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SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT
ON
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN
A2Z GROUP
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
COMPANYS GUIDE NAME FACULTY NAME
Anupam Pandey Dr. Monika Agrawal
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Masters Degree in BusinessAdministration from G.B. Technical University
BY
ASHUTOSH KUMAR DIXIT
MBA II YEAR
ROLL NO.: 1120370010
RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,
LUCKNOW
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DECLARATION
I, ASHUTOSH KUMAR DIXIT, hereby declare that I have carried out summer Training project
report on the topic entitled SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. I further declare that this
project is my original work and no part of this Project report has been published or submitted to
anybody or university Award of any other degree or diploma.
PLACE: LUCKNOW (ASHUTOSH KUMAR DIXIT)
DATE: MBA (3rd
Semester)
ROLL NO. -1120370010
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PREFACE
To bridge the gap between the theory and practical it essential for student to step out of the class
room and move around the corporate world .Classroom theory can pass on knowledge but
attitude and skill can be inherited from actual market exposure.This training had not only provided me the corporate exposure but has also equipped me with an
attitude and skill to become a successful leader.
And I have learned that how to handle the situation in any adverse time, this practical
programme has given me a very wonderful knowledge about publicity and public relation
strategies and market competition and I have came up with that idea how can we actually work
with perfection by publicity and public relation activities and giving it to a third party .
Other than the above mentioned things, this training has given me the exposure to deal with the
cut-throat competition which prevails in todays business environment among the various firms
and has also taught me how to figure out solutions for this adverse condition.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my boundless sense of gratitude to each and every person who
directly or indirectly helped me in completing this humble piece of work. During the course of my
training, I learnt that Understanding is one thing and Executing is another. I got the opportunity to
undergo training at RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
LUCKNOW. The practical training was very helpful as I got acquainted with various activities of
Management. This study also helped me to judge the difference between classroom studies and practical
reality of management in an organization.
I would like to convey my special thanks to Dr. Monika Agrawal (HOD, MBA Dept.) for helping in
this project and taking a keen interest in solving my every small problem, clearing all my doubts and
helping me to think, behave and act from managers point of view.
I am also thankful to my parents, classmates and friends who were in some or the other way
helpful to me in successfully completing this research study.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE TOPIC COMPANY PROFILE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Anything else youre interested in is not going to happen if you cant breathe the air and drink the water.
Dont sit this one out. Do something. You are by accident of fate alive at an absolutely critical moment in the
history of our planet.
- Carl Sagon
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as
useless or unwanted. Generation of solid waste is not a new phenomenon. It is as old as the human civilization. In
the early days, before the advent of the industrial revolution, the major constituents of wastes were domestic sewage
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and agricultural residues, which were biodegradable in nature. Since population was less and fallow land was in
plenty, solid wastes could be conveniently disposed off in the countryside either on open ground or were placed in
pits covered with layers of earth. Because of their biodegradable nature they used to get decomposed and assimilated
in the soil. However, with unparallel industrialization and consequent organization not only has the quantity of the
solid waste increased but its quality has also changed. Though rural wastes continue to be made up of domestic
wastes and agricultural residues mainly, waste from urban areas and the industrial units contains diverse types of
materials that include toxic and hazardous constituents. The discarded waste materials are often reusable and may be
considered as resource in another setting. Solid Waste Management is to manage the societys waste in a mannerthat meets public health and environmental concerns and the publics desire to reuse and recycle waste materials.
Solid Waste Management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, collection,
storage, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best
principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations.
The most commonly recognized methods for the final disposal of solid wastes are:
Dumping on land Dumping in water Plowing into the soil Incineration
Waste Generation
Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either
thrown away or gathered together for disposal. For example, the wrapping of a chocolate is usually considered to be
of little value to the owner once the chocolate is consumed and thrown away, especially outdoors. It is important in
waste generation to note that there is an identification step, which varies with each individual waste. The quantity of
solid waste generation depends upon factors such as standard of living, food habits and degree of commercial
activities and the quality of the waste also varies seasonally. According to the study carried out by the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) during 2000, in Class I cities, the solid waste generation was about 0.4
kg/capita/day. In other cities, the average solid waste generation was 0.2 kg/capita/day. The quantity of waste
generation is directly related to increase of urbanization. The present urban population of India is about 25% and is
estimated to go up to 60% in 2025. In India currently about 1,00,000 metric tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste isgenerated in a day!!!
WHAT IS SOLID WASTE
Solid wastes are unwanted materials disposed by mankind. Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian
garbage will undergo the following changes
Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent Plastic will rise from 4% to 6% Metal will escalate from 1% to 4% Glass will increase from 2% to 3% Paper will climb from 5% to 15% Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%
Source: Toxics Link, 2002
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WHAT IS LIQUID WASTE
Liquid waste means sludge resulting from, but not limited to, waste
treatment works, air pollution control facility, domestic, commercial,
mining, institutional, agricultural, or governmental operations; or
other waste materials, including materials to be recycled or otherwise
beneficially reused; or septic tank, grease trap, sediment trap, portable
toilet, or oil and grease separator pump-outs; or solvents, sewage,
industrial waste, hazardous waste, semisolid waste, or potentially
infectious waste; or any similar materials which would cause a
nuisance if discharged to the ground waters.
Liquid waste generator
means any person or entity whose act or process produces liquid waste, or who by the nature of its operations uses
materials in a process which would subsequently require disposal as a liquid waste .
