இலக்கணக் கு ற ... - tamil.examsdaily.in · இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல் பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய

இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல்

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 1 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல்jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;

1. vOj;jpyf;fzk; 2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk; 3. nghUspyf;fzk; 4. ahg;gpyf;fzk; 5. mzpapyf;fzk;

vOj;jpd; tiffs;

vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1. capnuOj;Jfs; 2. rhh;ngOj;Jfs;

KjnyOj;Jfspd; tiffs;

KjnyOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1. capnuOj;Jfs; 2. nka;naOj;Jfs;

capnuOj;Jfspd; tiffs;

capnuOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1. Fw;nwOj;Jfs; (m> ,> c> v> x) 2. nel;nlOj;Jfs; (M> <> C> V> I> X> xs)

nka;naOj;Jfspd; tiffs; nka;naOj;Jfs; %d;W tifg;gLk; 1. ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) 2. nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;) 3. ,ilapdk; (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;)

Ma;j vOj;J Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp> jdpepiy>

Kw;wha;jk; Mfpa ngah;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rhh;ngOj;J mjd; tiffs;

Kjy; vOj;Jf;fshfpa caph; vOj;Jf;fisAk;> nka;naOj;JfisAk; rhh;e;J ,aq;Fk; vOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk;. rhh;ngOj;J gj;J tifg;gLk;. 1. caph;nka; 2. Ma;jk;

3. capusngil 4. xw;wsngil 5. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk; 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; 9. kfuf;FWf;fk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;

“caph;nka; Ma;jk; capus nghw;ws g/fpa ,cI xs k/fhd; jdpepiy gj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;jhFk;” ed;D}y;

1. vOj;Jfs;

KjnyOj;Jfs;(30) rhh;ngOj;Jfs;(10) capnuOj;Jfs;(12) nka;naOj;Jfs;(18) caph;f;Fw;nwOj;Jfs;(5) caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs;7 (m> ,> c> v> x) (M><>C> V> I> X> xs ty;ypd nky;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs;(6) nka;naOj;Jfs;(6) (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;) ,ilapd nka;naOj;Jfs; (6) (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;) msngil



“msngil” vd;gjw;F “ePz;L xypj;jy;” vd;W nghUs;. nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ xU nrhy;ypd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L xypg;gNj msngil vdg;gLk;.

msT khj;jpiu> vil vLj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs; vOj;jpd; khj;jpiu mstpy; ePl;b xypj;jy; khj;jpiu msT:

caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - xd;W caph; neby;> caph;nka;neby; - ,uz;L nka;> Ma;jk; - %d;W capusngil - ehd;F xw;wsngil - Ie;J

msngilapd; tiffs;:

msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. capusngil 2. xw;wsngil

1. capusngil

caph; msngil ₌ capusngil nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ me;j Xiria epiwT nra;a caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; (M> <> C> V> I> X> xs) msngLf;Fk; mt;thW msngLf;Fk; NghJ msngLj;jikia mwpa nel;nlOj;JfSf;F ,dkhd Fw;nwOj;Jfs; mtw;wpd; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;.

capusngilapd; tiffs;: capusngil %d;W tifg;gLk;. I. nra;Aspirasngil (my;yJ) ,irepiwasngil II. ,d;dpirasngil III. nrhy;ypirasngil

I. nra;Aspirasngil

nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT nra;jw;nghUl;L> nrhy;ypd; Kjy;> ,il> filapYs;s caph; nel;nlOj;Jfs; msngLj;J tUtijr; nra;Aspirasngil vd;gh;. ,jw;F ,ir epiwasngil vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. v.fh: “Vhpd; cohmh; coth; ganyd;Dk; thThhp tsq;Fd;wpf; fhy;” ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; “cohmh;” vd;Dk; nrhy; msngLj;J te;Js;sJ. cohh; vd;gJ ,ay;ghd nrhy; (v.fh) “nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh; Nfz;ik tplh mh; tpioAk; cyF” ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; nflh vd;gJ nflhm vd ,WjpapYk;> tplh vd;gJ tplhmh; vd ,ilapYk; msngLj;Jte;Js;sJ. NkYk; rpy v.fh 1) cohmh; 2) glhmh; 3) njh*ck; 4) J}c 5) jUck; 6) MmJk; 7) Xxjy; 8) njhohmd; 9) cwhmik 10) ngwhm msngil cwhmik – nra;Aspir msngil II. ,d;dpirasngil nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj nghOJk;> nrtpf;F ,dpa Xiriaj; jUk; nghUl;L caph;f;Fwpy; nebyhfp> NkYk; msngLg;gJ ,d;dpirasngil MFk;. v.fh: nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; khw;whq;Nf vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio. nfLg;gJk;> vLg;gJk; vd;W xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa xir jUtjw;fhff; Fwpy; nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ ,d;dpirasngil vdg;gLk;. NkYk; rpy v.fh: 1) cs;sJ}ck; 2) mjdpD}cq;F III. nrhy;ypirasngil



