A World in Crisis

Causes of WWICauses of WWI•M A I NM A I N

–Militarism (build up)Militarism (build up)–Alliances (entente cordiale)Alliances (entente cordiale)–ImperialismImperialism–Nationalism – feeling of Nationalism – feeling of intense pride of one’s intense pride of one’s homelandhomeland

Self-DeterminationSelf-Determination

•Ideas that people who Ideas that people who belong to a nation should belong to a nation should have their own countryhave their own country

•Lots of ethnic “tension” Lots of ethnic “tension” throughout Europethroughout Europe

The Triple Entente

(Allied Forces)•Britain•France•Russia

Alliance

s

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance(Central Powers)(Central Powers)•Germany Germany •ItalyItaly•Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire

Alliance

s

British v. British v. GermansGermansOrTommies

v. Huns

Germa

ns

English

Kaiser Wilhelm

IIGerman Emperor(leader of Germany)

ArchdukArchduke e Franz Franz FerdinanFerdinan

d d

heir to the heir to the Austro-Austro-

Hungarian Hungarian thronethrone

““Spark Spark that that

started started WWI”WWI”

AssassinaAssassinatedted

WWI Begins in Europe

The “Spark” that starts the war• Black Hands – Serbian terrorist group

• Gavrilo Princip – assassinates Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia – Soviet Union (Russia) – Germany – Belgium – France – England - - - - - other countries will follow

Germany and her AlliesBritain

and her Allies

Joined war on

Germany’s side

Joined war on

Britain’s side

PresidePresident nt

WoodroWoodrow w

WilsonWilson#28#28

Wilson Becomes President

1912 then 1916Vows to keep US

out of the war

U.S. Neutrality U.S. Neutrality (Isolationism)(Isolationism)

• Why???Why???– Lots of German immigrantsLots of German immigrants– Europe is far away (not our fight)Europe is far away (not our fight)– Sympathize with BritainSympathize with Britain– Reports of German atrocities Reports of German atrocities

(invasion of Belgium – cutting (invasion of Belgium – cutting hands and feet off of little babies to hands and feet off of little babies to get information)get information)

– Trade – war materials and food Trade – war materials and food (good for the economy)(good for the economy)

German U-Boat German U-Boat (submarine)(submarine)

German U-Boat on the ProwlGerman U-Boat on the Prowl

Germany begins

unrestricted submarine

warfare 1916 - 1917

Cramped Quarter aboard Cramped Quarter aboard U-BoatU-Boat

Tensions are Tensions are rising !!!rising !!!•Germany warns U.S. citizens Germany warns U.S. citizens

not to travel to Europenot to travel to Europe

Kptlt. Walther Kptlt. Walther Schwieger Schwieger German German U-boat U-boat commander commander who ordered who ordered the sinking of the sinking of the the LusitaniaLusitania

Schwieger’ diary Schwieger’ diary entry:entry:

•"It looks as if the ship will "It looks as if the ship will stay afloat only for a very stay afloat only for a very short time. I couldn't short time. I couldn't have fired another torpedo have fired another torpedo into this mass of humans into this mass of humans desperately trying to save desperately trying to save themselves".themselves".

LusitaniaLusitania•May 1915 – May 1915 – •Killed 1198Killed 1198

– Americans – 128Americans – 128

•Wilson demands that Germany Wilson demands that Germany NOT continue such attacks – NOT continue such attacks –

•Germany agrees – then sinks an Germany agrees – then sinks an unarmed French steamer unarmed French steamer The The SussexSussex (4 American passengers) (4 American passengers)

Tensions are Tensions are rising !!!rising !!!

Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge – Germany – Germany promises not to attack promises not to attack unarmed ships – promises unarmed ships – promises WilsonWilson

•Germany warns U.S. citizens Germany warns U.S. citizens not to travel to Europenot to travel to Europe

The fighting continues in The fighting continues in EuropeEurope

• The war began in June 1914The war began in June 1914• New type of warfare – machine New type of warfare – machine

guns – heavy artilleryguns – heavy artillery

• 440 miles of trenches built from 440 miles of trenches built from the Belgian coast to the Swiss the Belgian coast to the Swiss border – fighting goes back and border – fighting goes back and forthforth

***TRENCH WARFARE

Trench Warfare

Mud in the Trenches

Zimmerman Zimmerman Telegram Telegram InterceptedIntercepted

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

From the Ambassador of Germany From the Ambassador of Germany to the leader of Mexicoto the leader of Mexico

Encourages Mexico to go to war Encourages Mexico to go to war with the United Stateswith the United States

Outrage !!!!!Outrage !!!!!

Coded Messa

ge

AND HERE’S YOUR AND HERE’S YOUR “MISSION”… “MISSION”… Your mission, and you cannot refuse toYour mission, and you cannot refuse to

choose it, is to decode an importantchoose it, is to decode an important

message intercepted from the message intercepted from the

Germans.Germans.

The security of our nation depends onThe security of our nation depends on

YOU. This message will not selfYOU. This message will not self

destruct, and neither will you as youdestruct, and neither will you as you

struggle with your attempt to decodestruggle with your attempt to decode

the message. Good Luck!the message. Good Luck!

Decoded

Message

Isolationists

Interventionists

Wilson is turning Wilson is turning from Isolationism from Isolationism

to Interventionto InterventionPlan for a League of Nations Plan for a League of Nations (led by US)(led by US)

Humanitarian need – not Humanitarian need – not imperialismimperialism

(Why?? What kind of (Why?? What kind of diplomacy??)diplomacy??)

U.S. getting mad!!!!U.S. getting mad!!!!

•German atrocities (Belgium German atrocities (Belgium babies)babies)

•Sinking of U.S. ships by Sinking of U.S. ships by u-boatsu-boats•Sinking of Sinking of LusitaniaLusitania•Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram•And then - - - - even after they And then - - - - even after they

promised - - - (remember the promised - - - (remember the SussexSussex PledgePledge?)?)

German Submarines Torpedo Three more

American Ships

Now, I’m

mad!

War Comes to the U.S.

America Declares War on Central Powers

April 6, 1917

British Fleet

German Battleship

U.S. Destroyers Head for Europe

Convoy

System

What about the U-boats????

US Strategy for dealing with the

U-Boats

Bolshevik Bolshevik RevolutionRevolution

Led by Vladimir Lenin19

17

Czar Czar Nicholas IINicholas II

removed removed from from thronethrone

Russians Withdraw

Killed in WWI – 1,700,000

Wounded – 4,950,000

Prisoners/Missing – 2,500,000

Heavy Fighting on

the Western

Front

Wilson Lobbies for National

Draft

Selective ServiceSelective Service

►Selective Service Act of Selective Service Act of 19171917Establishes the draft for Establishes the draft for Armed ServicesArmed Services

All men 18 years old must All men 18 years old must register for the draftregister for the draft

Troops led by

General John J. “Black Jack”

Pershing

General John General John “Blackjack” Pershing“Blackjack” Pershing

Would not agree to be a part of the Would not agree to be a part of the English or French forces – Americans English or French forces – Americans fight with Americans!!!fight with Americans!!!

Did not believe in advance/retreat – Did not believe in advance/retreat – advance, advance, advanceadvance, advance, advance

Soldiers were called – “DoughboysSoldiers were called – “Doughboys””

AEF – American AEF – American Expeditionary ForcesExpeditionary Forces 2 million men – independent 2 million men – independent

forceforce Last grand assault – Meuse Last grand assault – Meuse

Argonne Offensive – Sep 1918Argonne Offensive – Sep 1918 1.8 million 1.8 million Americans don’t Americans don’t

stopstop Ends WWIEnds WWI

New Battle Tactics

Chemicals/Gas

Tanks

Airplanes

Machine Guns

French Gas Attack on German Lines

Howitzer (Big Bertha)Flame-throwerTrench warfare

The fighting continues

440 miles of trenches built from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border – fighting goes back and forth

***TRENCH WARFARE

Trench warfare

No Man’s Land

Diagram Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Mud in the Trenches

Trench Warfare – New Weapons

WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE WHEN THE

WAR BEGINS ?????