Liquid waste transporters
means any person or entity which carries, conveys, bears or transports any liquid waste in any moving vehicleincluding but not limited to a car, truck, tank car, railroad car or other vehicle.
Prohibited Liquid Waste
There are a number of waste streams that due to their inherent nature or characteristics can adversely affect the
operation of a landfill site and therefore should be prohibited from landfill disposal. The following are recommended
as not being suitable for disposal to any type of landfill
Radioactive wastes Lead acid batteries Used oil
Explosive, flammable, oxidizing or corrosive substances
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TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Solid waste includes domestic wastes, municipal wastes, commercial wastes, garbage, rubbish, ashes, construction
and demolition wastes, industrial wastes, hazardous wastes, hospital
wastes and sewage.
Domestic wastes :These wastes are generated by household activitiessuch as cooking, cleaning, repairs, redecoration, empty containers,
packaging, clothing, old books, newspapers, old furnishings, etc.
Commercial wastes : Solid wastes generated in offices, wholesale
stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial
establishments. These are further classified into garbage and rubbish.
Institutional wastes : Wastes generated from institutions such as
schools, colleges, hospitals, research institutions. The waste includes
garbage, rubbish and hazardous wastes.
Municipal wastes :Wastes generated due to municipal activities and services such as street waste, deadanimals,
market waste and abandoned vehicles. Generally, the term is used in awider sense to incorporate domestic wastes, institutional wastes and
commercial wastes.
Garbage: It includes animal and vegetable wastes due to various
activities like storage, preparation and sale, cooking and serving.
These are biodegradable.
Ashes: Residues from the burning of wood, charcoal and coke for
cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small industries. Ashes
consist of a fine powdery residue, cinders and clinker often mixed
with small pieces of
metal and glass.
Rubbish :Apart from garbage and ashes, other solid wastes produced
in households, commercial establishments, and institutions are termed
as rubbish.
Bulky wastes: Bulky wastes are large household appliances such as
cookers, refrigerators and washing machines as well as furniture,
crates, vehicle parts, tyres, wood, trees and branches. The bulky
metallic wastes are sold
as scrap metal but some
portion is disposed as
sanitary landfills.
Street wastes: Street wastes include paper, cardboard, plastic, dirt,
dust, leaves and other vegetable matter collected from streets,
walkways, alleys, parks and vacant plots.
Dead animals :It includes animals that die naturally or accidentally
killed. It does not include carcass and animal parts from
slaughterhouses as these
are considered as
industrial wastes.
Construction and demolition wastes: India generates about 1012
million tonnes of waste annually. Major components of the
construction materials are cement, bricks, cement plaster, steel,rubble, stone, timber, plastic and iron pipes. About 50% of the wastes
are not currently recycled in India and 70 % of the construction
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Source and quantum of some major industrial wastes
Sl.No. NameQuantity (Million
tonnes per annum)Source
1 Steel and Blast Furnace 35.0 Conversion of steel
2 Brine mud 0.02 Caustic soda industry
3 Copper slag 0.0164By product from
smelting of copper
4 Fly ash 70.0Coal based thermal
power plants
5 Kiln dust 1.6 Cement plants
6 Lime sludge 3.0
Sugar, paper, fertilizer
tanneries, soda ash,
calcium carbide
industries
7 Mica scraper waste 0.005 Mica mining areas
8 Phosphogypsum 4.5Phosphoric acid plant,
Ammonium phosphate
9 Red mud / Bauxite 3.0
Mining and extraction
of alumina from
Bauxite
10 Coal washery dust 3.0 Coal mines
11 Iron tailing 11.25 Iron Ore
12 Lime stone wastes 50.0 Lime stone quarry
Source: Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, CPHEEO, New Delhi
Slaughter House Waste
India has the worlds largest population of livestock. According to the Ministry of Food Processing, a total of 3616 -
slaughter houses slaughter over 2 million cattle and buffaloes, 50 million sheep and goat, 1.5 million pigs and 150
million poultry annually, for domestic consumption as well as for export purposes. The waste generated here are
liquid and solid in nature. Slaughtering of animals generates waste consisting of non-edible organs, stomach
contents, dung, bones and sludge from waste water treatment. Central Pollution Control Board has brought out
Draft guidelines for sanitation in slaughter houses during August 1998.
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Slaughter house
typesWaste generated
Large 67 tonnes / day
Medium 26 tonnes / day
Small 0.51 tonnes / day
Hospital waste
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment
immunization of human beings or animals. It may include wastes like
sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures,
discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of
disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human
health if not managed in a scientific manner. It has been roughly
estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kgwould be infected.
Surveys carried out by various agencies show that health care
establishments in India are not giving due attention to their waste
management. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste
(Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste
segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either installed the treatment
facilities or in the process of doing so.
Bio-medical waste
Bio-medical waste means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which
is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research pertainingthereto or in the production or testing thereof.
Bio Medical waste consists of human anatomical waste like tissues, organs, body parts, animal wastes generated
during research, from veterinary hospitals, microbiology and biotechnology wastes, waste sharps, hypodermic
needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass, discarded medicines and cyto-toxic drugs, soiled waste, such as dressing,
bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated with blood, tubes, catheters, liquid waste from any of the infected
areas, incineration ash and other chemical wastes.
