

<7 Fbdbs tahrldg spbdlbus <= <

;= @bdgs fhespbssudlel 2 <

;< Fustbdl pldbrfgebl 4< <

_lkdb 9.:3 [lengei h` tab legflds prbsbet ge tab

Duebd-Pgbd lssbfkdlib. Ybgiats `rhf3 (Krhhn leo

Khwfle ;==?, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb ;==2).



<:0

L PGBY _H L NGDD

_ab lkueolejb h` jbrvgos ge tab lssbfkdlib jle kb lt-trgkutbo th tabgr bejhuetbr rltb. _ags jle kb lpprhxgfltboky rbjhestrujtgei tabgr phpudltghe obesgty. Ls phgetbo hutge tab prbvghus jalptbrs, phpudltghe obesgty gs obpbeobet hekhoy wbgiat. Ge tlkdb 9.?, tab phpudltghe obesgtgbs `hr tab

fhst jhffhe spbjgbs ge tab Dhwbr Lssbfkdlib lrb dgstbo.Klsbo he rbjhestrujtbo phpudltghe obesgty ldheb, wb whudobxpbjt bqugos th kb kbttbr rbprbsbetbo tale khvgos. _ab `ljttalt tags gs eht tab jlsb fly kb jlusbo ky tab bevgrhefbet. G` whhobo lrbls prbohfgeltbo ge tab surrhueogeis h` Duebd- Pgbd, tabrb whudo kb dbss sugtlkdb alkgtlt `hr bqugos tale `hrlurhjas, wagja lrb fhrb lt ahfb ge whhobo lrbls. Fhobrebqugos spbeo kbtwbbe 1= leo 77% h` tabgr tgfb ge tab irlss-dleo zhebs h` tabgr rleib. Yhhobo lrbls lrb hedy shuiat hut`hr sabdtbr ourgei sthrfs btj. (Kurnb bt ld. ;==1, 179). G` `hr-bst wls tab ohfgelet vbibtltghe typb, tab lrbl wls prhklkdyfhrb sugtlkdb `hr jbrvgos leo lurhjas tale `hr bqugos leo

kgshe. Ahwbvbr, tab eblr-lksbejb h` kgshe gs strgngei. _aby lrb fhrb lolptbo th hpbe lrbls talelurhjas, kut sgejb bqugos wbrb ldsh prbsbet ge dlrib eufkbrs, sugtlkdb alkgtlt wls prhklkdy lvlgdlkdbth tabf. _aby fly alvb kbbe lt l ogslovletlib kbjlusb taby alo th jhfpbtb khta wgta lurhjasleo ahrsb ge plrts h` tabgr egjab. _absb spbjgbs fly alvb kbbe kbttbr lolptbo th tab spbjgj bevg -rhefbetld `ljbts h` tab lrbl, dblvgei tab kgshe talt als le getbrfbogltb lolptltghe dgttdb `hrlib. Leldtbreltgvb bxpdleltghe gs talt gts rlrgty gs oub th gobetgjltghe kgls. Khs leo Kgshe khebs rbsbfkdb bljahtabr, sh khebs kbdheigei th kgshes fly alvb kbbe brrhebhusdy jdlssgbo ls Lurhjas.

Ygta rbilro th jbrvgos tabrb gs l jdblr `hjus he tab bxpdhgtltghe h` cuvbegdb geogvgoulds> sbegdbgeogvgoulds lrb rlrb. G lssufb talt fhst h` tab rbflges talt alvb kbbe rbjhvbrbo wbrb hktlgebo kyauetgei gestblo h` sjlvbeigei. _ags gs alro th prhvb ahwbvbr, sgejb agia cuvbegdb fhrtldgty ldsh hj-jurs elturlddy. _ab `ljt talt hdo geogvgoulds lrb dbss jhffhe tale loudts suiibsts talt auetgei jbrvgos fly alvb kbbe prb`brrbo th tabgr sjlvbeigei. Ge ahrsbs tab `hjus gs eht he cuvbegdb legflds, kuthe yhuei loudts. Ahwbvbr, flturb geogvgoulds lrb ldsh wbdd rbprbsbetbo. _ab lib strujturb h` tab

ahrsbs suiibsts talt taby wbrb eht hktlgebo ky sjlvbeigei, sgejb loudts lrb vbry wbdd rbprbsbetbo. _aby wbrb taus prhklkdy auetbo ky aybels. _ab slfb sbbfs trub `hr tab khvgo slfpdb, ldtahuiatab oltl prhvgobo he tab lib strujturb lrb dbss obtlgdbo. Ahwbvbr, cuvbegdbs `hrf lkhut <2% h` tablssbfkdlib, wagdb tab rbst h` tab legflds rbprbsbetbo wbrb loudts. Re`hrtueltbdy, oltl he wabtabrsbegdb geogvgoulds wbrb prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib gs eht prbsbetbo. Ztgdd he tab klsgs h` tab lib-jdlssoltl talt sahw l flchrgty h` loudt geogvgoulds, wb jle lssufb talt auetgei wls tab flge strltbiy ̀ hrtab bxpdhgtltghe h` lurhjas.

Ge loogtghe th tab tarbb ohfgelet ueiudltbs, l `bw spbjgbs rbprbsbet kbtwbbe twh th cust ueobrheb pbrjbet h` tab lssbfkdlib blja. Ge tab jlsb h` whdvbs, yhuei loudts lrb dlribdy ohfgelet, leotab hedy htabr lib-irhup rbprbsbetbo gs talt h` tab flturb loudts. _abgr prbsbejb sahudo prhk-lkdy kb bxpdlgebo ls kbgei tab rbsudt h` liirbssghe ky jlvb aybels th jhfpbtgei jlregvhrbs. Ybfust lssufb talt whdvbs wbrb prhklkdy auetbo he bejhuetbr. _ab prbsbejb h` bquld eufkbrs h`yhuei leo loudt legflds `hr Bquus ayoruetgeus lppblrs th kb tab rbsudt h` auetgei, ldtahuia lilge,

wb jleeht kb jbrtlge. _ab plttbre prbsbetbo `hr wgdo khlr gs og`judt th getbrprbt. Ge loogtghe th tabtwh cuvbegdbs, heb sbegdb geogvgould gs prbsbet, wagdb heb yhuei loudt leo heb flturb loudt lrb ldshrbprbsbetbo. Zjlvbeigei jle ljjhuet `hr tab prbsbejb h` tabsb wbln jltbihrgbs, kut tab eufkbr h`rbprbsbetbo geogvgoulds gs thh sfldd th orlw jhejdusghes `rhf.

_ab bxpdhgtltghe h` ragehjbrhs lt Duebd Pgbd fly kb bxpdlgebo ls tab rbsudt h` sjlvbeigei, sgejbtags vbry dlrib legfld gs qugtb og`judt th auet. Fhobre-oly aybels rlrbdy auet legflds dlribr tale;2= ni.:1 Fhrbhvbr, pljayobrfs prhvgob tab kbst sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs ge ljtuldgstgj stuogbs geBlst L`rgjl (j`. Kdufbesjageb <719). _ab `ljt talt fhrb yhuei lrb prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib jlekb jgtbo ge supphrt h` tags lssufptghe, kut tab plttbre gs eht jhejdusgvb. Lehtabr `ljthr talt jle kbjgtbo ge `lvhur h` l sjlvbeigei strltbiy ge tags jlsb gs tab bejhuetbr rltb. Klsbo he rbjhestrujtbophpudltghe obesgtgbs jbrvgos sahudo kb bejhuetbrbo :.: tgfbs fhrb h`tbe tale ragehjbrhs. Ge tablssbfkdlib, ragehjbrhs gs `lr rlrbr tale heb whudo bxpbjt g` gt wbrb auetbo he bejhuetbr. _ags sui-

:1 Dbss tale <% ge l stuoy jhvbrgei 1=< jlsbs (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp leo Zfldb <777).

Zpbjgbs Obesgty

(geo/nf;)


Khs prgfgibegus trhjabrhs =.::72

Jrhjutl jrhjutl =.=?:<

Bquus fhskljabesgs =.2=?0

Jlegs dupus =.=2;2

Bquus ayoruetgeus =.9?9?

Zus sjrh`l <.;?;1

Ogjbrhrageus btrusjus =.;<<7

_lkdb 9.?3 [bjhestrujtbo phpudltghe

obesgtgbs h` tab fhst gfphrtlet spb-

jgbs lt Duebd Pgbd. @hr fbtahohdhiy

sbb prbvghus jalptbrs.



<:9

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

ibsts talt bxpdhgtltghe h` ragehjbrhs wls qugtb l rlrb bvbet. ]rbsuflkdy, tab eufkbr h` sjlvbeiblkdbjlrjlssbs ge tab dleosjlpb wls eht vbry agia leo jhfpbtgtghe wls h`tbe getbesb (j`. Kdufbesjageb<719). _abrb`hrb, eht thh fley rbflges fly alvb kbbe lvlgdlkdb th trlesphrt kljn th tab sgtb.

Lt tags sgtb auetgei h` fboguf leo dlrib sgzbo ueiudltbs prhvgobo tab flgestly h` tab ogbt h`jlvb aybels. _ags gs lpplrbet bvbe tahuia sflddbr spbjgbs fly kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo kbjlusb taby

wgdd eht alvb kbbe trlesphrtbo th tab sgtb ls r̀bqubetdy. Ztgdd, rbo obbr gs ldsh ge tab sgzb jltbihry taltgs bxpbjtbo th su``br l dlrib obirbb h` kheb obstrujtghe ( b.i. Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, @hssb bt ld. <771, Pgddl bt ld. ;==?). _abrb`hrb, tab rlrgty h` khlr, Bquus ayoruetgeus , rhb obbr leo htabr sflddspbjgbs fust lt dblst plrtdy rbbjt aybel ̀ hrligei strltbigbs. _ab gfphrtlejb h` sjlvbeigei gs alro thlsjbrtlge, kut gs bxpbjtbo th kb rbdltgvbdy gesgiegjlet ge tbrfs h` gts jldhrgj jhetrgkutghe th tab ogbt. _ags gs tahuiat th kb tab jlsb ge vgbw h` tab lib prhdbs h` tab spbjgbs talt lrb rbprbsbetbo lt tabsgtb. Ztgdd, tab `hrbstbo bevgrhefbet geogjltbo ky tab `lueld lssbfkdlib fust alvb prhvgobo aybelsfhrb sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs tale tabgr fhobre slvleela alkgtlt, kbjlusb vgsgkgdgty h` jlrjlssbsgs dhwbr ge whhobo bevgrhefbets. Gt als kbbe sahwe talt ge Blst L`rgjl jlrjlssbs rbflge lvlgdlkdbth sjlvbeibrs dheibst ge whhobo zhebs h` tab dleosjlpb (j`. Kdufbesjageb <719). _ab b``bjt h` tab`hrbstbo bevgrhefbet he sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs fly kb luifbetbo ky tab tbfpbrltb jdgfltb ge wagja objly prhjbssbs lrb sdhwbo jhfplrbo th fhobre oly L`rgjl (@hssb bt ld. ;==?).

9.2.; Jlfglj

Jlfglj gs lehtabr bxlfpdb h` l jlvb sgtb wgta l kheb lssbfkdlib ljjufudltbo ky aybels (Iulobddg btld. <711, Iulobddg <717). Gt gs dhjltbo ge tab shutawbst h` @rlejb, leo gs sgtultbo lt tab boib h` jld-jlrbhus tbrrljb, hvbrdhhngei tab vlddby h` trgkutlry h` tab Jlehoheeb rgvbr. _ags vlddby gs jheebjtboth tab Ohrohieb vlddby (Iulobddg bt ld. <711, Iulobddg <717). _ags sgtb wls strltbigjlddy sgtultbo eblrtab jheubejb h` og``brbet rgvbr vlddbys leo prhvgobo le bxjbddbet dhjltghe th fhegthr prby. _ab sgtbals kbbe oltbo usgei <?J h` l kheb `rlifbet, ygbdogei le lib h` :2.<== +;===/-<2== kp. (Iulobddg bt ld. <711, Iulobddg <717).

_ab sgtb jhesgsts h` l sfldd jlvb leo le lrbl h` pdltblu ge `rhet h` gt, `rhf wagja l dlrib jhddbj-tghe h` kheb fltbrglds wls rbjhvbrbo. _ab bxjlvltghe ldsh ygbdobo l sfldd stheb lssbfkdlib, wagjasahws talt tab sgtb wls usbo ky khta ahfgeges leo aybels. _abrb lrb jhevgejgei lriufbets th getbr-prbt tab kheb lssbfkdlib ls rbbjtgei aybel `hrligei strltbigbs tahuia. @grst, tab jhejbetrltghe h`

khebs wls bxjlvltbo ge tab shutabre plrt h` tab bxjlvltbo lrbl, wagdb tab flchrgty h` lrtb`ljts wlsrbjhvbrbo ge tab ehrtabre plrt h` tab bxjlvltghe. Zbjheo, tabrblrb eh ahfgege trljbs h` bxpdhgtltghe he tab khebs, wagdb aybeltrljbs lrb lkueolet. Ielw flrns lrb vbry jhffhe, he fhst dhei-khebs, tab bpgpaysbs alvb kbbe obstrhybo leo fley khebs sahwsgies h` alvgei kbbe geibstbo ky aybels (Iulobddg bt ld. <711, 0<).Fhrbhvbr, aybel jhprhdgtbs wbrb ldsh jhffhe ge tab bxjlvltbolrbl. Re`hrtueltbdy, eh lib prhdb gs lvlgdlkdb `hr tab aybel rb-flges, kut tab `ljt talt taby lrb rbdltgvbdy eufbrhus fly ldsh kbjgtbo ge supphrt h` tab getbrprbtltghe h` tags lssbfkdlib ls alvgeikbbe ljjufudltbo ky aybels.

_ab `lueld lssbfkdlib h` Jlfglj gs prbsbetbo ge tlkdb 9.2. Gtgs qugtb l ogvbrsb lssbfkdlib, bspbjglddy ge vgbw h` tab eufkbr h`

khebs talt wls gobetgbo (jhfplrb tab eufkbr h` spbjgbs wgta _luklja hr Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst `hr bxlfpdb). _ab lssbfkdlib gsohfgeltbo ky ahrsb ( Bquus jlklddus ), khvgos (fhstdy kgshe ( Kgshe prgsjus )) leo whhddy ragehjbrhs. G` wb lssufb talt tab khebs obtbr-fgebo ls —khvgo‖ rbprbsbet khta kgshe leo lurhjas ge tab slfbprhphrtghes ls tab khebs talt jhudo kb obtbrfgebo th spbjgbs dbv-bd, ;0= h` tab khvgo khebs whudo alvb kbdheibo th kgshe. G wgddtabrb`hrb lssufb talt ;77 kgshe khebs lrb rbprbsbetbo ge tab ls-sbfkdlib leo :1 lurhjas khebs. @hddhwgei tags dgeb h` rblshegei,kgshe whudo kb tab sbjheo kbst rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs lt tab sgtb, wagdb lurhjas whudo kb `ta kbst rbprbsbetbo, `lddgei kbtwbbe jlvbaybel leo flffhta.

Zhfb oltl lkhut tab lib-strujturb h` tab tlxl prbsbet ge tablssbfkdlib gs rbphrtbo ky @hssb (<770). Ab klsbs ags rbphrt he l

Zpbjgbs EGZ] FEG

Bquus jlklddus ilddgjus ::9 <;

Khvgebs geobt. ;7:

Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ;== ;0

Jrhjutl jrhjutl spbdlbl 90 7

Kgshe prgsjus :7 <=

Flffutaus prgfgibegus ;; 2

Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus <7 ?

Jbrvus bdlpaus <; <

Bquus ayoruetgeus 1 ;

]letabrl spbdlbl 2 ;

Khs prgfgibegus 2 <

Pudpbs vudpbs 2 <

Rrsus spbdlbus ? ;

Jlegs dupus ; ;

]letabrl spbdlbl vlr. jdhubtg8 ; <

Ldhpbx dlihpus ; <

Zus sjrh`l ; <

[leig`br tlrleous ; <

_htld <=:2 1<

_lkdb 9.23 _ab `lueld lssbfkdlib rbjhvbrbo

lt Jlfglj. @rhf (Iulobddg bt ld. <711, 0;).



<:1

L PGBY _H L NGDD

pbrsheld jhffuegjltghe ky tab dblo lutahr h` tab pl-pbr he Jlfglj talt wls lvlgdlkdb th fb. Re`hrtueltbdy,tab lib strujturb gs eht igvbe ge FEG jhuets klsbo heobetgtghe, kut ge EGZ] (ehfkrb ob rbstbs). _ags oltl gsrbprhoujbo ge tlkdb 9.0. _absb jhuets oh eht sbbf vbry

rbdglkdb th fb, sgejb ldd tab gobetgbo khebs lrb gejhr-phrltbo ge tab lib strujturb. Eht bvbry snbdbtld plrt gs vbry sugtlkdb ̀ hr lib-obtbrfgeltghes ahwbvbr. Og``brbettypbs h` kheb ùsb lt og``brbet fhfbets ge tgfb, btj.Fhrbhvbr, cuvbegdb khebs wgdd ldsh kb prb`brbetglddy ob-strhybo. Khebs h` loudts alvb l fuja kbttbr jalejb h`survgvld, tabrb`hrb cuvbegdbs fly kb ueobrrbprbsbetbousgei tags fbtaho.

Hedy sfldd pbrjbetlibs h` tab khebs gobetgbo th spbjgbs sahw geogjltghes h` kbdheigei th cuvbegdb geogvgoulds. @hr tab kbst rbprbsbetbo irhup, bqugos tags gs lkhut 2.2%, ge ragehjbrhtgos tags gslkhut 2.9%. Ge khvgos, tab pbrjbetlib gs dhwbst, lt =.7%, wagdb ge flffhtas, gt gs ;<%. [bilrogeitab dlttbr spbjgbs, gt als th kb rbldgsbo h` jhursb talt tab slfpdb gs vbry sfldd. _ab slfb gs trub `hrjbrvgos, ge wahsb slfpdb eheb h` tab khebs kbdheibo th l cuvbegdb geogvgould.

_ab bevgrhefbet h` tab sgtb lt tab tgfb h` hjjupltghe jle kb rbjhestrujtbo `rhf tab `lueldlssbfkdlib leo `rhf phddbe rbjhvbrbo `rhf tab jhprhdgtbs `hueo lt tab sgtb. _ab spbjgbs dgst rbvbldsl eufkbr h` jhdo lolptbo spbjgbs, dgnb rbgeobbr ( [leig`br tlrleous ), phdlr `hx ( Ldhpbx dlihpus ), flf-fhta ( Flffutaus prgfgibegus ) leo whhddy ragehjbrhs ( Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ). Ge loogtghe, tab dlribeufkbr h` ahrsb rbflges leo tab ohfgelejb h` kgshe hvbr lurhjas khebs suiibst talt tab bevg-rhefbet wls qugtb hpbe. _ab prbsbejb h` rbo obbr leo bspbjglddy wgdo khlr ( Zus sjrh`l ) sahws talt`hrbstbo lrbls wbrb ldsh prbsbet ge tab surrhueogeis h` tab sgtb.

_ab bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghe klsbo he tab spbjgbs talt lrb prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib gsjhrrhkhrltbo ky leldysgs h` phddbe prbsbet ge tab aybel jhprhdgtbs talt wbrb rbjhvbrbo lt tab sgtb.?1% h` tab phddbe ge tab jhprhdgtbs gs lrkhrbld. ]geb ( ]geus ) flnbs up ?0.1% h` tab phddbe, wagdbheb pbrjbet kbdheibo th kgrja ( Kbtudl ) (Iulobddg bt ld. <711, 0:). _ab sbogfbets h` tab sgtb wbrb ldshleldysbo `hr phddbe, ybt tabsb ygbdobo l Fbogtbrrleble hrl. _absb phddbe fust kb getrusgvb ge tab

sbogfbets, sgejb khta tab kheb lssbfkdlib leo tab jhprhdgtbs phget th rlogjlddy og``brbet bevgrhe-fbetld jgrjufstlejbs. L rlengei h` tab spbjgbs prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib als kbbe jhfpgdbo ge tlkdb 9.9. Gt gs jdblr

gestletdy, talt lplrt `rhf flffhta, tab ablvgbst irhups h` spbjgbs prbsbet, whhddy ragehjbrhs leokhvgos lrb getbesgvbdy bxpdhgtbo. _ab fhst ablvgdy bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs, ahrsb ( Bquus jlklddus ), gs rlenbodhwbr, kut gs stgdd l dlrib spbjgbs. Htabr spbjgbs lrb rbprbsbetbo dbss strheidy ge tab lssbfkdlib.

Gt gs strgngei talt tab rbprbsbetbo prby spbjgbs lrb flgedy dlrib abrkgvhrbs leo ge tab jlsb h` whhddy ragehjbrhs bvbe l fbilabrkgvhrb. Ls als kbbe phgetbo hut, gt gs dgnbdy talt sflddbr spbjgbs lrbueobrrbprbsbetbo ge aybel obe lssbfkdlibs. _abrb`hrb, gt jle kb ayphtabsgsbo talt jbrvgos dgnb rboobbr leo rbgeobbr wbrb prhklkdy fhrb gfphrtlet ge jlvb aybel `hrligei strltbigbs prljtgsbo lt tagssgtb tale tabgr rbprbsbetltghe ge tbrfs h` EGZ] suiibsts. He tab klsgs h` tags lssbfkdlib gt sbbfsjdblr talt tab ̀ hjus h` aybels wls prhklkdy iblrbo thwlros tab dlribr spbjgbs talt wbrb prbsbet ge tabbevgrhefbet. Fhrbhvbr, jrlegld rbflges h` sflddbr ueiudltbs prb`brbetglddy survgvb tab aybels‗ ob-

strujtghe, g` tabsb spbjgbs wbrb gfphrtlet ge aybel ̀ hrligei strltbigbs, lt dblst jrlegld rbflges whudoalvb kbbe wbdd rbprbsbetbo lt tags sgtb, ygbdogei l agiabr FEG. _ab gfphrtlejb h` jbrvgos leo htabrsflddbr spbjgbs dgnb khlr wls tabrb`hrb dgfgtbo.

Zgejb hedy vbry gfpbr`bjt ge`hrfltghe he tab lib strujturb als kbbe pukdgsabo `hr tags sgtb wbjleeht orlw thh fley jhejdusghes lkhut tab lib jdlssbs bxpdhgtbo ky jlvb aybels abrb. Loudt khebslrb ohfgelet ge ldd tlxl bxjbpt `hr tab prhkhsjgobles. Klsbo he tags oltl, `hr fhst jlsbs, wb whudobxpbjt tab rbprbsbetbo legfld spbjgbs th alvb kbbe bxpdhgtbo ky auetgei loudts. Cuvbegdb khebs lrbfhrb prheb th obstrujtghe ky aybels ahwbvbr, sh talt cuvbegdb geogvgoulds lrb prhklkdy ueobrrbp-rbsbetbo ge tab kheb lssbfkdlib. _abrb`hrb tab gfphrtlejb h` sjlvbeigei fly kb ueobrbstgfltbosdgiatdy.

_ags sgtb sahws talt aybels prb`brbetglddy bxpdhgtbo vbry dlrib spbjgbs. Bqugos sbbf th alvb kbbetab fhst ablvgdy bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs, jdhsbdy ̀ hddhwbo ky kgshe. Fhst strgngei gs tab ̀ ljt talt whhddy rag-

ehjbrhs ljjhuets `hr ldfhst ;=% h` tab lssbfkdlib. Jhesgobrgei talt gt whudo prhklkdy alvb kbbeprbsbet ge dhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs (Zbb tlkdb 9.1) jhfplrbo th tab sflddbr spbjgbs, wb jle jhejduob

EGZ]

Irhup Whuei Loudt

Jbrvgos - <;

Bqugos <7 :;0

Khvgos : :;9

[agehjbrhtgos << <1;

]rhkhsjgobles ? <2

_lkdb 9.03 _ab lib strujturb h` tab flge

tlxl prbsbet ge tab `lueld lssbfkdlib, ls

rbphrtbo ge (@hssb <770, 91).



<:7

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

talt whhddy ragehjbrhs wls prb`brbetglddy tlribtbo ky aybels. _ab dhw eufkbr h` cuvbegdb khebs getab slfpdb fly bvbe phget th tabf kbgei auetbo wgta l `hjus he loudts. He tab htabr aleo, gt gsuejdblr ahw fley h` tab loudt khebs ge tab slfpdb ljtulddy kbdheibo th hdo geogvgoulds. Ge vgbw h`tags spbjgbs‗ khoy sgzb G prb`br th rbilrosjlvbeigei hr auetgei h` wbln geogvgoulds ls tab bxpdleltghe`hr tabgr prbsbejb lt tab sgtb.:7?=?<?;?:???2

9.0 Ogsjussghe

_ab twh jlsb-stuogbs alvb sahwe talt `hrligei kbalvghurs ge ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpble jlvb aybelsobvgltb `rhf tab bxpbjtltghes talt wbrb `hrfudltbo he tab klsgs h` jhfplrltgvb stuogbs h` sphttboaybels. _ab `hjus he jbrvgos ge Duebd-Pgbd gs ge nbbpgei wgta walt whudo kb bxpbjtbo he tab klsgsh` sphttbo aybel kbalvghur ge L`rgjl. Ahwbvbr, tab gfphrtlejb h` khvgos lt khta Duebd-Pgbd leoJlfglj gs rbflrnlkdb. Legflds h` talt sgzb lrb hedy rlrbdy auetbo ky sphttbo aybels. _ab dlribst prbyspbjgbs taby tlnb ohwe rbiudlrdy gs zbkrl (Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777). _ab prbsbejb h`dlrib eufkbrs h` lurhjas lt Duebd-Pgbd leo kgshe lt Jlfglj sahws talt tab ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpbleaybels wbrb jlplkdb h` rhutgebdy ngddgei fuja dlribr prby.

_ab prbsbejb h` whhddy ragehjbrhs lt Jlfglj gs bvbe fhrb surprgsgei. _ags spbjgbs gs fhrb taletarbb tgfbs dlribr tale tab dlrib khvgos talt wbrb prbsbet. Yhhddy ragehjbrhs gs prbsbet lt htabr ay-bel sgtbs ge @rlejb, kut usulddy jhetrgkutbs sfldd pbrjbetlibs h` tab EGZ]. Ebvbrtabdbss lt l eufkbrh` sgtbs ge tab Khabfgle Nlrst, ge ljjufudltghes prhoujbo ky aybels, qugtb l dlrib eufkbr h` whhddy ragehjbrhs rbflges alvb kbbe ̀ hueo, shfbtgfbs ljjhuetgei `hr fhrb tale ;=% h̀ tab EGZ].Ge tabsb jlsbs auetgei h` cuvbegdb legflds up th lkhut heb yblr h` lib sbbfs th alvb kbbe prljtgsbo,

:7 Fy bstgfltb sgejb G obbf tab bstgfltbs prhvgobo ky khta Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) leo Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2)

th kb uerbldgstgjlddy dhw.

?= L dlrib eufkbr h` tab khebs gobetg`gbo ls —khvgebs geobt.‖ jle kb lssufbo th alvb kbdheibo th tags spbjgbs

?< Fy bstgfltb, sgejb G obbf tab bstgfltbs prhvgobo ky khta Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) leo Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2)

th kb uerbldgstgjlddy dhw.

?; Zhfb h` tab khebs gobetg̀ gbo ls —khvgebs geobt.‖ fust kb loobo th tags `giurbZhfb h` tab khebs gobetg`gbo ls —khvgebs geobt.‖ fust kb loobo th tags ̀ giurb

?: Fy bstgfltb, sgejb tab bstgfltbs prhvgobo ky khta Krhhn leo Khwfle (;==?) leo Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) lrb

uerbldgstgjlddy agia.

?? ]letabrl spbdlbl vlr . jdhubtg gs lssufbo th kb bquld ge rlen th ]letabrl spbdlbl.

?2 G usbo tab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky ]usangel leo [lgl (;==1) sgejb tab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo KhwfleG usbo tab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky ]usangel leo [lgl (;==1) sgejb tab bstgfltb prhvgobo ky Krhhn leo KhwfleKrhhn leo Khwfle

(;==?) gs vbry dhw (0= ni.).


< Flffutaus prgfgibegus 2=== ;;

; Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ;7== ;==

: Kgshe prgsjus 02=:7 :7?=

? Khs prgfgibegus 0==?< 2?;

2 Rrsus spbdlbus 2== ?

0 Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus ?2= <7

9 Bquus jlklddus ::2 ::9

1 Jbrvus bdlpaus ;==?: <;

7 ]letabrl spbdlbl <72?? 2

<= Bquus ayoruetgeus <11 1

<< Zus sjrh`l 17 ;

<; [leig`br tlrleous 10?2 ;

<: Jrhjutl jrhjutl 9= 90

<? Jlegs dupus ?2 ;

<2 Ldhpbx dlihpus 2 ;

<0 Pudpbs vudpbs 2 2


Bquus jlklddus =.2=?0

Kgshe prgsjus =.:;<0

Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs =.<<0:

Jrhjutl jrhjutl =.=?:<

Khs prgfgibegus =.::72

Flffutaus prgfgibegus =.=1=:

_lkdb 9.93 [lengei h` tab legflds rbprbsbetbo

ge tab lssbfkdlib h` Jlfglj. Ybgiats klsbo

he (Krhhn leo Khwfle ;==?, Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb

;==2).

_lkdb 9.13 [bjhestrujtbo phpudltghe

obesgtgbs `hr tab fhst gfphrtlet spbjgbs lt

Jlfglj.





<?<

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

Ahwbvbr, tabrb gs l dht h` vlrgltghe ge tab lib prhdbs h` prby legflds `hueo ge aybel obes. Ltshfb sgtbs, yhuei legflds oh flnb up le gfphrtlet plrt h` tab ueiudltb legflds, leo ge shfb jlsbsbvbe rbprbsbet l flchrgty (Kruild, @hssb, leo Iulobddg <779, @hssb <777). Ahwbvbr, shfb sgtbs sahwtalt taby wbrb obegtbdy jlplkdb h` auetgei prgflrgdy loudts h` dlrib spbjgbs dgnb ahrsb.

