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A2 Business Studies – External Influences
Economic opportunities and constraints
Implications for business strategy of macroeconomic variables
This area of the economic opportunities and constraints section of external influences will look at areas covered in AS but in more detail. The areas covered will be:
Interest rates Exchange rates Inflation Unemployment The business cycle The labour market
Implications for business strategy of changes in interest rates
Interest rates - the cost of borrowing money and the return for lending
Interest rates measure the opportunity cost, to both individuals and firms of spending money rather than saving it and receiving interest.
Interest rates are currently 0.5%
Monetary Policy
Changes in the rate of interest to help control the level of expenditure in the economy and therefore the level of inflation
The Monetary Policy Committee – (MPC) of the Bank of England sets interest rates in the interests of the UK economy
Effects of a fall in interest rates
1. Increase in demand for consumer goods
Saving money is less attractive as less interest received
Cost of goods brought on credit lower. Luxury goods which are income elastic may particularly grow in demand e.g.cars and holidays as people feel they can now afford it.
Variable-rate mortgage payments and loan repayments will fall, meaning homeowners have more discretionary income
2. Increase in demand for capital goods
It becomes cheaper to purchase expensive capital equipment on credit. Firms may therefore bring forward intended purchases and projects.
Links with investment appraisal. Discounting rates in NPV method are determined by interest rates.
3. Fall in export prices and rise in import prices
Fall in interest rates means a fall in value of the pound
Leads to a fall in export prices and a rise in import prices
Should result in increased demand for UK goods at home and abroad if the good/service is price elastic
Domestic goods are priced more competitively (cheaper) than foreign imports
Foreign exports are cheaper than goods sold abroad
4. Fall in costs and rise in profits
Highly geared firms will benefit from lower unit costs and lower break-even point
Firms will be able to reduce prices and be more competitive and receive higher demand
or receive higher profit margins from lower unit costs with same selling price
May need more staff therefore more wages which may also result in a labour shortage in the market
Effects of a rise in interest rates
Savings are more attractive so consumer spending falls
Demand for consumer goods bought on credit falls
People borrowing have less discretionary income
Investment in capital projects falls as harder to finance
Value of the pound rises = adverse effect on competitiveness on domestic firms
Overall costs will rise
Businesses have to be more efficient to remain competitive
A2 Business Studies – External Influences
Interest rates and Exchange rates
Starter (10 minutes)
What happens in the market if interest rates rise?
What happens in the market if interest rates fall?
Consider: Consumer spending Purchases on credit Discretionary income for mortgage holders Attractiveness of saving Demand of capital goods from firms Value of the pound
Interest rates rise
Consumer spending - falls
Purchases on credit - fall
Discretionary income for mortgage holders - falls
Attractiveness of saving - improves
Demand of capital goods from firms - falls
Value of the pound - increases
Consumer spending - increases
Purchases on credit - increase
Discretionary income for mortgage holders - increases
Attractiveness of saving - falls
Demand of capital goods from firms - increases
Value of the pound - decreases
Interest rates falls
Student Activity (20 minutes)
Complete worksheet on interest rates
Interest rates and their influence on exchange rates
Interest rate changes influence the demand for pounds sterling for foreign investment
High and low interest rates have the opposite impacts
High interest rates
Capital flows into the country to take advantage of greater benefits from saving.
Therefore demand for currency goes up which pushes the price up (exchange rate rises)
This will see export prices higher
E.G. £1 = $4 after interest rate increase rather than $2. A good sold in the US for £3 will be $12 rather than $6. More expensive = sales fall
Import prices are cheaper
E.G. $1 = £2 after increase in interest rather than £4 .A US product worth $2 will be £4 rather than £8 before rise.
Low interest rates
Attracts less investment capital from abroad
Demand for pounds sterling falls = price down (the exchange rate falls)
Export prices fall = sales rise in foreign markets
e.g. £1 = $1 rather than $2. If a good worth £2 sold in US it will be $2 rather than $4
Import prices sales fall as buyers attracted by cheaper domestic products.
e.g. £1 now worth $1.50 rather than $2.00 so a US good worth $6 will cost £4 rather than £3. Therefore less competitive.
Interest rates and exchange rates
See demonstration for details at:
http://www.bized.ac.uk/learn/economics/govpol/macropolicies/interest/exchange/interest_rate_4.htm
As interest rate goes up exchange rate goes up and exports are more expensive in foreign markets.
Student Activity (15 minutes)
An interest rate rise result in the exchange rate going from £1 = $2 to £1 = $4.
How will this impact on:
A US TV manufacturer selling its goods in the US and in the UK at $100.
A UK TV manufacturer selling its TV for £80
If interest rates drop and the exchange rate changes to £1 = $0.50. How will this impact on the two firms in both markets.