Several health hazards are associated with poor management of bio-medical wastes like injury from sharps to staff
and waste handlers associated with the health care establishments. Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) of patients due
to spread of infection. Occupational risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs, unauthorized repackaging and
sale of disposable items and unused/date expired drugs.
The Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling Rules), 1998 is applicable to all persons, who generate, collect,
receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle bio-medical waste in any form. The occupier of an institution
generating bio-medical waste is required to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any adverse
effect on human health and the environment.
Occupier in relation to any institution generating bio-medical waste, which includes the hospital, nursing home,
dispensary, clinic, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory, blood bank, means a person who has
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control over that institution or its premises.
Every occupier shall set up bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave and microwave system
to treat and dispose such waste.
For human anatomical waste (human tissues, organs, body parts) the recommended treatment isincineration or deep burial.
Wastes such as needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc., are required to undergo chemical treatment,autoclaving or shredding.
Solid waste items contaminated with blood and body fluids including cotton, dressing, soiled plaster casts,bedding and other materials are to be treated by incineration, autoclaving or microwaving.
Solid wastes generated from disposable items such as tubes, catheters, intravenous sets are to be disinfectedby chemical treatment or microwaving mutilation or shredding.
Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes and shall be segregated into containers or bags of different
colours like yellow, red, blue and black depending upon the type of waste. The untreated bio-medical waste should
not be stored in the premises beyond a period of 48 hours and shall be transported only in such vehicles authorized
for the purpose by the Government.
The environmental considerations must form an integral part of all development and be supplemented bymechanisms to see that environmental safeguards proposed are actually implemented together with systematic
monitoring to assess the effectiveness of such precautions in protecting the environment. It is proposed to appoint an
advisory committee constituting members from medical, heath care, veterinary, environment management,
municipality and other related departments to provide suitable advice.
Some common parasites and pathogens associated with solid waste
Organisms Time and Temperature for destruction
S. Typhosa
No growth beyond 46o C, death in 30 minutes at
55-60o and 20 minutes at 60o C, destroyed in a
short time in compost environment
Salmonella sp. In 1 hour at 55o C and in 15-20 minutes at 60o C.
Shigella sp. In 1 hour at 55o C.
E. Coli In 1 hour at 55o C. & in 15-20 minutes at 60o C.
E. histolytica cystsIn few minutes at 45o C. and in few seconds at
55o C.
Taenia saginata In a few minutes at 55o C.
Trichinella spiralis larvae Quickly killed at 55o C, instantly at 60o C.
Br. Abortus or Br. Suis In 3 minutes at 62-63o C and in 1 hour at 55o C.
Micrococcus pyogenes var.
aureusIn 10 minutes at 54o C.
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Streptococus pyogenes In 10 minutes at 54o C.
Mycobactercum tuberculosis
var. hominis
In 15-20 minutes at 66o C. or after momentary
heating at 67o C.
Corynebacterium diptheriae In 45 minutes at 55o C.
Necatoramericanus In 50 minutes at 45o C.
A. lumbricoides eggs In 1 hour at 50o C.
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PLASTICS
Plastic, with its exclusive qualities of being light yet strong and
economical, has invaded every aspect of our day-to-day life. It has
many advantages: it is durable, light, easy to mould and can be
adapted to different user requirements. Once hailed as a wonder
material, plastic is now a serious worldwide environmental and health
concern, essentially due to its non- biodegradable nature. More than
50% of the plastic waste generated in the country is recycled and used
in the manufacture of various plastic products.
Dioxin is a highly carcinogenic and toxic by-product of the
manufacturing process of plastics. Burning of plastics, especially
PVC, releases this dioxin and also furan into the atmosphere.
Plastics are so versatile in use that their impact on the environment is
extremely wide ranging. Careless disposal of plastic bags chokes
drains, blocks the porosity of the soil and causes problems for
groundwater recharge. Plastic disturbs the soil microbial activity.Plastic bags can also contaminate foodstuffs due to leaching of toxic
dyes and transfer of pathogens. In fact, a major portion of the plastic
bags i.e. approximately 60-80% of the plastic waste generated in India
is collected and segregated for recycling. 20 - 40% remains strewn on
the ground, littered around in open drains.
Designing eco-friendly, biodegradable plastics are the need of the
hour. Though partially biodegradable plastics have been developed
and used, completely biodegradable plastics based on renewable starch rather than petrochemicals have only
recently been developed and are in the early stages of commercialization. The incentives provided for this is not
adequate. For example it is both easy and economical to deliver milk in plastic bags rather than in bottles.
Household
Carry bags Pet bottles Containers Trash bags
Health and Medicare
Disposable syringes Glucose bottles Blood and uro bags Intravenous tubes Catheters Surgical gloves
Hotel and Catering
Packaging items
Mineral water bottles Plastic plates, cups, spoons
Air/Rail Travel
Mineral water bottles
Plastic plates, cups, spoons Plastic bags
Source of generation of waste plastics
Problems of solid wastes
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Consumption, linked to per capita income, has a strong relationship
with waste generation. As per capita income rises, more savings are
spent on goods and services, especially when the transition is from a
low income to a middle-income level. India will probably see a rise in
waste generation from less than 40,000 metric tonnes per year to over
125,000 metric tones by the year 2030.
In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million
tonnes of solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tonnes. More
than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at all; 70% of
the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and there are no
sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existing landfills not
lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and
groundwater.