WHAT WILL IT LOOK LIKE AFTER THE WAR

IS OVER ??????

MAPS – MAPS - MAPS

Maps – Maps – Maps Historical Atlas – 85

Atlas of American History – 50

Your text – 451, 466

Germany and her AlliesBritain

and her Allies

Joined war on

Germany’s side

Joined war on

Britain’s side

Noteworthy Noteworthy BattlesBattles►Battle of LorraineBattle of Lorraine

►Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne ►Battle of TannenbergBattle of Tannenberg ►Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun ►Battle of GallipoliBattle of Gallipoli ►Battle of SommeBattle of Somme

German Cemetery near Bethune

Aftermath at the Battle of Somme

German Remains at Verdun

Look Familiar?

Allies Push Germans

Back Across Their Borders

AlliesMilitary deaths - 5,712,379Civilian deaths - 3,694,757Total wounded - 12,809,280 Central Powers

Military deaths –

4,010,241

Civilian deaths -

3,143,304

Total wounded –

8,419,533

TOTAL FOR WORLD WAR IMilitary deaths – 9,722,620Civilian deaths - 6,841,248Total wounded – 21,228,813TOTAL U.S.WORLD

WAR IMilitary deaths –

116,708Total wounded –

205,690

We Quit!

Germany

asks for

Armistice

War EndsNovember 11,

1918

War Comes to an End

War is Expen$iveWar is Expen$ive

$32 Million in 1915

$457.3 Million in 2003

How to Finance a war???How to Finance a war???

•Liberty Bonds – big push to Liberty Bonds – big push to purchase – very patrioticpurchase – very patriotic

•Victory Gardens – grow Victory Gardens – grow vegetables for your family so vegetables for your family so there will be more for the there will be more for the troopstroops

•Income Tax – Income Tax –

(what Amendment???)(what Amendment???)

Liberty Bonds – Taxes – Liberty Bonds – Taxes – Daylight SavingsDaylight Savings

Liberty

BondPoste

r

VICTORY

GARDENS

Women do a “man’s”

job

Women War Workers

Propaganda Propaganda CampaignCampaign•Espionage Act 1917Espionage Act 1917

•Sabotage Act 1918Sabotage Act 1918•Sedition Act 1918Sedition Act 1918

Acts make it illegal to express publicly any opposition to the war, the military and the president – Illegal to interfere with the draft

Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States• Claim – violation of 1Claim – violation of 1stst

Amendment (Free Speech) Amendment (Free Speech) Espionage, Sabotage, Sedition Espionage, Sabotage, Sedition ActsActs

• Court – Freedom of speech can Court – Freedom of speech can be curtailed (suspended) during be curtailed (suspended) during times of war - - - Rights can be times of war - - - Rights can be taken away when there is a taken away when there is a ““Clear and present danger”Clear and present danger”

American Protective American Protective LeagueLeague

• ““Vigilantes” – formed to Vigilantes” – formed to “discipline” those who “discipline” those who challenged the warchallenged the war

• 250,000 members “agents” – 250,000 members “agents” – spied on neighbors, opened spied on neighbors, opened mail, tapped phonesmail, tapped phones

• Victims – immigrants (especially Victims – immigrants (especially Irish, Germans, and Jews)Irish, Germans, and Jews)

EliminatEliminate e All All

Things Things GermanGerman

Hamburger becomes Liberty SausageSauerkraut becomes Liberty Cabbage

German books and music

banned

Wilson’sWilson’s14 Points14 Points

Fourteen Fourteen PointsPoints

•New nations & boundaries

•Five general principles•Establish League of Nations

3 main categories

New Nations & New Nations & BoundariesBoundaries

•Self-determination Self-determination (remember?)(remember?)–New countries replace New countries replace Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire

–Ethnic divisionEthnic division

Five General Five General PrinciplesPrinciples

1.1.Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas

2.2.No secret treaties No secret treaties

3.3.Reduction of military armsReduction of military arms

4.4.Free trade between Free trade between countriescountries

5.5.Mediate colonial claimsMediate colonial claims

League of League of NationsNations

Wilson sees U.S. as World Peace-

keeper

Wilson Wilson Gets Hero’s Gets Hero’s Welcome Welcome in Parisin Paris

The Big The Big FourFour•David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George

•George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau

•Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

•Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

England

France

Italy

U.S.