_ab `ljt talt jlvb aybels auetbo dlribr spbjgbs h` prby tale sphttbo aybels oh, jle lt dblst ge

plrt kb bxpdlgebo ky tab `ljt talt taby wbrb dlribr tale tabgr fhobre-oly jhuetbrplrts. Ge ibebrldtabrb sbbfs th kb l rbdltghesagp kbtwbbe prbolthr sgzb leo prby sgzb, wgta prby sgzb gejrblsgei ogs-prhphrtghelddy ge rbdltghe th prbolthr sgzb (sbb `hrfudl ge sbjtghe ?.2) ([lodh`` leo _hgt ;==?, ?<=).He tab htabr aleo, tab bstgfltbo wbgiat h` tab dlribst jhffhe sphttbo aybel prby, zbkrl, gs lkhut;11 ngdhs. (Krhhn leo Khwfle ;==?, Jhhpbr, Ahdbnlfp, leo Zfldb <777). Ku``ldh gs hedy rlrbdyauetbo leo ljjhrogei th Jhhpbr Ahdbnlfp leo Zfldb (<777, <2;-<2:), hedy wabe wblnbebo. _agsspbjgbs wbgias kbtwbbe 2== th 0== ngdhs. Kgshe gs ablvgbr tale ku``ldh leo wls bxpdhgtbo rbiudlrdy ltJlfglj, kut ldsh lt htabr bxjlvltbo aybel obes, dgnb Khgs [hjab (Pgddl bt ld. ;==?). _ags suiibsts taltge shfb ]dbgsthjbeb jlvb aybel phpudltghes, auetgei ge irhups fly alvb kbbe fhrb gfphrtlet talegt wls th fhobre-oly sphttbo aybels, lddhwgei tabf th tlnb dlribr prby fhrb h`tbe.

L eld rbflrn jhejbres le getbrbstgei jltbihry h` eos lfgost aybel kheb ljjufudltghes,elfbdy letdbr fltbrgld. Bspbjglddy rbo obbr ( Jbrvus bdlpaus ) letdbrs wbrb jhddbjtbo ky aybels. _absbletdbrs alo eutrgtgheld vldub, sgejb aybels jhudo jabw tabf leo ogibst tab kheb jhddlibe. Fleyh` tab letdbrs talt lrb `hueo ge tabsb obphsgts lrb sabo. @hr bxlfpdb, lt Iulttlrg, 20 sabo letdbrs wbrb `hueo, lilgest <: uesabo hebs (@hssb bt ld. <771, 22). _ags sahws talt wb ebbo th kb jlrbùd wabe getbrprbtgei jhddbjtghes h` sabo letdbrs ls tab rbsudts h` ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs, sgejb ahfgeges lrbjdblrdy eht tab hedy libets talt jle kb rbsphesgkdb `hr tab ljjufudltghe h` tabsb gtbfs. Yabtabrletdbr fltbrgld wls jhddbjtbo ky ahfgeges hr aybels gs h`tbe blsgdy ogstgeiugsabo, ahwbvbr. Aybelslrb tahuiat th alvb jhddbjtbo letdbrs ge hrobr th bxpdhgt tabgr `lt jhetbet leo taby wgdd tabrb`hrb kbielwbo (@hssb bt ld. <771, 22).

9.9 Jhejdusghe

_ags jalptbr als sahwe talt usgei H@_ th og``brbetgltb kbtwbbe jlvb aybel leo Ebleobrtald `hr-ligei strltbigbs gs og`judt. Burhpble aybel obes leo Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj kheb lssbfkdlibs sahw ldlrib hvbrdlp ge tab jltbihrgbs h` prby talt lrb prbsbet. Khta aybels leo Ebleobrtalds wbrb lpplr-betdy lkdb th systbfltgjlddy tlribt dlrib ueiudltbs, suja ls ahrsbs leo khvgos. Ztgdd, khta jlvb aybelleo Ebleobrtalds lppblr th alvb kbbe sujjbssùd ge ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb. _ags suiibsts talt taby wbrb khta lkdb th fhehphdgsb dlrib lfhuets h` kghflss. _abrb`hrb shfb og``brbetgltghe ge egjabsfust alvb bxgstbo, htabrwgsb khta spbjgbs whudo eht alvb kbbe lkdb th jh-bxgst. _ab rbsudts h` tableldysgs oh geobbo phget th l eufkbr h` og``brbejbs ge tab `hrligei egjabs h` khta spbjgbs wagja wgdd kb dgstbo leo ogsjussbo kbdhw.

_ab fhst gfphrtlet og``brbejb gs ge tab irbltbr vlrgltghe ge spbjgbs leo lib-jltbihrgbs h` prbyprbsbet ge aybel obes. _ags gs eht uebxpbjtbo. Ge fhobre-oly L`rgjl tabrb gs l dht h` jhfpbtgtghelfhei og``brbet spbjgbs h` jlregvhrb `hr sgfgdlr spbjgbs h` prby. _ab jhfphsgtghe h` tab jlregvhrbiugdo ge l rbighe gs salpbo ky tags jhfpbtgtghe. Ge fley lrbls h` L`rgjl, tab prbsbejb h` sfldd spb-jgbs h` jlregvhrbs dgnb jabbtla hr wgdo ohi gs sbvbrbdy dgfgtbo ky tab `ljt talt dlribr prbolthrs dgnbdghe leo sphttbo aybel jhesufb fhst h` tab lvlgdlkdb kghflss leo fhrbhvbr ̀ rbqubetdy ngdd sflddbr

prbolthrs. Ge loogtghe, ge shfb lrbls, tab eufkbr h` aybels sbbfs th kb dgfgtbo ky dghes, wagdb gehtabr lrbls gt gs tab htabr wly rhueo (Hwbe-Zfgta leo Fgdds ;==1, Ple Pldnbekuria ;==<).Ztuogbs h` jhetbfphrlry prbolthrs suiibst talt hvbrdlppgei prby jahgjb gs l jhffhe pabehf-

behe ge tab prbolthr iugdo. Og``brbetgltghe h` egjabs fly eht kb b``bjtultbo ge tab rleib h` spbjgbstalt gs tlnbe, kut jle kb b``bjtultbo ge lehtabr bdo. @hr bxlfpdb ge tab tgfgei, wgta shfb prbolthrstlngei jbrtlge spbjgbs lt htabr tgfbs tale htabrs, g.b. og``brbejbs ge sblsheldgty ( b.i. Ztgebr <77;, ?::). _ags ngeo h` egjab sbplrltghe fly alvb kbbe prbsbet ge tab bxpdhgtltghe h` kblrs `hr bxlfpdb. Gtlppblrs talt ge fley lrbls aybels bxpdhgt jlvbs ge wagja kblrs agkbreltb, sjlvbeigei he tab rbflgesh` kblrs talt ogbo ourgei agkbreltghe (Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0, ;0=-;0;). Ebleobrtalds, ls sahwe kykhta _luklja leo Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lssbfkdlibs, ljtgvbdy auetbo tabsb dlrib prbolthrs.

Lehtabr hkvghus og``brbejb kbtwbbe tab Ebleobrtald leo aybel egjab dgbs ge tab fhob h` lj-qugsgtghe leo bxpdhgtltghe h` prby spbjgbs. Aybels prljtgsb l sgiegjlet lfhuet h` sjlvbeigei geloogtghe th auetgei. _ab lfhuet h` sjlvbeigei prljtgsbo fly kb qugtb fgehr ge shfb sphttbo aybel

phpudltghes, kut gt gs prljtgsbo ge ldd phpudltghes leo ge fley gt ohbs pdly le gfphrtlet rhdb wgta





<?:

9 A WBEL @H[LIGEI

gs prbogjtbo talt ogvgsghe h` fblt wls ldsh jhffhe lfhei Ebleobrtalds. _abrb`hrb taby alo fhrbgejbetgvb th ̀ hrf dlribr irhups h` auetbrs, lkdb th auet dlribr spbjgbs tale jlvb aybels. Jlvb aybelsprhklkdy prb`brrbo th `hrlib ge sflddbr irhups hr shdgtlrgdy g` jgrjufstlejbs pbrfgttbo. Lt Duebd- Pgbd `hr bxlfpdb, tab jdhsbo bevgrhefbet fly alvb dbo th tab hjjurrbejb h` fley jbrvgos ge sflddirhups. _ab aybels wbrb prhklkdy lkdb th bxpdhgt tabf ge l shdgtlry `lsaghe. Lt Jlfglj, ge fhrb

hpbe bevgrhefbets, aybel irhups wbrb prhklkdy fhrb lttuebo th auetgei ge irhups. Jbrvgos wbrbdbss gfphrtlet `hr tab ogbt abrb. _aby prhklkdy hjjurrbo ge dlribr irhups oub th tab hpbe bevgrhe-fbet, ebjbssgtltgei bxpdhgtltghe ky aybels auetgei ge pljns. Ge tabsb jgrjufstlejbs auetgei jbrvgoskbjlfb dbss gfphrtlet ge `lvhur h` dlribr spbjgbs h``brgei dlribr —pljnlibs‖ h` fblt.

Zjlvbeigei gs lehtabr ̀ hrligei ljtgvgty talt jle kb oheb shdgtlrgdy. Zjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs wbrbldsh prhklkdy fhrb lkueolet ge ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb tale ge fhobre L`rgjle slvleelas wabrb fhstljtuldgstgj whrn he sjlvbeigei ls l suksgstbejb strltbiy als kbbe oheb (@hssb bt ld. ;==?). Ge jhdobrpbrghos wgta legflds jhejbetrltbo ge abros, tags fly alvb kbbe le getbrbstgei strltbiy. Ahwbvbr,ge tags pbrgho, tab hpbe dleosjlpb whudo ldsh alvb gfprhvbo vgsgkgdgty. Ge Blst L`rgjl, gt lppblrstalt sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs lrb fhst lkueolet ge rgplrgle zhebs ge tab dleosjlpb (Kdufbesjageb<719). _abrb`hrb fhrb sjlvbeigei hpphrtuegtgbs fly alvb kbbe lvlgdlkdb th aybels ge tab `hrbstbobevgrhefbets lt Duebd-Pgbd tale lrhueo Jlfglj.

Ge tags jlsb H@_ jle kb gevhnbo th bxpdlge way tags rhdb h` sjlvbeigei gs eht bxpbjtbo th kbgfphrtlet ge Ebleobrtalds. Zgejb Ebleobrtalds prbsuflkdy alo l og``brbet shjgld hrilegsltghe, wgtadbss getrl-irhup jhfpbtgtghe `hr fblt, sjlvbeigei ueiudltbs wls prhklkdy eht rbwlrogei `hr tabf.G` `hho-salrgei wls prljtgsbo, gt whudo kb fhrb rbwlrogei `hr geogvgould Ebleobrtalds th jhhpbr-ltb leo jhejbetrltb he auetgei dlrib prby. _ags als tab lovletlib h` sl`b-iulrogei l fhrb rbdglkdb,stbloy suppdy h` `hho gs prhjurbo. Fhrbhvbr rbture rltbs `hr tab jhhpbrltgvb auetgei h` abrkgvhrbs whudo kb agiabr tale tab rbture rltbs talt jhudo kb ljagbvbo ky sjlvbeigei tabgr jlrjlssbs. Hedysjlvbeigei h` vbry dlrib legflds dgnb ragehjbrhs hr prhkhsjgobles gs prbogjtbo th alvb kbbe prht-lkdb ̀ hr Ebleobrtalds.

Lehtabr `ljbt h` tab bxpdleltghe h` tab sgielddbo plttbre fly dgb ge sphttbo aybel shjgld struj-turb. Aybels dgvb ge fudtg-fldb, fudtg-`bfldb irhups, fuja dgnb prgfltbs oh. @bfldbs lrb shdgtlrgdykurobebo wgta tab rlgsgei h` tabgr juks. Lddhplrbetld jlrb gs uenehwe ge sphttbo aybels (Fgdds <712, Yltts leo Ahdbnlfp ;==9). @bfldbs tabrb`hrb ebbo th auet ge hrobr th ̀ bbo tabgr h``sprgei. Auetgei

oleibrhus prby whudo rbsudt ge dhsgei rbprhoujtgvbdy ljtgvb `bfldbs, leo tabgr obpbeobet h``sprgei`rhf l pljn. Dhsgei rbprhoujtgvbdy ljtgvb ̀ bfldbs ̀ rhf l phpudltghe als fuja irbltbr ebiltgvb jhe-sbqubejbs tale dhsgei rbprhoujtgvbdy ljtgvb fldbs. _ab rltb h` rbprhoujtghe h` l phpudltghe ohbseht ageib he tab lvlgdlkdb lfhuet h` spbrf, sgejb heb fldb als fuja fhrb spbrf tale ebbobo th`brtgdgsb l `bfldb. _ab lfhuet h` lvlgdlkdb utbrg gs fuja fhrb gfphrtlet `hr tab rbprhoujtgvb rltbh` l phpudltghe leo tabsb jle kb `brtgdgsbo ky l sfldd eufkbr h` fldbs.

Fldbs lrb taus fhrb bxpbeolkdb tale `bfldbs ge l phpudltghe. G` auetgei wls oheb ky fldbEbleobrtalds, taby jhudo l``hro th auet oleibrhusdy. Fhrbhvbr, g` rbprhoujtgvb sujjbss wls dgenboth sujjbss ge auetgei, shfbtagei talt gs sbbe ge khta auetbr/iltabrbrs leo jagfplezbbs, gt flyalvb kbbe prhtlkdb `hr fldbs th pursub oleibrhus jltbihrgbs h` ilfb. G` sujjbssùd tags prhklkdyprhvgobo tabf wgta kbttbr fltgei hpphrtuegtgbs tale tab auetgei h` sflddbr dbss oleibrhus prby whudo alvb. Ge aybels, wabrb eh ogvgsghe h` dlkhur wls ge pdljb, auetgei tab fhst oleibrhus prbyspbjgbs whudo rbsudt ge phtbetglddy dhsgei khta `bfldbs leo tabgr h``sprgei leo wls tabrb`hrb prhk-

lkdy lvhgobo. He tab htabr aleo, tags lppdgbo hedy th dlrib jlregvhrbs dgnb kblrs leo fbilabrkgvhrbsdgnb ragehjbrhs. _ab ahrsb lib-prhdb lt @huvbet sahws talt wabe jhe`rhetbo wgta ueiudltbs dgvgeige abros taby wbrb lkdb th `hjus he tab prgfb-libo, leo taus fhst oleibrhus, geogvgoulds.

Lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th aybels leo jhfplrgei tab rbsudts h` tab leldysgs wgta tab rbsudts h`leldysbs h` Ebleobrtald `hrligei prhoujbs kbttbr ueobrstleogei h` khta spbjgbs‗ `hrligei kbalv-ghur. _ags sahws talt H@_ gs l prhoujtgvb lpprhlja th stuoygei ]dbgsthjbeb `hrligei strltbigbs.Fhrbhvbr, tab ge`hrfltghe lvlgdlkdb `hr khta tab aybel leo tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs talt wbrbusbo ge tags tabsgs wls eht gobld. _ags suiibsts talt tab rbsudts h` sgfgdlr leldysbs fly kb gfprhvboge tab ùturb.



<??

L PGBY _H L NGDD



<?2

1 Ogsjussghe

_ags stuoy als tbstbo wabtabr tab ogbt krblota fhobd `rhf tab ohflge h` Hptgfld @hrligei _abhry(H@_) jle kb usbo th leldysb ]dbgsthjbeb `hrligei strltbigbs. Ge tags jalptbr G wgdd syetabsgzb tabrbsudts h` tags stuoy. Ls phgetbo hut ge jalptbr <, ueobrstleogei tab Ebleobrtald ogbtlry egjab gs vbry gfphrtlet wgta rbilro th tbstgei l fudtgtuob h` tabhrgbs he ahfgege dg`b-agsthrgbs, irhup sgzb,dleiulib lkgdgtgbs leo tab ̀ uejtghe leo jlusb h` gejrblsbs ge Fgoodb leo Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb krlge sgzbs. _ab usb h` bjhdhigjld tabhry jle irbltdy jhetrgkutb th hur gesgiat geth Ebleobrtald `hrligei egjab.Ahwbvbr, kb`hrb tab ogbt krblota fhobd jhudo kb lppdgbo th tab ]dbgsthjbeb, shfb hkstljdbs alo thkb hvbrjhfb. @grst, G wgdd ogsjuss tab prhkdbfs talt lrb bejhuetbrbo wabe lppdygei tab ogbt krblotafhobd th ]dbgsthjbeb `hrligei leo tab shdutghes G lrrgvbo lt ge tags stuoy. _ags wgdd kb `hddhwbo ky lsbjtghe talt oblds wgta tab spbjgj prhkdbfs talt wbrb bejhuetbrbo wabe trygei th lppdy tab fhobdth tab sbdbjtbo lrjalbhdhigjld leo pldlbhethdhigjld sgtbs talt wbrb leldysbo. @gelddy G wgdd sufflrgsbtab rbsudts h` tags stuoy wgta rbilro th hur ueobrstleogei h` tab Ebleobrtald `hrligei egjab leopdljb tabsb rbsudts wgtage tabgr wgobr lrjalbhdhigjld jhetbxt.

1.< Lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd th lrjalbhdhigjld oltl

Kb`hrb H@_ jle kb usbo th leldysb `hrligei strltbigbs bvgobejbo ky tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro, leufkbr h` fbtahohdhigjld gssubs ebbo th kb loorbssbo. _ab ogbt krblota fhobd als kbbe obvbdhpboge kbalvghurld bjhdhiy `hr sgtultghes wabrb heb jle hksbrvb wagja prby gs tlnbe lt walt `rbqubejy.Ge hrobr th lppdy H@_ th tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro wb fust try th ogstgd talt ge`hrfltghe `rhf ltgfb-lvbrlibo leo kglsbo lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro. _ags stuoy als agiadgiatbo shfb h` tab prhkdbfsh` lppdygei H@_ th lrjalbhdhiy kut ldsh prhphsbo shdutghes, wagja wgdd kb ogsjussbo sahrtdy abrb.

Ge hrobr th bstgfltb wagja prby gs tlnbe lt walt ̀ rbqubejy, G alvb jahsbe th leldysb tab Eufkbrh` Gobetgbo Zpbjgfbes (EGZ]) h` tab rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs ls l fblsurb h` tab `rbqubejy h` tabgrbxpdhgtltghe. Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr ?, tags fblsurb gs eht ueprhkdbfltgj. L phssgkdb shdutghe th tabprhkdbfs gs th usb l og``brbet geobx th leldysb tab kheb lssbfkdlibs. L usbùd fblsurbfbet jhudo kbtab FEG h` l spbjgbs prbsbet ge tab lssbfkdlib. _ags whudo ebiltb tab prhkdbfs stbffgei ̀ rhf tabog``brbet jhfphsgtghe h` snbdbthes leo lt dblst plrtdy hvbrjhfb kglsbs `rhf og``brbetgld prhjbssgeileo trlesphrt h` og``brbet spbjgbs. Ahwbvbr, tabrb lrb og``brbet wlys h` jldjudltgei FEG, dblogeith og``brbet phssgkdb hutjhfbs ( b.i. [bgtz leo Ygei <777). _abrb`hrb, usgei FEG wabe jhfplr-gei sgtbs wahsb prgflry leldysgs als kbbe oheb ky og``brbet lrjalbhzhhdhigsts fly kb prhkdbfltgj.Fhrbhvbr, eht ldd lutahrs pukdgsa FEG‗s. Abejb, ge hrobr th jhfplrb og``brbet kheb lssbfkdlibspukdgsabo ky og``brbet lutahrs, EGZ] gs tab hedy fblsurb talt jle kb usbo `hr tab sgtbs stuogbo getags tabsgs. Kbjlusb h` hur lwlrbebss h` tab prhkdbfs lsshjgltbo wgta tags vlrglkdb, wb fly kb lkdbth jhrrbjt tab rbprbsbetltghe h` og``brbet spbjgbs klsbo he tab eufkbr h` snbdbtld bdbfbets tabyphssbss. Fhrbhvbr, kbalvghurs dgnb trlesphrt leo prhjbssgei jle kb fhobddbo usgei fblsurbs `hrsnbdbtld plrt rbprbsbetltghe.

_ab prhkdbfs lsshjgltbo wgta trlesphrt kbalvghur lrb plrt h` l dlribr sbt h` prhkdbfs jhejbre-gei tab vlrghus kglsbs ge tab stuogbo lssbfkdlibs. Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbrs : leo ?, auetbr/iltabr-brs jalrljtbrgstgjlddy bxpdhgt tabgr tbrrgthrgbs usgei shfb `hrf h` fhkgdgty, bxpdhgtgei plrt h` tabgrtbrrgthry uetgd rbshurjbs kbjhfb sjlrjbr leo tabe fhvgei he th l og``brbet lrbl. Fhrbhvbr, auetbr/iltabrbrs prhoujb sbvbrld typbs h` sgtbs> shfb sgtbs lrb hedy hjjupgbo `hr spbjgj ljtgvgtgbs, wagdbhtabrs ùejtghe ls l ahfb klsb hr jbetrld pdljb. _ags als hkvghus leo gfphrtlet rbpbrjussghes `hrtags stuoy. _ab lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs ̀ rhf og``brbet lrbls leo tgfb pbrghos leldysbo jleeht kb tlnbe lsrbprbsbetltgvb h` tab ùdd lrrly h` `hrligei strltbigbs h` tab hjjuplets. _ab leldysgs jle hedy gddufg-eltb tab `hrligei kbalvghur rbbjtbo lt _luklja leo Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst tabfsbdvbs. Zblshe-spbjgjljtgvgtgbs oub th sblsheld jaleibs ge rlengei h` prby spbjgbs jleeht kb stuogbo ge tags wly.

Ebvbrtabdbss, lt khta Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja, dlrib lfhuets h` fltbrgld wbrb `hueo, wagja suiibsts talt tabsb sgtbs hjjupgbo le gfphrtlet phsgtghe ge tab `hrligei strltbigbs h` tabirhups hjjupygei tabf. Ldsh, auetgei wls eht `hjussbo he l sgeidb spbjgbs, kut fudtgpdb bxpdhgtbo

spbjgbs lrb prbsbet lt khta sgtbs. _ags suiibsts talt wb lrb eht obldgei wgta spbjgldgsbo auetgei



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L PGBY _H L NGDD

jlfps. Fhrbhvbr, lt dblst lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst stheb thhd prhoujtghe wls gfphrtlet, suiibstgeitab cuxtlphsgtghe h` sbvbrld ljtgvgtgbs. Gevbstfbet ge sgtb ùregturb fly alvb tlnbe pdljb lt _lukljag` wb ljjbpt rbphrts h` ablrtas kbgei prbsbet lt tab sgtb. _abrb`hrb wb jle lssufb wgta rblshelkdbjbrtlgety talt tab sgtbs rbprbsbet le gfphrtlet prhphrtghe h` tab `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs prljtgsbo ky tabirhups hjjupygei tabf.

Ygta rbilro th tab sbdbjtghe h` lssbfkdlibs `hrfbo ky jlvb aybels ( Jrhjutl spbdlbl ), sgfgdlrprhkdbfs lrb bejhuetbrbo. Ztuogbs sahw talt tab jhffueld obe h` l sphttbo aybel ( Jrhjutl jrhjutl ) jdle gs fhvbo rbiudlrdy, he lvbrlib hejb l fheta ljjhrogei th heb <=-yblr stuoy. Fley sgtbs lrbeht rb-usbo, kut shfb obes lrb rb-usbo pbrghogjlddy hvbr dhei pbrghos h` tgfb (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf,leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0, ]hngebs leo ]btbrales ;==9) . Fhrbhvbr, ebxt th jhffueld obes, htabr typbsh` sgtbs lrb ldsh prhoujbo. @hr bxlfpdb shfb `bfldbs (h`tbe dhw-rlengei hebs) rblr tabgr yhuei gele gshdltbo eltld obe `hr tab rst fheta h` tabgr dg`b (Khyosthe, Nlpabgf, leo Ahdbnlfp ;==0).@urtabrfhrb, aybels alvb ldsh kbbe lddbibo th prhoujb jljabs (Ogborgja leo Ŷìn ;==0).

Ygta rbilro th tab aybel ljjufudltghes leldysbo ge tags stuoy, tab sabbr lfhuet h` fltbrgld`hueo prbjduobs tab gobl talt tab sgtbs ùejtghebo ls eltld obes. _ab lib-ogstrgkutghe h` tab aybelphpudltghe h` tab leldysbo ljjufudltghe lt Duebd-Pgbd suiibsts talt tab sgtb ùejtghebo ls l jhf-fueld obe. Eh ge`hrfltghe wls lvlgdlkdb he tab lib-strujturb h` tab aybels lt Jlfglj, kut lt dblsttab lkueolejb h` jhprhdgtbs jle kb tlnbe ls le geogjltghe talt aybels wbrb prbsbet lt tab sgtb `hr lprhdheibo pbrgho h` tgfb, suiibstgei talt tab sgtb ogo eht ùejtghe ls l jljab, kut ls l jhffueldobe. G` obe usb h` jlvb aybels gs jhfplrlkdb th talt h` sphttbo aybels, tab leldysgs h` aybel sgtbsfly igvb fhrb gesgiat ge tab thtld spbjtruf h` `hrligei kbalvghurs bxagkgtbo ky tabsb spbjgbs taletab leldysgs h` Ebleobrtald sgtbs. _ags gs tab jlsb kbjlusb tab aybel ljjufudltghes lrb tab rbsudt h`fudtgpdb hjjupltghes talt thhn pdljb ourgei og``brbet sblshes. G` wb tlnb fhobre aufle `hrligeistrltbigbs ls le leldhiub `hr Ebleobrtalds, tab usb h` spbjgj sgtbs fly alvb kbbe tgbo th l spbjgjsblshe ge Ebleobrtalds. _abrb`hrb, hjjupltghe h` Ebleobrtald sgtbs fly alkgtulddy alvb tlnbe pdljbge tab slfb sblshe.

_ab lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd jle kb gfprhvbo ky sbdbjtghe h` sgtbs h` wagja tabJbetrld-]dljb jalrljtbr jle kb fhrb sbjurbdy lsjbrtlgebo. _ags ngeo h` sgtb gs rlrb ge tab lrjalbh-dhigjld rbjhro ahwbvbr. L sgtb dgnb Nbklrl ge Gsrlbd, fgiat quldg`y. Abrb tab hjjupgbo spljb wls hr-ilegsbo ge tab slfb wly hvbr l dhei tgfb, dhei behuia th ljjufudltb sbvbrld fbtbrs h` sbogfbet,

suiibstgei vbry getbesgvb usb ( b.i. Klr-Whsb` bt ld. <77;, Fbgiebe bt ld. <771, Zabl ;==:, <1<). Geehrtawbst Burhpb, tags jldgkrb h` sgtb gs uenehwe tahuia. Lehtabr gfprhvbfbet ge tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th tab ]dbgsthjbeb lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro whudo

kb th stuoy sbvbrld sgtbs ge l fgjrh-rbighe talt ùejtghebo ge tab slfb sbttdbfbet systbf. _ags whudobelkdb stuoygei tab ̀ udd sjldb h` `hrligei ljtgvgtgbs prljtgsbo hvbr tab jhursb h` l yblr. _ab bxbjutgheh` suja l rbsblrja obsgie gs flob gfphssgkdb ky tab ̀ ljt talt tabrb lrb auib ilps ge prbsbrvltghe, leotabrb`hrb ge shfb jhetbxts ldfhst eh sbjurbdy oltbo sgtbs wgta kheb lssbfkdlibs jle kb rbjhvbrbo.Fhrbhvbr, tab uejbrtlgetgbs lsshjgltbo wgta tab ogrbjt oltgei fbtahos `hr tags pbrgho h` tgfb lrb shdlrib talt gt gs vbry alro th obeb l sbt h` sgtbs talt whudo alvb ùejtghebo wgtage tab slfb systbf.

@gelddy, wabe lppdygei tags fbtaho th lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, heb fust jlrbùddy jhesgobr tab lr-iufbetltghe heb usbs. G` tab bxjlvltbo lssbfkdlib gs tlnbe th rbprbsbet tab hptgfld ogbt krblota,heb fust tabe bxpdlge way shfb spbjgbs lrb eht gejduobo ge gt. _ags jle kb oheb ky sgfpdy phsgt-gei talt tab rbture rltbs h` tabsb spbjgbs wbrb dhw. Zuja l flehbuvrb ohbs eht bxpdlge leytagei

ahwbvbr, uedbss heb jle spbjg`y way tab rbture rltb wls dhwbr tale talt h` tab bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs.Fhrbhvbr tags ohbs eht tlnb geth ljjhuet tab phssgkgdgty talt tab lssufptghes h` tab fhobd, g.b. tabjurrbejy talt wls flxgfgsbo, fly kb gejhrrbjt leo tabrb`hrb tab fhobd talt gs usbo jle blsgdy kbpbrpbtultbo. _ags fbles talt g` spbjgbs talt lrb bxpbjtbo th kb gejduobo ge tab hptgfld sbt wbrb db`tuebxpdhgtbo, heb fust sjrutgegsb tab lssufptghes ueobrdygei tab fhobd jlrbùddy ge hrobr th iluib wabtabr `hr bxlfpdb tab rlengei talt gs usbo fly kb gejhrrbjt sgfpdy kbjlusb le grrbdbvlet jurrbejy wls jahsbe.

1.; [bjhestrujtgei tab fhobd‗s vlrglkdbs

Ge kbalvghurld bjhdhiy, fuja ge`hrfltghe ebbobo th sujjbssùddy lppdy tab ogbt krblota fhobd jlekb jhddbjtbo ge tab bdo. Zuja oltl alo th kb bstgfltbo ̀ hr ]dbgsthjbeb lppdgjltghes, wagja prbsbetbole gfphrtlet jalddbeib `hr tab sujjbssùd lppdgjltghe h` tab fhobd th Ebleobrtald `hrligei kbalv-

ghurs. Bstgfltgei tabsb oltl prhvbo fhrb jhfpdgjltbo tale G alo gegtglddy bxpbjtbo. _ab lfhuet h`





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L PGBY _H L NGDD

]dbgsthjbeb, sgejb gt als kbbe ueobr bvhdutghelry sbdbjtghe leo fly alvb lolptbo th og``brbet alkg-tlts. Zbjheo, ge fhobre-oly Burhpb, fley dlrib flffld spbjgbs alvb kbbe rbdbiltbo th dgvgei geflrigeld lrbls, sgejb fhst h` tab prgfb dleo ge tab jhetgebet als kbbe obvbdhpbo `hr aufle lj-tgvgtgbs. @urtabrfhrb, oub th tab bxtgejtghe h` shfb legflds talt pdlybo le gfphrtlet rhdb ge tabbjhdhigjld strujturb h` tab dleosjlpb, dgnb prhkhsjgobles leo dlrib jlregvhrbs, tab fhobre iugdos h`

legflds lrb vbry og``brbet `rhf tahsb h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb. Yb nehw `rhf tab bxjlvltbo lssbfkdlibs talt legfld jhffuegtgbs h` tab ]dbgsthjbeb wbrb ehe-leldhihus th tahsb h` tab prbsbet ( b.i. Ztbwlrt ;==?, Ztbwlrt ;==2). _ags gs h`tbe lttrgkutbo th tabbevgrhefbet ge tab ]dbgsthjbeb kbgei fhrb —fhslgj‖ tale ehwlolys ( b.i. Ilfkdb <777, <<;). Ge tagsstuoy tab prhkdbf gs fhst jdblrdy gddustrltbo ky tab rbprbsbetltghe h` ahrsbs lt le getbridljgld sgtbdgnb _luklja. ]hddbe rbjhros geogjltb tab bevgrhefbet wls obesbdy `hrbstbo. Bqugos lrb lolptbo thirlzgei ge hpbe lrbls leo lrb tabrb`hrb eht bxpbjtbo th kb prbsbet lt getbridljgld sgtbs ge ̀ hrbstbo bevgrhefbets. _ab bevgrhefbet fust tabrb`hrb alvb kbbe fhrb vlrgbo tale ehwlolys. Ls phgetbo hutlkhvb, bdbpalets leo flffhtas wbrb prhklkdy nbystheb spbjgbs, wgta l kgi gfpljt he tab bevgrhe-fbet, tabrbky prhfhtgei hpbe spljbs leo ogvbrsgty h` vbibtltghe ( b.i. Alyebs ;==0, Zahsaleg <771).Fhrbhvbr tab prbsbejb h` fhrb spbjgbs h` prbolthrs fly ldsh alvb l``bjtbo tab hpphrtuegtgbs hòg``brbet abrkgvhrbs, phssgkdb belkdgei fhrb spbjgbs th jh-bxgst (Dbgkhdo <770, \ulffbe ;==2).