Garbage Four broad categories
Organic
wastekitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Toxic wasteold medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish
Soiled hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Recyclable paper, glass, metals, and plastics
Generation of Municipal Solid Waste
Composition Percentage
Biodegradable 52%
Metal scrap, Rubber,
textiles, etc11%
Stones and Rubber 8%
Sand 23%
Plastics 10%
Paper products 5%
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Municipal Solid Wastes
Municipal solid waste includes commercial and domestic wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either
solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.
Collection of municipal solid wastes
Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities, towns and in urban areas notified by the State
Governments. To prohibit littering and facilitate compliance, the following steps shall be taken by the municipal
authority, namely
1. Organizing house-to-house collection of municipal solid wastes through any of the methods, likecommunity bin collection (central bin), house-to-house collection, collection on regular pre-informed
timings and scheduling by using musical bell of the vehicle.2. Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter areas or localities including hotels, restaurants, office
complexes and commercial areas.3. Wastes from slaughterhouses, meat and fish markets, fruits and vegetable markets, which are biodegradable
in nature, shall be managed to make use of such wastes.
4. Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed with municipal solid wastes and such wastesshall follow the rules separately specified for the purpose.5. Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-driven carts
or other small vehicles.
6. Construction or demolition wastes or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off following propernorms. Similarly, wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in accordance with the State laws.
7. Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt.8. Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste storage facilities or at any other place in the city
or town.
Generation of Municipal solid waste in various countries
Country
Urban MSW Generation
(kg/capita/day)
In 1995 In 2025
Japan 1.47 1.30
Singapore 1.10 1.10
Hong
Kong5.07 4.50
Korea 1.59 1.40
Malaysia 0.81 1.40
Thailand 1.10 1.15
Philippines 0.52 0.80
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Indonesia 0.76 1.00
Sri Lanka 0.89 1.00
China 0.79 0.90
India 0.46 0.70
Mangolia 0.60 0.90
Vietnam 0.55 0.70
Myanmar 0.45 0.60
Bangladesh 0.49 0.60
Nepal 0.50 0.60
Source: Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Govt. of India, 2000
Various problems are faced due to solid wastes disposal. Dumping of solid wastes in the open could create aesthetic
problems as the beauty of a place is destroyed. The garbage forms a source of food for rats, flies, mosquitoes and the
like. Hence typhoid, plague, dysentery, diarrhoea epidemics could occur. Toxic hazardous substances in the wastes
would be harmful to human and animal health. The plastics if eaten by cows could be fatal. Solid wastes could also
pollute water and their burning could lead to air pollution.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE LAW
Laws concerning solid waste are passed to improve the solid waste management and to regulate the disposal
activity, which causes problems in public health, the environment and economics. Many laws apply to the control of
solid waste management problems.
Acts, Rules and Notification regarding Solid Waste Management in Inida
Law of Torts Indian Penal Code, 1860 Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Constitution of India, 1950 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Environment Protection Act, 1986 Hazardous waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 Bio-medical wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998. Recycled plastics (Manufacture and Usage) Rules, 1999 Municipal Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
The right to live in a clean and healthy environment is not only a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of
our Constitution but also a right recognized and enforced by the courts of law under different laws, like Law of
Torts, Indian Penal Code, 1860 Civil Procedure Code, 1908 and Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. The Constitution
of India, 1950 the earliest legislation and which is the supreme law of the land has imposed a fundamentalduty on every citizen of India under Article 51-A(g) to protect and improve the environment. The obligation
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on the State to protect the environment is expressed under Article 48 A. The right to live in a healthy environment is
also a basic human right. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 has declared under Article 3 that
everyone has the right to life and under Article 25 that everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for
health and well being of himself and of his family.
At the national policy level, the ministry of environment and forests has legislated the Municipal Waste
Management and Handling Rules 2000 in exercise of the power conferred under sections 3, 6 and 25 of the
Environment Protection Act, 1986. These rules shall apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection,
segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
Composting of wastes is a legal requirement provided under the Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) Rules
2000 for all municipal bodies in the country. The MSW Rules 2000 requires that biodegradable wastes shall be
processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for
the stabilization of wastes. The specified deadline for setting up of waste processing and disposa l facilities was 31
December 2003 or earlier.
Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation
of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
The Central Government, to perform its functions effectively as contemplated under sections 6, 8, and 25 of the
Environment Protection Act, 1986, and has made various Rules, Notifications and Orders including the Bio-medical
wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998.
Recycled plastics (Manufacture and Usage) Rules, 1999
Prohibit the usage of carry bags or containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing orpackaging of foodstuffs.
Prescribe that the minimum thickness of carry bags made of recycled plastics shall not be less than 20microns.
Directs the manufacturers of carry bags that the carry bags and containers shall be in natural shape or whitein colour.
Stipulate that recycling of plastics shall be undertaken strictly in accordance with the standards prescribedby the Bureau of Indian Standards. The manufacturers of recycled plastics carry bags shall mark their
products as recycled.
This notification also provides that the Plastics Industries Association through member units shall undertake self-
regulatory measures. The State Pollution Control Board exercise powers to implement and control the above rules .
What is the responsibility of the State Government and the Union territory?
The Secretary-in charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or the Unionterritory, as the case may be, shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of
these rules in the metropolitan cities.
The District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district shall have the overallresponsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules within the territorial limits of theirjurisdiction.
