A W ORLD O F L EARNING

A Portfolio ofCoastal Resources

Management ProgramExperience and Products

A W O R L D O F L E A R N I N G

I N C O A S T A L M A N A G E M E N T

CD-ROM inc luded

This publication is available electronically on the Coastal Resources Center's Worldwide Website at: http://www.crc.uri.edu

For more information, contact: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett BayCampus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882 USA.

Tel: (401) 874-6224; Fax: (401) 789-4670; E-mail: [email protected]

This publication was made possible through support provided by theU.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Environment and Natural Resources Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade

under the terms of Cooperative Agreement No. PCE-A-00-95-0030-05.

Citation: A World of Learning in Coastal Management: A Portfolio of Coastal Resources Management ProgramExperience and Products (CD-ROM included). 2002. Coastal Management

Report #2235. ISBN #1-885454-44-9. University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center. Narragansett, Rhode Island USA. 30pp.

A W O R L D OF LE A R N I N GIN COASTAL MA N A G E M E N T

A PORTFOLIO OFCOASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

EXPERIENCE AND PRODUCTS

The Coastal Resources Management Program is a Partnership between theUnited States Agency for International Development and the University of

Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center

2002

C O A S T A L R E S O U R C E S C E N T E R U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l a n d

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Sharing Knowledge and Experience in Integrated Coastal Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Themes in Coastal Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Critical Coastal Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Sustainable Coastal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Capacity Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Country Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Bibliography of CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Table of Contents

1A W O R L D O F L E A R N I N G I N C O A S T A L M A N A G E M E N T

Sustainable development dependson clean, abundant and affordablewater. The U.S. Agency for

International Development’s (USAID)strategic goals of promoting economicand agricultural development, pro-tecting human health, preventingconflict, and safeguarding theenvironment all demand better, moreintegrated management of water. Sincemost of the earth’s water is in oceansand seas, and nearly half of the world’spopulation resides in close proximity tocoasts, improving the management ofcoastal regions and resources has been along-term priority for USAID.

The need for improved managementof coastal regions is urgent. Globally,the marine catch accounts for 16percent of animal protein consumed byhumans; the majority of these fish andshellfish are dependent at some time intheir life cycle on coastal habitats.Maritime commerce, oil and gasproduction, aquaculture, pharma-ceutical and industrial biotechnology,tourism, and recreation are but a few ofthe manifold human uses whose value isgreat, but is difficult to quantify. Add tothese the myriad of free ecologicalservices such as storm surge protection,water filtration and dispersal ofeffluents, and the importance of theseregions is difficult to overestimate.

But the challenge of management isequally huge; these are systems wheresectoral approaches are woefullyinadequate. Many interest groups andagencies must work together if progressis to be made. It is also a relatively newfield, with efforts in our own countryextending back only 30 years, and in

developing countries even fewer.Successful integrated coastal manage-ment is ultimately about forging theright balance between competing usesof water and natural resources, whileensuring that long-term environmentalhealth and productivity are notcompromised.

USAID has been a pioneer inworking with developing countries toimprove the governance of coastalecosystems, and our nearly two-decadepartnership with the University ofRhode Island’s Coastal ResourcesCenter (URI-CRC) has been central toour Coastal Resources ManagementProgram (CRMP). CRMP designs andimplements long-term field programsthat work to build the capacity toeffectively practice coastal governance.It also carries out analyses andidentifies lessons drawn from withinand across field projects, anddisseminates experience and lessonslearned through training programs,publications and participation in globalforums.

This booklet and the accompanyingCD-ROM offer a significant portion ofthe coastal management repertoire thathas been developed through theUSAID/URI-CRC partnership. Wehope you find both the booklet andCD-ROM useful.

Bill SugrueDirector of the Office of Environmentand Natural Resources, Bureau forEconomic Growth, Agriculture and Trade; U.S. Agency forInternational Development

Preface

2 C O A S T A L R E S O U R C E S C E N T E R U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l a n d

Over the past 30 years,there have been hundredsof international initiatives,

programs and projects by govern-ments, organizations and citizengroups that attempt to more effect-ively govern the world’s coastal andmarine ecosystems. While the needfor communication and sharingknowledge among groups workingto address similar issues in differentplaces is widely recognized, agreater emphasis upon the dissem-ination, integration and analysis ofthis growing body of experience is

required. Too often coastalmanagement efforts are conductedin isolation from one another;experience is not documented andanalyzed; and we are not benefitingfrom our collective accumulatedexperience about what works, whatdoesn’t, and why. This producesinefficiency in addressing the urgentissues posed by the acceleratingsocial and environmental changes incoastal ecosystems. The CoastalResources Management Program(CRMP) promotes and practices alearning-based approach to coastal

SHARING KNOWLEDGEAND EXPERIENCE IN

INTEGRATED COASTALMANAGEMENT

As the global coastal population grows, areas must support even more uses, as at the busyport of Manado in Indonesia.


management, and places great valuein the sharing of experience.

CRMP’s primary objective in thecountries where it works is toadvance the integrated coastalmanagement (ICM) process. Keycomponents of this process include:

w Broad stakeholder participationand empowerment in decisionmakingw Effective coordination among

sectors, between public and privateentities, and across multiple scaleswAn emphasis on decentralized

governance and compatibility between local and national governancew Commitment to creating and

strengthening human and organizational capacity for sustainable ICMw Informed and science-based

decisionmaking

While individual programs mustbe tailored to the unique environ-mental, cultural and political condi-tions that exist in each location, suchefforts are nourished when they candraw from the now substantial ICMrepertoire that exists—both CRMP’sand those developed by others.