_absb prhkdbfs sbrghusdy l``bjt tab ljjurljy h` prbogjtghes klsbo he alkgtlt prb`brbejbs, sujals bstgfltbs h` tab phpudltghe obesgtgbs h` tab og``brbet spbjgbs talt wbrb lvlgdlkdb. _ags jhfphueostab prhkdbf h` bstgfltgei phpudltghe obesgty, ge ture flngei tab bejhuetbr rltb wgta spbjgbs og`-judt th prbogjt. Ge tags stuoy G alvb jahsbe th usb sgfpdb khoy wbgiat klsbo `hrfudls th ibt le goblh` tab phpudltghe obesgty h` spbjgbs ge gobld jgrjufstlejbs. Jhfkgebo wgta tab geogjltghes lkhuttab bevgrhefbet wb jle tabrb`hrb iluib tab dgnbdy bejhuetbr rltb wgta tab spbjgbs lt stlnb. Ge tabùturb, tags `hrfudl fly kb gfprhvbo ky fhrb prbjgsb bevgrhefbetld rbjhestrujtghes. _ags wgdd ehtbrlsb tags prhkdbf jhfpdbtbdy, sgejb tab leldytgjld tbjaegqubs dgnb phddbe leldysgs stgdd ygbdo ge`hrfl-tghe talt, ̀ hr bxlfpdb ge tab jlsb h` _luklja, gs th shfb obirbb lt hoos wgta tab bxjlvltbo flffldjhffuegtgbs. Lehtabr getbrbstgei hptghe gs th tlnb tab lkueolejb h` spbjgbs ge tab pldlbhethdhigjldrbjhro ls l fblsurb h` tabgr phpudltghe obesgty. Ahwbvbr, tags fly kb prhkdbfltgj, kbjlusb shfbspbjgbs wgdd kb ueobrrbprbsbetbo ge tab `hssgd rbjhro kbjlusb tabgr bjhdhigjld egjab gs ue`lvhurlkdb`hr ̀ hssgdgzltghe. _absb spbjgbs whudo eht ehrflddy kb bejhuetbrbo ge lrbls wabrb tabgr khebs fgiat

kb prbsbrvbo, shfbtagei talt als kbbe prhphsbo `hr Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs (Kgddgl ;==1, :2).Bvbe fhrb og`judt gs tab rbjhestrujtghe h` tab aleodgei jhsts h` tab vlrghus spbjgbs. _ags vlrg-lkdb obpbeos he tab jlplkgdgtgbs h` tab prbolthr leo tab letg-prbolthr kbalvghurs h` l prby spbjgbs.G alvb jahsbe th usb sgfpdb lttrgkutbs h` tab lvlgdlkdb spbjgbs th ibt le geogjltghe h` tab dbvbd hòg`judty auetgei tab spbjgbs ge qubstghe fly alvb betlgdbo. _ab b``bjts h` usgei og``brbet ngeos h`stheb thhd tbjaehdhiy leo og``brbet strltbigbs `hr getbrjbptgei, ngddgei leo prhjbssgei jbrtlge spbjgbsgs alro th bstgfltb. G lssufb talt eh spbjgldgzbo thhds wbrb ebbobo ge hrobr th kutjabr tab og``brbetspbjgbs, sgejb ldd spbjgbs jhejbrebo wbrb flfflds. Ahwbvbr, heb fgiat ayphtabsgzb talt sngeegeipljayobrfs fly alvb kbbe fhrb jhstdy tale sngeegei htabr flfflds leo talt tags ljtgvgty flytaus alvb rbqugrbo spbjgldgsbo thhds. _ags als eht kbbe gejhrphrltbo ge tab aleodgei jhsts h` spbjgbsge tags stuoy ahwbvbr. G oh lssufb talt tab jhst h` kutjabry kbjhfbs rbdltgvbdy agiabr ge sflddbrspbjgbs sgejb taby phssbss sgfgdlr snbdbthes th dlribr spbjgbs, rbsudtgei ge l sgfgdlr prhjbourb h`kutjabry. _ab lfhuet h` fblt talt taby ygbdo gs fuja sflddbr tahuia. Bspbjglddy ge sfldd flfflds,

aleodgei jhsts fly taus kbjhfb prhagkgtgvbdy agia ( b.i. Rile ;==2).Ge rbjhestrujtgei aleodgei jhsts, irblt gfprhvbfbets jhudo kb rbldgsbo g` lrjalbhdhigjld ge`hr-

fltghe he auetgei strltbigbs leo tab ngddgei phwbr h` tab wblphes usbo jhudo kb gejhrphrltbo getab aleodgei jhsts h` prby spbjgbs. _ags gs alro th rbldgsb tahuia. Ge`hrfltghe he tab wblpheryusbo gs rlrb. Yhhobe spblrs lrb nehwe ̀ rhf Zjaðegeibe, leo Jdljthe, kut gt gs uejbrtlge ahw wgob-sprblo tabgr usb wls. Fhrbhvbr tabrb gs jhetrhvbrsy hvbr wabtabr tabsb spblrs wbrb tarhwe ([gbobr;==:) hr tarustbo (Jaurjagdd ;==;). Fhrbhvbr, stheb-tgppbo spblrs fly ldsh alvb kbbe usbo ge tabFgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj ( b.i. Zabl ;==0, Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0). Ahwbvbr, gt gs uesurb walt thhd `hrfsjle kb jdlssgbo ls spblr phgets ge Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lssbfkdlibs leo walt pbrjbetlib h` phgets wls ljtulddy usbo ls l spblr phget. Ztrltbigbs usgei trlps lrb bvbe alrobr th fhobd, ldtahuia l sgtbdgnb Dl Jhttb ob Zlget-Krbdlob sahws talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb jbrtlgedy jlplkdb h` hrilegsgei lelfkusa. [bjhestrujtgei aleodgei jhsts ge tags ngeo h` obtlgd whudo kb getbrbstgei ge hrobr th rbeb

]dbgsthjbeb lppdgjltghes h` H@_, kut ls shfb h` tab lttrgkutbs th kb fhobddbo lrb vbry og`judt thlpprhxgfltb, tags fly oh dgttdb th gfprhvb tab t h` tab fhobd. Gt wls tabrb`hrb tahuiat talt ̀ hr tab



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1 OGZJRZZGHE

sjhpb h` tags stuoy gt whudo kb fhrb prhoujtgvb th `hjus he sgfpdb prhxgbs th ilge gesgiat ge tabaleodgei jhsts.

@gelddy, wb fust rbldgsb talt tab vlrglkdbs he wagja tab fhobds lrb klsbo alvb kbbe obebo ehtky Ebleobrtalds, kut ky rbsblrjabrs. Gobetgjltghe h` prby jltbihrgbs, ̀ hr bxlfpdb gs oheb klsbo hetab kghdhigjld spbjgbs jhejbpt. Ebleobrtald `hrlibrs fly eht alvb rbjhiegsbo ldd spbjgbs wb gobetg`y

ls sbplrltb jltbihrgbs h` prby. Heb jhudo ayphtabsgsb talt tab og``brbejb kbtwbbe Fbrjn‗s ragehj-brhs ( Ztbpalehrageus ngrjakbribesgs ) leo elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs ( Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus ) wls eht vbrygfphrtlet th Ebleobrtalds. _aby lrb vbry sgfgdlr legflds, khta `lddgei geth tab ablvgbst jltbihry h`spbjgbs, dblogei shdgtlry dgvbs btjbtbrl. _abrb`hrb, Ebleobrtalds fly alvb lophtbo l sgeidb —ragehj-brhs‖ jltbihry ge tabgr `hrligei objgsghes. G lssufb talt tab jltbihrgzltghes usbo ky Ebleobrtalds wgdd lt dblst kb lpprhxgfltbo ky tab kghdhigjld spbjgbs jhejbpt usbo ge tags stuoy. Fhrbhvbr ge tablksbejb h` ley shurjbs h` ge`hrfltghe he —bfgj‖ jltbihrgzltghes usbo ky Ebleobrtalds, eh rbldshdutghe jle kb `hueo `hr tags prhkdbf.

1.: Fhobddgei Ebleobrtalds

Kbsgobs tab prhkdbfs surrhueogei tab rbjhestrujtghe h` tab vlrglkdbs obsjrgkbo lkhvb, rbjhestrujt-gei tab jalrljtbrgstgjs h` tab prbolthr `hr wagja tab fhobd gs supphsbo th hpbrltb gs eht ueprhk-

dbfltgj bgtabr. Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr ;, Ebleobrtald bebribtgjs leo dg`b agsthrgbs wbrb prhklkdyog``brbet `rhf hurs leo tabsb kghdhigjld `ljthrs fly alvb l``bjtbo `hrligei kbalvghur. Ahwbvbr, gefley lrbls, tabrb gs dgttdb hr eh jhesbesus ls th ahw fuja Ebleobrtalds og``brbo `rhf tab fhobreplttbre.

@grst, Ebleobrtalds fly alvb alo le bdbvltbo KF[. Gt gs tahuiat talt tags trlgt wls le lolptltgheth tab jhdo, ldsh prbsbet ge fhobre-oly auetbr/iltabrbrs ge jhdo jdgfltbs. Fhrbhvbr, tab gejrblsbge Ebleobrtald KF[ fly alvb kbbe irbltbr tale ge fhobre aufle irhups ljjhrogei th shfb (b.iJaurjagdd ;==9), kbjlusb taby wbrb dbss lkdb th `lsaghe gesudltgei jdhtabs. _ags ge gtsbd` als eh rb-pbrjussghes `hr tab whrngei h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd, sgejb gt ohbs eht ldtbr bejhuetbr rltbs hrrbture rltbs. _abrb`hrb, le hptgfld sbt wgdd stgdd kb bxpdhgtbo jhesgtgei h` tab spbjgbs `hr wagja tabjhfkgebo bejhuetbr rltb leo aleodgei jhst ygbdos tab agiabst jhfphsgtb rbture rltb. He tab htabraleo, gt ohbs alvb rbpbrjussghes `hr Ebleobrtald kbalvghur. Kbjlusb h` tabgr agiabr bebribtgj rb-qugrbfbets, Ebleobrtalds ebbobo th rbldgsb l vbry agia rbture rltb (Jaurjagdd ;==9, Zhrbesbe leoDbhelro). _ags fly alvb prhvbe prhkdbfltgj ge shfb jgrjufstlejbs, `hr bxlfpdb g` tab hptgfldrbture rltb objrblsbo, `hr gestlejb kbjlusb h` l orhp ge abrkgvhrb kghflss ge tab dleosjlpb. Ge sujajlsbs Ebleobrtalds fly kb `hrjbo th lolpt, `hr bxlfpdb ky gejrblsgei tabgr fhkgdgty rltbs hr kyjaleigei tabgr irhup sgzb hr fgirltgei th htabr lrbls, shhebr tale l fhobre aufle irhup whudo.

Jhdo lolptltghes alvb ldsh kbbe usbo th bxpdlge tab `ljt talt Ebleobrtalds sbbf th bxbfpdg`y Lddbe‗s leo Kbrifle‗s rudb sbb (jalptbr ;). _aby lrb qugtb ablvy `hr tabgr dbeita leo alvb rbdltgvbdysahrt dgfks. Khta tabsb `ljthrs objrblsb tabgr sur`ljb lrbl rbdltgvb th tabgr vhdufb, tabrbky rbouj-gei tab lfhuet h` ablt dhss. Ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr ; leo ?, tabgr rbdltgvbdy sahrt dhwbr dgfks alvbhtabr jhesbqubejbs, kbsgobs fgegfgsgei ablt dhss. _aby lrb tahuiat th sgiegjletdy gejrblsb tabgrjhst h` dhjhfhtghe (Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs leo _gdnbes ;==?, Yblvbr leo Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs ;==2). _agsals jhesbqubejbs `hr tabgr ogbt krblota, sgejb gt geubejbs aleodgei jhst. Gt gs prbogjtbo th `lvhurl sflddbr ogbt krblota ge Ebleobrtalds tale ge fhobre aufles ge jhfplrlkdb jgrjufstlejbs. Gt gs

bxpbjtbo talt rbture rltbs `hr Ebleobrtalds whudo orhp `lstbr ge rbsphesb th agiabr trljngei leopursugt jhsts, taus dblogei th l dhwbr hptgfld ogbt krblota.[bjbet whrn suiibsts talt taby fly ldsh alvb bxagkgtbo og``brbet ljtgvgty plttbres. [bsudts h`

leldysbs h` snbdbtld jhrrbdltbs h` ljtgvgty plttbres lrb eht ldwlys jhejdusgvb tahuia. Ge l rbjbet stuoy,]blrshe, Jhrobrh, leo Kusky (;==9, <2=-<2<) lriub talt Ebleobrtald ljtgvgty plttbres fly alvbkbbe jhfplrlkdb th tahsb h` fhobre aufle `hrlibrs dgvgei ge ruiibo tbrrlge, dgnb Bpgirlvbttgles`rhf Gtldy. Gt als kbbe prhphsbo tahuia talt Ebleobrtalds wbrb jalrljtbrgsbo ky fhrb getbesgvbsuksgstbejb prljtgjbs tale tabgr fhobre aufle jhetbfphrlrgbs (]blrshe, Jhrobrh, leo Kusky ;==9,<2<). Ge dgiat h` tabgr prhphsbo agia bebribtgj ebbos, tags gs l dhigjld ayphtabsgs.

Lehtabr getbrbstgei `ljthr gs tab `ljt talt Ebleobrtalds sbbf th alvb flturbo `lstbr tale fho-bre aufles. Ztuogbs geth tab `hrfltghe h` tbbta alvb ygbdobo jhegjtgei rbsudts sh `lr ([lfgrbz-[hzzg leo Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh ;==?, Zfgta bt ld. ;==9) jhetrl (Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri bt ld. ;==2). GÈbleobrtalds ogo flturb `lstbr tale fhobre aufles, tags whudo alvb pdljbo l irblt bebribtgj

obfleo he tab loudts prhvgogei `hr tab jagdo. Lilge, tags ohbs eht gfpljt uphe kbalvghur ljjhro-



<2=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

gei th tab ogbt krblota fhobd, kut he tab htabr aleo fly alvb flob phhrbr lrbls ue`blsgkdb `hrEbleobrtald hjjupltghe, wagdb l spbjgbs wgta dhwbr bebribtgj ebbos, dgnb Ahfh slpgbes slpgbes , flyalvb kbbe lkdb th jhdhegsb tab lrbl.

1.? _ags stuoy

Ge hrobr th lppdy tab ogbt krblota fhobd, twh gfphrtlet Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs lrb leldysbo getags stuoy3 _luklja leo Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst. _aby lrb jhfplrbo wgta twh ]dbgsthjbeb aybel obes,Duebd-Pgbd leo Jlfglj. _ab lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs wbrb jahsbe kbjlusb khta sgtbs ygbdobo dlrib kheblssbfkdlibs talt alvb kbbe pukdgsabo. _absb lssbfkdlibs lrb uelfkgiuhusdy lsshjgltbo wgta ah-fgege ljtgvgtgbs, sgejb jut-flrns lrb lkueolet leo tab hjjurrbejb h` jlregvhrb flrns gs fgegfld.Fhrbhvbr, jlregvhrb rbflges lt tab sgtbs lrb rlrb leo eh htabr geogjltghes h` tabgr prbsbejb, dgnbjhprhdgtbs, wbrb rbphrtbo. _ab sbdbjtbo sgtbs tabrb`hrb prhvgob l ihho hpphrtuegty th stuoy ahfgege`hrligei strltbigbs.

Ygta rbilro th tab jhfplrgshe kbtwbbe tab lrjalbhdhigjld fltbrglds leo tab aybel sgtbs, tabrb gsjbrtlgedy fuja rhhf `hr gfprhvbfbet. Goblddy, heb whudo usb aybel obes wgtahut ley geogjltghes`hr ahfgege ljtgvgty, wagdb tab sgtbs usbo ge tags stuoy khta ygbdobo sfldd stheb lrtb`ljt lssbfkdlibs.Re`hrtueltbdy, ldfhst ldd pukdgsabo ]dbgsthjbeb aybel obes alrkhur stheb thhds. Kbjlusb h` tab

jalrljtbr h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib, tab prbsbejb h` aybel trljbs he tab khebs leo tab lksbejb h`trljbs h` ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs he tab khebs G alvb lssufbo talt tab ljjufudltghe h` tab kheb lssbf-kdlibs jle kb lttrgkutbo flgedy th aybel ljtgvgtgbs. Fhrbhvbr, tab aybel obes usbo ge suja l jhfplrg-she sahudo goblddy kb dhjltbo ge tab slfb rbighe leo oltbo th tab slfb pbrgho ls tab lrjalbhdhigjldsgtbs talt lrb kbgei leldysbo. Re`hrtueltbdy, eh wbdd-pukdgsabo aybel obes ge tab vgjgegty h` _lukljaleo Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst wbrb lvlgdlkdb ̀ hr leldysgs. _abrb`hrb, tab jahgjb h` sgtbs usbo ge tab prbsbetstuoy, ldtahuia `lr `rhf gobld gs tab kbst lvlgdlkdb lt prbsbet.

Ygta rbilro th tab lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, htabr sgtbs ̀ rhf tab slfb dltgtuob jhetlgegei wbdd prbsbrvboleo wbdd pukdgsabo kheb lssbfkdlibs lrb uejhffhe. Ldtahuia `hr ùturb lppdgjltghes, leldysgs h`shfb htabr sgtbs fly kb vbry usbùd, fley h` tab sgtbs talt lrb lvlgdlkdb prhvgob dgttdb ge`hrfltghe.Heb wbdd-pukdgsabo sgtb wgta rbilro th Ebleobrtald auetgei strltbigbs gs tab sgtb h` Ylddbrtabgf. _ags sgtb, wagja als kbbe leldysbo ky Iluozgesng (<772, <770) fgiat kb bxpbjtbo th kb gejduoboge tags stuoy. Gt als kbbe db`t hut h` tags leldysgs `hr twh gfphrtlet rblshes. @grst, twh bxjlvltgheslt tab sgtb alvb ygbdobo vbry og``brbet rbsudts. _ab lssbfkdlib talt wls leldysbo ky Iluozgesng wlsbxjlvltbo ge tab blrdy ;=ta jbetury leo phgets th spbjgldgsbo auetgei h` kgshe. Ahwbvbr, bxjlvltghesge tab vgjgegty h` tab blrdy bxjlvltghes ge tab egebtgbs ky Jhelro bt ld. ( b.i. Jhelro bt ld. <772, Jhelroleo ]rgeogvgddb ;===, Jhelro, ]rgeogvgddb, leo Lodbr <771) `lgdbo th rbpdgjltb tab rbsudts rbphrtbo kyIluozgesng. Fudtgpdb eo dbvbds wbrb gobetgbo, shfb jhetlgegei kheb lssbfkdlibs leo stheb thhds,kut gt jhudo eht ldwlys kb lsjbrtlgebo talt tab lrtb`ljts wbrb lsshjgltbo wgta tab kheb lssbfkdlibs.Eheb h` tab eodbvbds ygbdobo l kheb jhddbjtghe jhfplrlkdb th tab heb stuogbo ky Iluozgesng(Jhelro leo ]rgeogvgddb ;===, ;72). Zbjheo, tab lssbfkdlib leldysbo ky Iluozgesng prhvgobs geogjl-tghes `hr bxpdhgtltghe h` hedy heb spbjgbs, elfbdy kgshe ( Kgshe prgsjus ). _ab sgtb fly tabrb`hrb alvbùejtghebo ls l spbjgld-purphsb sgtb leo leldysgs whudo prhklkdy eht ygbdo gesgiat ge tab ùdd sugtb hÈbleobrtald `hrligei strltbigbs leo tab sbt h` spbjgbs talt taby bxpdhgtbo. _ags gs ueobrsjhrbo kytab dlrib vlrgbty h` spbjgbs talt gs rbprbsbetbo ge tab dlybrs talt wbrb rbsblrjabo ge tab egebtgbs. _ab

phssgkgdgty h` l sgtb eht ygbdogei l rbprbsbetltgvb pgjturb h` Ebleobrtald ̀ hrligei strltbigbs gs ldsh tabrblshe ̀ hr tab bxjdusghe h` htabr sgtbs, dgnb Zldzigttbr-Dbkbestbot, wagja sahw ̀ hjussbo bxpdhgtltgheh` heb legfld spbjgbs hedy.

@hr htabr sgtbs talt jhetlge dlrib kheb lssbfkdlibs ge wagja fudtgpdb spbjgbs h` legfld lrbprbsbet, tab lsshjgltghe h` tab spbjgbs wgta ahfgege ljtgvgtgbs wls eht uelfkgiuhus. Lt Kuadbe `hrbxlfpdb, flffhta, whhddy ragehjbrhs leo ahrsb rbflges lrb prbsbet ge dlrib eufkbrs. _ab eufkbrh` jut-flrns he tab htabr aleo gs qugtb sfldd leo ielw flrns alvb ldsh kbbe hksbrvbo ( b.i. ]rges;==2). Htabr sgtbs dgnb tab jlvbs h` Zjdlogel (]ltahu-Fltags <771), talt ygbdobo khta ahfgege rb-flges leo dgtagj lrtb`ljts, sbbf th alvb ùejtghebo ls l jlregvhrb obe ls wbdd, flngei gt og`judt thsbplrltb ahfgege ̀ rhf jlregvhrb ljtgvgtgbs. _ab eufkbr h` sgtbs sugtlkdb ̀ hr tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_tabrb`hrb prhvbo th kb qugtb dgfgtbo.

Ge tab beo, tab sgtbs h` _luklja leo Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lppblrbo th kb tab hedy sgtbs ge ehrtawbstbre Burhpb talt sltgsbo fhst h` tab rbqugrbfbets `hr tab lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblotafhobd. _ags ohbs eht fble talt taby wbrb wahddy ueprhkdbfltgj. _ab lfhuet h` ge`hrfltghe lkhut



<2<

1 OGZJRZZGHE

tab kheb lssbfkdlib wls eht gobld, fhst hkvghusdy ge tab jlsb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, kut th l dbssbrobirbb ge tab jlsb h` _luklja ls wbdd. @urtabrfhrb, tab lfhuet h` bevgrhefbetld ge`hrfltghejhudo kb gfprhvbo ̀ hr khta sgtbs.

Ge tab jlsb h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, tab pukdgjltghe h` l sbjheo fhehirlpa, wagja wls leehuejboge <711, fgiat rbshdvb shfb h` tab gssubs talt jurrbetdy alfpbr tab lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th tab sgtb.

Ygta rbilro th _luklja, shfb h` tab ge`hrfltghe ebbobo gs ehw dhst ̀ hrbvbr, sgejb khebs alvb kbbeobstrhybo hr dhst leo tab strltgirlpagj prhvbelejb h` tab hdo jhddbjtghes fly kb alro th rbjhestrujt.G` tab dhjltghe h` tab supphsbo Nehjabesleo jle kb lsjbrtlgebo, tab lppdgjltghe h` rloghfbtrgj oltgeifbtahos fly lt dblst rbshdvb tab gssubs surrhueogei tab oltb h` tab lssbfkdlib. Ygta l shdutghe thtags prhkdbf, tab jbrtlgety wgta wagja tab bevgrhefbet jle kb rbjhestrujtbo gejrblsbs. Zhfb h` tabge`hrfltghe ebbobo `hr _luklja fly ybt kb ilgebo. @urtabr stuogbs fly jdlrg`y bxljtdy ahw fleyelrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs ( Ogjbrhrageus abfgthbjaus ) khebs lrb prbsbet ge tab ragehjbrhs slfpdb leoahw fley lurhjas ( Khs prgfgibegus ) khebs lrb gejduobo ge tab kgshe slfpdb.

1.2 Lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja

_ab leldysgs h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja als sahwe talt lppdygei tab prgejgpdbs `rhf tabogbt krblota fhobd he lrjalbhdhigjld lssbfkdlibs gs l vldulkdb lpprhlja ge hrobr th getbrprbt bx-

jlvltbo kheb lssbfkdlibs. He tab htabr aleo, gt gs lkueoletdy jdblr talt tab rlengei talt wls usbo,klsbo he tab wbgiat h` tab legflds rbprbsbetbo, ohbs eht ge gtsbd` ùddy bxpdlge tab sbt h` spbjgbstalt wls bxpdhgtbo. Ge shfb jlsbs l agia aleodgei jhst jhudo kb usbo th bxpdlge tab plttbres, kut ̀ hrshfb spbjgbs tab `ljt talt taby wbrb lpplrbetdy db`t uebxpdhgtbo jleeht kb bxpdlgebo sltgs`ljthrgdyusgei tab ogbt krblota fhobd.

Ls lriubo ge jalptbr ?, usgei l rlengei klsbo he jldhrgj vldubs, hr ge tags jlsb legfld khoy wbgiats ls l prhxy h` jldhrgj vldub, tab ogbt krblota fhobd prbogjts talt tab ablvgbst spbjgbs prbsbetge tab bevgrhefbet whudo kb bxpdhgtbo. Kbjlusb h` tab `ljt talt taby lrb usulddy prbsbet ge qugtbdhw phpudltghe obesgtgbs, gt whudo prbogjt talt sbvbrld spbjgbs whudo kb bxpdhgtbo he bejhuetbr gehrobr th besurb l agia behuia bejhuetbr rltb th iulrletbb l stbloy `hho suppdy. Ls sahwe ge tabprbvghus jalptbrs, tabsb prbogjtghes alvb kbbe prhvbe th kb jhrrbjt. Ogbt krblota lt khta leldysboEbleobrtald sgtbs prhvbo th kb elrrhw. Fhrbhvbr, tab spbjgbs talt wbrb bxpdhgtbo jhesgstbo h` vbryablvy spbjgbs, wgta heb ehtlkdb bxjbptghe, elfbdy tab kblvbr bxpdhgtbo lt _luklja.

Ahwbvbr, shfb bxjbptghes th tab prbogjtghes lrb ldsh hkvghus. Lt khta leldysbo Fgoodb]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs, tab fhst agiady rlenbo spbjgbs, strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet ( ]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus ) wls eht hr hedy rlrbdy bxpdhgtbo. He tab htabr aleo, sgejb tags wls ky `lr tab ablvgbst spbjgbs prbsbetge tab bevgrhefbet, tab bejhuetbr rltb `hr tags spbjgbs wls dhw. _abrb`hrb, tab phhr rbprbsbetltgheh` tags spbjgbs lt sgtbs ohbs eht ebjbsslrgdy fble talt gt wls eht bxpdhgtbo he bejhuetbr, kut fgiatsgield talt gs wls sgfpdy eht bejhuetbrbo vbry h`tbe. Ahwbvbr, g` wb usb tab rbjhestrujtbo phpudl-tghe obesgtgbs leo jhfplrb tab prhcbjtbo obesgtgbs h` bdbpalets wgta tab prhcbjtbo obesgtgbs h` tabragehjbrhs spbjgbs, tab prhkhsjgoble phpudltghe obesgty gs lkhut ald` ls agia ls talt h` ragehjbrhs.Zgejb ragehjbrhs wbrb ablvgdy bxpdhgtbo lt khta leldysbo ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbs, gt gs prhphsbo talt g`bxpdhgtgei bdbpalets wls le gfphrtlet ljtgvgty h` tab hjjuplets h` khta Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja, gt whudo alvb db`t l fhrb vgsgkdb sgielturb.

Ge tab jlsb h` bdbpalets, gevhngei aleodgei jhst ohbs sbbf rblshelkdb. Ls prbolthrs usulddy

auet spbjgbs h` up th lkhut twgjb tabgr hwe sgzb ( b.i. Hwbe-Zfgta leo Fgdds ;==1), auetgei l spbjgbslkhut 1= tgfbs ls ablvy ls tabfsbdvbs fly alvb sgfpdy kbbe thh oleibrhus `hr Ebleobrtalds. _agsprhkdbf gs bxljbrkltbo ky tab ̀ ljt talt tab sflddbr ̀ bfldbs leo yhuei, tab jltbihrgbs talt heb fgiathvbrjhfb fhrb blsgdy tale loudt fldbs, dgvb ge abros, flngei tabgr bxpdhgtltghe phtbetglddy bvbe fhrbog`judt tale talt h` dheb fldbs.

Lehtabr dlrib spbjgbs talt wls eht bxpdhgtbo lt bgtabr sgtb gs iglet obbr ( Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus ). _ablvbrlib wbgiat h` tags spbjgbs leo taus gts rlen gs alro th lsjbrtlge, wgta bstgfltbs rleigei ̀ rhf :11th 9== ngdh‗s (Krhhn leo Khwfle ;==?, ]usangel leo [lgl ;==1). L wbgiat h` ?2= ni. ls phsgtboky Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb (;==2) sbbfs rblshelkdb tahuia. G` tags bstgfltb gs jhrrbjt, tab hedy spbjgbstalt wbgias dbss kut gs rbiudlrdy bxpdhgtbo gs krhwe kblr ( Rrsus lrjths ). Gt sbbfs tabrb`hrb talt tagsspbjgbs gs jdhsb th tab dhwbr dgfgt h` spbjgbs talt whudo kb bxpdhgtbo ky tab hjjuplets h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja. He tab htabr aleo, lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst sflddbr spbjgbs lrb slgo th alvbkbbe bxpdhgtbo lt dblst hjjlsghelddy. Lt _luklja, rbo obbr ( Jbrvus bdlpaus ) khebs leo phssgkdy l ahrsb

kheb ( Bquus tlukljabesgs ) alvb kbbe jut-flrnbo> g` tabsb sflddbr spbjgbs wbrb bxpdhgtbo bpabfbrlddy,



<2;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

gt gs alro th ueobrstleo way tags ngeo h` bxpdhgtltghe whudo eht alvb `hjusbo he tab dlribr igletobbr. Le ldtbreltgvb bxpdleltghe fly kb talt ogstgeiugsagei kbtwbbe rbflges h` iglet obbr leo dlribspbjgfbes h` rbo obbr jle kb og`judt. _abrb`hrb, tab lfhuet h` rbo obbr fly kb hvbrrbprbsbetborbdltgvb th iglet obbr.