Preliminary surveys on municipalities preparedness in implementing the MSW Rules 2000 show that the majority
of the cities including Tamilnadu have embarked on city-wide implementation of door-to-door collection of waste,
source segregation, composting of organics, recycling and creating engineered and safe landfill sites for residual
waste disposal. The municipalities were given three years time to make such preparations.
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What is the responsibility of the citizens of India?
There is a constitutional obligation under Article 51A(g) to protect the environment. The question before us is
whether we as citizens of India have fulfilled our part of the obligation?
In Platos words, We are still like cave men, with our backs turned to the light, watching the shadows on the
wall.
Segregation of municipal solid waste
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize awareness programmes for segregation of
wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased
programme to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, the municipal authorities shall
arrange regular meetings at quarterly intervals with representatives of local resident welfare associations and non-
governmental organizations.
Storage of municipal solid wastes
Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner, as they do not create
unhygienic and unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall be taken into account while establishing andmaintaining storage facilities, namely:
Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account quantities of waste generation in agiven area and the population densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is accessible to users.
Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall be so designed that wastesstored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly.
Storage facilities or bins shall have easy to operate design forhandling, transfer and transportation ofwaste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable
wastes shall be painted white and those for storage of other wastes shall be painted black.
Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out
under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
Processing of municipal solid wastes
Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so
as to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted, namely
The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or anyother appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes.
Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling. Incineration with or without
energy recovery can also be used for processing wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a
facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get
the standards laid down before applying for grant of authorization.
Disposal of municipal solid wastes
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for
recycling or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities
as well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities. Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided
unless the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till installation of
alternate facilities, land filling shall be done following proper norms.
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Application of some important industrial wastes
S.No. Waste Areas of application
1 Fly ash
Cement Raw material in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) manufacture Manufacture of oil well cement Making sintered fly ash light-weight aggregates Cement / silicate bonded fly ash/clay binding bricks and insulating bricks Cellular concrete bricks and blocks, lime and cement fly ash concrete Precast fly ash concrete building units Structural fill for roads, construction on sites, land reclamation, etc. As filler in mines, in bituminous concrete As plasticiser As water reducer in concrete and sulphate resisting concrete
2Blast Furnace
Slags
Manufacture of slag cement, super sulphated cement, metallurgicalcement
Non-portland cement Making expansive cement, oil well, coloured cement and high early-
strength cement In refractory and in ceramic as sital As a structural fill (air-cooled slag) As aggregate in concrete
3
Ferro-alloy &
other metallurgical
slags
As structural fill In making pozzolona metallurgical cement
4By product
gypsum
In making of gypsum plaster, plaster boards and slotted tiles As set controller in the manufacture of portland cement In the manufacture of expensive or non-shrinking cement, super
sulphated and anhydrite cement As mineraliser Simultaneous manufacture of cement and sulphuric acid
5
Lime sludge
(phos-phochalk
paper and
sugar sludges)
As a sweetener for lime in cement manufacture Manufacture of lime pozzolana bricks / binders For recycling in parent industry Manufacture of building lime Manufacture of masonry cement
6 Chromium sludge As a raw material component in cement manufacture Manufacture of coloured cement as a chromiumbearing material
7 Red mud
As a corrective material As a binder Making construction blocks As a cellular concrete additive Coloured composition for concrete Making heavy clay products and red mud bricks In the formation of aggregate In making floor and all tiles Red mud polymer door
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Waste Management at source
Source of waste
generationAction to be taken
Household
Not to throw any solid waste in the neighbourhood, on the streets, openspaces, and vacant lands, into the drains or water bodies
Keep food waste/biodegradable waste in a non corrosive container with acover (lid)
Keep dry, recyclable waste in a bin or bag or a sack Keep domestic hazardous waste if and when generated separately for
disposal at specially notified locations
Multi-storeyed buildings
commercial complexes
private societies
Provide separate community bin or bins large enough to holdfood/biodegradable waste and recyclable waste generated in the building or
society. Direct the members of the association to deposit their waste in community
bin
Slums Use community bins provided by local body for deposition of food and
biodegradable waste
Shops, offices,
institutions, etc
If situated in a commercial complex, deposit the waste in bins provided bythe association
Hotels & restaurants
The container used should be strong, not more than 100 litre in size, shouldhave a handle on the top or handles on the sides and a rim at the bottom for
easy handling
Vegetable & Fruit
Markets
Provide large containers, which match with transportation system of thelocal body.
Shop keepers not to dispose of the waste in front of their shops or openspaces.
Deposit the waste as and when generated into the large container placed in
the market.
Meat & fish markets
Not to throw any waste in front of their shops or open spaces around. Keepnon-corrosive container/containers not exceeding 100-litre capacity with lid
handle and the rim at the bottom and deposit the waste in the said
containers as and when generated. Transfer the contents of this container into a large container provided bythe association.
Street food vendors
Not to throw any waste on the street, pavement or open spaces. Keep bin orbag for the storage of waste that generates during street vending activity
Preferably have arrangements to affix the bin or bag with the handcartused for vending.
Marriage halls,
community halls,
kalyanamandapas
Not to throw any solid waste in their neighbourhood, on the streets, openspaces, and vacant lands, into the drains or water bodies.
Provide a large container with lid which may match with the transportationsystem of the local body and deposit all the waste generated in the premises
in such containers.