The Big Four

Palace at Versailles

Versailles TreatyWilson’s 14 points greatly modified

– BUT approval for a League of Nations

Germany must -

•admit guilt for WWI

•Return territory to France (Alsace-Lorraine_

•Surrender overseas colonies

•Pay $32 billion in reparations

•No airforce/navy – only 100,000 in army

Kaiser Kaiser WilhelWilhel

mmEst er verlor dabei,

Wilhelm.

Wilhelm is a

loser.

Wilhelm II

Abdicates and goes to

the Netherlands

Weimar Republic Replaces

Monarchy

Weimar Rules from End of WWI

until Hitler Takes Over

Wilson Seeks Wilson Seeks Senate Approval Senate Approval

for Treaty of for Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Senate Says NO1 time2 times3 times4 times!!!

Wilson Takes Wilson Takes His Case His Case PublicPublic

Wilson Collapses Wilson Collapses While on TourWhile on Tour

Wilson’s Last Days

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Remains Unsigned Remains Unsigned

by U.S.by U.S.

Economy BoomsEconomy Booms Immediately Immediately After the WarAfter the War

But Not For But Not For LongLong

Recession Recession HitsHits•15% Inflation15% Inflation

•High pricesHigh priceslow low demanddemand

•Business bankruptciesBusiness bankruptcies•Farmers lose landFarmers lose land•Unemployment risesUnemployment rises

Mitchell

Palmer

The Palmer Raids

Palmer Raids Palmer Raids (Attorney General)(Attorney General) Suspect a revolution Suspect a revolution

(Communists - Bolsheveks)(Communists - Bolsheveks) Arrest many suspected Arrest many suspected

Communists and hold without Communists and hold without trialtrial

250 deported to Russia250 deported to Russia

Radicalism & InstabilityRadicalism & Instability

Labor Gains LostWorkers Go on StrikeIndustrial WarfareTerrorismFalse Arrests

The War Is Over The War Is Over And So Is And So Is This Unit Of StudyThis Unit Of Study

OK OK OKOK OK OK•YOU WILL NOW TAKE A WWI YOU WILL NOW TAKE A WWI

TEST BUT . . . . . . . TEST BUT . . . . . . .

•YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE YOUR NOTES AND USE YOUR YOUR NOTES AND USE YOUR TEAMMATES – YOU CAN TEAMMATES – YOU CAN CONSULT, BUT EVERYONE CONSULT, BUT EVERYONE WILL TURN IN A TESTWILL TURN IN A TEST

•YES . . . IT IS DUE TODAY – YES . . . IT IS DUE TODAY – 100 POINTS100 POINTS

Take out a piece of Take out a piece of paper!paper! There were many patriotic songs There were many patriotic songs

during WWI – one of the most famous during WWI – one of the most famous was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.

Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and civilians in times of crisis.and civilians in times of crisis.

InstructionsInstructions – Write a song about – Write a song about WWI (or if you want, about the WWI (or if you want, about the present war in Afghanistan)present war in Afghanistan)

Not a protest song – a patriotic songNot a protest song – a patriotic song Must be at least 12 linesMust be at least 12 lines

Take out a piece of paper!Take out a piece of paper! There were many patriotic songs during There were many patriotic songs during

WWI – one of the most famous was WWI – one of the most famous was George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.George M. Cohen’s “Over There”.

Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and Patriotic songs can inspire soldiers and civilians in times of crisis.civilians in times of crisis.

InstructionsInstructions – Write a song about WWI – Write a song about WWI (or if you want, about the present war in (or if you want, about the present war in Afghanistan)Afghanistan)

Not a protest song – a patriotic songNot a protest song – a patriotic song Must be at least 12 linesMust be at least 12 lines