For example, we believe knowinghow communities in the Philippinesdeveloped their community-basedmarine sanctuaries can provide usefulinsights to Indonesian practitioners asthey attempt to establish marinereserves. Good mariculture practicesdeveloped for Honduras can be

adapted for use in Mexico. Theprocess used for developing integra-ted management plans for the villageof Tumbak in North Sulawesi,Indonesia, can inspire the village ofXcalak in Mexico. And Ecuador andSri Lanka’s experiences withdeveloping national approaches tomanaging their shorelines helpedCRMP move through the processmore efficiently in Tanzania.

This booklet and the accom-panying CD-ROM make the morerecent portion of CRMP’sconsiderable coastal managementrepertoire broadly available. To makeit accessible, we introduce ourexperience by theme and by place.The themes include: Governance, the processes inwhich public, private and civilsociety actors organize themselvesand coordinate with each other tomake decisions and distribute rights,obligations and authority for the useof shared coastal resources.Critical Coastal Habitats, with an emphasis on approaches to andexamples of managing and monit-oring coral reefs, mangrove wetlandsand estuaries.Sustainable Coastal Devel-opment, with an emphasis onapproaches for encouraging andmanaging sustainable tourism andmariculture.Capacity Building, with anemphasis on training and educatingcoastal management practitioners.

C O A S T A L R E S O U R C E S C E N T E R U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l a n d4

Learning, including tools andmethodologies for adaptingprograms to new knowledge andchanging socio-political contexts,and the application of those method-ologies to particular locations.

In the second section, we sum-marize the strategies being used inthe three countries where CRMP is currently engaged in sustainedprograms—Indonesia, Tanzania andMexico. Through these examples,we hope not only to share what weare doing, but to make clear howdifferent themes are integrated intoan overall ICM program.

Many more themes than the fivewe have highlighted enter intocoastal management. Some of theissues that we have found ourselvesincreasingly involved with andemphasizing more explicitly includeequity, democracy, food security andintegrated water resourcemanagement.

CRMP recently explored thelinkages among gender equity,demographicdynamics, andleadership diversityat an internationalworkshop hostedby the CoastalResources Center.The work on thistopic reconfirmsthat although theglobal communityrecognizes theimportance of

environment, gender and populationlinkages in the action agendas ofglobal United Nations meetings,there is little tangible collaborativeor synergistic work among ICM,gender and population organi-zations. If ICM is to make its fullcontribution to sustainabledevelopment, coastal managers must team with others to find waysto better integrate gender, equityand population/consumptionconcerns into plans, programs andpolicies.

Food security and povertyreduction strategies are the centralconcerns of low-income countries.As attention to sustainable develop-ment issues has grown in recentyears, so has an interest in linkingICM with problems of food security.Food security in coastal areas is amultidimensional theme. It is morethan just improving the stewardshipand productivity of inshore fisheriesand promoting mariculture, it is alsoabout reducing coastal hazards and

A women's group meeting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genderequity, population, and environmental leadership are emerging issuesthat need to be addressed by coastal management.

A W O R L D O F L E A R N I N G I N C O A S T A L M A N A G E M E N T 5

vulnerability, developing alternativesources of income, and buildingcapacity and enabling conditions forincome growth and investment.

Democratic processes are centralto CRMP projects as they work togive people a voice in the process of formulating public policy, andpromoting principles such as trans-parency, pluralism, citizeninvolvement in decisionmaking,representation, and accountability.The strengthening of democraticinstitutions within CRMP countries,along with the trend towarddecentralization, creates newopportunities and raises importantissues concerning the capacity ofstate and local governments, and thereadiness of citizens to take on theresponsibilities that come withparticipation, co-management andlocal control.

With recognition of the criticalinterplay between freshwater andcoastal estuaries, the linkages and

synergies of integrated watermanagement and ICM have grownin importance. All around theworld, and particularly in aridregions, the quantity and quality offreshwater flowing into estuaries isbeing dramatically reduced. CRMP’spartnership in ecologicallyimportant but fragile estuaries, suchas Bahía Santa María in Mexico andBalikpapan Bay in Indonesia,demonstrates the need to betterconnect water management andcoastal management.

Tanzania's National Coastal Strategy draws from experience developed through local projectslike the Mafia Island Marine Park.

For further information or additionalcopies, contact:Communications UnitCoastal Resources Center Narragansett Bay CampusSouth Ferry RoadNarragansett, Rhode Island 02882 USATel: (401) 874-6224 Fax: (401) 789-4670E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.crc.uri.edu


Good governance is recog-nized around the world asthe core of effective and

sustainable coastal management.“Governance” is much more than justgovernment; it encompasses theprocesses in which public, privateand civil society actors organizethemselves and coordinate with eachother to make decisions, anddistribute rights, obligations andauthority for the use of sharedcoastal resources. A central oper-ating principle of the CoastalResources Management Program(CRMP) is that effective governancesystems create the essential precon-ditions for achieving environmentaland social benefits.

Integrated coastal management(ICM) plays an important role inadvancing places towards sustainableforms of coastal developmentthrough a linked sequence of out-comes. First order outcomes areexpressed as formalized commit-ments to ICM plans, establishmentof institutional mechanisms, andprovision of the funding and otherresources that make feasible theimplementation of policies andactions. Second order outcomes arechanged behaviors which occur asthe result of successful implement-ation of ICM plans. They includeinstitutional change, positive results

of state-civil society partnerships,and behavioral changes of resourceusers. Second order changes inbehaviors of user groups andorganizations are the precursors tothird order outcomes—the resultsthat are expressed as measurableimprovements in targetedenvironmental and socioeconomicparameters. Most ICM programstarget third order outcomes.CRMP’s primary objective in thecountries where its coastal managerswork is to advance the ICMgovernance process towards moresustainable forms of development.Achievements of a sequence ofoutcomes are the stepping stonesthat lead to the ultimate goal.