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Some items that can be recycled or reused
Paper
Old copies Old books Paper bags Newspapers Old greeting cards Cardboard box
Plastic
Containers Bags Sheets
Glass and ceramics
Bottles Plates Cups Bowls
Miscellaneous
Old cans Utensils Clothes Furniture
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ROLE OF NGOs
During the recent years, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) have taken up
initiatives to work with local residents to improve sanitation. They have been
playing an active role in organizing surveys and studies in specified disciplines
of social and technological sciences. In the field of garbage management, such
studies are useful in identifying areas of commercial potentials to attract privateentrepreneurs. They can play an important role in segregation of waste, its
collection and handling over to local authorities.
A large number of NGOs are working in the field of solid waste management
such as Clean Ahmedabad Abhiyan, Ahmedabad, Waste-Wise, Bangalore,
Exnora, Chennai, Mumbai Environmental Action Group, Mumbai, and
Vatavaran and Srishti in Delhi. They are all successfully creating awareness
among the citizens about their rights and responsibilities towards solid waste
and the cleanliness of their city. These organizations promote environmental
education and awareness in schools and involve communities in the
management of solid waste.
The NGO programmes:
q Create mass awareness, ensuring public participation in segregation of recyclable material and storage of waste at
source.
q Provide employment through organizing door-to-door collection of waste.
q Ensure public participation in community based primary collection system.
q Encourage minimization of waste through in-house backyard composting, vermicomposting and biogas
generation.
Urban poverty is inextricably linked with waste. In India alone, over a million people find livelihood opportunities
in the area of waste; they are engaged in waste collection (popularly known as rag picking) and recycling through
well-organized systems. Substantial populations of urban poor in other developing countries also earn their
livelihood through waste. It is important to understand issues of waste in this context. The informal sector dealing
with waste is engaged in various types of work like waste picking, sorting, and recycling at the organized level,
door-to-door collection, composting and recycling recovery.
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ROLE OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS
Since the disposal of municipal solid wastes poses problems of the
pollution and health hazards, the Pollution Control Boards are
expected to take action for persuading the civic authorities in proper
management of municipal solid wastes. Though, direct responsibilityof management of solid wastes is on the local municipal authorities,
the Pollution Control Boards need to have close linkage with local
authorities in rendering assistance in terms of carrying out necessary
surveys and providing technological back-up. The Central Pollution
Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards at the national
and state levels are to disseminate information and create awareness
among the concerned authorities and public at large.
Action Taken
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) within the given
powers to them under relevant Acts and Rules have been attempting to persuade local bodies to take appropriate
measures for the treatment and disposal of domestic sewage and municipal solid waste.
Directions
In order to initiate a systematic approach on proper management of municipal waste (sewage and solid), CPCB
issued directions to all SPCBS under section 18 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Follow-ups on Directions
In compliance to the directions of the CPCB and through initiatives of SPCBs some actions have been taken. Also
SPCBs have issued notices to local bodies in the states/ UTs and impressed upon them to take proper measures.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO REDUCE SOLID WASTE
Carry your own cloth or jute bag when you go shopping. Say no to all plastic bags as far as possible. Reduce the use of paper bags also. (reason?) Reuse the soft drinks poly bottles for storing water. Segregate the waste in the housekeep two garbage bins and see to it that the biodegradable and the non
biodegradable is put into separate bins and dispose off separately. Dig a compost pit in your garden and put all the bio degradable into it. See to it that all garbage is thrown into the municipal bin as the collection is generally done from there. When you go out do not throw paper and other wrappings or even leftover food here and there, make sure
that it is put in the correct place that is into a dustbin.
Not to throw the waste/litter on the streets, drains, open spaces, water bodiesetc., Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste separately at source Community storage/collection of waste in flats, multi-storied buildings, societies, commercial complexes,
etc.
Managing excreta of pet dogs and cats appropriately. Waste processing/disposal at a community level (optional). Pay adequately for the services provided. Public education.
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COMPANY PROFILE
GROUP HISTORY
A2Z is one of the fast growing enterprises on the Indian business horizon. Initially
The Group began its operations in Facility Management Services (FMS) and laterentered the Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) business, in the fiscal
year 2008. The EPC business got its intensity with the acquisition of Sri Eswara
Sai Construction Private Limited, a company registered in the year 2007 engaged
in the installation of transmission lines, which was subsequently merged with and
into the Company, in January 2008. To enhance our business focus and streamline
operations, the Company transferred its FMS business to its wholly-owned
subsidiary, A2Z Infraservices in the same year pursuant to a court-approved
scheme of demerger. In August 2009, we further consolidated our presence in theFMS segment through the acquisition of Imatek.
Our capabilities in the EPC business were further strengthened in May 2010, when
we executed a business transfer agreement to purchase the entire business of
Surendra Choudhary & Brothers, a partnership firm, constituted in the year 2006
engaged in the business of construction of electrical sub-stations and railway
electrification work.
Reckoned as a one of the leading EPC Business Enterprise among the public and
private sector giants, we have earned an enviable reputation of delivering 360
degrees solutions of unparalleled, international standards. The timely executions of
complex projects, backed by a highly motivated, cohesive workforce that works
seamlessly on the state-of-the-art technology platform, has lead the group to
become one of the most versatile business groups. Over the years The Group has
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also commanded prominent presence as Municipal Solid Waste Management
(MSW), Facility Management Services (FMS) and Biomass Power Companies of
the country.