G` wb lssufb talt tab phhr rbprbsbetltghe h` iglet obbr wls eht tab rbsudt h` fgsgobetgjltghe

h` tabgr rbflges, tab bxpdleltghe h` tabgr phhr rbprbsbetltghe lt tab stuogbo sgtbs gs eht strlgiat`hrwlro. @hr `bfldbs leo yhuei, wb fly bevgslib agia aleodgei jhsts, sgejb taby prbsuflkdy dgvbo geabros, kut fldbs dgvbo shdgtlrgdy ̀ hr fhst h` tab yblr, bxjbpt ourgei rut. Gt gs prhphsbo talt tab spbjgbs wls thh sfldd th `hrf plrt h` tab hptgfld sbt lt tab leldysbo sgtbs. _ab gejdusghe h` sflddbr kblrs getab ogbt fly kb rbdltbo th htabr `ljthrs, wagja wgdd kb obldt wgta dltbr. Zgies h` hjjlsgheld auetgeils bxagkgtbo `hr rbo obbr lt _luklja lrb dbss dgnbdy th kb `hueo ge tags spbjgbs sgejb gt wls prbsbet ltdhwbr phpudltghe obesgtgbs. Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst he tab htabr aleo ohbs sbbf th kb dhjltbo ge le gobldbevgrhefbet ̀ hr tags spbjgbs. Gt whudo kb getbrbstgei th sbb wabtabr gt gs rbprbsbetbo lfhei tab spb-jgbs sahwgei hjjlsgheld jut-flrns.

@lddgei ueobr tab hptgfld sbt h` spbjgbs lt khta sgtbs lrb Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs ( Ztbpalehrageus ngrjakbribesgs ) leo elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs. Khta wbgia ge bxjbss h` twh thes leo lrb hedy hutrlenboky tab prhkhsjgobles (leo ge jhdo pbrghos ky whhddy ragehjbrhs ( Jhbdhohetl letgqugtltgs ). Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs ohfgeltbs, wagdb lt _luklja Fbrjn‗s ragehjbrhs gs tab fhstlkueolet. Ls lriubo ge tab prbvghus jalptbrs, tags og``brbejb ge rbprbsbetltghe gs obpbeobet he tabbevgrhefbetld jgrjufstlejbs lt khta sgtbs leo eht he Ebleobrtald prb`brbejbs.

Lehtabr og``brbejb ge tab sbdbjtghe h` ragehjbrhs ohbs sbbf th rbbjt og``brbet ahfgege auet-gei kbalvghur, elfbdy tab lib-jdlssbs h` tab legflds rbprbsbetbo lt tab og``brbet sgtbs. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst yhuei loudt legflds wbrb prb`brbetglddy tlribtbo, wagdb lt _luklja, cuvbegdbs lrb tab kbstrbprbsbetbo lib-jltbihry. _ab ohfgelet lib-jltbihry lt _luklja, obtbrfgebo usgei stlibs h` thhtabruptghe gs talt h` geogvgoulds h` lkhut < yblr h` lib (Krltdueo <777, <==). Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllstlegflds kbtwbbe 0 leo 7 (sbb jalptbr 2) yblrs h` lib prbohfgeltb. Gt gs tahuiat talt ragehjbrhsrblja tabgr dlribst sgzb lt lkhut 7 yblrs h` lib. _ab legflds bxpdhgtbo lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lrb tausfuja dlribr tale lt _luklja. _aby wbrb prhklkdy alrobr th bxpdhgt kbjlusb h` tabgr sgzb, kut ldshkbjlusb taby wbrb hdobr leo fhrb bxpbrgbejbo. Zgejb tab FEG h` ragehjbrhs lt khta sgtbs gs agiatags plttbre gs uedgnbdy th kb jhgejgobetld. Gt gs prhphsbo talt tab og``brbejb fly dgb ge tab `ljt talt

tab ahfgeges rbsphesgkdb `hr tab ljjufudltghe h` tab kheb lssbfkdlib lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst dgvboge hpbe bevgrhefbets, wgta agiabr legfld kghflss obesgtgbs. _aby tabrb`hrb prhklkdy dgvbo ge dlribrirhups leo wbrb lkdb th fhrb b`jgbetdy pursub leo ngdd flturb legflds.

Khvgos lrb tab ebxt agiabst rlenbo jltbihry h` prby. _aby wbrb ldsh bxpdhgtbo lt khta leldysbosgtbs. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst lurhjas gs tab bxpdhgtbo spbjgbs> gt gs alro th lsjbrtlge `rhf tab dgtbrlturb wabtabr kgshe wls ldsh prbsbet. Lt _luklja, kgshe gs tab kbst rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs, kut shfb lurhjaskhebs alvb ldsh kbbe gobetgbo. _ab rbdltgvb gfphrtlejb h` khvgos gs vbry og``brbet lt tab sgtbs. LtKgljab-Zlget-Pllst, lurhjas ljjhuets `hr ldfhst ald` h` tab EGZ] h` tab sgtb. Lt _luklja, tab gf-phrtlejb h` khvgos gs fuja dbss, taby rbprbsbet lkhut <;% h` tab thtld EGZ] `hr tab sgtb. Lt khtasgtbs, loudts lrb jdblrdy ge tab flchrgty wgta rbilro th tab htabr lib-jdlssbs. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, wgta le FEG h` <70, <?2 geogvgoulds wbrb loudts (Luiustb leo ]lthu-Fltags <77?, ;;). Lt _luklja,tab FEG gs fuja sflddbr, kut loudts stgdd ljjhuet `hr fhrb tale ald` h` tab FEG (Krltdueo <777,<;1). Lt khta sgtbs, fldbs prbohfgeltb. Lt _luklja, leldysgs h` tab ahre jhrbs sahws talt taby lrb

ldd obrgvbo `rhf fldbs, ldtahuia tab rbst h` tab kheb slfpdb suiibsts talt l sfldd prhphrtghe h`tab legflds rbprbsbetbo lt tab sgtb fust alvb kbbe `bfldb. Lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, tab sbx h` 1: ge-ogvgoulds jhudo kb obtbrfgebo, lfhei wagja wbrb ?7 fldbs leo :? `bfldbs. _ags suiibsts talt tabbfpalsgs he fldbs wls strheibr lt _luklja tale lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst.

Gt gs prhphsbo talt tab auetgei h` loudt fldb khvgos lilge geogjltbs l strltbiy iblrbo thwlro bx-pdhgtgei tab dlribst shdgtlry spbjgbs prbsbet ge tab bevgrhefbet. _ab bfpalsgs he shdgtlry spbjgbs flyalvb kbbe dbss strgeibet lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, sgejb gt gs tahuiat talt tab hjjuplets lt tags sgtb dgvboge dlribr shjgld irhups, taus flngei gt fhrb `blsgkdb th obld wgta legflds dgvgei ge abros. _ags fgiatkb rbbjtbo ge tab dlribr rltgh h` `bfldb legflds lt tab sgtb. Gt whudo kb getbrbstgei th sbb wabtabrtab bfpalsgs he fldbs hvbr ̀ bfldbs jaleibs ge tab og``brbet dlybrs slfpdbo lt tags sgtb. Gt gs prhphsbotalt ge fhrb hpbe bevgrhefbets, Ebleobrtalds wbrb lkdb th dgvb ge dlribr irhups, oub th tab ̀ ljt taltfhrb sbjheolry kghflss whudo kb lvlgdlkdb th tabf. _abrb`hrb ge tabsb jgrjufstlejbs, tab auetgei

h` legflds dgvgei ge abros jle kb prbogjtbo th alvb hjjurrbo fhrb `rbqubetdy.







<22

1 OGZJRZZGHE

Khta sgtbs taus sahw l `hjus he ragehjbrhs, ursgos leo khvgos. _ab og``brbejbs ge gfphrtlejbh` tab irhups kbtwbbe tab sgtbs lrb og`judt th ljjhuet `hr usgei tab ogbt krblota fhobd. _ab hrgig -eld fhobd prbogjts talt legflds talt lrb ge tab hptgfld sbt wgdd kb bxpdhgtbo uphe bejhuetbr. _ags whudo dblo us th bxpbjt tab spbjgbs wgta tab agiabst phpudltghe obesgty th kb tab kbst rbprbsbetbospbjgbs. _ab rbprbsbetltghe h` spbjgbs lt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst `hddhws tags bxpbjtltghe rblshelkdy

wbdd.?9 _ags gs eht tab jlsb lt _luklja tahuia, wabrb ragehjbrhs leo krhwe kblr lrb ohfgelet hvbrkgshe, wagja, klsbo he gts rbjhestrujtbo phpudltghe obesgty, whudo alvb kbbe bxpbjtbo th kb fhrbjhffhe.

Le gfphrtlet `ljthr talt jle bxpdlge tags plttbre gs tab bfpalsgs he tab fldbs h` kgshe lt _luklja. _ags als kbbe getbrprbtbo ls kbgei tab rbsudt h` l prb`brbejb `hr shdgtlry legflds. @bfldbkgshe dgvb ge abros, wagdb fldbs lrb bgtabr shdgtlry hr dgvb ge kljabdhr irhups, bxjbpt ourgei tab fltgeisblshe. G` hedy fldb kgshe wbrb gejduobo ge tab hptgfld sbt, tab phpudltghe obesgty h` tab geogvgouldsh` tab spbjgbs talt whudo kb bxpdhgtbo he bejhuetbr whudo kb orlstgjlddy dhwbrbo wabe jhfplrbo thtab phpudltghe obesgty h` tab spbjgbs ls l wahdb.

_ab lppdgjltghe h` H@_ th tabsb sgtbs als taus prhvgobo getbrbstgei gesgiats ge tab `hrligei ob-jgsghes talt wbrb flob ky tab hjjuplets h` tab sgtbs. Gt ohbs eht prhvgob pbr`bjt prbogjtghes hr bx-pdleltghes h` tab ̀ hrligei kbalvghurs talt wbrb prljtgsbo tahuia. Gts ̀ uejtghe gs fhstdy ls l stlrtgeiphget h` leldysgs, bspbjglddy sgejb fley h` tab getbrprbtltghes talt wbrb put `hrwlro stgdd ebbo th kbtbstbo. _ags gs tab jlsb `hr bxlfpdb wgta prhphsbo og``brbejbs ge Ebleobrtald irhup sgzb leo tabgrgfpdgjltghes `hr `hrligei kbalvghur. Ldd ge ldd, tab lppdgjltghe h` tab ogbt krblota fhobd ohbs lddhwus th ilge fhrb gesgiat geth way wagja spbjgbs wbrb bxpdhgtbo.

Ls le loogtgheld tbst th sbb ahw usbùd tab fhobd gs ge getbrprbtgei plst ̀ hrligei strltbigbs, gt wlslppdgbo th ̀ hrligei ky jlvb aybels ge ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb. Ls lriubo ge jalptbr 9, Ebleobrtalds leojlvb aybels salrb l dht h` jalrljtbrgstgjs. Fhrbhvbr, ldtahuia aybels lrb sdgiatdy dlribr, tab og``br-bejb ge sgzb kbtwbbe tab twh gs qugtb sfldd. Heb whudo tabrb`hrb bxpbjt khta spbjgbs th jhejbetrltbhe prby h` sgfgdlr sgzb. He tab htabr aleo, khta spbjgbs alvb db`t l rgja rbjhro h` tabgr ljtgvgtgbs geFgoodb leo Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpb. Fhrbhvbr fley lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs jhetlge bvgobejb h` aybelprbsbejb, `hr bxlfpdb ge tab `hrf h` ielw-flrns he khebs leo fhst nehwe aybel obes jhetlgelt dblst l `bw lrjalbhdhigjld lrtb`ljts ( b.i. Pgddl leo Zhrbssg ;===). _ags suiibsts talt tab spbjgbs hj-jupgbo og``brbet egjabs, sgejb htabrwgsb heb hr tab htabr whudo alvb iheb bxtgejt. _ags prbsbets le

bxjbddbet hpphrtuegty th sbb wabtabr getbrprbtgei kheb lssbfkdlibs usgei H@_ belkdbs us th obebl egjab og``brbejb kbtwbbe tab spbjgbs. _ab leldysgs h` tab obes h` Duebd-Pgbd leo Jlfglj sahwbo talt tabrb gs jhesgobrlkdb hvbrdlp ge

tab spbjgbs talt wbrb bxpdhgtbo ky aybels leo ahfgeges. Lt khta sgtbs, khvgos lrb wbdd rbprbsbetbo.Ge loogtghe, lt Jlfglj, whhddy ragehjbrhs gs heb h` tab kbst rbprbsbetbo spbjgbs. Fhrbhvbr, dhhn-gei lt tab lib-ogstrgkutghe h` tab bqugos lt Duebd-Pgbd, wb sbb talt l dlrib prhphrtghe h` tab khebsprbsbet lt tab sgtb kbdheibo th loudt legflds. _ab rbjbet leldysgs h` tab bqugos h` tab aybel obeh` @huvbet sahws talt le bvbe fhrb prhehuejbo `hjus he prgfb-libo geogvgoulds gs vgsgkdb tabrb(@breleobz, Iulobddg, leo @hssb ;==0). _ags suiibsts talt jlvb aybels leo Ebleobrtalds h`tbe jhf-pbtbo `hr sgfgdlr rbshurjbs.

Zhfb og``brbejbs ge tabgr rbspbjtgvb egjabs jle ldsh kb phgetbo hut, tahuia. @grst, tab eufkbr h`spbjgbs talt wbrb prbsbet ge tab leldysbo aybel obes wls irbltbr tale lt tab lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs, bvbetahuia lt Jlfglj, tab thtld lssbfkdlib gs fuja sflddbr tale lt _luklja, wagdb tab lssbfkdlib lt

Duebd-Pgbd gs rhuiady sgfgdlr ge sgzb th _luklja. _ags jle kb lttrgkutbo ge plrt th tab ̀ ljt talt aybelssjlvbeib. Zgejb sjlvbeigei bdgfgeltbs tab ebbo th auet tab prby, tab aleodgei jhst h` l jlrjlss talt gsbejhuetbrbo fly kb vbry dhw leo tags fly dblo th tab jhesufptghe h` sfldd spbjgbs talt whudo ehtkb auetbo. Lehtabr ̀ ljthr talt fly pdly l rhdb gs tab ̀ ljt talt shdgtlry auetgei bxpbogtghes ky aybelsfly alvb tlribtbo htabr spbjgbs tale irhup auetgei bpgshobs. _abrb`hrb, tab ̀ ljt talt aybels usbo lirbltbr eufkbr h` strltbigbs ge hrobr th bxpdhgt tab legfld kghflss talt wls lvlgdlkdb dbo th l wgobrogbt krblota. _ab obe ge fhst jlsbs rbprbsbets l pldgfpsbst h` tab rbsudts h` ldd tabsb strltbigbs leotabrb`hrb jhetlges l dlribr eufkbr h` prby jltbihrgbs. L sgfgdlr plttbre jle kb hksbrvbo wgta rbilroth tab lib-jltbihrgbs h` tab prby spbjgbs talt wbrb auetbo ky aybels. Ls phgetbo hut, lt shfb sgtbsaybels `hjus he prgfb-libo loudts h` jbrtlge spbjgbs. _ags gs eht tab jlsb `hr ldd sgtbs leo ldd prby

?9 G` wb tlnb tab hptgfld sbt th jhfprgsb elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs, lurhjas leo krhwe kblr. Loogei up tab fhobdboG` wb tlnb tab hptgfld sbt th jhfprgsb elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs, lurhjas leo krhwe kblr. Loogei up tab fhobdbo

phpudltghe obesgtgbs h` tab spbjgbs ygbdos l thtld phpudltghe obesgty h` =.9:; geogvgoulds h` legflds gesgob tab sbt pbr

nf;. _ab prhphrtghe h` lurhjas ge tags eufkbr gs lkhut 2=%, krhwe kblr lkhut ;0% leo elrrhw-ehsbo ragehjbrhs

;?%.





<29

1 OGZJRZZGHE

rbilrobo ls qugtb sfldd, kut tags vgbw ebbos rbvgsghe. @hr bxlfpdb, l dlrib eufkbr h` sgtbs gs nehwege tab Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb wabrb tab rboujtghe strltbiy gs klsbo he kdlob prhoujtghe. Zbjheo, wblphesfly eht kb ls rlrb ls h`tbe tahuiat. @hr bxlfpdb, leldysgs h` jhevbribet sjrlpbrs als sahwe talttaby fly alvb ̀ uejtghebo ls spblr phgets h` tarustbo spblrs (Pgddl leo Dbehgr ;==0). Ygta rbilro thtabsb eogeis gt gs getbrbstgei th phget hut talt tab flchrgty h` Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst —sjrlpbrs‖ wbrb

lpplrbetdy al`tbo (Kbyrgbs <711). Fhrbhvbr, wb jle lssufb talt tab usb h` whhobe wblphes lsnehwe `rhf Jdljthe, Zjaðegeibe leo Dbargeibe wls wgobsprblo. L`tbr tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj, —trlesgtgheld geoustrgbs‖ alvb kbbe `hueo hvbr dlrib lrbls h`

Burhpb. Lt dblst ge tab jlsb h` tab @rbeja Jaëtbdpbrrhegle, Ebleobrtald ̀ hssgds alvb kbbe ̀ hueo ls-shjgltbo wgta tabsb geoustrgbs. Ge tabsb lssbfkdlibs lrtb`ljts alvb kbbe ̀ hueo wgta ogfbesghes talt,klsbo he btaehirlpagj bvgobejb, phget th l usb ls prhcbjtgdb phgets (Zabl ;==0). _ags fly geogjltbtalt ge tab dltbst palsb h` tabgr bxgstbejb, Ebleobrtalds usbo spblrtarhwbrs.

_ab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj wblphes, tarustbo spblrs kut ldsh Zjaðegeibe spblrs talt fly alvbkbbe tarhwe ( b.i. [gbobr ;==:) lrb sugtlkdb hedy `hr —jdhsb bejhuetbr auetgei‖. _ags suiibsts taltEbleobrtalds fust alvb obpdhybo strltbigj kbalvghur, dgnb orgvgei legflds geth lfkusabs. @grst thibt jdhsb behuia th tab prby th usb tabgr spblrs. Zbjheo, kbjlusb btaehirlpagj stuogbs suiibst taltauetgei wgta tabsb typbs h` wblphes gs usulddy prljtgsbo hedy wabe legflds lrb rst put lt l ogslo - vletlib ( b.i.Kge`hro ;==9).

Ygta rbilro th tab hssbhus bvgobejb, gt gs gfphrtlet th rbldgsb talt bvbe tahuia prhkhsjgobles wbrb eht bxpdhgtbo lt tab sgtbs ge tags stuoy, tabgr bxpdhgtltghe gs eht uenehwe `rhf tab lrjalbhdhig-jld rbjhro, ls ogsjussbo ge jalptbr :. L eufkbr h` sgtbs gs nehwe wabrb lrtb`ljts leo prhkhsjgoblerbflges hjjur thibtabr. Lt fley h` tabsb tab fleebr h` bxpdhgtltghe rbflges uejdblr, kut auetgeijle jbrtlgedy eht kb bxjduobo `hr sgtbs dgnb Dl-Jhttb-ob-Zlget-Krbdlob leo Dbargeibe. Ge tab jhetbxth` tags leldysgs h` _luklja, tab sgtbs h` Dbargeibe leo Irðkbre lrb vbry getbrbstgei. _aby oltb thtab Bbfgle, dgnb _luklja. Irðkbre gs bvbe sgtultbo vbry jdhsb th _luklja, leo jle tabrb`hrb kbbxpbjtbo th kb bevgrhefbetlddy sgfgdlr. Khta tabsb sgtbs jhetlge tab jlrjlss h` l sgeidb hdo fldbbdbpalet leo l sfldd jhddbjtghe h` lrtb`ljts. Lt Dbargeibe l spblr wls `hueo ge lsshjgltghe wgta tabrbflges ls wbdd. @hr Irðkbre gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt tab jlrjlss wls sjlvbeibo. _ab spblr ltDbargeibe suiibsts talt abrb auetgei fly alvb kbbe prljtgsbo. _absb sgtbs obfhestrltb tab bxpdhgtl-tghe h` bdbpalets ge jhetrlst th _luklja. Ahwbvbr, tab ̀ ljt talt wblnbebo, shdgtlry geogvgoulds wbrb

bxpdhgtbo sahws talt tags bxpdhgtltghe wls dgfgtbo th jlsbs ge wagja aleodgei jhst wls sgiegjletdydhwbrbo. _absb jlsbs tabrb`hrb oh eht jhetrlogjt tab getbrprbtltghe put `hrwlro ge tags stuoy.Dl Jhttb-ob-Zlget-Krbdlob gs sdgiatdy yhueibr tale Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst, oltbo th l jhdo palsb ge

FGZ 0. Abrb, he twh hjjlsghes l irhup h` flffhtas leo whhddy ragehjbrhs ogbo lt tab klsb h` ljdg``. Gt als kbbe prhphsbo talt taby wbrb orgvbe h`` tab jdg`` (Zjhtt <71=, Zjhtt <710). _ags suiibststalt ourgei jhdo palsbs ge tab hpbe dleosjlpbs ahfgeges wbrb jlplkdb h` dgvgei ge dlrib behuiairhups th hrilegsb tags ljtgvgty. _ags jhe`hrfs th tab getbrprbtltghes put `hrwlro abrb. Gt suiibststalt wabe ahfgege irhups wbrb dlrib behuia, bvbe flffhta `bdd wgtage tab rleib h` prby taltjhudo kb jlpturbo. _ags jhudo hedy kb ljjhfpdgsabo tarhuia dhwbrgei aleodgei jhsts ky orgvgeitabf geth l elturld trlp. G` tab dleosjlpb dljnbo suja hpphrtuegtgbs aleodgei jhst fly eht alvb kbbedhwbrbo behuia th lddhw tabsb legflds th kb bxpdhgtbo.

Ahfgege gevhdvbfbet wgta kblrs als dhei kbbe l jhetrhvbrsgld thpgj. Kbjlusb fley jlvbs sahwtab cuxtlphsgtghe h` Fhustbrgle lrtb`ljts wgta kblr rbflges, ge tab blrdy ;= ta jbetury l —jlvb kblr

judt‖ wls prhphsbo th alvb kbbe prljtgsbo ky Ebleobrtalds. _ags ayphtabsgs jlfb ueobr brjb lt-tljn ge tab sbjheo ald` h` tab prbvghus jbetury. Gt gs ehw tahuiat talt fley ursgo khebs `hueo gejlvbs kbdheibo th legflds talt ogbo ourgei agkbreltghe (Luiustb ;==:, ]ljabr ;==;, ;??). _ab jlvbs wbrb dltbr hjjupgbo ky ahfgeges, rbsudtgei ge tab jh-hjjurrbejb h` khebs leo Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagjlrtb`ljts. He tab htabr aleo, shfb sgtbs oh sahw uelfkgiuhus bvgobejb `hr tab bxpdhgtltghe h`jlvb kblr ky Ebleobrtalds. _ab fhst wbdd-nehwe bxlfpdb gs tab Irhttb ou [beeb lt Lrjy-sur-Jurb. Lt tags sgtb, dlybr Qj als ygbdobo jlvb kblr khebs sahwgei jdblr ahfgege bxpdhgtltghe trljbs (Olvgo;==;). _ab Ibrfle sgtb h` Kldvbr Aðadb ldsh alrkhurs bvgobejb `hr tab getbesgvb bxpdhgtltghe h`jlvb kblr ky Ebleobrtalds (Ngeodbr ;==1).

_ab bxpdhgtltghe h` krhwe kblr gs ldsh rlrb ge tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhroleo gt fust kb rbldgsbo talt Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst leo _luklja lrb bxjbptghes wgta rbilro th tab dlriblfhuets h` krhwe kblr fltbrglds talt wbrb bxpdhgtbo lt tabsb sgtbs. Lt htabr sgtbs ge Gtldy leo @rlejb

jut-flrnbo khebs h` tags spbjgbs alvb kbbe `hueo tahuia (Luiustb ;==:).









<0<

<= [b`brbejbs

Lodbr, O. Z., I. Klr-Hz, L. Kbd`br-Jhabe, leo H. Klr-Whsb`. ;==0. Lablo h` tab ilfb, Fgoodb leoRppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj auetgei kbalvghrs ge tab Zhutabre Jlujlsus. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ?9317-<<1.

Labre, C. J. F., C. O. Alwns, leo Z.-A. Dbb. ;==2. Ebleobrtld tlxhehfy rbjhesgobrbo...lilge3 lrbsphesb th. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?130?9-02;.

Lgbddh, D., leo ]. Yabbdbr. <772. _ab bxpbesgvb-tgssub ayphtabsgs, _ab krlge leo ogibstgvb systbfge aufle leo prgfltb bvhdutghe. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy :03<77-;;<.

‟. ;==:. —Ebleobrtald tabrfhrbiudltghe leo tab idljgld jdgfltb,‖ ge Ebleobrtalds leo fhobre auflesge tab Burhpble dleosjlpb ourgei tab dlst idljgltghe . Bogtbo ky _. A. vle Leobd leo Y. Olvgbs, pp.<?9-<00. Jlfkrgoib3 FljOheldo gestgtutb ̀ hr Lrjalbhdhigjld [bsblrja.

Ldkbrt, [. F., Z. Ybgebr, H. Klr-Whsb`, leo D. Fbgiebe. ;===. ]aythdgtas ge tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagjobphstgts h` Nbklrl Jlvb, Ft. Jlrfbd Gsrlbd3 Ztuoy h` pdlet fltbrglds `hr ùbd leo htabrpurphsbs. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;937:<-7?9.

Lfbdhht-Ple obr Abgcobe, E. <717. —Dbs sçrgbs obs egvblux B ob dl jhujab O= ou igsbfbetpldçhdgtagqub fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs),‖ ge ]ldçhdgtagqub bt Fçshdgtagqub ou Ehro ob dl @rlejb, Ehuvbddbs rbjabrjabs , vhd. <. Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu, pp. ?:-2=. Dgddb3 Jbetrbo‗Çtuobs bt ob [bjabrjabs ]rçagsthrgqubs, Regvbrsgtç obs Zjgbejbs bt _bjaegqubs ob Dgddb@dleorbs Lrthgs.

Leobd, _. A. vle ;==:. —Idljgld bevgrhefbets G3 _ab Ybgjasbdgle jdgfltb ge Burhpb kbtwbbe tabbeo h` tab HGZ-2 getbridljgld leo tab dlst idljgld flxgfuf,‖ ge Ebleobrtalds leo fhobre auflesge tab Burhpble dleosjlpb ourgei tab dlst idljgltghe 3 Lrjalbhdhigjld rbsudts h` tab Ztlib : prhcbjt . Bogtboky _. A. vle Leobd leo Y. Olvgbs. Jlfkrgoib3 FljOheldo Gestgtutb `hr Lrjalbhdhigjld

[bsblrja. Leobrsbe, N. N., E. Lzufl, C.-F. Klrehdl, F. Kgidbr, ]. Kgsjlyb, E. Jlgddhe, C. Jalppbddlz, A. K.

Jdlusbe, O. Olad-Cbesbe, A. @gsjabr, C. @dôngibr, O. @rgtzsjab, W. @uygg, N. Ihth-Lzufl, N.Irñevhdo, E. Z. Iueobstrup, F. Alesshe, J. Aukbr, J. Z. Avgokbri, Z. C. Chaesbe, R. Chesbdd, C. Chuzbd, Z. Ngp`stuad, L. Dleolgs, F. Dbubekbribr, [. Dhrrlge, P. Flsshe-Obdfhttb, A. Fgddbr,A. Fhthylfl, A. Elrgtl, _. ]hpp, Z. H. [lsfussbe, O. [lyeluo, [. [htadgskbribr, R. [uta,O. Zlfye, C. Zjawleobr, A. Zahcg, F.-D. Zgiilro-Leobrsbe, C. ]. Ztb``besbe, _. Zthjnbr, L. B.Zvbgekcðresoúttgr, L. Zvbesshe, F. _lnltl, C.-D. _gshe, _. _ahrstbgesshe, H. Yletlelkb, @. Ygdabdfs, leo C. Y. J. Yagtb. ;==?. Agia-rbshdutghe rbjhro h` Ehrtabre Abfgspabrb jdgfltbbxtbeogei geth tab dlst getbridljgld pbrgho. Elturb ?:<3<?9-<2<.

Lethgeb, ]., E. Dgfheoge-Dhzhubt, ]. Luiustb, C.-D. Dhjat, K. Ildabk, C.-D. [byss, B. Bsjuob,]. Jlrkhebd, E. Fbrjgbr, C.-C. Klalge, J. @ldiubrbs, leo ]. Phgejabt. ;==0. Db tu` ob Jlhurs

(Zhffb, @rlejb)3 Fgsb be çvgobejb o‗ueb sçqubejb Bbfgbeeb bt o‗ue sgtb ]ldçhdgtagqublsshjgç. \ultbrelgrb <93;1<-:;=.

Lrsulil, C.-D., J. Dhrbezh, C.-F. Jlrrbtbrh, L. Irljgl, G. Flrtgebz, E. Ilrjgl, C.-F. Kbrfóobz obJlstrh, leo B. Jlrkhebdd. <777. L jhfpdbtb aufle pbdvgs `rhf tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb h`Zplge. Elturb :773;22-;21.

Lrsulil, C. D., G. Flrtgebz, L. Irljgl, leo J. Dhrbezh. <779. _ab Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs jrlegl (Zgbrrlob Ltlpubrjl, Zplge). L jhfplrltgvb stuoy. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ::3;<7-;1<.

Lrts, E., leo C. Obbkbe. <71<. ]rbagsthrgsjab clibrs be vbrzlfbdllrs tb Pbssbf3 Bbe fhobd . Phd. ;=. Kgcorlibetht ob stuogb vle abt Krlkletsb Abbf . Bgeoahvbe3 Ztgjatgei Krlklets Abbf.

Luiustb, ]. <711l. Lpphrts pldçhethdhigqubs bt lrjaçhzhhdhigqubs ob d‗çtuob ob dl `lueb obsirleos flffg`árbs ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs). [bvub Lrjaçhdhigqub ob ]gjlrogb 30:-01.