During the first phase of CRMP,from 1985 to 1995, long-term fieldprograms were conducted inEcuador, Sri Lanka and Thailand.Since 1995, during its second phase,CRMP has worked with partners in

T h e m e s i n C o a s t a l M a n a g e m e n t

GOVERNANCE

A village meeting in the Tanzanian coastal townof Kilwa. Successful coastal managementencourages public participation.


Tanzania, Indonesia and Mexico toadvance ICM at both national andlocal levels.

CRMP recognizes that progress inICM happens place by place, and thatthe principles and governancearrangements that foster ICM mustbe tailored to the unique conditions,culture and history of each nation.CRC has adopted a strategy that callsfor experimenting with theapplication of ICM practices at thelocal scale, while building constit-uencies, capacity and policy withinnational government. This “two-trackapproach” features an initial emphasison tangible demonstrations of whatICM means and how it can result inimproved governance, changedbehaviors and improved conditions.Pilot projects also reveal how theprinciples of good governance shouldbe tailored to the culture and needsof a specific country.

CRMP is currently workingintensively to develop ICM dem-onstrations in multiple coastalcommunities in Indonesia, and in the coastal community of Xcalak,Mexico. An important milestone in each community effort is thepreparation and formal adoption of management plans. This has beenachieved for each demonstration site,and these plans are actively beingimplemented.

Building ICM governance capacityat the sub-national level is also partof CRMP demonstrations. At the bayscale, management plans and action

strategies have been prepared forBalikpapan Bay in East Kalimantan,Indonesia; Chwaka Bay-Paje,Zanzibar; and with CRMP’s partnersConservation International/Mexico,in Bahía Santa María in Sinaloa,Mexico. Action strategies weredeveloped for larger geographicareas where there is rapiddevelopment—such as LampungProvince in Sumatra, Indonesia—and CRMP is also contributing toefforts for ecosystem management ofthe Gulf of California.

Sub-national and community-based management needs supportivepolicy and institutional structures atthe national level to be effective andsustained in the long term. Whetherworking primarily at the national orlocal level, strategies to improvesupportive links between centralgovernance structures and policies,and sub-national governance, are keyin all locations. In this way, ICMbuilds capacity for effectivedecentralized management.

National-level initiatives to buildcapacity for ICM governance acrossspatial and sectoral scales have beenmajor components of CRMP’s workin Tanzania and Indonesia. These andother national efforts build fromboth local and internationalexperience, and work to nest incentral government conditions thatenable and support local initiatives,while addressing coastal develop-ment and conservation that is in thenational interest.


Coastal ecosystems encom-pass a broad range of habitattypes, harboring a wealth of

biodiversity. These rich environ-ments provide critical habitat andspawning grounds that support anarray of goods and services of directbenefit to humans. Globally, nearlytwo-thirds of all fish harvesteddepend upon coastal wetlands, seagrasses and coral reefs duringvarious stages in their life cycles,and about 90 percent of the worldfish catch is caught or reared alongcoasts.

These facts demonstrate whyhabitat protection and managementare critical in all coastal manage-ment programs—both national and local—on which the CoastalResources Management Program(CRMP) works. All CRMP manage-

ment plans contain policies andobjectives that address protectionand restoration of critical coastalhabitats.

Because coral reefs haveparticular importance to the coastalnations where CRMP is active, andbecause coral reefs have become a powerful symbol for coastalecosystems worldwide, CRMP hascarried out a number of specialprojects to contribute to theimportant global effort to sustainthe planet’s reefs. CRMP assistedThailand to launch a national coralreef management strategy in 1992,and contributed to launching theInternational Coral Reef Initiative in1994. CRMP has pioneered thedevelopment and use of socio-economic and governance indicatorsthat measure the human dimensions

CRITICAL COASTALHABITATS

A communitymember holdsa Crown-of-Thornsstarfish on hispaddle duringa reef clean-up. CRMPprogramsroutinelywork topreserve reefsas valuableresources.



of coral reefs. In addition, whenwidespread bleaching of coral reefsoccurred in 1998, CRMP examinedthe socioeconomic impacts of thisphenomenon in the Asia Pacificregion.

In addition to these specialprojects, CRMP programs routinelywork to improve overall manage-ment of coral reefs. This includesdeveloping practical approaches andguidance documents for resourceusers to monitor and solve typicalproblems—such as anchor damageor Crown-of-Thorns starfish out-breaks. Important research—bothqualitative and quantitative—hasbeen carried out in the Philippinesthrough CRMP’s work to try tobetter understand the specificfactors that make community-based,coral reef marine protected areassuccessful.

CRMP also addressed mangroveprotection issues, particularly inEcuador and Central America,where the existing approach to their protection is in many instancesdoing little to slow trends of theirremoval or degradation. In Ecuador,the coastal management programpromotes an approach thatemphasizes the sustainable use ofmangroves by local communities,and coordinated monitoring andenforcement of laws prohibitingconversion of mangroves intoshrimp ponds and/or urban settle-ments. A special issue of the CoastalResources Center’s InterCoastnewsletter surveyed the status ofmanagement efforts in a diversity ofsettings. Most recently, CRMP fieldprograms are developing baymanagement plans with localpartners for Balikpapan Bay inIndonesia and Bahía Santa María inMexico that highlight actions topromote mangrove conservation.

Coastal estuaries are highlyproductive, and play a crucial role in sustaining fisheries. Water qualitydegradation, user conflicts, andchanges to the quantity and pulsingof fresh water flows into estuariesare major issues along every coast.Several CRMP programs havefocused on estuary management,including Rekawa Lagoon in SriLanka, the lagoons of NicaraguanMosquitia, and Bahía Santa María in Mexico.To avoid destructive practices such as clear-

cutting, CRMP promotes sustainable mangroveuse.


Integrated coastal management(ICM)—a concept that embracesactions that allow people to pros-

per and the environment to thrive—is a tool for achieving sustainableforms of development. Sustainabledevelopment in coastal areas strives to encourage social well-being andeconomic growth and prosperity,while minimizing the negativeimpacts of economic activities on the ecosystem.

