A2 Revision - 2 - Weeblythspedepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12315976/2012...A2 Revision - 2 • Based on previous questions, and • potential answers to those questions ©Subject

©Subject Support 2012

A2 Revision - 2

•  Based on previous questions, and •  potential answers to those questions


Revision topics – chosen by your teachers

9.  OBLA - Lactate threshold 10.  Impulse 11.  Characteristics of World Games 12.  Altitude training 13.  Deviance & drug taking 14.  Social facilitation - Zajonc's model and Baron's distraction - conflict

theory

15.  Motor unit recruitment - Spatial summation 16.  ATP-PC energy systems


Lactate threshold – Typical question

Elite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness. Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’. (3 marks) Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events.

(7 marks)


� During intense exercise of short duration

� Glycogen is used as energy source � Too much produced by

- excess is converted to � Can only last

4

Lactate Threshold/OBLA

5

Mitochondria

During high intensity exercise


6

Lactate threshold � When starts to in � Also known as

� Occurs because of lack of in at start of exercise = - and during high

intensity exercise -


7

Lactate tolerance

� How well performer copes with accumulation

� May depend on ability to acidity of accumulation � May depend on – �  Fitter performers can remove

quicker


8

Removal of lactate

� During component of � 65% converted to – into and for

resynthesis � 25% converted to pyruvate and then to in – � 10% converted to


Impulse – Typical question The acceleration that a performer receives when sprinting or high jumping is related to impulse. What do you understand by the term impulse, and how does the athlete use impulse during their sprint or take-off? (3 marks)


10

Impulse

�  � Measured during –

force platforms on track � Displayed as


11

time force

negative

positive


Impulse

�  Impulse is mainly concerned with single events –

�  Involves only � Two parts to a

•  – negative horizontal forces - positive horizontal forces

12


13

Typically

time force

negative

positive


14

Typically

time force

negative

positive


15

Typically

time force

negative

positive


World games – Typical question 'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK. Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the sport.

(5 marks)


World Games Single Sport

�  � 

� 

� 

Multi-sport �  � 

� 

� 

FIFA World Cup Heineken Cup (Rugby) World Hockey Champions Trophy

World Short-course swimming championships

Olympic Games

Paralympic Games

Commonwealth Games Pan-American Games


Characteristics of World games �  performers �  �  ‘ ’ for city/country �  � Large appeal � Requires major infrastructure –


Effects of World games - performers

� Highly to be the best � Test themselves against � Make most of abilities – �  �  � High � 


Effects of World games - performers

�  � Great �  Short � Requires � No


Effects of World games - Country

�  impact – seen as successful, part of national character

�  Social impact – � Economic impact – financial success –

� Can have negative impact -


Effect of World Games - Government

� Provide support – � May be used to demonstrate

�  Successful bid seen as achievement on world-wide scale


Why seek excellence?

Individual Society


Not all good news

� Elite sport for – requires substantial

� Loss of morality

� Physical and psychological damage from


Qualities required for elite performer/performance

Physical �  �  �  �  � 

Psychological �  �  �  �  �  � 


Altitude training – Typical question

Altitude training is used by some marathon runners as part of their physiological preparation. Discuss whether altitude training is always beneficial to marathon runners. (5 marks)


27

Altitude training

� To improve performance � Lack of at altitude � Body response – increased numbers of � Better transport on return to

sea level


28

Altitude training

� Problems of altitude training – unable to train as hard - ; travelling -

; change of location - ; rarefied atmosphere -

�  Solution – live at , train at


Deviancy – Typical Question Some sports have experienced violence, both on and off the field of play, involving both players and spectators. How does the law and sports legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests?

(3 marks) Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs.