<0;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

‟. <711k. —Btuob obs rbstbs hssbux obs irleos flffg`árbs obs egvblux O, O<, GG klsb,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) Phdufb G , vhd. ;<, Fçfhgrbs ob dlZhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. <::-<07. Jaldhes-sur-Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. <::-<07. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

‟. <77;. Çtuob lrjaçhzhhdhigqub obs irleos flffg`árbs ou sgtb pdbgsthjáeb fhybe ob Kgljab-

Zlget-Pllst (]ls-Ob-Jldlgs, @rlejb)3 Lpphrts kghstrltgirlpagqubs bt pldbtaehirlpagqubs.D‗Letarhphdhigb 703?7-9=.

‟. <77:. —Ljqugsgtghe bt bxpdhgtltghe ou igkgbr lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe oles db ehro ob dl @rlejb.]brspbjtgvbs pldçh-çjhdhigqubs bt pldbtaehirlpagqubs,‖ ge Bxpdhgtltghe obs legflux sluvlibs ítrlvbrs db tbfps . Bogtbo ky C. Obssb leo @. Luohge-[huzblu, pp. ?7-0;. Cule-dbs-]ges3 L]OJL.

‟. <772l. Jalssb bt jalrhielib lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe3 D‗lpphrt ou igsbfbet ob Kgljab-Zlget- Pllst (]ls-Ob-Jldlgs). Kuddbtge ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb 7;3<22-<09.

‟. <772k. Ob dl tlpahjbehsb l dl pldbhkghjbehsb3 [bjhestgtutghe obs pldbh-bevgrheebfbetspdbgsthjbebs ob dl @rlejb sbptbetrgheldb l d‗lgob obs flffg`brbs. Ibhkghs ;137-<0.

‟. ;==:. —Dl jalssb í d‗hurs lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe3 Fytabs, rçldgtçs bt çtlt ob dl qubstghe,‖ ge Dbrÿdb ob d‗bevgrheebfbet oles dbs jhfphrtbfbets obs jalssburs-jubgddburs prçagsthrgqubs , vhd. <<=2. Bogtbo kyF. ]ltahu-Fltags leo A. Khjabrbes, pp. <:2-<?;. Hx`hro3 Lrjabhprbss.

Luiustb, ]., F. A. Fhejbd, leo F. ]lthu-Fltags. <771. —Jalssb hu —jalrhielib‖3 Ljqugsgtghebt trlgtbfbet obs ragehjçrhs lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe be Burhpb hjjgobetldb,‖ ge Çjhehfgb prçagsthrgqub3 dbs jhfphrtbfbets ob suksgstlejb lu pldçhdgtagqub ljtbs obs rbejhetrbs ;:-;?-;2 hjthkrb <779 .Bogtbo ky C.-]. Kruild, D. Fbgiebe, leo F. ]lthu-Fltags, pp. <::-<2<. Zhpagl Letgphdgs3 L]OJL.

Luiustb, ]., leo F. ]lthu-Fltags. <77?. —D‗lurhjas lu ]ldçhdgtagqub,‖ ge Lurhjas, db rbthur, Lurhjas,vljabs & lutrbs khvges ob dl prçagsthgrb í ehs churs pp. <:-;0. Dhes db Zluegbr3 Jbetrb Curlssgbe oupltrgfhgeb.

Klr-Whsb`, H. <772. —_ab hrgiges h` fhobre aufles,‖ ge _ab Lrjalbhdhiy h` shjgbty ge tab ahdy dleo .Bogtbo ky _. B. Dbvy, pp. <<;-<;:. Ebw Whrn3 @ljts he db.

‟. ;==?. Blt walt gs tabrb3 Auetgei leo iltabrgei ge tab whrdo h` Ebleobrtalds leo tabgrebgiakhurs. Getbreltgheld Chureld h` Hstbhlrjalbhdhiy <?3:::-:?;.

Klr-Whsb`, H., K. Pleobrfbbrsja, K. Lrbeskuri, L. Kbd`br-Jhabe, ]. Ihdokbri, A. Dlvgddb, D.Fbgiebe, W. [ln, C. O. Zpbta, B. _jabrehv, L.-F. _gddgbr, leo Z. Ybgebr. <77;. _ab bxjlvltghesge Nbklrl Jlvb, Ft. Jlrfbd. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ::3?79-22=.

Klrelro, J. ;==?. Legfld Kbalvghur, Fbjalegsf, obvbdhpfbet, ùejtghe leo bvhdutghe . Alrdhw3 ]blrsheboujltghe.

Klrehsny, L. O. <712. _lpahehfy leo abrs strujturb h` tab bxtgejt Grgsa Bdn, Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus .Zjgbejb ;;13:?=-:??.

Klrrbtt, D., [. Oueklr, leo C. Dyjbtt. ;==;. Aufle bvhdutghelry bjhdhiy . Klsgeisthnb3 ]ldirlvb.

Klrthe, E. ;===. —Fhustbrgle ablrtas leo sabddsa3 Dltb Ebleobrtald ljtgvgtgbs he Igkrldtlr.,‖ ge Ebleobrtalds he tab boib, ]lpbrs `rhf l jhe`brbejb flrngei tab <2=ta leegvbrslry h` tab @hrkbs‗ \ulrr yogsjhvbry, Igkrldtlr . Bogtbo ky J. K. strgeibr, [. E. B. Klrthe, leo C. J. @gedlyshe, pp. ;<<-;;=.Hx`hro3 Hxkhw Khhns.

Klrthe, [. E. B., L. ]. Jurrlet, W. @breleobz-Cldvh, C. J. @gedlyshe, ]. Ihdokbri, [. Fljpalgd, ]. K.]bttgtt, leo J. K. Ztrgeibr. <777. Igkrldtlr Ebleobrtalds leo rbsudts h` rbjbet bxjlvltghes geIhralf‗s, Pleiulro leo Gkbx jlvbs. Letgqugty 9:3<:-;:.

Kltb, O. F. L. <7:9. —]lrt GG ]ldlbhethdhiy3 _ab ̀ hssgd ̀ luel h` tab Yloy Bd-Fuialrl jlvbs,‖ge _ab Ztheb Lib h` Fhuet Jlrfbd, Phdufb G . Bogtbo ky O. L. B. Ilrrho leo O. F. L. Kltb.Hx`hro3 Jdlrbeohe ]rbss.





<0?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

‟. <719. —Ybrb tabrb bdbpalet auetbrs lt _hrrldkl8,‖ ge _ab bvhdutghe h` aufle auetgei . Bogtbo ky F.A. Egtbjng leo O. P. Egtbjng, pp. ?9-<=2. Ebw Whrn3 ]dbeuf ]rbss.

‟. <711. —Çtuob tlpahehfgqub obs rbstbs `luegqubs ob dl irhttb Plu`rby, jhujab PGGG,‖ ge Dl irhttb Plu`rby, ]ldçhbevgrheebfbet, jarhehdhigb, ljtgvgtçs auflgebs , vhd. QGQ, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky C.-]. [giluo, pp. 2;2-20:. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

‟. ;==<. Jhestrujtgei `rlfbs h` rb`brbejb, Le leldytgjld fbtaho `hr Lrjalbhdhigjld tabhry kugdogei usgeibtaehirlpagj leo bevgrhefbetld oltl sbts . Kbrnbdy/Dhs Leibdbs/Dheohe3 Regvbrsgty h` Jldg`hregl]rbss.

‟. ;==9. —_ab ogbt h` blrdy ahfgegos3 Zhfb tageis wb ebbo th nehw kb̀ hrb —[blogei‖ tab fbeu`rhf tab lrjalbhdhigjld rbjhro,‖ ge Iuts leo Krlges3 Le getbirltgvb lpprhlja th tab ahfgege rbjhro .Bogtbo ky Y. [hbkrhbns, pp. <12-;;;. Dbgobe3 Dbgobe Regvbrsgty prbss.

Kge`hro, D. [., F. I. D. Fgdds, leo E. F. Ztheb. <711. Aybel sjlvbeigei kbalvghr leo gtsgfpdgjltghes `hr tab getbrprbtltghe h` `lueld lssbfkdlibs `rhf @DN ;; (tab zgec hhr) lthdouvlg ihrib. Chureld h` Letarhphdhigjld Lrjalbhdhiy 9377-<:2.

Kgenl, N., leo C. Egtyjahrun. ;==:. _ab Dltb Zlldgle, Bbfgle leo Blrdy Pgstudgle phddbe sbqubejblt Ozgbwudb, blstbre ]hdleo. Ibhdhigjld \ulrtbrdy ?93<22-<01.

Kgro, [. <777. Jhhpbrltghe leo jhegjt3 _ab kbalvghrld bjhdhiy h` tab sbxuld ogvgsghe h` dlkhr. Bvhdutghelry Letarhphdhiy3 Gssubs, Ebws, leo [bvgbws 1302-92.

Kgrns, A. C. K. ;==2. Fgeo tab ilp3 Ahw hpbe wbrb Burhpble prgfbvld `hrbsts. _rbeos ge Bjhdhiy & Bvhdutghe ;=3<2?-<20.

Kgsjah``, C. D., [. Y. Ygddglfs, [. C. [hsbeklubr, L. Lrlfkuru, C. D. Lrsulil, E. Ilrjgl, leo I.Jubejl-Kbsjhs. ;==9. Agia-rbshdutghe R-sbrgbs oltbs `rhf tab Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs ahfgegosygbdos 0== nyrs3 gfpdgjltghes `hr tab bvhdutghe h` tab blrdy Ebleobrtald dgeblib. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :?390:-99=.

Kgsshe, F. Z. ;==<. Getbrvgbw wgta l Ebleobrtald3 Le bxpbrgfbetld lpprhlja `hr rbjhestrujtgeisjrlpbr prhoujtghe rudbs leo tabgr gfpdgjltghes `hr gfphsbo `hrf ge Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj thhds.Jlfkrgoib Lrjalbhdhigjld Chureld <<3<02-<1?.

Kdlobs, K. Z. ;==<. Lurgieljgle dgtagj bjhehfy, Bjhdhigjld pbrspbjtgvbs `rhf Zhutawbstbre @rlejb .Getbrogsjgpdgelry jhetrgkutghes th Lrjalbhdhiy . Ebw Whrn3 ]dbeuf ]rbss.

Kdlsjh, [. ;==1. Aufle jhesufptghe h` thrthgsbs lt Dbvbd GP h` Khdhfhr Jlvb (Pldbejgl, Zplge). Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :23;1:7-;1?1.

Kdbbo, ]. <710. _ab hptgfld obsgie h` auetgei wblphes3 Flgetlgelkgdgty leo rbdglkgdgty. Lfbrgjle Letgqugty 2<39:9-9?9.

Kdgbib Kgro, [., leo B. L. Zfgta. ;==2. Zgieldgei tabhry, strltbigj getbrljtghe leo syfkhdgj jlpgtld.Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ?03;;<-;?1.

Kdufbesjageb, [. C. <719. Jalrljtbrgstgjs h` le blrdy ahfgego sjlvbeigei egjab. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ;13:1:-?=9.

Khjabrbes, A., leo O. Kgdghu. <771. —Gfpdgjltghes pldçhbevgrhefbetldbs bt pldçhldgfbetlgrbs obd‗çtuob gshthpgqub ou Eçleobrtldgbe ob dl jhujab ?,‖ ge [çjabrjabs lux irhttbs ob Zjdlye, Phdufb;3 d‗Lrjaçhdhigb , vhd. 97. Bogtbo ky F. Httb, F. ]ltahu-Fltags, leo O. Khecble, pp. :<<-:;1.Dgáib3 Regvbrsgtç ob Dgáib.

Khjabrbes, A., leo O. Orujnbr. ;==:. —[bjhestrujtgei Ebleobrtld ogbt ̀ rhf <;=,=== th :=,===kp. Rsgei jlrkhe leo egtrhibe gshthpgj lkueolejbs,‖ ge Db rÿdb ob d‗bevgrheebfbet oles dbsjhfphrtbfbets obs jalssburs-jubgddburs prçagsthrgqubs , vhd. <<=2, KL[ Getbreltgheld Zbrgbs . Bogtbo ky F.]ltahu-Fltags leo A. Khjabrbes, pp. <-1. Hx`hro3 Lrjabhprbss.

Khjabrbes, A., O. I. Orujnbr, O. Kgdghu, F. ]ltahu-Fltags, leo K. Pleobrfbbrsja. ;==2. Gshthpgj;==2. Gshthpgjbvgobejb `hr tab ogbt leo suksgstbejb plttbre h` tab Zlget-Jçslgrb Ebleobrtald3 [bvgbw leousb h` l fudtg-shurjb fgxgei fhobd. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?739<-19.



<02

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

Khjabrbes, A., F. @gzbt, leo L. Flrghttg. <77?. Ogbt, paysghdhiy leo bjhdhiy h` `hssgd flffldsls ge`brrbo `rhf stlkdb jlrkhe leo egtrhibe gshthpb kghibhjabfgstry3 gfpdgjltghes `hr]dbgsthjbeb kblrs. ]ldlbhibhirlpay, ]ldlbhjdgflthdhiy, ]ldlbhbjhdhiy <=93;<:-;;2.

Khîol, B. <711. —Leldysb tbjaehdhigqub ou oçkgtlib ou egvblu GGL,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) Phdufb G , vhd. ;<. Bogtbo ky C. Zhffç leo L.

_u``rblu, pp. <12-;<?. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 Jaldhes-sur-Flreb.

Khîol, B., C. F. Ibebstb, J. Irgiih, E. Fbrjgbr, Z. Fuabsbe, C. D. [byss, L. _lal, leo A. Plddlols.<777. L Dbvlddhgs phget bfkboobo ge tab vbrtbkrl h` l wgdo lss (Bquus l`rgjleus)3 Al`tgei,prhcbjtgdbs leo Fhustbrgle auetgei. Letgqugty 9:3:7?-?=;.

Khbsja, J. ;==:. —Jhfpdbx jhhpbrltghe lfhei _lè Jagfplezbbs,‖ ge Legfld shjgld jhfpdbxgty,getbddgibejb, judturb leo geogvgouldgzbo shjgbtgbs . Bogtbo ky @. K. F. ob Ylld leo ]. D. _yljn, pp. 7:-<<=. Jlfkrgoib3 Alrvlro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Khbsja, J., leo F. _hflsbddh. <771. Jagfplezbb leo aufle judturbs. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy :7327<-0<?.

Khheb, W. <790. —Db rlfflsslib obs jhqugddlibs,‖ ge Dl prçagsthgrb @rleélgsb, _hfb G3 Dbs jgvgdgsltghes pldçhdgtagqubs bt fbshdgtagqubs ob dl @rlejb . Bogtbo ky A. o. Dufdby. ]lrgs3 Çogtghes ou JbetrbEltgheld ob dl [bjabrjab Zjgbetgqub.

Khyosthe, B. B., N. F. Nlpabgf, leo N. B. Ahdbnlfp. ;==0. ]lttbres h` obe hjjupltghe ky tabsphttbo aylbel (Jrhjutl jrhjutl). L`rgjle Chureld h` Bjhdhiy ??399-10.

Krlge, J. N. <71<. _ab auetbrs hr tab auetbo8 Le getrhoujtghe th L`rgjle jlvb tlpahehfy . Jagjlih3Regvbrsgty h` Jagjlih ]rbss.

Krlge, J. N., leo L. Zgddbet. <711. Bvgobejb `rhf tab Zwlrtnrles jlvb `hr tab blrdgbst usb h` rb. Elturb ::03?0?-?00.

Krltdueo, K. <777. _luklja rbvgsgtbo. Clarkuja obs [ðfgsja-Ibrflegsjabe Sbetrldfusbufs Flgez ?030<-<9?.

Krhhn, K. Y., leo O. F. C. Z. Khwfle. ;==?. _ab uejbrtlge kdgtznrgbi h` ]dbgsthjbeb fbil`luel.

Chureld h` Kghibhirlpay :<32<9-2;:.Kruild, C.-]., ]. @hssb, leo C.-D. Iulobddg. <779. —Jhfplrltgvb stuoy h` kheb lssbfkdlibs flob

ky rbjbet leo ]dbgsthjbeb aybegos,‖ ge ]rhjbbogeis h` tab <77: kheb jhe`brbejb Aht Zprgeis, ZhutaOlnhtl , vhd. <, Hjjlsgheld ]ukdgjltghe . Bogtbo ky D. L. Aleeus, D. [hssuf, leo [. ]. Ygealf,pp. <21-<19. Zghux @ldds3 Lrjalbhdhiy Dlkhrlthry Luiustlel Jhddbil.

Kuee, A. _. <71:. —Jhfplrltgvb leldysgs h` fhobre kheb lssbfkdlibs`rhf l Zle auetbr-iltabrbrjlfp ge tab Nldlalrg Obsbrt, Khtswlel leo `rhf l sphttbo aybel obe eblr Elgrhkg Nbeyl,‖ge Legflds leo lrjalbhdhiy3 <. Auetbrs leo tabgr prby , vhd. <0:, KL[ Getbreltgheld Zbrgbs . Bogtbo ky C.Jdutthe-Krhjn leo J. Irgishe, pp. <?:-<?1. Hx`hro.

Kuee, A. _., leo B. F. Nrhdd. <710. Zystbfltgj kutjabry ky ]dgh/]dbgsthjbeb ahfgegos lt HdouvlgIhrib, _lezlegl. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ;93?:<-?2;.

Kurnb, L., O. Bkbrt, C. Jlrogddb, leo O. Oluta. ;==1. ]ldbhbtahdhiy ls l thhd `hr tab obvbdhpfbeth` lrjalbhdhigjld fhobds h` dleo-usb3 tab Jrgfble Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj. Chureld h` LrjalbhdhigjldZjgbejb :2317?-7=?.

Jleebd, L. ;==;. _arhwgei kbalvghur leo tab flss ogstrgkutghe h` ibhdhigjld aleo slfpdbs, aleoirbelobs leo Hdohwle fleuphrts. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;73::2-::7.

Jlrkhebdd, B., C. F. C.-F. Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh, C. F. ]lrbs, L. ]brbz-Ihezldbz, I. Jubejl-Kbsjhs, L. Hddb, F. Fhsqubrl, [. Auiubt, C. vle obr Flob, L. [hsls, [. Zldl, C. Plddvbrou, E. Ilrjgl,O. B. Irleibr, F. Flrtgehe-_hrrbs, Q. ]. [horgiubz, I. F. Zthjn, C. F. Pbribs, L. Lddub,@. Kurcljas, G. Jljbrbs, L. Jlelds, L. Kbegth, J. Ogbz, F. Dhzleh, L. Fltbhs, F. Elvlzh, C.[horgiubz, C. [hsbdd, leo C. D. Lrsulil. ;==1. _ab rst ahfgege h` Burhpb. Elturb ?2;3?02-?07.





<09

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

o‗Brrgjh, @., C. Sgdaêh, F. Cudgbe, O. Kl`br, leo C. ]bdbirge. <771. Ebleobrtald ljjudturltghe ge Ybstbre Burhpb. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy :73s<-s??.

Oladkbri, @. Bogthr. <71<. Yhfle tab iltabrbr . Ebw Alvbe3 Wldb Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Olegbd, G. [. C. ;==<. Ztheb rlw fltbrgld lvlgdlkgdgty leo Blrdy Lrjalgj sbttdbfbet ge tab shutabre

Regtbo Ztltbs. Lfbrgjle Letgqugty 003;:9-;02.Olvgo, @. ;==;. —Dbs hurs ou Jaëtbdpbrrhegbe ob dl Irhttb ou [beeb í Lrjy-sur-Jurb (Wheeb),‖ ge

D‗hurs bt d‗ahffb , vhd. <==. Bogtbo ky _. _gddbt leo D. [. Kge`hro, pp. <12-<7;. Dgáib3 Regvbrsgtçob Dgáib.

Oble, O., C.-C.Aukdge, [. Ahddhwly, leo [. Sgbidbr. <771. He tab paydhibebtgj phsgtghe h` tab prb-Ebleobrtld spbjgfbe ̀ rhf [bgdgeibe, Ibrfley. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe :?3?12-2=1.

Oble, F. J. ;==0. _hhta fgjrhstrujturb trljns tab pljb h` aufle dg`b-agsthry bvhdutghe.]rhjbbogeis h` tab [hyld Zhjgbty, Zbrgbs K3 Kghdhigjld Zjgbejbs ;9:3;977-;1=1.

Obdpbja, @. <777. Kghflssb o‗heiudçs lu ]ldçhdgtagqub bt ge`çrbejbs sur dl obfhirlpagb. ]ldbh <<3<7-?;.

Obsplrt-Bstbs, [. <77<. _ab kbalvghr iugob th L`rgjle flfflds, Gejduogei ahh`bo flfflds, jlregvhrbs, prgfltbs . Kbrnbdby/Dhs Leibdbs/Dheohe3 _ab Regvbrsgty h` Jldg`hregl ]rbss.

Obssb, I., leo C. Obssb. <790. —Dl pãjab,‖ ge Dl prçagsthgrb @rleélgsb, _hfb G3 Dbs jgvgdgsltghes pldçhdgtagqubs bt fbshdgtagqubs ob dl @rlejb . Bogtbo ky A. o. Dufdby, pp. 079-9=;. ]lrgs3 Çogtghes ouJbetrb Eltgheld ob dl [bjabrjab Zjgbetgqub.

Ogkkdb, A. D. <772. Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sjrlpbr rboujtghe3 Kljnirhueo jdlrgjltghe leo rbvgbw h`tab bvgobejb th oltb. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Fbtaho leo _abhry ;3;77-:01.

OgJdbfbetb, O. @., leo O. L. Aletudl. ;==:. Hptgfld `hrligei hedgeb3 Gejrblsgei sbesgtgvgty thobdly. ]syjahdhiy leo Flrnbtgei ;=3912-1=7.

Ogborgja, J. C., leo N. Ŷìn. ;==0. ]rby obphsgts leo obe sgtbs h` tab Rppbr ]dbgsthjbeb aybelJrhjutl jrhjutl spbdlbl (Ihdoùss, <1;:) ge ahrgzhetld leo vbrtgjld jlvbs h` tab Khabfgle Nlrst(Jzbja [bpukdgj). Kuddbtge h` Ibhsjgbejbs 1<3;:9-;90.

Ohfæeiubz-[horgih, F. ;==;. Auetgei leo sjlvbeigei ky blrdy aufles, _ab stltb h` tab obkltb. Chureld h` Yhrdo ]rbagsthry <03<-2?.

Ohfæeiubz-[horgih, F., _. [. ]gjnbrgei, Z. Zbflw, leo F. C. [hibrs. ;==2. Jutflrnbo khebs`rhf ]dghjbeb lrjalbhdhigjld sgtbs lt Ihel, L`lr, Btaghpgl3 Gfpdgjltghes `hr tab ùejtghe h`tab whrdo‗s hdobst stheb thhds. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?13<=7-<;<.

Ohre, F. Y. <779. Fbshsjldb sagei plttbres h` `ljthry trlwdbrs ge tab ]ljgj Alnb ( Fbrdujjgus prhoujtus ) sabry. Jldg`hregl Jhhpbrltgvb Hjblegj @gsabrgbs Gevbstgiltghes [bphrts :1307-90.

Orbl, J. F., leo D. I. @rlen. ;==:. —_ab shjgld jhfpdbxgty h` sphttbo aybels,‖ ge 7:. Bogtbo ky @.K. F. ob Ylld leo ]. D. _yljn, pp. <;< - <?1. Jlfkrgoib3 Alrvlro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Oulrtb, J., C. Fluræjgh, ]. K. ]bttgtt, ]. Zhutrh, B. _rgenlus, A. v. o. ]dgjat, leo C. Sgdaêh. <777. _ab

blrdy Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj aufle snbdbthe `rhf tab Lkrgih oh Dlilr Pbdah (]hrtuild) leofhobre aufle bfbribejb ge Gkbrgl. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 70390=?-90=7.

Oueklr, [. G. F. <77;. Ebhjhrtbx sgzb ls l jhestrlget he irhup sgzb ge prgfltbs. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ;;3?07-?7:.

‟. ;==<. —Krlges he twh dbis3 Irhup sgzb leo tab bvhdutghe h` getbddgibejb,‖ ge _rbb h` hrgige, Yalt prgfltb kbalvghur jle tbdd us lkhut Aufle shjgld bvhdutghe . Bogtbo ky @. K. F. ob Ylld. Jlfkrgoib3Alrvlro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Bgjaahre, I. <7=7. Ogb pldïhdgtagsjabe @ueob vhe _luklja ge obe Fusbbe zu Cbel ueo Ybgflr, @bstsjarg`tzuf :2=-cïargibe Cukgdïuf obr Regvbrsgtït Cbel . Cbel3 Pbrdli vhe Iustlv @gsjabr. Cbel3 Pbrdli vhe Iustlv @gsjabr.







<9=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Irbbe, [. B., L.-Z. Fldlspgels, C. Nrlusb, L. Y. Krgiis, ]. D. @. Chaeshe, J. Radbr, F. Fbybr, C. F. Ihho, _. Flrgjgj, R. Ztbezbd, N. ]rô`br, F. Zgbklubr, A. L. Kurkleh, F. [hele, C.F. [htakbri, F. Biahdf, ]. [uole, O. Krlcnhvgj, S. Nujle, G. Iusgj, F. Ygnstrðf, D.Dllnnhebe, C. Nbdsh, F. Zdltnge, leo Z. ]ïïkh. ;==1. L jhfpdbtb Ebleobrtld fgthjaheorgldibehfb sbqubejb obtbrfgebo ky agia-tarhuiaput sbqubejgei. Jbdd <:?3?<0-?;0.

Iulobddg, C. D. <717. Çtuob tlpahehfgqub ou rbplgrb o‗ayáebs ob Jlfglj (Igrheob, @rlejb),Çdçfbets ob jhfplrlgshe betrb ue sgtb elturbd bt ue igsbfbet prçagsthrgqub. Kuddbtge obd‗Lsshjgltghe @rleélgsb phur d‗Çtuob ou qultbrelgrb ;37<-<==.

Iulobddg, C.-D., F. Dbehgr, D. Flrlfklt, leo F.-F. ]lqubrh. <711. —Re igsbfbet ob d‗getbrstlob<711. —Re igsbfbet ob d‗getbrstlob Yôrfgbe be Igrheob3 Db igsbfbet ob Jlfglj í Jlfglj bt Zlget-Obegs,‖ ge D‗Ahffb ob Ebleobrtld, ljtbs ob dl jhddhqub Getbreltgheld ob Dgáib (?-9 Oçjbfkrb <710), Phdufb ?3 Dl _bjaegqub , vhd.:<, Çtuobs bt rbjabrjabs lrjaçhdhigqubs ob d‗Regvbrsgtç ob Dgáib . Bogtbo ky D. Kge`hro leo C.-]. [giluo,Bogtbo ky D. Kge`hro leo C.-]. [giluo,pp. 27-0=. Dgáib3 Regvbrsgtç ob Dgáib.

Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri, O., J. Z. Dlrsbe, leo O. D. Aujageshe. ;==?. ]rbvldbejb leo tab ourltghe h`dgeblr belfbd ayphpdlsgl3 L jhfplrltgvb stuoy h` Ebleobrtlds leo Geugt `hrlibrs. Chureld hÀufle Bvhdutghe ?9302-1?.

Iultbddg-Ztbgekbri, O., O. C. [bgo, _. L. Kgsahp, leo J. Z. Dlrsbe. ;==2. Letbrghr thhta irhwtapbrghos ge Ebleobrtlds wbrb jhfplrlkdb th tahsb h` fhobre aufles. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs <=;3<?<79-<?;=;.

Iubetabr, B. Y. <799. —Ogb Kljnbezïaeb obr Bdb`letbe vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr,‖ ge Ols]dbgsthzïe vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr , vhd. ;. Bogtbo ky A.-O. Nladnb, pp. ;02-:=?. Kbrdge3 Lnlobfgb Pbrdli.

Iught, C., F. [bgddb, C. D. o. Kbludgbu, leo L. ]hes. <77;. Jldgkrltghe h` tab jdgfltgj sgield ge l ebw Jldgkrltghe h` tab jdgfltgj sgield ge l ebwphddbe sbqubejb `rhf Dl Irleob ]gdb. Jdgfltb Oyelfgjs 03;27-;0?.

Iugtgbrrbz, I., O. Zìejabz, leo L. Flræe. ;==;. L rbleldysgs h` tab lejgbet fgthjaheorgld OELsbqubejbs rbjhvbrbo ̀ rhf Ebleobrtald khebs. Fhdbjudlr Kghdhiy leo Bvhdutghe <73<:27-<:00.

Iurvbe, F., A. Nlpdle, leo F. Iugtgbrrbz. ;==0. Ahw dhei ohbs gn tlnb th kbjhfb l prhjgbet

auetbr8 Gfpdgjltghes `hr tab bvhdutghe h` bxtbeobo obvbdhpfbet leo dhei dg`b sple. Chureld hÀufle Bvhdutghe 2<3?2?-?9=.

Iutargb, O. [. ;==<. Hrgige leo jlusbs h` tab flffhta stbppb3 l sthry h` jdhuo jhvbr, whhddyflffld thhta pgts, kujndbs, leo gesgob-hut Kbrgeigl. \ultbrelry Zjgbejb [bvgbws ;=32?7-29?.

Iutargb, [. O. <77=. @rhzbe ̀ luel h` tab flffhta stbppb, _ab sthry h` Kdub Klkb . Jagjlih3 _abRegvbrsgty h` Jagjlih ]rbss.

‟. ;==0. He tab pdbgsthjbeb bxtgejtghes h` Ldlsnle flffhtas leo ahrsbs. Elturb ??<3;=9-;=7.

Alroy, K. D. ;==?. Ebleobrtald kbalvghur leo stheb thhd ùejtghe lt tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtbsh` Dl \ugel, @rlejb. Letgqugty 9132?9-202.

Alroy, K. D., F. Nly, L. B. Flrns, leo N. Fhegild. ;==<. Ztheb thhd ̀ uejtghe lt tab pldbhdgtagjsgtbs h` Ztlrhsbdb leo Kurle Nlyl GGG, Jrgfbl3 Kbalvghrld gfpdjgltghes. ]rhjbbogeis h̀ tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 713<=79;-<=799.

Alrvltg, N., Z. [. @rhst, leo N. ]. FjEudty. ;==?. Ebleobrtald tlxhehfy rbjhesgobrbo3Gfpdgjltghes h` :O prgfltb fhobds h` getrl- leo getbrspbjgj og``brbejbs. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs h` tab Regtbo Ztltbs h` Lfbrgjl <=<3<<?9-<<2;.