The Coastal Resources Manage-ment Program (CRMP) has workedactively to promote the sustainabledevelopment of coastal tourism andmariculture. These industries offeremployment and income opportun-ities for people living in economicallydeprived coastal areas. In many placestourism and mariculture growth isexplosive and poorly planned, givingrise to detrimental environmentalimpacts that cumulatively underminethe economic sustainability of theindustry itself. CRMP has helped toaddress these and other economicactivities that are bringing bothopportunities and conflicts to coastalareas. The approach used includesworking with the government, privateindustry and communities to setpolicy, prepare permitting guidance,develop good practices, andstrengthen regulatory rules andguidelines.

Mariculture, especially shrimpfarming, has undergone explosivegrowth in many of the countrieswhere CRMP has worked. Gover-nance mechanisms are often inad-equate to prevent the unplanned andunregulated over-development ofmariculture operations in specificestuaries and stretches of the coast,leading to declines in water quality,disease, user conflicts and ultimatelyreduction in mariculture productivity.

Shrimp farming was a centralfocus of the Ecuador initiative as earlyas 1984. In Honduras and Mexico,CRMP has partnered with shrimpfarm industry groups and other stake-holders to develop and adopt goodmanagement practices that bothreduce environmental impacts andimprove efficiency. Extension andtraining materials have been producedwith private sector and universitypartners in Nicaragua and Honduraswith the goal of building individualfarmers’ capacity to implementsustainable practices.

This voluntary and cooperativeapproach to environmental manage-ment of the shrimp maricultureindustry is being adapted for use in the region of Bahía Santa María,Mexico.

Shrimp farming is also apredominant economic activity anddriving force of ecosystem degra-

SUSTAINABLE COASTALDEVELOPMENT



dation in coastal areas of Indonesia.A pilot project in the coastal villageof Pematang Pasir, in Sumatra, isworking with producers, communityorganizations and government toenhance capacity for self-management.

In Tanzania, where littlemariculture currently exists, thecentral government and CRMP areproactively promoting developmentin a way that is environmentallysound. Guidelines for governmentdecisionmaking authority and per-mitting procedures for investorshave been formulated and approvedby the key government agencies. Inaddition, a Mariculture GuidelinesSource Book has been prepared thatincludes technical information forsiting and operating different typesof mariculture enterprises.

Tourism represents one of themost important sources of revenueand foreign exchange for manycoastal nations. In Mexico, it is thedriving force for economicdevelopment in the stateof Quintana Roo. The ICMproject in Quintana Roo,building from earlierexperience in Sri Lanka,collaborated withuniversities, business,nongovernmentalorganizations and govern-ment to produceguidelines for low-impacttourism development.While practices arepromoted for voluntary use, they have also been

incorporated in the governmentpermit review procedures.

In Tanzania, there is still relativelylittle coastal tourism, but it isgrowing rapidly. The CRMP projectthere has formed a tourism inter-agency working group, the firstactivity of which was to prepare andpresent a Coastal Tourism SituationAnalysis to government agencydirectors in 2001. The workinggroup is now developing guidelinesfor environmentally, socially andeconomically sound tourismdevelopment.

It is important to look at theregional scale of planning and thecountry’s overall economic devel-opment strategy when buildingcapacity for sustainable developmentof these economic activities. InEcuador, macrozoning tools andanalysis proved to be effective informulating development strategiesbased on environmental consid-erations, social needs and economicopportunities.

In Quintana Roo, Mexico, tourism is the driving force foreconomic development.

C O A S T A L R E S O U R C E S C E N T E R U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l a n d

operational reality in the nationswhere we operate. A central goal ofall CRMP activities is to build andstrengthen the capacity of individualsand institutions to successfully lead,catalyze and support coastalmanagement efforts.

CRMP’s primary approach tobuilding human capacity is through“learning by doing.” In-country workis largely implemented by hostcountry nationals through in-countrystaff, consultants, working groupsand other partners who, workingwith CRMP staff and consultants,undertake project activities anddevelop products that advance thecountry’s ICM initiatives. In-countryICM practitioner capacity is alsostrengthened by building national,regional and international networksof ICM practitioners that actively

share experiencethrough annualretreats, e-maillistservers, projectjournals andnewsletters (e.g.,InterCoast, Pwani Yetu).Multi-partnerworkshops andconferences areoccasionally convenedto address specialtopics.

Inadequate capacity to practiceintegrated coastal management(ICM) and to design and

implement strategies that lead tomore sustainable forms of coastaldevelopment is the primary factorlimiting progress in ICM. Thisweakness is apparent in bothdeveloped and developing nations.Building partner capacity is there-fore central to the work of theCoastal Resources ManagementProgram (CRMP).

Capacity building requires morethan human development througheducation and training—it requiresinstitutional development anddevelopment of enabling frame-works. The gap in institutionalcapacity is a primary reason forCRMP’s incremental approach tomaking good ICM practices an

CAPACITY BUILDING

A CRMP staff member trains local teachers for exploring the Blongko marine sanctuary in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.


12


CRMP also builds capacitythrough education and training. In1995, CRMP convened a conferencein Rhode Island entitled EducatingCoastal Managers. This conferenceidentified and described approachesto building human capacity anddefined the knowledge, skills andattitudes most critical for managersengaged in ICM. CRMP conductsseveral types of training—inter-national short courses, regionalcourses and in-country courses—for coastal management practi-tioners, government officials anddecisionmakers, universities, localcommunities and other stakeholders.Over the course of the last 16 years,CRMP has helped raise the skills ofmen and women from 68 countriesworldwide. The bi-annual SummerInstitute in Coastal Management hasbeen ongoing since 1992, andregional training programs with local universities have been offeredin Thailand, Ecuador and thePhilippines. The curriculum varieswith participant needs, is exper-iential in approach, and draws

heavily from CRMP’s field reper-toire of experience. Many of theindividuals trained in the SummerInstitute now play an important rolein ICM national and local programsaround the globe.

