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Chapter 4: America’s Political Heritage
Social Science
A Voice in Government
The values and experiences that the settlers developed is all a part of our heritage, or tradition passed down from generation to generation
In the beginning, the English government set up each colony with a charter, or a document giving permission to create a government Each colony had a governor, who would report to the
king, who had final say over the business of the colony
Colonists elected representatives to the legislature, a group of people chosen to make the laws Representatives were called burgesses
Rights of the colonists
Even though each colony had representation, they had little say back in England, and the governor of each state did as the king told him to do, so the rights of the people weren’t realized
Citizens rights were different back in the 18th century than they are today White men with land could vote and
run for office African Americans were slaves
Even though the American colonists had little rights, they were one of the only colonies to have any rights
Roots of our Freedoms
The religious freedom we have today came from our first settlers, the Pilgrims and Quakers Both fled England to escape religious
persecution, and allowed all religions to be practiced in their colonies
The other settlers, the Puritans, did what the British did to them and condemned those who did not practice their religion
Freedom of speech came from a simple trial in New York Publisher John Peter Zenger criticized the
government for accepting bribes and interfering with elections, so he was arrested
His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that Zenger was allowed to speak if his accusations were true
Roots for a change in government
By the mid-1700’s, England increased their control on the American colonies The concept of tyranny, or the abuse of
power, began circulating through the colonies
Many political advocates began searching for a new type of government for the colonies Researched the concept of direct
democracy, or a form of government in which laws were made directly by the citizens, from the ancient Greeks
Also researched the concept of a republic, or a form of government in which representatives were elected to make laws, from ancient Rome
English law
During the Middle Ages, the English land was ruled by kings, who treated their citizens like subjects, and who sometimes abused their powers
In the early 1200’s, nobles were strong enough to go against the king, and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which cited the rights that all men should have, and no monarch should take away
As time went on, the English created a Parliament that represented the people, and the English Bill of Rights was passed, further limiting the power of the monarch Cited that all men should obey the law,
and that all men should have a fair trial
Philosophy and Reason
In the early 1700’s, many scholars wrote about people using reason to recognize their natural rights, or rights they are born with and that no government can take away John Locke of England wrote that the
government works for the people, and that their main job is to protect the peoples’ natural rights of life, liberty, and property
Montesquieu of France proposed the idea of separation of powers, or dividing government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches
A Clash of Views
Different views from the English colonists and the English government on certain issues would eventually lead to conflict The English believed that
Parliament represented everyone, and the colonist believed that they were represented by their legislature, which they had little of
England had exclusive rights to trade with the colonists, while the colonists wanted to trade with other countries also
No Taxation without Representation
Facing debts from the French and Indian War, England decided to gain money from the colonists through taxes Colonists disagreed, saying that without representation in
Parliament, they should not have to pay taxes In order for the colonists to pay taxes, England gave the
governors power to arrest those who didn’t pay their taxes
Colonists began organizing Committees of Correspondence to pass news of England’s violation of colonists’ rights to the other colonies
In 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress, trying to persuade the English to respect the colonists’ rights Met a year later, in 1775, to discuss breaking away from England
The Declaration of Independence
Inspired by Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” pamphlet, The delegates voted to become independent from England and set up a committee to write a declaration Included Thomas Jefferson, John Adams,
and Benjamin Franklin
In his declaration, Jefferson described the rights that all men have, that people give power to the government if those rights are protected, and listed the ways in which England had ignored these rights
With the signers pledging to support it, it was finalized on July 4th, 1776, in Philadelphia
Organizing a New Government
Because people were so used to being governed by a written plan, each state had to create a constitution in order to limit the government’s powers and the power of the governor
While in conflict with England, delegates from the colonies tried to unite to create a national government. Proved difficult because of how to structure the government in
order to protect the people and serve the interests of each state
In 1777, the colonies united as one, and approved the Articles of Confederation, which called for representatives from each state forming a national legislature, which would have the power to wage war, make treaties, and work out trade agreements It took 4 years for all the states to ratify, or approve, the articles
The U.S. after the war
After the United States won the American Revolution, they had to face another challenge: forming a new government
Its first issues were trying to get money to pay off the war debts while also trying to trade with England in order to make profits Farmers suffered because they
could not sell their crops to other colonies and the government had to tax them in order to keep the economy flowing Resulted in several rebellions,
which resulted in a call for a stronger national government