Alrvltg, N., B. ]lelihphudhu, leo ]. Nlrnlels. ;==:. @grst Ebleobrtald rbflges ̀ rhf Irbbjb3 _ab bvgobejb `rhf Dlnhegs. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?23?02-?9:.

Alwnbs, N. <77:. Yay auetbr-iltabrbrs whrn, Le lejgbet vbrsghe h` tab prhkdbf h` pukdgj ihhos.Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy :?3:?<-:0<.

Alwnbs, N., C. @. H‗Jheebdd, E. I. Kdurthe-Chebs, A. Ldvlrbz, leo B. D. Jalrehv. <771.Irleofhtabrgei, fbehplusb leo tab bvhdutghe h` aufle dg`b agsthrgbs. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 723<::0-<::7.





<9;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Clenhwsnl, K., _. žfgcbwsng, L. Nwgltnhwsnl, leo Y. Nhrzbeghwsng. ;==2. _ab jhfphsgtghe leoprhpbrtgbs h` kblvbr (Jlsthr kbr) fblt. Burhpble Chureld h` Ygdodg`b [bsblrja 2<3;1:-;10.

Clukbrt, C., F. Dhrkdlejabt, A. Dlvgddb, [. Zdht-Fhddbr, L._urq, leo C.-]. Kruild. <77=. Dbs jalssburso‗Lurhjas ob Dl Khrob . Ohjufbets o‗Lrjaçhdhigb @rleélgsb . ]lrgs3 Bogtghes ob dl flgshe obs sjgbejbsob d‗ahffb.

Chjagf, F. L. <711. Hptgfld `hrligei leo tab ogvgsghe h` dlkhur. Lfbrgjle Letarhphdhigst 7=3<:=-<:0.

Chalesbe, D., leo O. Ztlpbrt. <772/<770. Aleolxbs `rhf Obeflrn3 Ebleobrtld thhds hr ‑vgjghusgets‗. ]ldlbhagsthrgl :9/:13<-;1.

Chebs, B. D. ;==?. Ogbtlry bvbeebss, prby jahgjb leo aufle-bevgrhefbet getbrljtghes. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :<3:=9-:<9.

Cðrgs, H. ;==:. Sur jarhehstrltgirlpagsjabe Ztbdduei obr spïtfgttbdpldïhdgtagsjabeNbgdfbssbriruppbe, Obr vbrsuja bgebr nudturibhirlpagsjabe Lkirbezuei bgebrfgttbdpldïhdgtagsjabe @hrfbeiruppb. Kbrgjat obr [ðfgsja-Ibrflegsjabe Nhffgssghe 1?32=-<2:.

Cðrgs, H., leo F. Ztrbbt. ;==1. Lt tab beo h` tab <?J tgfbsjldb - _ab Fgoodb th Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj;==1. Lt tab beo h` tab <?J tgfbsjldb - _ab Fgoodb th Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj

rbjhro h` Ybstbre Burlsgl. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe 22391;-1=;.Nlpdle, A., leo N. Agdd. <712. Auetgei lkgdgty leo rbprhoujtgvb sujjbss lfhei Ljab fldb

`hrlibrs3 prbdgfgelry rbsudts. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ;03<:<-<::.

Nlpdle, A., N. Agdd, C. Dlejlstbr, leo L. F. Aurtloh. ;===. L tabhry h` aufle dg`b-agsthrybvhdutghe3 Ogbt getbddgibejb leo dheibvgty. Bvhdutghelry Letarhphdhiy 73<20-<12.

Nlpdle, A. Z., leo L. C. [hkshe. ;==;. _ab bfbribejb h` aufles3 _ab jhbvhdutghe h` getbddgibejbleo dheibvgty wgta getbribebrltgheld trles`brs. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs h`tab Regtbo Ztltbs h` Lfbrgjl 773<=;;<-<=;;0.

Nbddy, [. D. <77;. Fhkgdgty/sbobetgsf3 Jhejbpts, lrjalbhdhigjld fblsurbs leo b``bjts. Leeuld[bvgbw h̀ Letarhphdhiy ;<3?:-00.

‟. <772. _ab `hrligei spbjtruf3 Ogvbrsgty ge auetbr-iltabrbr dg`bwlys . Ylsageithe3 Zfgtashegle Gestgtutghe]rbss.

‟. ;==<. ]rbagsthry h` tab Jlrshe obsbrt leo Ztgddwltbr fhuetlges, Bevgrhefbet, fhkgdgty leo suksgstbejb ge lIrblt Klsge wbtdleo . Phd. <;:. Regvbrsgty h` Rtla Letarhphdhigjld plpbrs . Zldt Dlnb Jgty3 Regvbrsgtyh` Rtla ]rbss.

Nbddy, [. D., leo D. J. _hoo. <711. Jhfgei geth tab jhuetry3 Blrdy pldbhgeogle auetgei leofhkgdgty. Lfbrgjle Letgqugty 2:3;:<-;??.

Ngeodbr, D. ;==1. —Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb Ebleobrtald dleo-usb leo tbrrgthrgldgty ge jbetrld Burhpb3 L`lueld pbrspbjtgvb `rhf tab Kldvb Jlvb, Ibrfley,‖ ge ]ldlbhdgtagj Fbshdgtagj Jhe`brbejb . KrgtgsaFusbuf.

Ndbge, [. I. ;==:. Yagtabr tab Ebleobrtalds. Zjgbejb ;773<2;2-<2;9.

Nhdbe, C. <777. —Ahfgegos wgtahut ahfbs3 He tab elturb h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj sbttdbfbet geBurhpb,‖ ge _ab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj h` Burhpb . Bogtbo ky Y. [hbkrhbns leo J. Ilfkdb, pp. <:7-<92. Dbgobe3 Regvbrsgty h` Dbgobe.

Nhd`sjahtbe, _. vle <772. He tab lppdgjltghe h` `hssgd flfflds th tab rbjhestrujtghe h` tabpldlbhbevgrhefbet h` ehrtawbstbre Burhpb. Ljtl Shhdhigjl Jrljhvgbesgl :139:-1?.

‟. ;===. _ab Bbfgle flffld `luel h` jbetrld Burhpb. Ibhdhigb be Fgcekhuw 973;07-;1<.

‟. ;==;. —_ab Bbfgle flffld `luel h` tab ehrtawbstbre leo jbetrld burhpble jhetgebet,‖ geDb obregbr getbridljglrb bt dbs hjjupltghes auflgebs ou ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe , vhd. 1. Bogtbo ky L. _u``rbluleo Y. [hbkrhbns, pp. ;<-:=. Dgddb3 Regvbrsgtç obs Zjgbejbs bt _bjaehdhigbs ob Dgddb.

Nhddbr, C., R. Klufbr, leo O. Flegl. ;==<. Agia tbja ge tab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj3 Ebleobrtld-fleu`ljturbo pgtja gobetgbo. Burhpble Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhiy ?3:12-:79.



<9:

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

Nrlusb, C., D. Hrdleoh, O. Zbrrb, K. Pghdl, N. ]ru`br, F. ]. [gjalros, C.-C. Aukdge, J. Aleeg, L. ].Obrbvglenh, leo Z. ]llkh. ;==9. Ebleobrtalds ge jbetrld Lsgl leo Zgkbrgl. Elturb ??737=;-7=?.

Nrbks, C. [., leo E. K. Olvgbs. <779. —_ab bvhdutghe h` kbalvghurld bjhdhiy,‖ ge Kbalvghurld bjhdhiy, Le bvhdutghelry lpprhlja, @hurta bogtghe . Bogtbo ky C. [. Nrbks leo E. K. Olvgbs, pp. :-<;. Hx`hro3Kdljnwbdd Zjgbejb.

Nrgeis, F., A. Ibgsbrt, [. Y. Zjafgtz, A. Nrlegtzng, leo Z. ]ïïkh. <777. OEL sbqubejb h` tabFgthjaheorgld aypbrvlrglkdb rbighe GG `rhf tab Ebleobrtald typb spbjgfbe. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 703221<-2212.

Nrhe`bdo-Zjahr, E., leo _. Olyle. ;==:. ]lrtgtghegei h` tgfb ls le bjhdhigjld rbshurjb. Leeuld[bvgbw h` Bjhdhiy, Bvhdutghe, leo Zystbfltgjs :?3<2:-<1<.

Nruun, A. <79;. _ab sphttbo aybel3 L stuoy h` prboltghe leo shjgld kbalvghr . Ygdodg`b kbalvghr leo bjhdhiy .Jagjlil3 Regvbrsgty h` Jagjlil ]rbss.

Nôad, E., leo _. Dgtt. ;==:. \uletgtltgvb tgfb sbrgbs rbjhestrujtghe h` Bbfgle tbfpbrlturb lt tarbbBurhpble sgtbs usgei phddbe. Pbibtltghe Agsthry leo Lrjalbhkhtley <;3;=2-;<?.

Nuae, Z. D. <772. Fhustbrgle dgtagj tbjaehdhiy3 Le bjhdhigjld pbrspbjtgvb . ]rgejbthe3 ]rgejbthe Regvbrsgty

]rbss. ‟. <771. —_ab bjhehfy h` dgtagj rlw fltbrglds leo tab bjhehfy h` `hho prhjurbfbet,‖ ge

Çjhehfgb prçagsthrgqub3 dbs jhfphrtbfbets ob suksgstlejb lu pldçhdgtagqub ljtbs obs rbejhetrbs ;:-;?-;2hjthkrb <779 . Bogtbo ky C. ]. Kruild, D. Fbgiebe, leo F. ]ltahu-Fltags, pp. ;<2-;;2. Zhpagl Letgphdgs3 L]OJL.

Nuae, Z. D., leo F. J. Ztgebr. ;==0. Yalt‗s l fhtabr th oh8 _ab ogvgsghe h` dlkhr lfheiEbleobrtalds leo Fhobre Aufles ge Burlsgl. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ?9372:-71=.

Dlar, F. F., leo [. L. @hdby. <771. _hwlros l tabhry h` fhobre aufle hrgiges3 Ibhirlpay,obfhirlpay leo ogvbrsgty ge rbjbet aufle bvhdutghe. Wblrkhhn h` ]aysgjld Letarhphdhiy ?<3<:9-<90.

Dldubzl, J., L. ]çrçz-]brbz, leo O. _urkúe. <770. Ogbtlry ge`brbejbs tarhuia kujjld fgjrhwblr

leldysgs h` Fgoodb leo Rppbr ]dbgsthjbeb aufle `hssgds. Lfbrgjle Chureld h` ]aysgjld Letarhphdhiy <==3:09-:19.

Dlf, W. F. <77;. Plrglkgdgty ge tab kbalvghur h` sphttbo aylbels ls tlpahehfgj libets. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb <73:17-?=0.

Dleikrhbn, F. ;==:. Hut h` L`rgjl, L stuoy geth tab blrdgbst hjjupltghe h` tab Hdo whrdo. ]aO,Dbgobe Regvbrsgty.

Dleibcles, I. A. C. ;==0. —[bsgoub leldysgs he Blrdgbr Ztheb Lib thhds> ̀ rhf rbjhestrujtgei tabplst th le ahebst fbtahohdhiy.‖ L`rgjle Ibebsgs3 L syfphsguf he Ahfgego bvhdutghe ge L`rgjl,Regvbrsgty h` tab Ygtwltbrsrleo, Zhuta L`rgjl, ;==0 , pp. 9:-9?. Lkstrljts h` jhetrgkutghes th tab L`rgjle Ibebsgs Jhe`brbejb.

‟. ;==9. ]GQB leo rbsgoubs> Bxlfpdbs `rhf Ztbrn`hetbge leo Zgkuou, Zhuta L`rgjl. Zhuta L`rgjle

Lrjalbhdhigjld Kuddbtge 0;39<-9:.Db Ildd, H. <711. —Leldysb pldbtaehdhigqub ob d‗Gjatyh`lueb ob dl Irhttb Plu`rby,‖ ge Dl irhttb

Plu`rby, ]ldçhbevgrheebfbet, jarhdhigb, ljtgvgtçs auflgebs , vhd. QGQ, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub@rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky C.-]. [giluo, pp. 200-201. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

Dbkbd, Z., B. _rgenlus, F. @lurb, ]. @breleobz, J. Iuçrge, O. [gjatbr, E. Fbrjgbr, A. Plddlols,leo I. L. Yliebr. ;==<. Jhfplrltgvb fhrpahdhiy leo pldbhkghdhiy h` Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbebaufle rbflges ̀ rhf tab Klu ob d‗Lukbsgbr, Plujdusb, @rlejb. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 713<<=79-<<<=;.

Dbgkhdo, F. L. <770. L irlpagjld fhobd h` nbystheb prbolthrs ge `hho wbks3 _rhpagj rbiudltghe h`lkueolejb, gejgobejb leo ogvbrsgty plttbres ge jhffuegtgbs. _ab Lfbrgjle Elturldgst <?9391?-1<;.



<9?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Dbfhrgeg, J. <77;. Plrglkgdgtç hu spçjgldgsltghe `hejtghebddb8 Reb rçvgsghe ou rlpphrt betrb `hrfbbt `hejtghe lu Fhustçrgbe. Leldbjtl ]rbagsthrgjl Dbgobesgl ;23<9-;?.

Dbvg-Zldl, G. <710. Rsb-wblr leo phst-obphsgtgheld sur`ljb fhogjltghe3 L whro h` jlutghe. Chureldh` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb <:3;;7-;??.

Dghkgeb, P. ]. ;==;. D‗Ljabudçbe ou Jlujlsb . B[LRD . Dgáib3 Regvbrsgtç ob Dgáib.Dgtt, _. <77=. —Zttrltgirlpagb ueo Ðnhdhigb obs bbfgetbridlzgldbe Yldobdb`letbe-Zdljatpdltzbs vhe

Irðkbre, Nrbgs Irï`bealgegjabe,‖ ge Ebuflrn - Irðkbre. Kbgtrïib zur Clio obs fgttbdpldïhdgtagsjabe Fbesjabe , vhd. ?:, Pbrð``betdgjaueibe obs Dleobsfusbufs `ôr Phribsjagjatb ge Alddb . Bogtbo ky Bogtbo kyO. Flegl, F. _ahflb, _. Dgtt, leo _. Ybkbr, pp. <7:-;=1. Kbrdge3 Obutsjabr Pbrdli obrKbrdge3 Obutsjabr Pbrdli obr Ygssbesjal`tbe.

Dgtt, _., @. Y. Cueib, leo _. Kðttibr. <770. Jdgfltb ourgei tab Bbfgle ge ehrta-jbetrld Burhpb - l<770. Jdgfltb ourgei tab Bbfgle ge ehrta-jbetrld Burhpb - ljrgtgjld rbvgbw h` tab pldlbhkhtlegjld leo stlkdb gshthpb oltl `rhf jbetrld Ibrfley. Pbibtltgheagsthry leo Lrjalbhkhtley 23;?9-;20.

Dgvgeisthe, Z. ;==<. —Lvgle `lueld rbflges,‖ ge ]rbagsthry h` tab Jlrshe obsbrt leo Ztgddwltbr fhuetlges, Bevgrhefbet, fhkgdgty leo suksgstbejb ge l Irblt Klsge wbtdleo , vhd. <;:, Regvbrsgty h` Rtla Letarhphdhigjld plpbrs . Bogtbo ky [. D. Nbddy, pp. ;1=-;11. Zldt Dlnb Jgty3 Regvbrsgty h` Rtla]rbss.

Ddhvbrls, D., F. Fhrbeh-Ilrjæl, leo C. Elold. ;==1. _lpahehfgj leldysgs h` dbphrgo rbflgeshktlgebo `rhf fhobre Gkbrgle dyex (Dyex plrogeus) sjlts. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :23<-<:.

Dhjat, C.-D. ;==2. Db pldçhdgtagqub fhybe be ]gjlrogb3 Çtlt ob dl rbjabrjab. [bvub Lrjaçhdhigqub ob]gjlrogb 3;9-:2.

Dhfklro, F. ;==2. Bvgobejb h` auetgei leo al`tgei ourgei tab Fgoodb Ztheb Lib lt Zgkuou jlvb,NwlSudu-Eltld, Zhuta L`rgjl3 L fudtgeleldgtyjld lpprhlja. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?13;97-:==.

Dhfklro, F., leo D. Ylodby. ;==9. _ab fhrpahdhigjld gobetgjltghe h` fgjrh-rbsgoubs hestheb thhds usgei dgiat fgjrhsjhpy3 prhirbss leo og`judtgbs klsbo he kdgeo tbsts. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :?3<22-<02.

Dhrkdlejabt, F. <777. Dl elgsslejb ob d‗lrt 3 ibeásb ob d‗lrt prçagsthrgqub oles db fheob . ]lrgs3 ÇogtghesBrrlejb.

Dhuiubt-Db`bkvrb, Z. ;==2. Dbs fçilabrkgvhrbs (Çdbpaletgoçs bt [agehjbrhtgoçs) lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe be Burhpb ou Ehro-Hubst . Phd. <?2<. KL[ Getbreltgheld Zbrgbs . Hx`hro3 Lrjabhprbss.

Duovgjh, D. [., G. F. Kbeebtt, leo Z. Kbjnbrfle. <77<. [gsn sbesgtgvb ̀ hrligei kbalvghur lfheitab Klræ. Aufle bjhdhiy <732=7-2<0.

Duffll, P. _. J.-K. ;==;. Blrdy obvbdhpfbet, survgvld leo rbprhoujtghe ge aufles. _rbeos ge Bjhdhiy & Bvhdutghe <93<?<-<?9.

Dyfle, [. D. <77?. Pbrtbkrltb tlpahehfy . Jlfkrgoib Fleulds ge Lrjalbhdhiy . Jlfkrgoib3 Jlfkrgoib

Regvbrsgty ]rbss. ‟. ;==:. _ab geubejb h̀ tgfb levbrligei leo spljb lvbrligei he tab lppdgjltghe h` `hrligei

tabhry ge zhhlrjalbhdhiy. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :=3272-0<=.

FljLrtaur, [. A., leo B. [. ]glenl. <700. He hptgfld usb h` l pltjay bevgrhefbet. Lfbrgjle Elturldgst <==30=:-0=7.

Fljoheldo, O. Y. Bogthr. ;==0. _ab Bejyjdhpbogl h` Flfflds, Ebw bogtghe . Hx`hro3 Hx`hroRegvbrsgty ]rbss.

Fljpalgd, B. F. <71;. Krlge leo getbddgibejb ge vbrtbkrltbs . Hx`hro3 Hx`hro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Flob, C. vle obr ;===. L prbdgfgelry ehtb he tab rageh‗s ̀ rhf Kgdzgeisdbkbe. ]rlbagsthrgjl _aurgeigl ?3?<-0?.



<92

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

‟. ;==:. — Fbildhjbrhs igiletbus `rhf tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb h` Ebuflrn Ehro,‖ ge Brnbeetegscïibr,Nudtur ueo Rfwbdt obs `rôabe Fbesjabe , vhd. 29. Bogtbo ky C. F. Kuroungbwgjz, D. @gbodbr, Y.-O. Abgergja, L. Custus, leo B. Krôad, pp. :9:-:91. Alddb (Zlldb)3 Dleobslft `ôr LrjaïhdhigbAlddb (Zlldb)3 Dleobslft `ôr LrjaïhdhigbZljasbe Lealdt - Dleobsfusbuf ̀ ôr Phribsjagjatb.

‟. ge prbss. _ab rageh‗s `rhf tab Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb h̀ Ebuflrn Ehro (Ibrfley).

Flobddl, F., F. N. Chebs, ]. Ihdokbri, W. Ihrbe, leo B. Ahvbrs. ;==;. _ab bxpdhgtltghe h` pdletrbshurjbs ky Ebleobrtalds ge Lfuo Jlvb (Gsrlbd). Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;739=:-9<7.

Flosbe, O. K., leo O. E. Zjafgtt. <771. Flss jhddbjtgei leo tab ogbt krblota fhobd3 L IrbltKlsge bxlfpdb. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;23??2-?22.

Flrjy, C.-D., leo L. _u``rblu. <711l. —Db egvblu O,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget- Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) Phdufb G , Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky C. Zhffçleo L. _u``rblu, pp. ;7<-;77. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

‟. <711k. —Db egvblu O<,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs)Phdufb G , vhd. ;<, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky C. Zhffç leo L.Bogtbo ky C. Zhffç leo L. _u``rblu, pp. ;0:-;17. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

Flrns, L. B., A. C. Agbtldl, leo C. N. Ygddglfs. ;==<. _hhd stleolrogzltghe ge tab Fgoodb leo Rppbr]ldlbhdgtagj3 L jdhsbr dhhn. Jlfkrgoib Lrjalbhdhigjld Chureld <<3<9-??.

Flrtæebz, G., C. D. Lrsulil, [. \ulf, C. F. Jlrrbtbrh, L. Irljgl, leo D. [horæiubz. ;==1. Aufleayhgo khebs `rhf tab fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb sgtb h` tab Zgfl ob dhs Aubshs (Zgbrrl ob Ltlpubrjl,Zplge). Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe 2?3<<1-<;?.

Flrtgebz, G., D. [hsl, C.-D. Lrsulil, ]. Clrlkh, [. \ulf, J. Dhrbezh, L. Irljgl, C.-F. Jlrrbtbrh, C. F. C.-F. Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh, leo B. Jlrkhebdd. ;==?. Luogthry jlpljgtgbs ge Fgoodb]dbgsthjbeb aufles `rhf tab Zgbrrl ob Ltlpubrjl ge Zplge. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfyh` Zjgbejbs <=<37790-771<.

Flzzl, ]. ]. L., @. Flrtgeg, K. Zldl, F. Flig, F. ]. Jhdhfkgeg, I. Igljag, @. Dleoujjg, J. Dbfhrgeg,@. Fhouieh, leo B. [gkbjageg. ;==0. L ebw ]ldlbhdgtagj ogsjhvbry3 tlr-al`tbo stheb thhdsge l Burhpble Fgo-]dbgsthjbeb kheb-kblrgei kbo. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb Ge ]rbss,Jhrrbjtbo ]rhh`3<:<=-<:<1.

FjJhfk, N., J. Fhss, Z. F. Ourlet, D. Klnbr, leo Z. Zlygldbd. ;==<. Fltrglrjas ls rbphsgthrgbs h`shjgld nehwdboib ge Bdbpalets. Zjgbejb ;7;3?7<-?7?.

FjOhuildd, G., @. A. Krhwe, leo C. I. @dblidb. ;==2. Ztrltgirlpagj pdljbfbet leo lib h` fhobreaufles `rhf Ngkgsa, Btaghpgl. Elturb ?::39::-9:0.

FjDlrbe, @. Z. <771. —Ohulrl Jlvb, Zyrgl3 _ab khtlegjld bvgobejb ̀ rhf l ]ldlbhdgtagj sgtb ge lelrgo zheb,‖ ge Dg`b he tab boib3 Aufle sbttdbfbet leo flrigeldgty , vhd. <==, Hxkhw Fhehirlpa . Bogtboky J. F. Fgdds leo I. Jhdbs, pp. <97-<19. Hx`hro3 Hxkhw Khhns.

Fbgiebe, D., Z. Kbyrgbs, C. Zpbta, leo H. Klr-Whsb`. <771. —Ljqugsgtghe, trlgtbfbet obs fltgárbslegfldbs bt `hejtghe ou sgtb lu ]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe oles dl irhttb ob Nçklrl (Gsrlîd)3 Lpprhjab getbrogsjgpdgelgrb,‖ ge Çjhehfgb prçagsthrgqub3 dbs jhfphrtbfbets ob suksgstlejb lu pldçhdgtagqub ljtbs obs rbejhetrbs ;:-;?-;2 hjthkrb <779 . Bogtbo ky C.-]. Kruild, D. Fbgiebe, leo F.]lthu-Fltags, pp. ;;9-;?<. Zhpagl Letgphdgs3 L]OJL.

Fbgcbr, _., leo [. J. ]rbbjb. ;===. L rbvgbw h` tab hjjurrbejb h` Jhrkgjudl ge tab ]dbgsthjbeb hÈhrta-Ybst Burhpb. Ibhdhigb & Fgcekhuw 973;?<-;22.

Fbddlrs, ]. <770. _ab Ebleobrtald dbiljy 3 le lrjalbhdhigjld pbrspbjtgvb `rhf wbstbre Burhpb . ]rgejbthe3]rgejbthe Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

‟. ;==0. L ebw rloghjlrkhe rbvhdutghe leo tab ogspbrsld h̀ fhobre aufles ge Burlsgl. Elturb ?:737:<-7:2.

Fbddlrs, ]., K. Irlvgel, leo J. K. [lfsby. ;==9. Jherfltghe h` Ebleobrtald/fhobre auflegetbrstrltgjltghe lt tab Jaltbdpbrrhegle typb-sgtb. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs <=?3:029-:00;.







<91

L PGBY _H L NGDD

]hngebs, C. _., leo C. J. N. ]btbrales. ;==9. Zphttbo aybel (Jrhjutl jrhjutl) obe usb leotlpahehfy ge tab Flslg Flrl Eltgheld [bsbrvb, Nbeyl. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb :?3<7<?-<7:<.

]hejb ob Dbúe, F. Z., D. Ihdhvlehvl, P. Ohrhegjabv, I. [hflehvl, _. Lnlzlwl, H. Nheoh, A.Gsagol, leo J. ]. B. Shddgnh`br. ;==1. Ebleobrtald krlge sgzb lt kgrta prhvgobs gesgiats geth tab

bvhdutghe h` aufle dg`b agsthry. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs <=23<:90?-<:901.

]hrtbr, L. Y. F. <777. Fhobre aufle, blrdy fhobre aufle leo Ebleobrtald dgfk prhphrtghes.Getbreltgheld Chureld h` Hstbhlrjalbhdhiy 732?-09.

]htts, [. <71:. —@hrligei ̀ hr `lueld rbhurjbs ky blrdy ahfgegos lt Hdouvlg Ihrib, _lezlegl,‖ ge Legflds leo Lrjalbhdhiy <. Auetbrs leo tabgr prby , vhd. <0:, KL[ Getbreltgheld sbrgbs . Bogtbo ky C.Jdutthe-Krhjn leo J. Irgishe, pp. 2<-0;. Hx`hro3 KL[.

‟. <771. Plrglkgdgty sbdbjtghe ge ahfgego bvhdutghe. Bvhdutghelry Letarhphdhiy 931<-70.

]rges, E. ;==2. Kuadbe, dhwbr sgtb, _ab flffldgle rbjhro FL-tabsgs, Dbgobe Regvbrsgty.

]usangel, O., leo ]. [lgl. ;==1. Aufle geubejb he ogstrgkutghe leo bxtgejtghes h` tab dltb]dbgsthjbeb Burlsgle fbil`luel. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe 2?3907-91;.

\ulffbe, O. ;==2. Fhestbr h` Iho3 _ab fle-bltgei prbolthr ge tab cueidbs h` agsthry leo tab fgeo .Dheohe3 ]gfdgjh.

[lkgehvgja, [. <77=. —_lpahehfgj rbsblrja h` tab `lueld lssbfkdlib `rhf tab \uebgtrl sgtb,‖ge \uebgtrl3 L Fhustbrgle sgtb he tab Ihdle Abgiats , vhd. :<, \BOBF Fhehirlpas h` tab Gestgtutbh` Lrjalbhdhiy . Bogtbo ky E. Ihrbe-Geklr, pp. <17-;<7. Cbrusldbf3 _ab Abkrbw Regvbrsgty h` Cbrusldbf.

[lkgehvgja, [., leo B. Ahvbrs. ;==?. @lueld leldysgs ̀ rhf Lfuo jlvb3 ]rbdgfgelry rbsudts leogetbrprbtltghes. Getbreltgheld Chureld h` Hstbhlrjalbhdhiy <?3;19-:=0.

[lodh``, @. I. _., leo C. _. o. _hgt. ;==?. Dlrib prbolthrs leo tabgr prby ge l shutabre L`rgjleslvleel3 l prbolthr‗s sgzb obtbrfgebs gts prby sgzb rleib. Chureld h` Legfld Bjhdhiy 9:3?<=-?;:.

[lfgrbz-[hzzg, @. P., leo C. F. C.-F. Kbrfóobz ob Jlstrh. ;==?. Zurprgsgeidy rlpgo irhwta geEbleobrtalds. Elturb ?;137:0-7:7.

[lpphrt, O. C., leo C. B. _urebr. <799. Bjhehfgj Fhobds ge Bjhdhiy. Zjgbejb <723:09-:9:.

[blobr, Z. F., leo N. E. Dldleo. ;==;. Zhjgld getbddgibejb, geehvltghe leo bealejbo krlge sgzb geprgfltbs. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 773??:0-???<.

[bgddb, F., P. Leorgbu, C.-D. o. Kbludgbu, ]. Iubebt, leo J. Ihbury. <771. L dhei phddbe rbjhro `rhfDlj ou Khujabt, Flssg` Jbetrld, @rlejb3 @hr tab pbrgho jl. :;2 th <== nl K] (HGZ 7j th HGZ2b). \ultbrelry Zjgbejb [bvgbws <93<<=9-<<;:.

[bgtz, B. C., leo B. Z. Ygei. <777. Shhlrjalbhdhiy . Jlfkrgoib Fleulds ge Lrjalbhdhiy . Jlfkrgoib3Jlfkrgoib Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

[beobdd, D., leo A. Yagtbablo. ;==<. Judturb ge waldbs leo ohdpages. Kbalvghrld leo Krlge Zjgbejbs

;?3:=7-:1;.[gjalros, F. ]., F. ]ljabr, F. Ztgddbr, C. \ugdbs, F. Ah`rbgtbr, Z. Jhestletge, C. Sgdalh, leo

B. _rgenlus. ;==1l. Gshthpgj bvgobejb ̀ hr hfegvhry lfhei Burhpble jlvb kblrs3 Dltb]dbgsthjbeb Rrsus spbdlbus ̀ rhf tab ]bstbrl ju Hlsb, [hflegl. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs <=230==-0=?.

[gjalros, F. ]., ]. K. ]bttgtt, F. J. Ztgebr, leo B. _rgenlus. ;==<. Ztlkdb gshthpb bvgobejb `hrgejrblsgei ogbtlry krblota ge tab Burhpble fgo-Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 71302;1-02:;.

[gjalros, F. ]., ]. K. ]bttgtt, B. _rgenlus, @. A. Zfgta, F. ]luehvgj, leo G. Nlrlvlegj. ;===.Ebleobrtald ogbt lt Pgeogcl leo Ebleobrtald prboltghe3 _ab bvgobejb `rhf stlkdb gshthpbs.]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 793900:-9000.



<97

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

[gjalros, F. ]., leo [. Y. Zjafgtz. ;==1. Gshthpb bvgobejb ̀ hr tab ogbt h` tab Ebleobrtald typbspbjgfbe. Letgqugty 1;322:-227.