The recently completed Learning& Performing course implementedin the Western Indian Ocean regionpiloted a module-based approach toshort-term training. The regionalcourse was conducted in partnershipwith the Western Indian OceanMarine Science Association(WIOMSA). Through this work, aself-assessment tool to assessindividual capacity in coastalmanagement was developed. Thetool is organized around four areasof competence—technicalcompetence, professional skills,management skills, and knowledgeof ICM tools and approaches.

CRMP also works to raiseknowledge, awareness and supportfor ICM with major stakeholdergroups. It does this through activemedia programs both in keycountries and in the U.S.

Participantsfrom aroundthe world take part inCRMP’s bi-annual SummerInstitute inCoastalManagement atthe Universityof RhodeIsland.


Systematic analysis of differentactions, assumptions andoutcomes are fundamental to

learning how to improve the successof integrated coastal management(ICM) efforts worldwide. Capturinglessons from experience, sharingthem with otherpractitioners, andtaking action toimprove ICM offer theopportunity to improveits effectiveness, reachand cumulative impact.Other challenges lie insuccessfully linking theparticipatory processesof coastal governancewith the best availablereliable knowledge.

The CoastalResources ManagementProgram (CRMP) hasincorporated severaltypes of learning activities. Onecategory is the evaluation andassessment of progress, strategiesand management capacities in ICM.This activity promotes evaluation as a planning, decisionmaking andmanagement tool, and buildscapacity to assess the adequacy of management and governancestructures. This kind of evaluationprovides a basis for adjustingstrategies in order to increase ICM effectiveness, and generatesobservations about the features

of successful programs that can betransferred to other initiatives.

CRMP has developed and applieda Manual for Assessing Progress inCoastal Management to facilitateevaluation of ICM capacity. Theevaluation of four integrated coastal

conservation projects funded by theGlobal Environment Facility inCuba, Belize, Patagonia and theDominican Republic was based onthe manual. The manual was alsoapplied to ICM final evaluations inEcuador, Central America, and tothe marine sciences programs inEast Africa sponsored by the Swedish project assistance program,Sida/SAREC. It has also been usedto guide self-assessments of CRMPprojects in Indonesia, Mexico andTanzania.

LEARNING

Learning from experience and sharing knowledge throughoutthe coastal management communities is advanced by CRMP'sgrowing suite of publications.



A second learning activity isinvestigation of specific principlesand hypotheses of effective ICMactions in individual initiatives oracross several projects andprograms. Portfolio learning holdsthe promise of yielding knowledgeof the practice beyond that whichcan accrue from the examination of single initiatives. For example, a comparative study of importantfactors in the success of some 45marine protected areas in thePhilippines was conducted withCRMP’s Indonesian partners toimprove the effectiveness of marineprotected area development inIndonesia.

There is a growing commitmentin ICM to learn from and expandthe discipline by careful study ofpropositions of good practice inindividual projects and acrossproject efforts. Analysis and lessondrawing can provide practitionersand the donor community withmuch-needed practical informationon the benefits of alternativeframeworks and approaches to ICM. What methods, strategies and management actions are mosteffective? How can we betterdocument and analyze experience in order to better understand whatworks, what doesn’t, and why in adiversity of contexts?

CRMP and its partners convenedan international workshop in May2001 at Block Island in Rhode Islandto explore the merits of portfoliolearning, and how to apply sharedlearning activities within currentand future ICM initiatives. The

findings and recommendations ofthis workshop are feeding into keyglobal stocktaking events on ICMsuch as the UNESCO conference onoceans and coasts held in Paris inDecember 2001, as a precursor tothe World Summit on SustainableDevelopment in Johannesburg,South Africa in August 2002.

Case studies, other types ofassessments and lesson drawingcomprise CRMP’s third learningactivity. The aim of these activities isto bring together knowledge aboutand experience with ICM in anaccessible form, and to make thisexperience available to ICMprofessionals, donors and policy-makers. Case studies are a usefultool for learning from experience in the implementation of ICM. Theyprovide a valuable disseminationmechanism for improving under-standing of ICM, extracting lessonslearned, and passing these on toothers. All CRMP field programshave developed many cases,assessments and lesson-drawingdocuments that have been preparedby both internal and externallearning teams.

Finally, CRMP programscontribute to learning throughcontinuous development and testingof concepts and tools for ICM fieldapplication. For example, topicsinclude action planning, projectmonitoring and outcome evaluationwith control sites, survey methodsto assess the behavioral aspects ofresource use, and outcome mappingtechniques.


Indonesia, the fourth largestcountry in the world andrecognized as the richest in

biodiversity, is a nation in transition.The nation’s commitment to decen-tralization has been strengthened byrecent government reforms andlegislation on regional autonomy.Indonesia is also increasingly lookingto its vast marine and coastalresources as an engine for its devel-opment. These changes provideunprecedented challenges as well asopportunity for the establishment ofeffective coastal governance atnational and local levels. Whilemajor investments have been madein coastal and marine conservationand management in Indonesia, untilrecently the integrated coastalmanagement (ICM) approach hasnot been widely applied outside ofnational protected areas, and a

national focal point for integratedoceans and coast policy was lacking.In 1998, the Ministry of MarineAffairs and Fisheries was created,presenting a major opportunity todevelop a coherent approach.

ICM in IndonesiaWhen the Coastal Resources

Management Program (CRMP)

INDONESIAG O O D ICM PR A C T I C E S

North Sulawesiw Community-based marine sanctuariesw Village management plans and

implementing ordinancesw Project and control sites monitoringLampungw Participatory provincial strategic

planningw Coastal atlas as tool for information-

based planningw Village-scale sustainable shrimp

maricultureEast Kalimantanw Bay management

A thriving fish market in Indonesia, where coastal fisheries are essential for the nation's foodsecurity.