Our near 100% client retention record, strong clientele and alliances across
businesses, consultants, robust financial performance, strong banking support and
our turnover of Rs.1345 crores, demonstrates the keen business acumen and
remarkable foresight of the experienced and award winning A2Z Management. In
addition, financial, managerial support and experience of our investors has fostered
our business and its executing strategy.
The Group has following eight Business Segments:
Power EPC Telecom EPC Renewable Power Generation MSW FMS & Security Solutions Power IT Application Water & Waste Water Management E WasteThese businesses are further executed by the following Group
Companies, under A2Z Maintenance & Engineering Services:
A2Z Infraservices LimitedIt provides back-end management services for efficient functioning of shopping
malls, airport, multiplexes, corporate and business establishments like
housekeeping services, security services etc., and upkeep of railway trains and
stations to provide transportation services.
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BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Mr. Surender Kumar Tuteja,
Chairman
Mr. Amit Mittal,
Managing Director
Ms. Dipali Mittal,
Whole-time Director
Mr. Manish Gupta,
Non-independent and Non-executive Director
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Mr. Brij Raj Singh,
Non-independent and Non-executive Director
Mr. Gaurav Mathur,Non-independent and Non-executive Director
Mr. Vinod Sagar Wahi,
Independent and Non-executive Director
Mr. Rajeev Thakore,
Independent and Non-executive Director
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ALTERNATE DIRECTORS
Mr. Supratim Banerjee,
Alternate Director
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MR AMIT MITTAL - MANAGING DIRECTOR
Customer is supreme, so deploy resources smartly aiming
impeccable execution of Projects that in turn generates customerdelight
The ongoing commitment of A2Z Group is to provide its clientele, highest quality
of services and solutions. At A2Z its our policy to ensure absolute satisfaction of
our client, now and forever.
Being a Customer Centric Business Enterprise, we abide by high sense of integrity
towards all, our Clients, Consultants, Employees and other Stakeholders. We are
also committed to future investment in people through training, development and
technology, which equips us to learn, grow and improve constantly and further
enables us to offer quality services to our clients.
With an ambition to be one of the Top companies, we have and will always
endeavour to fulfill agreed upon Contractual Performance Parameters, High Level
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of Quality Inputs and Maximum Safety of Site Personnels. We also believe that it
is equally important to have the wining culture, operating in the highest standards
of ethics and values, which gives us the impetus to strive for and deliver excellence
in customer services.
Best is yet to come...
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KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL
The key managerial personnel of the Company, other than the Executive
Directors are shown below:
GROUP CORPORATE STRUCTURE
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TURNOVER FOR PAST YEARS
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GROUP COMPANIES
A2Z Maintenance & Engineering Services Ltd.A2Z Maintenance & Engineering Services Ltd. is a fast growing, fully integrated Electrical
Business Group (EBG) in India catering to the needs of domestic and international power sector
clients in building Distribution & Transmission Infrastructure.
A strong player in Distribution EPC, we offer smart energy saving solutions and innovative ways
of reducing Transmission & Distribution losses, while constantly exploring newer methods to
preserve our depleting eco-system.
The Company has successfully executed challenging projects in difficult terrains and extreme
weather conditions in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Orissa, Kerala and Bihar. Our quality management system in the EPC
business (T&D) is ISO 9001:2008 certified by Moody International Certification, which is valid
until February 2013
A2Z InfrastructureCreating a Cleaner Climate is a mission everyone at A2Z is dedicated to and that is why forays
have been planned into the space of Municipal Solid Waste management and Renewable Energy.
As one of the leading Indian Waste Management companies, we are proud of setting up the
biggest, single location Integrated Resource Recovery Facility (IRRF) in Asia as well as setting
up one of the first IRRF with ESCO focus.
We have pioneered the concept of IRRF right from C&T (collection and transportation) to P&D
(processing and disposal) by utilizing all items that have not remained useful in their present
form any longer. In India, so far, the projects are being done piece meal. While C&T is doneseparately by different agencies, P&D is managed by the government through outsourcing
model.
A2Z InfraservicesA2Z Infraservices Limited is an integrated solution provider for all aspects of asset management services - from
identification of an asset to its lifetime maintenance. We provide innovative, customised and cost-effective solutions
to our clients by using latest technology, best-in-class services and dedicated in-house professionals across all levels.
Today we are the foremost Indian company in the industry with a clientele that compromises MNCs, Indian
Companies and the large Government sector.
Whatever service you provide, big or small, if you render it from the bottom of your heart, it shows. And sinceinception, we have always strived to give that extra to delight our clients. Because we care for our client's business,
we care for our client's preciois infrastructure and we care for our client's most valuable assets - people. And through
painstaking application of our values, we deliver value to our more than 500 clients. If today we have 100% track
record in client retention, it's a testimony to our work philosophy.
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OUR CLIENTS
CLIENTELE
EPC
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Infra Services
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MSW
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Renewable Energy
Power IT
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After analysing the research design we are used the both descriptive and exploratory research
design because it based on the real figure and fact and that research are also helpful in the
analysis of the data and selection is based on my convinces.
SAMPLING DESIGN:-
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from given population. It refers to the
technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the
Sample. Sample design which should be reliable and appropriate for his research study.
TYPE OF SAMPLE DESIGN:-
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SAMPLING USED IN THIS RESEARCH:-
The sampling used in this research process is Non probability sampling and convenience
Sampling. Because it is more convenient for me because the biasness is included and is
also helpful in analysis of the questionnaire.