[gjalros, F. ]., I. _lydhr, _. Ztbbdb, ]. Fj]abrrhe, F. Zhrbssg, C. Clukbrt, C. Hrsjagbot, C. K. Flddyb, Y. [beou, leo C. C. Aukdge. ;==1k. Gshthpgj ogbtlry leldysgs h` l Ebleobrtald leo lsshjgltbo`luel `rhf tab sgtb h` Chezlj (Jalrbetb-Flrgtgfb), @rlejb. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe 223<97-

<12.

[gjalros, Z. L. ;==;. _bfphrld plrtgtghegei leo liirbssghe lfhei `hrlibrs3 fhobdgei tab b``bjtsh` sthjalstgjgty leo geogvgould stltb. Kbalv. Bjhd. <:3?;9-?:1.

[gbobr, A. ;==:. Obr irhØb Yur` obr `rôabe Cïibr, Eljaklu ldtstbgezbgtdgjabr Zpbbrb. KghdhigbResbrbr Sbgt ::3<20-<0=.

[hkbrts, F. K. <777. —\ulrry ; I_] <9,‖ ge Khxirhvb, L Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb ahfgego sgtb lt Blrtaalf \ulrry, Khxirhvb, Ybst Zussbx , vhd. <9, Beidgsa Abrgtlib Lrjalbhdhigjld [bphrts . Bogtbo ky F. K.[hkbrts leo Z. L. ]lrtt, pp. :9;-:91. Dheohe3 Beidgsa Abrgtlib.

[hkbrts, F. K., J. Z. Ilfkdb, leo O. [. Krgoidleo. <772. —_ab blrdgbst hjjupltghe h` tab Krgtgsagsdbs,‖ ge _ab blrdgbst hjjupltghe h` Burhpb . Bogtbo ky Y. [hbkrhbns leo _. vle Nhd`sjahtbe.Dbgobe3 Dbgobe Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

[hjab, A., L. Obdliebs, C.-]. Kruild, J. @bgkbd, F. Ngkuecgl, P. Fhurrb, leo ].-C. _bxgbr. <777.Blrdy ahfgego stheb thhd prhoujtghe leo tbjaegjld sngdd ;.:? Fyr lih ge Ybst _urnlel, Nbeyl. Elturb :77329-0=.

[hbkrhbns, Y. <710. —Lrjalbhdhiy leo Fgoodb ]dbgsthjbeb strltgirlpay3 _ab jlsb h` FllstrgjatKbdvçoárb (ED),‖ ge Jarhehstrltgirlpagb bt `ljgás judturbds ou ]ldçhdgtagqub Ge`çrgbur bt Fhybe olesd‗Burhpb ou Ehro-Hubst , vhd. ;0, Zuppdbfbet lu Kuddbtge ob d‗Lsshjgltghe @rleélgsb phur d‗Çtuob ou \ultbrelgrb . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. 1<-11. ]lrgs3 Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub@rleélgsb.

‟. ;==:. —Dleosjlpb dblregei leo tab blrdgbst hjjupltghe h` Burhpb,‖ ge Jhdhegzltghe h` ue`lfgdglrdleosjlpbs, _ab lrjalbhdhiy h` lolptltghe . Bogtbo ky F. [hjnfle leo C. Ztbbdb. Dheohe/Ebw Whrn3[hutdboib.

‟. ;==2. Dg`b he tab Jhstl obd Jrhfbr. Elturb ?:137;<-7;;.

‟. ;==1. _gfb `hr tab Fgoodb th Rppbr ]ldbhdgtagj trlesgtghe ge Burhpb.;==1. _gfb `hr tab Fgoodb th Rppbr ]ldbhdgtagj trlesgtghe ge Burhpb. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe 2237<1-7;0.

[hbkrhbns, Y., E. C. Jhelro, leo _. vle Nhd`sjahtbe. <77;. Obesb `hrbsts, jhdo stbppbs leo tab]ldlbhdgtagj sbttdbfbet h` Ehrtabre Burhpb. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ::322<-210.

[hbkrhbns, Y., C. Nhdbe, leo B. [besgen. <711. ]dleegei obpta, letgjgpltghe leo tab hrilegzltgheh` Fgoodb-]ldlbhdgtagj tbjaehdhiy3 _ab —lrjalgj eltgvbs‖ fbbt Bvb‗s obsjbeolets. Abdgeguf ;13<9-:?.

[hbkrhbns, Y., leo _. vle Nhd`sjahtbe. <772. _ab blrdgbst hjjupltghe h` Burhpb3 L rblpprlgsld h`tab bvgobejb. Leldbjtl ]rbagsthrgjl Dbgobesgl ;93;79-:<2.

[hbkrhbns, Y., leo K. Zpbdbbrs. ;==;. —Dlst getbridljgld (Bbfgle) hjjupltghe h` tab EhrtaBurhpble pdlge leo locljbet lrbls,‖ ge Db obregbr getbridljglrb bt dbs hjjupltghes auflgebs ou]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe , vhd. 1, ]ukdgjltghes ou JB[] . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo Y. [hbkrhbns, pp.:<-:7. Dgddb3 Regvbrsgtç obs Zjgbejbs bt _bjaehdhigbs ob Dgddb.

[hbkrhbns, Y., leo L. _u``rblu. <777. —]ldlbhbevgrhefbet leo sbttdbfbet plttbres h` tabEhrtawbst Burhpble Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj,‖ ge _ab Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj hjjupltghe h` Burhpb . Bogtboky Y. [hbkrhbns leo J. Ilfkdb. Dbgobe3 Dbgobe Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

[hibrs, L. [., leo C. F. Krhuiathe. ;==<. Zbdbjtgvb _rlesphrt h` Legfld ]lrts ky LejgbetAuetbrs3 L Ebw Ztltgstgjld Fbtaho leo le Lppdgjltghe th tab Bfbryvgddb Zabddfhueo @luel. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;1390:-99:.

[hadleo, E., C. D. ]hddljn, O. Elibd, J. Kbluvld, C. Lgrvlux, Z. ]llkh, leo F. Ah`rbgtbr. ;==2. _ab]hpudltghe Agsthry h` Bxtlet leo Bxtgejt Aybels. Fhdbjudlr Kghdhiy leo Bvhdutghe ;;3;?:2-;??:.





<1<

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

‟. ;==:. Ebleobrtlds, jhfpbtgtghe leo tab hrgige h` fhobre aufle kbalvghur ge tab Dbvlet. Bvhdutghelry Letarhphdhiy <;3<9:-<19.

‟. ;==0. _ab hrgiges h` dgtagj prhcbjtgdb phget tbjaehdhiy3 bvgobejb `rhf L`rgjl, tab Dbvlet, leoBurhpb. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ::31;:-1?0.

Zabbale, F. Z. ;==?. —Btaehirlpagj fhobds, lrjalbhdhigjld oltl leo tab lppdgjlkgdgty h` fhobre`hrligei tabhry,‖ ge Auetbr-iltabrbrs ge agsthry, lrjalbhdhiy leo letarhphdhiy . Bogtbo ky L. Klrelro,pp. <0:-<9:. Hx`hro/Ebw Whrn3 Kbri.

Zabeele, Z. ;==;. Lrjalbhdhiy leo bvhdutghelry bjhdhiy. Yhrdo Lrjalbhdhiy :?3<-2.

Zabrfle, ]. Y. <771. _ab bvhdutghe h` tab fbehplusb. Elturb :7;3927-90=.

Zahsaleg, C. <771. Reobrstleogei prhkhsjgoble bvhdutghe3 l `hrfgolkdb tlsn. _rbeos ge Bjhdhiy & Bvhdutghe <:3?1=-?19.

Zahtt, F. <710. _bjaehdhigjld hrilegzltghe leo sbttdbfbet fhkgdgty3 Le btaehirlpagj bxlfgeltghe. Chureld h` Letarhphdhigjld [bsblrja ?;3<2-2<.

Zga, L., leo N. L. Fgdthe. <712. Zahudo tab !Nuei blt fheiheihs8 Lfbrgjle Letarhphdhigst 193:72-?=;.

Zgdvl, F., F. Krgfljhfkb, leo C. L. Ohwegei. ;==<. B``bjts h` khoy flss, jdgfltb, ibhirlpayleo jbesus lrbl he phpudltghe obesgty h` tbrrbstrgld flfflds. Idhkld Bjhdhiy leo Kghibhirlpay <=3?07-?12.

Zgdvl, F., C. A. Krhwe, leo C. L. Ohwegei. <779. Og``brbejbs ge phpudltghe obesgty leo bebriy usbkbtwbbe kgros leo flfflds3 L fljrhbjhdhigjld pbrspbjtgvb. Chureld h` Legfld Bjhdhiy 003:;9-:?=.

Zngeebr, F. <779. Obetld wblr ge gfflturb Dltb ]dbgsthjbeb Burhpble ahfgegebs. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;?3099-9==.

Zdgfln, D., leo W. Igrluo. ;==9. Jgrjudltghes sur pdusgburs jbetlgebs ob ngdhfátrbs ourlet db]ldçhdgtagqub fhybe. Jhetrgkutghe í dl jheelgsslejb obs shjgçtçs eçleobrtldgbeebs. Jhfptbs[beous ]ldbvhd 03:27-:01.

Zdhtt-Fhddbr, [. <77=. —Dl @lueb,‖ ge Dbs jalssburs o‗lurhjas ob Dl Khrob, Re sgtb ob ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe(Dgvbrehe, Dht), Ohjufbets o‗Lrjaçhdhigb @rleélgsb ;9 . Bogtbo ky C. Clukbrt, F. Dhrkdlejabt, A.Dlvgddb, [. Zdht-Fhddbr, L. _urq, leo C.-]. Kruild. ]lrgs3 Bogtghes ob dl Flgshe obs Zjgbejbs obd‗Ahffb.

Zfgta, B. L. <71:. Letarhphdhigjld lppdgjltghes h` hptgfld `hrligei tabhry3 L jrgtgjld rbvgbw.Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ;?30;2-02<.

‟. ;==?. Yay oh ihho auetbrs alvb agiabr rbprhoujtgvb sujjbss. Aufle Elturb <23:?:-:0?.

Zfgta, B. L., [. Kdgbib Kgro, leo O. Y. Kgro. ;==:. _ab kbebts h` jhstdy sgielddgei3 Fbrglf turtdbauetbrs. Kbalvghrld Bjhdhiy <?3<<0-<;0.

Zfgta, ]. <772. —]bhpdb h` tab ahdy dleo `rhf prbagsthry th tab rbjbet plst,‖ ge _ab Lrjalbhdhiy h`

shjgbty ge tab ahdy dleo . Bogtbo ky _. B. Dbvy, pp. 21-9?. Ebw Whrn3 @ljts he db.Zfgta, _. F., F. _husslget, O. C. [bgo, L. C. Hdbcegjzln, leo C.-C. Aukdge. ;==9. [lpgo obetld

obvbdhpfbet ge l Fgoodb ]ldbhdgtagj Kbdigle Ebleobrtald. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h`Zjgbejbs <=?3;=;;=-;=;;2.

Zhffç, C. <711. —Içhfhrpahdhigb bt strltgirlpagb,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget- Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) Phdufb G , vhd. ;<, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky L.Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. ;9-?2. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

Zhffç, C., L. P. Fuelut, C. C. ]ugssçiur, leo E. Juelt. <710. —Ztrltgirlpagb bt sgiegjltghejdgfltgqub ou igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs, @rlejb),‖ geJarhehstrltgirlpagb bt `ljgás judturbds ou ]ldçhdgtagqub Ge`çrgbur bt Fhybe oles d‗Burhpb ou Ehro-Hubst , vhd. ;0, Zuppdbfbet lu Kuddbtge ob d‗Lsshjgltghe @rleélgsb phur d‗Çtuob ou \ultbrelgrb . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. <10-<70. ]lrgs3 Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb.



<1;

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Zhffç, C., L. _u``rblu, F. C. Lgtnbe, ]. Luiustb, C. Jaldgeb, C.-]. Jhdkblux, E. Juelt-Khiç,]. Ibbrlbrts, C. Aus, C. Auxtlkdb, B. Cuvgieç, L. P. Fuelut, Z. Hjjagbttg, ]. ]gjabt, C.-C.]ugssçiur, O.-O. [hussblu, leo K. vle Pdgbt-Dlehb. <711. —Jarhehstrltgirlpagb, jdgflts btbevgrheebfbets,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) PhdufbG , vhd. ;<, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub @rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp.

<<2-<<7. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.Zhrbesbe, F. P., leo Y. [. Dbhelro. ;==<. Ebleobrtld bebribtgjs leo `hrligei b`jgbejy. Chureld h`

Aufle Bvhdutghe ?=3?1:-?72.

Zpbdbbrs, K. ;===. _ab rbdbvlejb h` tab Bbfgle `hr tab stuoy h` tab ]ldlbhdgtagj hjjupltghe h`Burhpb. Ibhdhigb be Fgcekhuw 973;1:-;7<.

Zpbta, C. O. ;==?. —Auetgei prbssurb, suksgstbejb getbesgjltghe leo obfhirlpagj jaleib ge tabDbvletgeb Dltb Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj,‖ ge Aufle pldbhbjhdhiy ge tab Dbvletgeb Jhrrgohr . Bogtbo ky E.Ihrbe-Geklr leo C. O. Zpbta, pp. <?7-<00. Hx`hro3 Hxkhw Khhns.

Zpbta, C. O., leo N. L. Zpgbdflee. <71:. Bebriy shurjb, prhtbge fbtlkhdgsf, leo auetbr-iltabrbrsuksgstbejb strltbigbs. Chureld h` Letarhphdhigjld Lrjalbhdhiy ;3<-:<.

Zpbta, C. O., leo B. _jabrehv. <771. —_ab rhdb h` auetgei leo sjlvbeigei ge Ebleobrtldprhjurbfbet strltbigbs, Ebw bvgobejb ̀ rhf Nbklrl,‖ ge Ebleobrtlds leo fhobre aufles geYbstbre Lsgl . Bogtbo ky N. Lhng, _. Lnlzlwl, leo H. Klr-Whsb`, pp. ;;:-;?=. Ebw Whrn/Dheohe3 ]dbeuf prbss.

‟. ;==<. —Ebleobrtld auetgei leo fblt prhjbssgei ge tab Eblr Blst, Bvgobejb `rhf Nbklrl jlvb(Gsrlbd),‖ ge Fblt-bltgei leo Aufle bvhdutghe . Bogtbo ky J. K. Ztle`hro leo A. _. Kuee, pp. 2;-9;. Hx`hro3 Hx`hro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

‟. ;==;. Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj thrthgsb usb lt Nbklrl Jlvb (Gsrlbd). Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;73?9<-?1:.

‟. ;==:. —]ldbhjdgfltgj leo kbalvghrld gfpdgjltghes h̀ Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj thrthgsb usb lt NbklrlJlvb (Gsrlbd),‖ ge Db rÿdb ob d‗bevgrheebfbet oles dbs jhfphrtbfbets obs jalssburs-jubgddburs prçagsthrgqubs ,Klr Getbreltgheld Zbrgbs . Bogtbo ky F. ]ltahu-Fltags leo A. Khjabrbes, pp. 7-;<. Hx`hro3

Lrjabhprbss.Zpheeabgfbr, F., leo C. L. Dbb-_ahrp. <777. Gshthpgj bvgobejb `hr tab ogbt h` le blrdy ahfgego,

Lustrldhpgtabjus l`rgjleus. Zjgbejb ;1:3:01-:9=.

Ztle`hro, J. K. <777. _ab auetgei lpbs3 Fblt bltgei leo tab hrgiges h` aufle kbalvghur . ]rgejbthe3]rgejbthe Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

‟. ;==<l. —L jhfplrgshe h` shjgld fblt-`hrligei ky jagfplezbbs leo aufle `hrlibrs,‖ ge Fblt-bltgei leo aufle bvhdutghe . Bogtbo ky J. K. Ztle`hro leo A. _. Kuee, pp. <;;-<?=. Hx`hro3Hx`hro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

‟. ;==<k. —_ab lpb‗s ig`t3 Fblt-bltgei, fblt-salrgei leo aufle bvhdutghe,‖ ge _rbb h` hrgige3 Yalt prgfltb kbalvghur jle tbdd us lkhut aufle shjgld bvhdutghe . Bogtbo ky @. K. F. ob Ylld. Jlfkrgoib/Dheohe3 Alrvlro Regvbrsgty ]rbss.

Ztbbifle, L. _. C., @. C. Jbrey, leo _. Y. Ahddgoly. ;==;. Ebleobrtld jhdo lolptltghe3 ]aysghdhigjldleo bebribtgj ̀ ljthrs. Lfbrgjle Chureld h` Aufle Kghdhiy <?3200-21:.

Ztbbdb, C. ;==;. _ab fhogbo trgleiudlr irlpa3 L rbebo fbtaho `hr jhfplrgei fhrtldgty prhdbsge lrjalbhdhigjld slfpdbs. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ;73:<9-:;;.

Ztbbdb, _. B. ;==?. Plrgltghe ge fhrtldgty prhdbs h` [bo obbr ( Jbrvus bdlpaus ) ge Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagjlssbfkdlibs ̀ rhf Ybstbre Burhpb. Getbreltgheld Chureld h` Hstbhlrjalbhdhiy <?3:=9-:;=.

Ztbgebr. <799. —Ols ibhdhigsjab ]rhd obs _rlvbrtge-Nhfpdbxbs vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr,‖ ge Ols]dbgsthzïe vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr , vhd. ;, \lrtïrpldïhethdhigb, Lkaleodueibe ueo Kbrgjatb obs Gestgtuts `ôr \ulrtïrpldïhethdhigb Ybgflr . Bogtbo ky A.-O. Nladnb, pp. 1:-<<1. Kbrdge3 Lnlobfgb Pbrdli.



<1:

<= [ B@B[BEJBZ

Ztbgebr, Y., leo A. Ygb`bd. <799. —Sur Ibsjagjatb obr ibhdhigsjabe Br`hrsjauei obs _rlvbrtges vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr,‖ ge Ols ]dbgsthzïe vhe _luklja kbg Ybgflr , vhd. ;, \lrtïrpldïhethdhigb, Lkaleodueibe ueo Kbrgjatb obs Gestgtuts `ôr \ulrtïrpldïhethdhigb Ybgflr . Bogtbo ky A.-O. Nladnb, pp.7-1<. Kbrdge3 Lnlobfgb Pbrdli.

Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs, N. D., leo F. C. _gdnbes. ;==?. _ab b``bjt h` dhwbr dgfk dbeita he tab bebribtgj

jhst h` dhjhfhtghe3 Gfpdgjltghes `hr `hssgd ahfgeges. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe ?9372-<=7.

Ztbwlrt, C. [. ;==?. Ebleobrtald-Fhobre aufle jhfpbtgtghe8 L jhfplrgshe kbtwbbe tabflfflds lsshjgltbo wgta Fgoodb leo Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj geoustrgbs ge Burhpb ourgei HGZ :.Getbreltgheld Chureld h` Hstbhlrjalbhdhiy <?3<91-<17.

‟. ;==2. _ab bjhdhiy leo lolptltghe h` Ebleobrtalds ourgei tab ehe-leldhiub bevgrhefbet h`Hxyibe Gshthpb Ztlib :. \ultbrelry Getbreltgheld <:93:2-?0.

Ztgebr, F. J. <77;. Hvbrdlppgei spbjgbs —Jahgjb‖ ky Gtldgle Rppbr ]dbgsthjbeb prbolthrs. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ::3?::-?2<.

‟. <77?. Ahehr lfhei tagbvbs, L zhhlrjalbhdhigjld stuoy h` Ebleobrtld bjhdhiy . ]rgejbthe3 ]rgejbtheRegvbrsgty ]rbss.

‟. ;==<. _agrty yblrs he tab —Krhlo spbjtruf rbvhdutghe‖ leo ]ldlbhdgtagj obfhirlpay. ]rhjbbogeish` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfy h` Zjgbejbs 713077:-0770.

‟. ;==;. Jlregvhry, jhbvhdutghe leo tab ibhirlpagj sprblo h` tab ibeus Ahfh. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld [bsblrja <=3<-0:.

‟. ;==2. _ab `luels h` Alyhegf Jlvb, Gsrlbd3 L ;==,===-yblr rbjhro h` ]ldbhdgtagj ogbt, obfhirlpayleo shjgbty . Lfbrgjle Zjahhd h` ]rbagsthrgj [bsblrja Kuddbtge . Jlfkrgoib3 ]blkhoy Fusbuf h` Lrjalbhdhiy leo Btaehdhiy, Alrvlro Regvbrsgty.

Ztgebr, F. J., leo Z. D. Nuae. <77;. Zuksgstbejb, tbjaehdhiy leo lolptgvb vlrgltghe ge Fgoodb]ldbhdgtagj Gtldy. Lfbrgjle Letarhphdhigst 7?3:=0-::7.

Ztgebr, F. J., E. O. Fuerh, leo _. L. Zurhvbdd. ;===. _ab thrthgsb leo tab alrb3 Zfldd ilfb usb,tab krhlo-spbjtruf rbvhdutghe leo ]ldbhdgtagj obfhirlpay. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ?<3:7-9:.

Ztgebr, F. J., E. O. Fuerh, _. L. Zurhvbdd, B. _jabrehv, leo H. Klr-Whsb`. <777. ]ldbhdgtagjphpudltghe irhwta pudsbs bvgobejbo ky sfldd legfld bxpdhgtltghe. Zjgbejb ;1:3<7=-<7?.

Ztgebr, F. J., leo B. _jabrehv. <771. —]dbgsthjbeb spbjgbs trbeos lt Alyhegf jlvb, Jaleibs gejdgfltb vbrsus aufle kbalvghur,‖ ge Ebleobrtlds leo fhobre aufles ge Ybstbre Lsgl . Bogtbo ky _. Lnlzlwl, N. Lhng, leo H. Klr-Whsb`, pp. ;?<-;0;. Ebw Whrn3 ]dbeuf ]rbss.

Ztrgeibr, J. ;==;. Fhobre aufle hrgiges3 ]rhirbss leo prhspbjts. ]agdhshpagjld _rlesljtghes h` tab[hyld Zhjgbty h` Dheohe Zbrgbs K3 Kghdhigjld sjgbejbs :29320:-297.

‟. ;==:. Hut h` Btaghpgl. Elturb ?;:307;-07?.

Ztrgeibr, J., leo J. Ilfkdb. <77:. Ge sblrja h` tab Ebleobrtalds . Dheohe3 _alfbs & Auoshe.

Ztrgeibr, J. K., C. J. @gedlyshe, [. E. B. Klrthe, W. @breìeobz-Cldvh, G. Jìjbrbs, [. J. Zlkge, B. C.

[ahobs, L. ]. Jurrlet, C. [horæiubz-Pgold, @. Igdbs-]ljabjh, leo C. L. [gqubdfb-Jletld. ;==1.Ebleobrtald bxpdhgtltghe h` flrgeb flfflds ge Igkrldtlr. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab Eltgheld Ljlobfyh` Zjgbejbs <=23<?:<7-<?:;?.

Ztrgeibr, J. K., leo C.-C. Aukdge. <777. Ebw lib bstgfltbs ̀ hr tab Zwlesjhfkb ahfgego, leo tabgrsgiegjlejb ̀ hr aufle bvhdutghe. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe :9319:-199.

Ztrgeibr, J. K., B. _rgenlus, F. K. [hkbrts, Z. L. ]lrtt, leo [. G. Fljpalgd. <771. _ab Fgoodb]dbgsthjbeb aufle tgkgl `rhf Khxirhvb. Chureld h` Aufle Bvhdutghe :?32=7-2?9.

Ztulrt, L. C. ;==2. _ab bxtgejtghe h` whhddy flffhta (Flffutaus prgfgibegus) leo strlgiat-tusnbo bdbpalet (]ldlbhdhxhohe letgquus) ge Burhpb. \ultbrelry Getbreltgheld <;0-<;13<9<-<99.

Ztulrt, L. C., ]. L. Nhsgetbv, _. @. I. Agialf, leo L. F. Dgstbr. ;==?. ]dbgsthjbeb th Ahdhjbebbxtgejtghe oyelfgjs ge iglet obbr leo whhddy flffhta. Elturb ?:<301?-017.







<10

L PGBY _H L NGDD

Pgtl-@gezg, J., leo B. Z. Agiis. <79=. ]rbagsthrgj bjhehfy ge tab Fhuet Jlrfbd lrbl h` ]ldbstgeb3Zgtb jltjafbet leldysgs. ]rhjbbogeis h` tab ]rbagsthrgj Zhjgbty :03<-:9.

Pdgbt-Dlehb, K. vle. <711. —Btuob pçohdhigqub bt fgjrhfhrpahdhigqub,‖ ge Db igsbfbet ]ldçhdgtagqub Fhybe ob Kgljab-Zlget-Pllst (]ls-ob-Jldlgs) Phdufb G , vhd. ;<, Fçfhgrbs ob dl Zhjgçtç ]rçagsthrgqub@rleélgsb . Bogtbo ky L. _u``rblu leo C. Zhffç, pp. 07-92. Jaldhes-sur-Flreb3 ]lqubz bt ds.

Phhrfhdbe, K. ;==1. Lejgbet auetbrs, fhobre kutjabrs 3 Zjah́egeibe <:GG -?, l ngdd-kutjabry sgtboltgei `rhf tab ehrtawbst Burhpble Dhwbr ]ldlbhdgtagj. ]aO, Dbgobe Regvbrsgty.]aO, Dbgobe Regvbrsgty.

Puurb, J. vle ;==:. Ob Hbrhs, Abt sphhr tbrui . Phd. <10. [lphrt . Ylibegeibe3 Ylibegeibe R[.

Ylld, @. K. F. ob ;==2. Hur geebr lpb, _ab kbst leo whrst h` aufle elturb . Dheohe3 Irletl Khhns.

Yliubspljn, E. F., leo _. L. Zurhvbdd. ;==:. Jdhvgs Auetgei Ztrltbigbs, hr Ahw th Flnb hut he]dbetgùd [bshurjbs. Lfbrgjle Letgqugty 013:::-:2;.

Ylgtb, _. L., leo [. J. Wobekbri. <770. @hrligei jurrbejgbs leo tab dhlo-sgzb objgsghe h` sjlttbr-ahlrogei irby clys. Legfld Kbalvghur 2<37=:-7<0.

Yldoklubr, I. ]., leo Z. @rgbofle. <77<. Zbd`-Zbdbjtghe h` Hptgfld Ogbts ky Gesbjts. Leeuld [bvgbwh` Bethfhdhiy :03?:-0:.

Yldnbr, [., N. Agdd, leo I. FjFgddle. ;==;. Lib-obpbeobejy ge auetgei lkgdgty lfhei tab Ljab h`Blstbre ]lrliuly. ;==; ?;30:7-029.

Ylddljb, G. C., leo C. C. Zabl. ;==0. Fhkgdgty plttbres leo jhrb tbjaehdhigbs ge tab Fgoodb ]ldbhdgtagjh` tab Dbvlet. Chureld h` Lrjalbhdhigjld Zjgbejb ::3<;7:-<:=7.

Yltts, A. B., leo N. B. Ahdbnlfp. ;==9. Aybel shjgbtgbs. Jurrbet Kghdhiy <93[029-[00=.

Yblvbr, _. O., leo N. Ztbuobd-Eufkbrs. ;==2. Ohbs jdgfltb hr fhkgdgty bxpdlge tab og``brbejbs gekhoy prhphrtghes kbtwbbe Ebleobrtlds leo tabgr Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj sujjbsshrs. Bvhdutghelry Letarhphdhiy <?3;<1-;<:.

Ybkk, [. B. <717. —L rblssbssfbet h` tab `lueld bvgobejb `hr Ebleobrtld ogbt klsbo he shfb Ybstbre Burhpble jhddbjtghes,‖ ge D‗ahffb ob Eçleobrtld, ljtbs ob dl jhddhqub Getbreltgheld ob Dgáib

(?-9 Oçjbfkrb <710), Phdufb 03 Dl suksgstlejb , vhd. ::, Çtuobs bt rbjabrjabs lrjaçhdhigqubs ob d‗Regvbrsgtçob Dgáib . Bogtbo ky F. ]lthu leo D. I. @rbbfle, pp. <22-<91. Dgáib3 Regvbrsgtç ob Dgáib.

Ybekle-Zfgta, @. @., ]. Lddbe, F. [. Kltbs, Z. L. ]lrtt, [. J. ]rbbjb, C. [. Ztbwlrt, J. _urebr, leo C.B. Yagttlnbr. ;==0. _ab Jdljthegle bdbpalet kutjabry sgtb lt Zhutabbt [hlo, Bkksbdo, RN. Chureld h` \ultbrelry Zjgbejb ;<3?9<-?1:.

Ybezbd, Z. ;==;. Dbkbe gf Yldo - ogb Lrjaïhdhigb obr dbtztbe Ylrfzbgt vhr <;2=== Clarbe. Fgttbgdueibe obr Ibsbddsjal`t `ôr Rribsjagjatb <<3:2-0:.

Yagtkrgoib, ]. ;==<. Sbe sa3 L jhesgobrltghe h` tab ogsjhrolejb kbtwbbe lrtg`ljtuld leozhhlrjalbhdhigjld geogjlthrs h` _audb Geugt sa usb. Chureld h` Letarhphdhigjld Lrjalbhdhiy ;=3:-9;.

Yagtb, F., leo E. Lsathe. ;==:. Dhwbr ]ldlbhdgtagj jhrb tbjaehdhiy leo tab hrgiges h` tab

Dbvlddhgs fbtaho ge Ehrta-Ybstbre Burhpb. Jurrbet Letarhphdhiy ??3271-0=7. Yagtb, F. C. ;==0. _ageis th oh ge Ohiibrdleo wabe yhu‗rb oblo3 Zurvgvgei HGZ: lt tab

ehrtawbstbre-fhst `rgeib h` Fgoodb ]ldlbhdgtagj Burhpb. Yhrdo Lrjalbhdhiy :132?9-292.

Yagtb, _. O., K. Ls`lw, O. ObIustl, A. Igdkbrt, I. O. [gjalros, I. Zuwl, leo @. J. Ahwbdd. ;==:.]dbgsthjbeb Ahfh slpgbes ̀ rhf Fgoodb Lwlsa, Btaghpgl. Elturb ?;:39?;-9?9.

Ygdo, B. F., F. _bsjadbr-Egjhdl, Y. Nutsjabrl, ]. Ztbgbr, B. _rgenlus, leo Y. Ylebn. ;==2. Ogrbjtoltgei h` Blrdy Rppbr ]ldlbhdgtagj aufle rbflges `rhf Fdlobj. ?:23::;-::2.