C o u n t r y P r o g r a m s


initiated work in Indonesia in 1996through the project known locally as Proyek Pesisir, there were num-erous marine and coastal programsalready ongoing. These typicallylarge programs focused on creatingnational marine parks, establishingtechnical capacity in geographicinformation systems, and planningwork at both the site and nationallevels; few projects had movedforward into implementation.CRMP is using three primary strat-egies to advance ICM in Indonesia:w Implementing place-based

demonstrations of ICM good practice that address a range of coastal situationsw Investing sufficiently in

monitoring and documentation so that good practices are “proven”w Developing legal and institutional

enabling frameworks and capacity at local levels and national scales to sustain and foster replication ofICM good practices

In North Sulawesi, community-based ICM planning and manage-ment strategies are being imple-mented. One of the first and mosttangible results was the creation of a marine sanctuary which is alreadypaying dividends for local villagersthrough perceived increases infisheries production, increased coralcover and expanded economicopportunities. A number of manualshave been produced to assist comm-unities to manage their reefs,including a monitoring manual and a guide for organizing acommunity clean-up of coral-destroying Crown-of-Thornsstarfish. Because the sites in NorthSulawesi were designed as pilotprojects, extensive baselines wereestablished in 1997 both of physicaland socioeconomic conditions at thesites, with intermediate assessmentsconducted in 2000.

In Lampung, Proyek Pesisirhas created a highly participatory

Journalistsfrom Java andSumatrainterview ashrimp farmerfrom amaricultureproject as partof a ProyekPesisiroutreachinitiative toenhance mediareporting ofcoastal issues.


process of planning and managementat the provincial scale. The LampungCoastal Resources Atlas defined for thefirst time the extent and condition ofthe province’s natural resources,through a combination of secondaryinformation and the input of over270 local stakeholders and 60government and nongovernmentorganizations. The Atlas provided the foundation for the developmentof a Lampung coastal strategic plan.The Atlas and strategic plan spurredintense media coverage and led tosignificant support from provincialagencies that will provide funding forplan implementation. The projectfield office has since become anInstitut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor

Agricultural Institute) university-based coastal extension initiative.Complementing the provincial workand to support action on prioritycoastal issues, two community-basedinitiatives—one in Pematang Pasirwith an emphasis on sustainableaquaculture good practice, and theother on an island in Lampung Bayfocused on marine sanctuarymanagement—are beingimplemented.

In East Kalimantan, theprincipal focus is on developing aprofile and integrated managementplan for Balikpapan Bay and itswatershed—the commercial andindustrial hub of the province’scoastal ecosystem. This profile—again done with a high level of localparticipation and consultation—isassisting in the development of thefirst-ever bay plan in Indonesia, andhas already resulted in a moratoriumon shrimp mariculture in one deltaregion. The current emphasis is ongaining approval for the integratedmanagement plan for BalikpapanBay’s ecosystem, while enhancingawareness, building partnerships and networks, and strengtheningprovincial and local governmentcapacity to implement the plan.

The on-the-ground work in fieldprojects was complemented byProyek Pesisir’s involvement in shapinga national coastal policy andprogram. There are three strategiesfor achieving the project’s nationalgoals.

A young woman net fishing inshore inLampung, Indonesia. Sustaining artisanal fishingunder increased development pressure posesa challenge to coastal managers.


First, enabling frameworks forsustained management efforts arebeing developed. As pilot projectsare completed, experiences andgood practices are being docu-mented and institutionalized withingovernment, which has theresponsibility and capacity to bothsustain existing sites and launchadditional ones. This is being donethrough a combination of legalinstruments, guidebooks andtraining.

Second, the new Ministry ofMarine Affairs and Fisheries is beingsupported to develop a law andguidelines for decentralized ICM.Now, more than ever, there is a needand demand for a national coastallaw. The new marine ministry isexpanding its capacity, and the

passage of the 1999 law extendingregional government authority overtheir marine resources out to 12miles provides an unprecedentedopportunity to make tangibleprogress towards effective coastalmanagement. CRMP is helping theIndonesian government launch aconsultation process to prepare adraft coastal law that can bepresented to Parliament in 2002.

Finally, the project has recog-nized and is strengthening theunique role that universities play in coastal management. From itsinception, CRMP in Indonesia haspartnered with Institut PertanianBogor (IPB)—the leading marineuniversity in Indonesia. Through itsCentre for Coastal and MarineResources Studies (CCMRS), theuniversity has taken a hands-on rolein the Lampung site, established anational ICM reference library(website: http://www.indomarine.or.id), initiated an annual ICMlearning workshop, and providedresearch support to other sites.Building from the positiveexperience with IPB and CCMRS,an Indonesia-wide network of 11universities (INCUNE) was formed.INCUNE members created astrategy for shared learning andevaluation that outlines how theuniversities will work together tobuild experience and capacity, andexchange information about coastalplanning and management.

Building on a successful partnership withBogor Agricultural Institute, CRMP helpedestablish an 11-university network knownas INCUNE to work together to build ICMcapacity and knowledge.


contribute to the conservation ofcritical coastal ecosystems in twoecologically-important coastal areas:Quintana Roo on the YucatanPeninsula, and the Gulf ofCalifornia. The cumulative impactsof tourism growth are having amajor impact on valuable reefs andwetland ecosystems of the YucatanPeninsula. In the Gulf of California,key coastal industries of fisheries,agriculture, tourism and aquacultureare also leaving their heavy imprinton the fragile systems of desertislands and mangrove-fringed

The economic and governancesituations in Mexico haverapidly grown in recent

years. Changes in public adminis-tration and finance, decentralizedplanning and coastal developmentcreate challenges for the steward-ship of Mexico’s critical coastalecosystems. Growth with quality is now a national goal, but thechallenge of balancing the need foreconomic development withresponsible management of naturalresources and respect for localresidents remains. Outside ofMexico’s system of protected areas,there is little experience withintegrated coastal management(ICM). While there are promisingsigns—policy tools such as localecological ordinances are beingdeveloped, and there is increasinginterest on the part of officials, theprivate sector and resource users inICM—tangible examples of whatICM can accomplish in the Mexicancontext are few, and just beginningto emerge.