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size used in the research is the 100 respondent .Generally the respondent from the
Lucknow region.
SAMPLING AREA
The sampling areas are used in Lucknow. In the Lucknow we are used the different places
Like Gomti Nagar, Old lucknow, Hazratganj, Charbagh and Alambagh,etc.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
The data collection means collect the data for the study for using the different types of resources.
TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION:-
There are two types of the data collection:
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA:-
Primary data are those data is collected in first time through the Observation, Interview, and
Questionnaires.
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TYPES OFCOLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA:-
Observation Method Interview Method Questionnaires MethodFor the purpose of data collection I have adopted open-ended and structured
questions in the questionnaire.
SECONDARY DATA:-
Secondary Data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have
Already been collected and analysed by someone else.
COLLECTION OFSECONDARY DATA:-
Through internet Through newspaper Through magazine Through TV
THE DATA USED IN THE RESEARCH;-
In this research process we have use the both primary and secondary data. Because I used the
questionnaire method of the research and in the secondary data used the internet Magazines,
newspapers, TV etc.
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PRIMARY DATA:-
In the primary data we have used the questionnaire method. Because it more convenient for me
and the analysis of the questionnaire is easy as compare to other.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD:-
In this method a questionnaire is sent to the person concerned with a request to answer the
questions and return the questionnaire. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions
Printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms. The respondents have to answer
the question on their own knowledge and belief.
SECONDARY DATA:-
In the secondary method of data collection we have collect the information through the
magazines, newspapers, internet, etc.
In this research I have used both the primary and secondary data.
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DATA ANALYSIS
(1) Do you have idea of solid waste management?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Yes 70
2 No 30
70%
30%
Yes No
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(2) Do you have solid waste as a problem in A2Z?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Yes 80
2 No 20
80%
20%
Yes No
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(3) What is your opinion about the sweepers of A2Z?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Satisfactory 75
2 Non-satisfactory 25
75%
25%
Satisfactory Non-satisfactory
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(4) What is your opinion about solid waste disposal in A2Z?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Satisfactory 80
2 Non-satisfactory 20
80%
20%
Satisfactory Non-satisfactory
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(5) What is your opinion about solid waste treatment in A2Z?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Satisfactory 60
2 Non-satisfactory 40
60%
40%
Satisfactory Non-satisfactory
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(6) What is your opinion about the solid waste management system of A2Z?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Satisfactory 70
2 Non-satisfactory 30
70%
30%
Satisfactory Non-satisfactory
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(7) How many times waste is disposed off from your home?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Once 30
2 Thrice 70
30%
70%
Once Thrice
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(8) Do you reuse waste items?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Yes 90
2 No 10
90%
10%
Yes No
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(9) Who cleans the streets, garbage drums and drains?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Sweeper 80
2 Others 20
80%
20%
Sweeper Others
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(11) Do you feel any dirtiness in the streets due to solid waste?
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Yes 90
2 No 10
90%
10%
Yes No
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FINDINGS
70% respondents said idea of solid waste management. 80% respondents said solid waste as a problem in A2Z. 75% respondents opinion about the sweepers of A2Z is satisfactory. 80% respondents said opinion about solid waste disposal in A2Z is
satisfactory.
60% respondents said solid waste treatment in A2Z is satisfactory. 70% respondents said solid waste management system of A2Z is satisfactory
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12.Residents in apartments can bring the matter in association meeting and conduct an awarenessprogram.
13.Dumping kitchen waste in sink consumes more water and cause a bigger trouble for you and yourfamily.
14.New garbage collector may not be aware of proper segregation of waste. Ensure garbagecollectors and garbage contractors know importance of waste segregation.
15.Lack of volunteers or shortage of volunteer is one of the main constraints for its failure. Thereshould be at least one member for one block or apartment complex
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Research Methodology (Kothari C.R.)
Principles Of Marketing (Kotler Philip)
Marketing Management (Armstrong Grey)
Websites:
www.a2z.com
www.googe.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.economywatch.com
http://www.aimt.edu.in/http://www.aimt.edu.in/http://www.googe.com/http://www.googe.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.economywatch.com/http://www.economywatch.com/http://www.economywatch.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.googe.com/http://www.aimt.edu.in/7/30/2019 a2z Company Profile
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QUESTIONNAIRE
(1) Do you have idea of solid waste management?
1. Yes
2. No
(2) Do you have solid waste as a problem in A2Z?
1. Yes
2. No
(3) What is your opinion about the sweepers of A2Z?
1. Satisfactory
2. Non-satisfactory
(4) What is your opinion about solid waste disposal in A2Z?
1. Satisfactory
2. Non-satisfactory
(5) What is your opinion about solid waste treatment in A2Z?
1. Satisfactory
2. Non-satisfactory
7/30/2019 a2z Company Profile
89/90
89
(6) What is your opinion about the solid waste management system of A2Z?
1. Satisfactory
2. Non-satisfactory
(7) How many times waste is disposed off from your home?
1. Once
2. Twice
3. Thrice
(8) Do you reuse waste items?
1. Yes
2. No
(9) If yes, then which things you reuse?
(10) Who cleans the streets, garbage drums and drains?
1. Sweeper
2. Others
7/30/2019 a2z Company Profile
90/90
(11) Do you feel any dirtiness in the streets due to solid waste?
1. Yes
2. No
(12) Give suggestions to improve the present solid waste management condition of
A2Z.