(4 marks)


Deviancy in Sport

� Deviant behaviour – against societies

� Criminal deviant – � Morally deviant – against what is normally

accepted as ‘ ’ behaviour – varies within society subgroups


Deviancy in Sport

�  Intentional breaking of rules or of sport – has detrimental effect

� Cheating – � Accepting / illegal /

�  / � Breaks


Causes of deviancy

�  Individuals lacking �  Individuals valuing winning above possible or � Rewards to resist temptation �  Some deviant behaviour is becoming

� Punishment due to pressures or possible


Player violence

�  Spontaneous or planned Causes -


Controlling players

�  Support �  players � Use of / � Use with good discipline �  awards � Training for players – � Training for officials – dealing with


Leader’s responsibilities

�  Set �  �  offenders � Keep offenders away from � Avoid over- of certain individuals � Get players to arousal � Avoid attitude


Controlling Hooliganism

�  Segregation � Extra

� Ban � All �  Family


Drugs - Typical question ‘Elite sport performers should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs just like any other training aid.’ Discuss this statement (5 marks)


Why performers may use drugs

� Lack morality – � Assume everybody else is – �  with drugs � Unaware of drugs � Unaware of �  to achieve � Temptation to


Battle against drugs � Provide �  those proved to have used drugs � Educate young against � Ensure performers aware of if they take drugs � Ensure performers aware of what is/what is

not and what their are


Role of WADA � 2003 - World Anti-doping � Anti-doping �  Signatories include , all Olympic

sports and Governments � Promotes research into � Produces list of � Helps national bodies produce � Helps poorer nations


UK anti-drug Policy

� 2009 – new agency in charge - National Anti-Doping Organisation

�  provides list of athletes involved � Testing during and out of � Miss a test or give insufficient information

= ‘ ’ – 3 strikes in = ban


Stamp out drugs � Educate performers about � Make performers responsibilities clear and consequences of �  Increase number of no warning �  Increase punishment for proven � Use positive to encourage

young performers to not use drugs. � Continue to develop � Use the law - make taking of PEDs


Drug testing � Not same for all in UK � Performer notifies NADO of � Tester arrives � Urine �  Strict - � Not all drugs leave traces in �  If first sample positive –


Legalising Drugs in Sport

For Against


Social facilitation – Typical question

Explain the concept of ‘social facilitation’ and how it can affect performance. (7 marks)


46

Social facilitation

The effects of the presence of an on

Audience: •  primary spectators – •  secondary spectators – •  co-actors –


47

Zajonc

�  � Audience produces increase in �  Increase in arousal leads to increase in

performance of � Hence good/improved performance on

well-learned or � Negative effect/worse performance on

complex or

48

Increase in arousal

Increased probability of

Dominant response usually poor or

incorrect

Dominant response usually correct or well-

learned

Audience or coactors enhance performance

–

Audience or coactors impair performance –


49

Cotterell

� Different audiences can have effects

� Called � Evaluative audience - increases effect of

arousal


50

Baron’s Distraction-conflict theory

� Audience takes up capacity

�  Sufficient capacity for skills, but in tasks, audience affects and

increases and hence affects � Any limits processing �  capacity and increases


51

Implications of social facilitation

� Learn new skill in � Train/practice with � Learn to minimise effects of distractors –


Spatial summation – Typical question

All gymnastic events require controlled powerful movements. How can a performer vary the strength of muscular contractions to ensure that a skill is completed correctly?

(4 marks)


53

Motor Units

� Muscle = bundles of � Group of muscle fibres + motor neurone

= � Either or -twitch units � Different sizes of motor units:

larger unit - more units used - FT unit -


54

Control of strength

•  Motor units either contract or they do not contract at all –

•  More and/or bigger motor units will

produce more

•  Based on


ATP-PC system – Typical question

During the winter season, many elite athletes compete indoors. Sprinters compete over 60-metres. Explain how the majority of energy is produced during a 60-metre sprint. (4 marks)


56

ATP-PC system � During maximum effort �  Stored muscle is

broken down into � This releases � This energy may then be used to for muscle

contraction � Limited stores of PC in – hence

limited duration –

57

ATP-PC system

ATP

PC

Documents

A2 Revision - 2 - Weeblythspedepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12315976/2012...A2 Revision - 2 • Based on previous questions, and • potential answers to those questions ©Subject