Conserving Critical CoastalEcosystems in Mexico

Within this context, the CoastalResources Management Program(CRMP) is attempting to demon-strate how a coastal managementapproach can meaningfully

MEXICO

In the Gulf of California, coastal manage-ment must address an intriguing variety ofissues including desert islands, tourism,aquaculture and agriculture. These requireintegrated and innovative approaches toplanning and implementation.

C o u n t r y P r o g r a m s


estuaries. In both areas, the cumu-lative impacts of coastal develop-ment, with many agencies and stake-holders involved, require new andintegrated planning processes,decisionmaking and implementationstrategies. The approach of CRMP is to:w Demonstrate the utility of ICM

processes and plans for selected sites that transcend the boundariesof established protected areasw Define and promote good

management practices for mariculture and tourism developmentw Build capacity and experience in

the practice of ICMThe primary partners in Quin-

tana Roo are the Amigos de SianKa’an (ASK) and the University ofQuintana Roo (UQROO). In theGulf of California, the key partner isConservation International/Mexico(CIMEX).

In Quintana Roo, a state whosedevelopment in the 1970s wasdriven by the mass tourism model ofCancun, there is a generalunderstanding that tourism dependson the state’s pristine naturalresources and marine biodiversity.However, the existing tools thatguide development are not designedfor or implemented within anintegrated framework to ensure abalance between conservation anddevelopment.

Responding to the initiation of

new tourism corridors, the NormasPrácticas para el Desarollo Turístico(Guidelines for Low-Impact Tourism)were developed and are available inSpanish and English. Voluntary useof these guidelines by privatedevelopers and government agenciesis being widely promoted. They havealso been well received bygovernment, and are being incor-porated into regulatory reviews andordinances to promote sustainabletourism development.

Xcalak’s National Marine Park,created by presidential declarationin June 2000, became, with CRMPassistance, one of the first NationalMarine Parks initiated by a comm-unity rather than by the federalgovernment. It is part of a series ofmarine protected areas in the state

In Xcalak, the community-initiated NationalMarine Park was one of the first of its kindin Mexico. It holds great promise for aidinglocal fisheries and providing a boost toeconomic development.


and the Meso-American Reefecosystem. The national endorse-ment and implementation of acommunity’s own vision of its futureis a major step towards decentral-ized management. With the antici-pated adoption of a stakeholder-driven park management plan, apark advisory committee will beformed consistent with Mexico’smarine protected area guidelines. An updated Xcalak CommunityTourism Strategy will bringstakeholders together to prioritizeactions for participation in marinepark implementation and tourismdevelopment. Better information for decisionmaking is beingsupported by the Costa MayaGeographic Information SystemProject.

The Chetumal Bay region is apriority site for ICM in Mexico;however, the coastal managementprocess is at the early stage ofbuilding capacity and raising

awareness. A 2001 symposium onscientific information on the bay isleading to preparation of a diagnosisof socioeconomic and governanceissues, which will feed into a bay-wide status and trends report.Increased outreach throughUQROO and an emerging ICMnetwork of nongovernmentalorganizations is building universityand community confidence andcapacity to engage and partner withgovernment and the private sectorin a multi-sector and multi-stakeholder bay planning effort.

Within the Gulf of California,the increased and conflicting use ofthe land, shore and coastal waters isputting ever-increasing pressure oncritical coastal resources. CRMP isworking with CIMEX to demon-strate the integrated management of a bay ecosystem. Bahía SantaMaría, located in Sinaloa state, isrecognized internationally as acritical wetland for migratory

Chetumal Bay in Quintana Roo, Mexico, is a priority site for coastal management in Mexico.


waterfowl. The Bahía Santa Maríainitiative addresses key issues offreshwater inflow, bay circulation,fisheries, tourism and mariculturedevelopment.

The Bahía Santa María manage-ment process is promoting theadoption of a single resourcemanagement plan shared by the two abutting municipalities, andcreation of a trust fund for bayconservation and developmentsupervised by a formally establishedCommittee for Conservation andDevelopment. Early implementationactions are focusing on projects thatcombine capacity building, comm-unity improvement and economicreturn in coastal villages, includingactions directed at the managementof village solid waste, and oysterculture and shrimp processingwaste.

Critical to the sustainablemanagement of Bahía Santa Maríawill be the active involvement of thebay’s fishing, mariculture, tourismand agriculture sectors. Workingwith shrimp farm cooperatives and

industry groups, good practicecodes of conduct and operationalguidelines for the Sinaloa shrimpindustry are being promoted. Thestate of Sinaloa is also moving aheadwith preparation of an environ-mental master plan for the entirecoast, which provides an oppor-tunity to incorporate key strategieswithin a larger context.

In 2001, the Government ofMexico announced a project tocreate a network of 24 tourism-oriented marinas, an Escalera Nautica (Nautical Stairway), alongthe Pacific Ocean and Gulf ofCalifornia coasts. This action hasgalvanized regional attention andconcern on conservation anddevelopment priorities, and theneed for a regional approach todecisionmaking on issues of gulf-wide concern. Linked to this, an overall strategy will be developed by CRMP and regional partners in2002 to advance the use of bestpractices for coastal marina tourism in target areas.

A gender equityand environmentalworkshopimplemented bylocal partners inthe state of Sinaloaattracted womenfrom a wide rangeof professions,includingcommunity leadersfrom the villagessurrounding BahíaSanta María.