Ygetbraldobr, K. <719. —_ab leldysgs h` auetbr-iltabrbr ogbts3 Ztldngei le hptgfld `hrligei fhobd,‖ge @hho leo bvhdutghe, _hwlro l tabhry h` aufle `hho alkgts . Bogtbo ky F. Alrrgs leo B. K. [hss, pp.:<<-:?<. ]agdlobdpagl3 _bfpdb Regvbrsgty ]rbss.





<11

L PGBY _H L NGDD



<17

Outja Zufflry

Ogt prhb`sjarg`t ohbt vbrsdli vle bbe leldysb vle abt `hbrlibbriborli vle Ebleobrtaldbrs ( Ahfhebleobrtaldbesgs ). Ob vrllistbddgei ogb lle abt heobrzhbn tbe irheosdli dli gs twbbdbogi. Bbe bbrstb vrlli gs ibklsbbro hp btehirlsja be prgflthdhigsja heobrzhbn wllrugt kdgcnt olt kgc fhobreb fbe-sbe be prgfltbe cljat ob fbbst nbeegsgetbesgbvb kbzgiabgo gs ogb ugtibvhbro whrot. Ollrhf abkkbebbe lletld heobrzhbnbrs ibhppbro olt ob bvhdutgb vle hezb irhtb abrsbebe ibstgfudbbro gs ohhr abtthbebfbeob kbdlei vle cljat tgcobes hezb bvhdutgb Ob agbrugt vhhrtvdhbgbeob heobrzhbnsvrlli gsahb nbeegsgetbesgb` abt `hbrlibbriborli vle Ebleobrtaldbrs wls. Ebleobrtaldbrs aloobe elfbdgcn,ebt lds ob fhobreb fbes ( Ahfh slpgbes slpgbes ), bri irhtb abrsbebe. Ollrkgc nhft olt OEL-leldysbllethhet olt ob Ebleobrtaldbr bbe lplrtb shhrt wls ogb egbt lle ob ibebephudb vle ob fhobrebfbes kgciborlibe abb`t. Ob Ebleobrtaldbr vhrft ous bbe vhhrkbbdo vle plrlddbddb bvhdutgb vle irhtbabrsbebe. Gezgjat ge ob nbeegsgetbesgtbgt vle abt `hbrlibbriborli vle Ebleobrtaldbrs nle ollrohhribkrugnt whrobe hf ob ldibfbeb ibdogiabgo vle ob ayphtabsb olt cljat ob bvhdutgb vle hezb abrsb-ebe stgfudbbrob tb bvldubrbe.

Hf ogt tb heobrzhbnbe gs kbsdhtbe bbe fhobd olt kgc bjhdhigsja heobrzhbn hetwgnnbdo gs thb tbplssbe, elfbdgcn abt Ogbt Krblota fhobd. Abt ohbd agbrvle wls hf ge tbibestbddgei tht vbbd vhhrilleoheobrzhbn egbt l prghrg lleelfbs hvbr ob jhiegtgbvb jlpljgtbgtbe vle Ebleobrtaldbrs tbe irheosdlitb dltbe dgiibe lle ob heobrzhbnsstrltbigb. Agbrugt vdhbgt ob twbbob, fbtahohdhigsjab, vrlli vhhrt.Elfbdgcn ob vrlli h` bjhdhigsjab fhobddbe ogb hpibstbdo zgce hf `hbrlibbriborli ge ob ljtuldgtbgttb heobrzhbnbe thb tb plssbe zgce hp ]dbgsthjbeb sgtultgbs.

Hf bjhdhigsjab fhobddbe thb tb plssbe fhbt bbrst bbe ihbo kbbdo hpibkhuwo whrobe vleob shhrt wllrhp abt fhobd thbibplst whrot. Ge ahhòstunnbe twbb be orgb whrot ob kbsjagnklrbge`hrfltgb hvbr ob kghdhigb be ob lrjabhdhigsjab ge`hrfltgb hvbr abt iborli vle ob Ebleobrtaldbribleldysbbro. Hp klsgs vle obzb ahhòstunnbe whrot bbe fhobd vle ob Ebleobrtaldbr lds jlregvhhrhpibstbdo olt ibkrugnt zld whrobe lds gevhbroltl vhhr abt thb tb plssbe fhobd olt ge ahhòstun

vgbr kbsprhnbe whrot. Abt fhobd gs thbibplst hp twbb Fgoobe-]ldbhdgtagsjab vgeopdlltsbe, agbrvle whrot vbrsdli ibolle ge ahhòstunnbe vgc` be zbs. Ge ahhòstun zbvbe whrot abt fhobd ole thbib-plst hp twbb vgeopdlltsbe ogb abt rbsudtllt zgce vle ob ljtgvgtbgtbe vle irhttbeaybel‗s ( Jrhjutl spbdlbl ).Ogt gs kbohbdo lds bxtrl thbts vle ob zbiigeisnrljat vle abt Ogbt Krblota fhobd kgc thbplssgeibe hpabt vbrdbobe. Abt ohbd gs hf tb zgbe h` ob thbplssgei vle abt fhobd gezgjat ibb`t ge ob og``brbetgltgb vle ob egjabs vle vbrsjagddbeob slfbe vhhrnhfbeob be jhejurrbrbeob rhhògbrbe.

Hp klsgs vle ob ge ahhòstun twbb ibprbsbetbbrob kghdhigsjab ibibvbes nle abt vhdibeob kbbdo vle ob Ebleobrtaldbr ibsjabtst whrobe3 Ob Ebleobrtaldbr wls bbe sujjbsvhddb ahfgegeb ogb bbehpbbevhdigei vle gcstgcobe be tussbegcstgcobe ge Burlzgî hvbrdbbòb. Abt vbrsprbgogeisibkgbo vle obEbleobrtaldbr hfvlttb bbe irhht ibkgbo, rbstbe zgce ibvheobe vle Ybst Burhpl tht ge Sugo Zgkbrgî,ob zugobdgcnb dgfgbt vle aue vbrsprbgogei wls abt Fgoobe-Hhstbe.

Ob abrsbebe vle Ebleobrtaldbrs wlrbe tbefgestb bvbe irhht lds ogb vle ob fhobreb fbes. Auedbobfltbe wlrbe rbdltgb` nhrt, wlt lds bbe lleplssgei lle bbe nhuo ndgfllt ibèetbrprbtbbro nle whr-

obe. Bbe ibvhdi agbrvle wls olt dhpbe bebribtgsja ibzgbe := % ouurobr wls vhhr Ebleobrtaldbrsole vhhr fhobreb fbesbe. Bbe leobrb lleplssgei lle ob nhuob wls abt ̀ bgt olt zb irhtbr be zwllr-obr wlrbe ole fhobreb fbesbe (wllrohhr aue dgjallfshppbrvdlntb rbdltgb` ndbgebr wls ole olt vleob fhobreb fbes). Pbrobr aloobe zb wllrsjagcedgcn bbe sebddbr fbtlkhdgsfb ole fhobreb fbesbe, wllrohhr zb fbbr wlrftb prhoujbbrobe.

Ohhr abt `bgt olt zb irhtb abrsbebe aloobe wbrobe Ebleobrtaldbrs, ebt lds fhobreb fbesbe,ibkhrbe dlei vhhrolt aue abrsbebe vhdirhbgo wlrbe. Agbrohhr nwlfbe klky‗s hevhdirhbgo be vhd-nhfbe làlenbdgcn vle ob zhribe vle aue huobrs tbr wbrbdo. Abt irhbgprhjbs kgc Ebleobrtaldbrs vbrdgbp hp zgce fgest bvbe sebd lds kgc fhobreb fbesbe be fgssjagbe zbd`s sebddbr. Agbrohhr fhbstbeob huobrs irhtb ahbvbbdabobe vhbosbd vbrnrgcibe hf abt irhbgprhjbs vle aue ngeobrbe tb kbnhstg-ibe. Pbrobr gs abt lleebfbdgcn olt hf ob thbelfb ge abrsbeirhhttb tb kbnhstgibe abt flli-olrf-nlelld ge Ebleobrtaldbrs vbrnhrt wls. Bbezbdòb hetwgnnbdgei gs ge hezb bgibe shhrt ibphstudbbro.

Agbrohhr aloobe Ebleobrtaldbrs ebt lds fhobreb fbesbe vhbosbd vle ahib nwldgtbgt ehogi, zh-lds `rugt h` vdbbs. Phbosbd vle dlib nwldgtbgt nhe sgfpbdwbi egbt b`jgîet ibehbi vbrtbbro whr-



<7=

L PGBY _H L NGDD

obe be zhu egbt ibehbi bebrigb hpdbvbrbe. Hp klsgs vle obzb `ljthrbe nueebe wb brvle ugtilleolt Ebleobrtaldbrfhbobrs wbrobe kgcibstlle ohhr fleebe (vlobrs) vhhr ob vbrzhrigei vle auengeobrbe.

Ge ahhòstun orgb whrot abt lrjabhdhigsjab kbwgcs vhhr abt iborli vle Ebleobrtaldbrs kbsprh-nbe, wllrkgc ob elorun dgit hp ob khtlssbfkdlibs ogb ohhr ljtgvgtbgtbe vle Ebleobrtaldbrs zgce ib-

vhrfo. Lle ob aleo vle ob khtlssbfkdlibs ge abt Fgoobe-]ldbhdgtagjuf hetstllt abt vhdibeobkbbdo3 Ebleobrtaldbrs wlrbe ibspbjgldgsbbrob clibrs hp fgoobdirhtb be irhtb abrkgvhrbe. Br zgce vgeopdlltsbe kbnbeo wllr ibspbjgldgsbbro cljat gs ibfllnt hp kgcvhhrkbbdo pllrobe, rbeogbrbe, kg-zhes bezhvhhrts. Pbrobr kdgcnt olt ob cljat hp vbbd vgeopdlltsbe ibjhejbetrbbro wls hp vhdwlssbeogbrbe ge ob nrljat vle aue dbvbe, ob zhibellfob prgfb-lib geogvgoube. Ogt zgce ob fbbst lletrbn-nbdgcnb prhhgogbrbe, fllr zb zgce hhn abt fbbst fhbgdgcn tb kbclibe. Hp shffgib vgeopdlltsbe gs kbwgcs ibvheobe vhhr ob cljat hp ibvllrdgcnbrb ogbrbe, zhlds rhhògbrbe be ebusahhres. Llewgczgeibe vhhr ob strujturbdb bxpdhgtltgb vle ndbgeb, sebddb prhhgogbrbe, zhlds vhibds, ndbgeb zhhiogbrbe be vgssbe, zgce sjallrs. Ob bxpdhgtltgb vle pdletbe gs fhbgdgcn tb kbstuobrbe hfolt pdletberbstbe heobrob fbbstb hfstleogiabobe egbt kbwllro kdgcvbe. [heo ob Fgoobddleosb Sbb zgce bjatbr bbe lletld vgeopdlltsbe kbnbeo fbt llewgczgeibe vhhr ob bxpdhgtltgb vle pdletllrogi fltbrglld. Abt dgcnt br hpklsgs vle ob sjallrsb llewgczgeibe hp olt ogt ge wlrfb hfibvgeibe bbe kbdleirgcnb vhbosbdkrhe vhhr Ebleobrtaldbrs nhe zgce.

Hhn whrot geibille hp ob wbrntugi`lkrgjlib be abt ibkrugn vle wbrntugibe ohhr Ebleobrtaldbrs.Ob elorun dgit hp ob zbiigeisnrljat ogb wbrntugibe abkkbe fbt kbtrbnngei tht ̀ hbrlibbrstrltbigbîe.Ebleobrtaldbrs ibkrugntbe bbe kbpbrnt rbpbrthgrb lle wbrntugitypbe. Ob ohfgeletb typbe hp obfbbstb vgeopdlltsbe zgce sjarlkkbrs be obetgjudçbs . Aue wbrntugibe kbagbdobe vbdb tgbeougzbeobeclrbe dlei hvbr bbe zbbr irhht ibkgbo bbezbdòb nlrlntbr. Agbrugt vhdit olt abt kbpbrntb lletld wbrn-tugitypbe wllrsjagcedgcn vhhr bbe irhht lletld tlnbe wbro ibkrugnt. Ibspbjgldgsbbrob wbrntugivhr-fbe wlrbe zbdozllf h` l`wbzgi. Ybrntugibe ogb lds wlpbes tb getbrprbtbrbe zgce, zgce hhn zbdozllf.[bjbet gs bjatbr kbwgcs ibvheobe vhhr abt ibkrugn vle puetgib wbrntugivhrfbe, ogb vrhbibr shfslds sjarlkkbrs ibèetbrprbtbbro wbrobe, lds spbbrpuetbe. Pbrobr whrobe hp shffgib wbrntugibeibkrugnssphrbe h` zbd`s rbsgoube ibvheobe ogb ougobe hp bbe ibkrugn ge ob vhbosbdvhhrzgbegei. Geugtzheobrdgcnb hfstleogiabobe whrobe wbrntugibe vle leobrb fltbrgldbe ole stbbe ibvheobe. Bbekbdleirgcnb vgeopdllts gs Zjaðegeibe ge Ougtsdleo, wllr vbrsjagddbeob ahutbe spbrbe ibvheobe zgce.

Ylpbes zhlds bbe spbbrwbrpbr, h` pgcd be khhi, ogb abt ohobe vle prhhg hp l`stleo fhibdgcn zhuobeflnbe zgce bjatbr egbt kbnbeo.Ge ahhòstun vgbr whrot geibille hp abt Ogbt Krblota fhobd olt thbibplst zld whrobe hp

]dbgsthjbeb vgeopdlltsbe. Abt fhobd gs bvhdutghelgr vle llro. Br whrot lleibehfbe olt abt `hb-rlibbriborli vle bbe geogvgou ogrbjtb jhesbqubetgbs abb`t vhhr zgce bvhdutghelgrb tebss . Ogt whrotheobrstbueo ohhr btehirlsja be prgflthdhigsja heobrzhbn, wllrge gs vlstibstbdo sujjbs kgc `hb-rlibrbe ob tebss vle ob `hbrlibbrobr ge phsgtgbvb zge kbèevdhbot. Ohhr abt ogrbjtb vbrkleo tussbe tebss be ̀ hbrlibbriborli gs heobrzhbn ellr ogt iborli kgc ugtstbn ibsjagnt hf gezgjat tb nrgcibe ge objhfpdbxgtbgt vle abt iborli vle Ebleobrtaldbrs.

Abt Ogbt Krblota fhobd gs ibjhestrubbro hf tb vhhrspbddbe wbdnb prhhg bbe ogbr zld kbclibe be wbdnb fbt rust ibdltbe zld whrobe heobr ibibvbe hfstleogiabobe. Br whrot lleibehfbe olt bbeogbr zld prhkbrbe zh b`jgîet fhibdgcn tb `hbrlibrbe. Agbrohhr zld bbe jlregvhhr zgja jhejbetrbrbehp ob fbbst lletrbnnbdgcnb prhhgogbrbe. Ogt zgce hvbr abt ldibfbbe ob irhhtstb prhhgogbrbe ogb agc

nle ohobe, ogb dbvbrbe gffbrs abt fbbstb vdbbs hp. Ndbgeb prhhgogbrbe zuddbe egbt ibîxpdhgtbbro whrobe, tbezgc zheobr ob bxpdhgtltgb vle ndbgebrb prhhgbe egbt vhdohbeob vhbosbdthbvhbr ibrbldg-sbbro nle whrobe. Lds irhtb prhhgogbrbe zbdozllf zgce h` zbbr fhbgdgcn tb kbclibe zld fbe zgja oushp ndbgebrb ogbrbe thbdbiibe.

Phhr bbe lrjabhdhigsjab thbplssgei gs ob fbtahob lleibplst. Kgc lrjabhdhigsjab leldysbs gs abtlletld ibîxpdhgtbbrob prhhgogbrbe kbnbeo, fllr egbt ob ̀ ljthrbe ogb brthb dbgoobe olt ob krbbotb vleabt ogbbt ob ibstldtb nrbbi ogb wgc wllrebfbe. Ge ogt prhb`sjarg`t whrot ous tbruiibrbobebbro. Ob—hptgfldb ogbbtkrbbotb‖ vle ob Ebleobrtaldbr hp ob heobrzhjatb vgeopdllts gs kbnbeo. Ob lleelfbgs olt Ebleobrtaldbrs zgja kgc vhhrnbur hp irhtb prhhgogbrbe zuddbe rgjatbe tbezgc leobrb `ljthrbeabt rbeobfbet vle obzb prhhgogbrbe vbrdlibe. Obzb `ljthrbe whrobe ge abt fhobd ob aleodgei jhstibehbfo. Ob `ljthrbe ogb gevdhbo abkkbe hp ob aleodgei jhst nueebe ugtbbedhpbe vle abt `bgt oltogbrbe ibvllrdgcn zgce tht ob ehhozlln hf geibwgnnbdob h` tgcorhvbeob wbrntugibe tb flnbe vhhr ob

bxpdhgtltgb vle kbplldob ogbrbe (kgcv. vgsebttbe vhhr vgs).









<7?

L PGBY _H L NGDD

dbr ibîxpdhgtbbro. Hf hp ogbrbe ge irhtb irhbpbe tb clibe whrot irhbpscljat kbdleirgcnbr. Ollrohhrebbft hhn ob flxgfldb irhhttb vle prhhgogbrbe thb, ge bbe irhbp nle eu bbeflld flnnbdgcnbr bbeirhht ogbr zhlds bbe hbrhs ibohho whrobe. Abt gs ous lleebfbdgcn olt ge Duebd-Pgbd aybel‗s vhhrldlddbbe `hbrlibbrobe vhdibes bejhuetbr auetgei . Ge ob hpbe hfibvgei vle Jlfglj wls obzb strltbigbfgeobr sujjbsvhd be wbro fbbr ge irhbpbe ibcllio, heolens abt `bgt olt aybel‗s ole ous hf fhbs-

tbe ille fbt bbe ahib fltb vle jhejurrbetgb vle irhbpsibehtbe.Ebleobrtaldbrs clliobe wllrsjagcedgcn ldtgco ge irhbpbe. ]rgflthdhigsja be btehirlsja heobr-zhbn dllt zgbe olt ge hezb `lfgdgb vhbosbd alrfhegbuzbr vbrobbdo whrot ole kgc aybel‗s. Sh gs kgcjagfplesbbs ob clibr vle bbe prhhg ob bgibellr. Sbd`s ld gs ob bgibellr ibbe ohfgelet geogvgou, ogtgeogvgou kbplldt wgb fbbobbdt vle ob prhhg. Ge fbesbe gs vhbosbdvbrobdgei vlln lle ugtibkrbgobrbibds ibkheobe. Agbrohhr prhtbbrt gbobrbbe fbb vle bbe sujjbsvhddb cljat. Ohhr abt hetkrbnbe vle lirbssgbvb jhejurrbetgb wls abt vhhr Ebleobrtaldbrs lletrbnnbdgcnbr hf ge irhbpbe tb clibeole vhhr aybel‗s. Ge wlrfb pbrghobe zuddbe zgc zgja fbbr ole aybel‗s hp ob irhtbrb prhhgogbrbeibrgjat abkkbe. Ge nhuob pbrghobe hvbrdlpt ob prhhgnbuzb vle aybel‗s be Ebleobrtaldbrs stbrnbr.Ebleobrtaldbrs dgcnbe zgja bjatbr ldtgco hp vhdwlssbe geogvgoube ibrgjat tb abkkbe, tbrwgcd aybel‗sfgeobr stbrn bbe jhejbetrltgb hp bbe kbplldob dbb`tgcosjltbihrgb dltbe zgbe. Ebleobrtaldbrs clliobe wllrsjagcedgcn ibspbjgldgsbbro hp kbplldob prhhgogbrbe, tbrwgcd aybel‗s fbbr vlrgltgb ge aue `hbrl-ibbriborli thheobe. Sh jhfkgebbrobe zgc llsbtbe, irhbpscljat be shdgtlgr `hbrlibrbe. Obzb irhtbrb vlrgltgb ge strltbigbîe vbribdbnbe fbt ob ibspbjgldgsbbrob cljat kgc Ebleobrtaldbrs gs wlt aue egjabsog``brbetgbbrob. Ollrkgc zgce aybel‗s fbbstld ‗s-eljats ljtgb`, tbrwgcd prgfltbe be fbesbe hvbr abt ld-ibfbbe hvbroli ljtgb` zgce. Bbezbdòb pltrhhe nle kgc aybel‗s be Ebleobrtaldbrs ge abt ]dbgsthjbbe vle nrljat ibwbbst zgce. Bbe og``brbetgltgb vle egjabs ge bbe tbfphrbdb ogfbesgb gs bbe strltbigb ogb vhhrld vlln vhhrnhft ge hfibvgeibe ogb hvbrvdhbogi ge kghflssl zgce, zhlds ob flffhbtstbppbtgcobes ob dlltstb gcstgco hhn wls.

Ge ahhòstun 1 whrobe ob kbvgeogeibe vle ob leldysb ibsyetabtgsbbro. _be bbrstb nle ibjhejdu-obbro whrobe olt ob thbplssgei vle ob Ogbt Krblota fhobd bbe wllrobvhddb kgcorlib nle dbvbrbe llehes kbirgp vle ob bjhdhigb tgcobes abt ]dbgsthjbbe. Ob vbrsjagddbeob egjabs vle Ebleobrtaldbrs beaybel‗s ogb ohhr aue vrgcwbd ibdgcnb irhhttb vbbd hvbrdlp aloobe nheobe ihbo kbstuobbro whrobe. Pbrobr kgbot obzb fbtahob hes ob fhibdgcnabgo hf heobrzhbn tb ohbe ellr ob rbobebe vhhr ob lle-h` l`wbzgiabgo vle kbplldob prhhgogbrbe hp lrjabhdhigsjab vgeopdlltsbe. Ge abt vbrdbobe wbro ob

lle- h` l`wbzgiabgo vle prhhg hp vgeopdlltsbe vlln lo ahj ibèetbrprbtbbro, tbrwgcd ohhr ob bbe lle-tld `ljthrbe tb fhobddbrbe, zhlds bejhuetbr rltb , aleodgei jhst be hpkrbeist bbe vbbd kbtbr heobrkhuwokbbdo vle abt `hbrlibbriborli vle ]dbgsthjbeb jlregvhrbe hetstllt.

_be twbbob whrot ougobdgcn olt Ebleobrtaldbrs zbbr ibrlèbbrob clibrs wlrbe. Hp klsgs vleob ibleldysbbrob vgeopdlltsbe nle ibstbdo whrobe olt kugtbe hdg`letbe, Ebleobrtaldbrs zgja jhe-jbetrbbrobe hp ob irhhtst llewbzgib ogbrbe. Ollrkgc whrot hhn ob zbbr ibvllrdgcnb krugeb kbbr ib-bxpdhgtbbro. _bibewhhrogi whrot kgc cljat hp obzb shhrt kgcvhhrkbbdo lleibrlobe hf bbe ibwbbrfbt bbe zh irhht fhibdgcn nldgkbr tb ibkrugnbe be fbbrobrb sjahtbe tb dhssbe. Ob aleodgei jhst ogbob cljat hp obzb irhtb be ibvllrdgcnb ogbrbe fbt zgja fbbkrljat nhe ous hvbrwheebe whrobe ohhrEbleobrtaldbrs.

Cljat hp ogbrbe ogb ge irhbpbe dbvbe whrot fgeobr ibprlntgsbbro hp ob vgeopdlltsbe ogb kbstu-obbro zgce. Ogt whrot ibwbtbe lle ob jlrrygei jlpljgty vle ob hfibvgei. Ge kbkhstb hfibvgeibe zgceprhhgogbrbe ge dlib ogjatabobe llewbzgi. Agbrohhr wlrbe Ebleobrtaldbrs ibowheibe hf ge ndbgebrb

irhbpbe tb dbvbe be ge obzb hfstleogiabobe abb`t cljat hp lddbbe dbvbeob ogbrbe ougobdgcn vhhrnbur.Ge fbbr hpbe hfibvgeibe wbro wbd hp ge irhbpbe dbvbeob ogbrbe ibcllio. Ogt wbro ld ougobdgcn kgcKgljab-Zlget-Pllst, wllr vrhuwbdgcnb hbrhssbe hhn kbcllio wbrobe, zgc abt fgeobr vlln ole ob lddbbedbvbeob fleebtcbs. Hhn wbro cljat hp ge nuoobs dbvbeob shhrtbe kbdleirgcnbr ge ob dltbrb pbrghobe vle kbwhegei vle obzb vgeopdllts. _hbe wls ob hfibvgei fgeobr kbkhst be wls br ous fbbr prhhgkbsjagnkllr. Ohhrolt br fbbr vhbosbd kbsjagnkllr nwlf nheobe br hhn fbbr Ebleobrtaldbrs ge obhfibvgei hvbrdbvbe. Agbrohhr elf aue irhbpsirhhttb thb be nhe fbt fbbr sujjbs hp ogbrbe ogb geirhbpbe dbvbe ibcllio whrobe. Ge obzb hfstleogiabobe vbrowgcet ob ibvllrdgcnb be vrgc ndbgeb krug-eb kbbr ugt abt ogbbt. Obzb shhrt gs rbdltgb` ndbge ge vbribdgcngei tht rueobrljatgibe be ebusahhres.Zujjbsvhddb cljat hp nuoobogbrbe flln abt fhibdgcn hf fbbrobrb geogvgoube ugt ogb nuoob tb ohobebe ogt dbvbrob ge ob nhuobrb hfstleogiabobe wllrsjagcedgcn fbbr hp ole cljat hp krugeb kbbr.

Obzb ugtnhfstbe dltbe zgbe olt Ebleobrtaldbrs lds br vhdohbeob vhbosbd wls hf irhtb irhb-

pbe tb vhbobe hhn ge stllt wlrbe hf ob prhkdbfbe ogb cljat hp nuoobogbrbe fbt zgja fbbkrljattb hvbrwgeebe. Ebleobrtaldbrs sdlliobe br ous ge hf ge lrfb kbkhstb hfibvgeibe sujjbsvhd hp





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<79

Ljnehwdboibfbets

@grst, G whudo dgnb th fbetghe fy prhfhthrbs Ygd [hbkrhbns leo [lyfheo Jhrkby, `hr rbsjugei fb`rhf l ogrb tgfb h` bfpdhyfbet ge jhffbrjgld lrjalbhdhiy ge tab prhvgejb h` Sbbdleo leo tabgrpltgbejb ourgei tab prhjbss h` wrgtgei tags tabsgs.

_ab rbsblrja rbphrtbo ge tags tabsgs wls ̀ ueobo ky tab Outja Hrilegsltghe ̀ hr Zjgbetgj [bsblrja(EYH) ls plrt h` tab rbsblrja prhcbjt —_ahuiatùd Auetbrs8 _ab lrjalbhdhiy h` Ebleobrtaldjhffuegjltghe leo jhiegtghe‖. _ags whrn kbebtbo irbltdy ̀ rhf ogsjussghes wgta tab htabr prhcbjtfbfkbrs, Elcfl Lewlr leo Nltay FljOheldo.

_ab pbhpdb ljtgvb ge tab sbjtghe —Aufle Hrgiges‖ h` tab @ljudty h` Lrjalbhdhiy h` DbgobeRegvbrsgty, Ldbxleobr Pbrphhrtb, Lolf Cligja leo Flrn Zgbr ldsh prhvgobo gfphrtlet supphrt leojrgtgjlddy rblo dlrib plrts leo ge shfb jlsbs ldd h` tags tabsgs. Ybg Jau ldsh rblo plrts h` tab tabsgsleo wls `hrjbo th tldn hvbr stu`` rbdltbo th tab wrgtgei h` ourgei dhei sbssghes ge ob Khetbnhb.

Ogsjussghes, duejabs, khrrbds leo htabr getbrljtghes wgta jhddbliubs Ogleeb vle obr Sleob, OlleGsbeohhre, Cgffy Fles, Ybdfhbo Hut, Bddgs Irhhtvbdo leo Ztgce Lrehdoussbe prhvgobo fb wgtagespgrltghe leo tab bssbetgld ogstrljtghes ebbobo ge hrobr th jhfpdbtb l tabsgs. Brgn vle [hssbekbrigs talenbo `hr tab behrfhus lfhuet h` vldulkdb dgtbrlturb ab phgetbo hut ls wbdd ls kbgei lt tab@ljudty bvbry wbbnbeo leo orgengei dgtrbs h` jh``bb wgta fb. Zpbjgld talens lrb oub th jhddbliubs Lreb Yhssgen, Bvl Nlptgce leo Duj Lfnrbutz wah wbrb jhetgeulddy pbstbrbo hvbr l pbrgho h` vbyblrs `hr abdp wgta sh`twlrb prhkdbfs, th suppdy trlesdltghes, th ohwedhlo sjgbetgj plpbrs wagdbG wls he ahdgoly leo uelkdb th ljjbss ogigtld churelds, taby shdvbo fley h` tab prhkdbfs G be-jhuetbrbo wagdb wrgtgei tags tabsgs. Ldgstlgr Krgiat eht hedy thhn plrt ge tab `hrbihgei ljtgvgtgbs kutldsh bxpbrtdy rblo tab wahdb tabsgs. Bds Nhbebfle prhvgobo gevldulkdb supphrt, ge hrobrgei khhns,dbeogei uedbeolkdb khhns hvbr wbbnbeos btj. Fboy Hkbrbeohr`` pltgbetdy orbw tab iurbs ge tagstabsgs.

Hutsgob tab obplrtfbet, fuja supphrt wls orlwe ̀ rhf Egcdleo leo _uge wah sljrgjbo fley ahursh` tabgr vldulkdb tgfb orgengei jh``bb wgta fb. Wblr`hrfltghe Hrghe gs th kb talenbo `hr tabgr wgdd-geiebss th tlnb fb th klrs, igvgei fb tab hpphrtuegtgbs th rbbjt he flttbrs htabr tale Ebleobrtaldkbalvghur. Zgfgdlr supphrt wls h``brbo ky Pldbetgce vle obe Krgen wahf G khrbo wgta fusgeislkhut tab stltb h` Outja lrjalbhdhiy ge ibebrld leo fy tabsgs ge plrtgjudlr `hr dhei ahurs.

Fy plrbets leo krhtabr lrb th kb talenbo `hr tabgr pltgbejb leo jhetgeubo supphrt.

@gelddy, Ibbsnb talen yhu ̀ hr obldgei sh pltgbetdy ybt bxpbrtdy wgta fy jhetgeubo dlzgebss leo geoh-dbejb. Ls fy eld stbddgei slys3 Ygtahut l Irloultb Zjahhd tags tabsgs whudo alvb kbbe egsabo shhe-br. Ygtahut yhu, tags tabsgs fgiat eht alvb kbbe egsabo `hr yblrs th jhfb, hr bvbr `hr talt flttbr.



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Documents

A view to a kill. Investigating Middle Palaeolithic subsistence using an Optimal Foraging perspective