Tanzania’s 800 kilometers ofcoast is of critical importanceto the development of the

country. It contributes one-third ofthe national economy, houses 75percent of the country’s industry, isthe location of the largest urbancenters, and supports a quarter ofthe country’s population. This is apopulation that is growing rapidlyand inhabits a coast with highbiodiversity and productivity. Theconcentration of people and econ-omic opportunity poses a real threatto the ecosystem services that are soimportant. The challenge is tobalance the conservation and sus-tainable use of the resource base onwhich the rural coastal economydepends, while developing new

economic opportunities in a waythat benefits the people of the coastand the nation as a whole.

Tanzania is a leader in bothregional policy development andfield application of integrated coastalmanagement (ICM). Over the last20 years, Tanzania has built a strongfoundation for coastal management.Interest and capacity in marinescience was built through a long-term bi-lateral program withSweden. A mandate for coastal andmarine management in the regionand an agenda of priority actionswas framed through a series ofregional and national MinisterialConferences known as the ArushaProcess. When the CoastalResources Management Program

TANZANIAC o u n t r y P r o g r a m s

The Tanzania coast, such as this site in Kilwa, is high in biodiversity and productivity. However,the rapidly increasing population poses threats to the region's valuable ecosystem services.


(CRMP) began in 1997, there werea number of site-based programsdemonstrating how ICM principlesand processes can effectively addresscoastal problems and opportunitiesin specific locations. What waslacking was an enabling frameworkof policy and interagency collab-oration at the national level. TheNational Environment ManagementCouncil (NEMC) in the VicePresident’s Office joined forces with CRMP to create the TanzaniaCoastal Management Partnership(TCMP), in order to establish theurgently-needed national frameworkfor coastal management.

A National Coastal Manage-ment Strategy for Tanzania

Through a highly participatory,two-year process, a National CoastalStrategy was developed. Key steps inthe process included the develop-ment of a Green Paper that presents

arguments on the need for andrecommended scope of a nationalcoastal program, as well as optionsas to how to implement andinstitutionalize the program. A seriesof working papers produced by theTCMP provided technical input tothe Tanzania strategy. The NationalCoastal Strategy, which now awaitsformal adoption by the TanzanianCabinet, sets forth an action plan forhow Tanzania will achieve its goal:“To preserve, protect and developthe natural resources of Tanzania’scoast to ensure food security andsupport poverty alleviation andeconomic growth.” Central toachieving this goal are fourstrategies:w Enabling and supportinglocal management initiatives.The TCMP is building from thelessons of the Tanga Coastal ZoneConservation Development

Strong and broad support from key sectoral agencies has been essential to Tanzania's NationalCoastal Strategy formulation process.


Programme to prepare guidelinesfor district ICM action planning.Three pilot districts—Bagamoyo,Pangani and Mkuranga—are spear-heading the implementation of thisessential aspect of the nationalstrategy. w Facilitating formulation,adoption and implementationof guidelines for emergingeconomic activities.When theTCMP was launched, thedevelopment of an integratedapproach to the siting and devel-opment of mariculture projects wasa high priority for all stakeholders.The preparation of a MaricultureInvestor’s Guide and a MaricultureGuidelines Source Book became earlyexamples for how the Tanzaniaprogram will approach major coastaldevelopment activities. Both wereprepared through an intersectoralworking group, then adopted by the10 government agencies involved in

permitting this activity. Coastaltourism is the next sustainabledevelopment issue being tackled bythe TCMP. A Coastal TourismSituation Analysis was presented toDistrict Executive Directors in2001. Development guidelines,similar to those for district actionplanning and mariculture, are nowbeing developed. w Building a broad, enthusi-astic and capable constituency.Building a constituency andenhancing national capacity for theprogram has been key—withingovernment, among other coastalprojects and, most importantly, withthe people of the coast. All of thecoastal programs are learning fromone another, and sharing expertise,information and ideas. Thepartnership’s work is regularlyfeatured in the media. The TCMPvideo, Voices from the Coast, featurescoastal residents and community

Women harvesting seaweed along the Tanzania coast. Mariculture is a primary focus foreconomic improvement in the country, and CRMP has been assisting by creating guidelines forinvestors and government.


leaders discussing in their ownwords the problems and challengesthey face in striving for successful,locally-beneficial coastalmanagement initiatives. At thegrassroots level, over 50,000 peopletook part in the Coastal Environ-mental Awards Scheme. Thisprogram involved people fromschools, government institutions,civic groups and the general publicin eight coastal districts whocompeted for prizes, raised aware-ness and promoted environmentally-sound activities. The program is inits third year and is implementedwith assistance from GreenCOM.w Building a scientificfoundation to inform themanagement process. TheTanzania coastal program is beingbuilt on a strong foundation ofreliable knowledge. The Scientificand Technical Working Group hasbeen charged with linking science tomanagement. The Tanzania State ofthe Coast report was released in

2001. It is the first of its kind in EastAfrica, and combines the knowledgeof the nations’ scientists, itsgovernment, and the people of thecoast to present a shared view of thenation’s coastal situation. It is ashared platform from which to bothmeasure change and informmanagement actions.

In the long term, the TCMP’sprimary aim is to develop thehuman and institutional capacity tosustain ICM in Tanzania. Afteradopting an ICM strategy, the TCMPwill be transitioned into a nationalCoastal Management Office. Thestructures for implementationwithin the government system willbe established and formalized. Thesewill include national and districtICM committees and workinggroups. Building human and institu-tional capacity for these newlyestablished ICM structures will be a priority for ensuring future, long-term success.

Over 50,000people took partin the CoastalEnvironmentalAwards Scheme.Schools, civicgroups,governmentorganizations and individualscompeted forprizes whileraising publicawareness ofcoastal issues.


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