nra;Aspy; xir Fd;whj nghOJk;> ngah;r;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUisj; jUtjw;fhf msngLg;gJ nrhy;ypir msngil vdg;gLk;. v.fh: Fbjop,f; NfhNyhr;Rk; khepy kd;dd; mbjop, epw;Fk; cyF. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; jop> vd;wpUg;gpDk; nra;Aspd; xir Fiwtjpy;iy „joP‟ vd;gJ jOTjy; vdg; nghUs; jUk;. ngah;r;nrhy;yhFk; mr;nrhy; „jo;,‟ vd msngLj;jhy; „jOtp‟ vd tpidnar;rr; nrhy;yhapw;W. “,irnfbd; nkhopKjy; ,ilfil epiy neby; msngLk; mtw;wtw; epdf;Fws; FwpNa” ed;D}y; - 91 msngil 1. voP, - nrhy;ypir msngil 2. flhm ahid> rhma; Njhs; - ,irepiw msngilfs; 3. mjdpD}cq;F - ,d;dpir msngil msngil 1. xhP,> joP, - nrhy;ypir

msngilfs; 2. joP,f;nfhs;s - nrhy;ypir

msngil 3. cwP, - nrhy;ypir

msngil 4. jhq;FW}ck;> tsh;f;FW}ck; - ,d;dpir

msngilfs; 5. nra;Nfh - „X‟ fhuk; mir

epiy 6. Qhd;Nw - „V‟ fhuk; mir

epiy 7. jhNd - Vfhuk; gphpepiy 8. fs;tNdh - Xfhuk; gphpepiy 9. tpisnrak; MtNjh – Xfhuk; vjph;kiw 10. Fd;wNkh NgaNjh> G+jNkh VNjh –

Xfhuq;fs; tpdhg;nghUs; Vfhuk; 1. ahNdh murd; - Xfhuk; vjph;kiw

2. mUtpid vd;g csNth – Xfhuk; vjph;kiw

3. ahNd fs;td; - Vfhuk; Njw;wg;nghUspy; te;jJ.

Vfhuk; 1. nry;th;f;Nf - Vfhuk; gphpepiyg;

nghUspy; te;jJ 2. rPtfw;Nf - Vfhuk; Njw;Nwfhuk; 3. fhaNk> fz;Nz - Xfhuq;fs;

Njw;Nwfhuq;fs; 4. Gz;Nzh> ,fo; clk;Ngh nka; - Xfhuk;

vjph;kiwfs; msngil 2. xw;wsngil nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ mjid epiwT nra;tjw;Fr; nrhy;ypYs;s nka;naOj;J msngLj;jiy xw;wsngil vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. v.fh: vq;qfpiw tDs ndd;gha;. nt//Fthh;f; fpy;iy tPL ,j;njhlhpy; tz;z vOj;Jfshf cs;s q; vd;gJk; / vd;gJk; ,UKiw te;Js;sd. ,t;thW q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> t;> a;> y;> s; Mfpa gj;J nka;Ak;. / xd;Wk; Mfg; gjpNdhh; vOj;JfSk; xU Fwpiy mLj;Jk; ,UFwpy;fis mLj;Jk; nra;Aspy; ,dpa Xir Ntz;b msngLf;Fk;. ,t;thW msngLg;gjw;F xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;. “qQz ekd tayd Ma;jk; msghk; Fwpypdz Fwpw;rpopilfil kpfNy atw;wpd; Fwpahk; NtNw” ed;D}y; - 92 Fw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; - FWik ,ay; cfuk; (F> R> L> J> G> W) xU khj;jpiuasT xypf;f Ntz;ba cfuk; miu khj;jpiuasthff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaYfukhFk;.



jdp nebYlNdh> gy vOj;Jfisj; njhlh;e;Njh nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd nka;NahL Nrh;e;J tUk; cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,jidNa Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. gR – fhR> gL – ghL> mJ – ge;J Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fspy; gR> gL> mJ Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jo; Ftpe;J ed;F xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F F> R> L> J Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fSf;F xU khj;jpiu msT. Mdhy; fhR> ghL> ge;J Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; F> R> L. J Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; cfuk; Fiwe;J xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,q;F F> R> L. J Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;fpwJ. 1) jdp xU Fw;nwOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfuk; vOj;Jfs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu msthfNt xypf;fpwJ. (v.fh) mJ> gR> gL> nghJ) 2) nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk;> ,ilapYk; tUk; „cfuk;‟ jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J xypf;fhJ. 3) nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypdk; nka;fis (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) Ch;e;J cfuk; (F> R> L> J> G> W) kl;LNk jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp vOj;jhf epw;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F Kd; cs;s vOj;ij Nehf;f Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffs; Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk; 1) neby;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 2) Ma;jj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 3) caph;j;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 4) td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 5) nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 6) ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

1) neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; jdp nebiyj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (jdp neby; vd;gJ caph; nebyhfTk;> caph;nka; nebyhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;) v.fh: ghF> fhR> NjhL> fhJ> NrhW 2) Ma;jj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: Ma;j vOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. v.fh: v/F> m/F> f/R 3) caph;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; njhlh;f;Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. v.fh: moF> KuR> gz;ghL> vUJ> kuG> ghyhW> ,r;nrhw;fspy; ty;ypd nka;fis Ch;e;J te;j cfuk; (F> R> L. J> G> W)

capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J (o – o; m> u

– h; m> gh – g; M> U – h; c> yh

– y; M) <w;wpy; mike;J Fiwe;J xypg;gjhy; Fw;wpaYfuk; Mapuw;W. Fwpg;G: neby; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; mike;j nrhy; nebiy cila ,uz;L vOj;J nrhy;yhf kl;LNk tUk;. 4) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;: ty;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ghf;F> jr;R> jl;L> gj;J> cg;G> Gw;W 5) nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: nky;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ghq;F> gQ;R> tz;L> ge;J> mk;G> fd;W



6) ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: ,ilapd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; ,ilj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. v.fh: %o;F> nra;J> rhy;G> rhh;G “nebNyhL Ma;jk; caph;typ nkyp ,ilj; njhlh;nkhop ,Wjp td;ikA+ Ufuk; m/Fk; gpwNky; njhluTk; ngWNk” ed;D}y; - 94

Fw;wpaypfuk;

FWik ,ay; ,fuk; ₌ Fw;wpaypfuk; (FWfpa XiriaAila ,fuk;) ,fuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J miu khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfukhFk;.

tPL ahJ? ₌ tPbahJ? xU Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; (tPL) Kd; “ah” vd;Dk; vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhy; (ahJ) te;J NrUk;NghJ> mf;Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s

cfuk; ,fukhf khWk; (l;, ₌ b) (tPbahJ) ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Ff; fhy msT miu khj;jpiu MFk;. epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;J Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;J afukhf ,Ue;jhy; mitapuz;Lk; GzUk;nghOJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s Fw;wpaYfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk;. NkYk; „kpah‟ vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy; tUnkhopahf te;jhy; mjpy; cs;s ,fuKk;

(k; , ₌ kp) xyp Fiwe;J Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. v.fh:

nfhf;F ahJ ₌ nfhf;fpaJ?

v/F ahJ ₌ v/FahJ?

cyF ahJ ₌ cyFahJ?

Nfs; kpah ₌ Nfs;kpah? “afuk; tuf;Fws; „c‟j;jphp ,fuk; mirr;nrhy; kpahtpd; ,fuKk; Fhpa”

ed;D}y; - 93

Ifhuf;FWf;fk;

Ifhuk; FWf;fk; ₌ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; Ifhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;> xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; MFk;. I> it> ij. Ifhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;fpd;wJ. Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tUk;NghJ> nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiuasTk;> Vida ,lq;fspy; xU khj;jpiuasTk; xypf;Fk; Ifhuk; ,t;thW Fiwe;J xypg;gNj Ifhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;.

Ie;J Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; ₌ 1½ khj;jpiu

,isQh; Ifhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; ₌ 1 khj;jpiu

Gwit Ifhuk; nkhopf;F filapy; ₌ 1 khj;jpiu

xsfhuf; FWf;fk; xsfhuk; FWf;fk; ₌ xsfhuf;FWf;fk; xsfhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ xsfhuf; FWf;Fk; MFk;. xsfhuk; jdpj;j xypf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu msT xypf;Fk;. nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;nghOJ xd;wiu khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;. xsfhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapYk;> filapYk; tuhJ. v.fh: xsit – nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiu “jw; Rl; ls nkhop Ik;% topAk; ieAk; xsTk; Kjy; mw;whFk;” ed;D}y; - 95

kfuf;FWf;fk;



kfuk; FWf;fk; ₌ kfuf;FWf;fk;> „k;‟ vd;Dk; vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ kfuf;FWf;fkhFk;. nra;Aspy; NghYk;> kUSk; Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; <w;wpay; vOj;JfspYs;s cfuq;fs; nfl;Lg; Nghy;k;> kUs;k; vd;whfpg; Nghd;k;> kUz;k; vd;W jphpAk;. mt;thW jphpe;j dfu> zfuq;fspd; Kd; cs;s kfuk; miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;. jUk; tstd;> tUk; tz;b Mfpa njhlh;fspy; epiy nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuKk; tUnkhop Kjypy; tfuKk; cs;sd. ,JNghy; epiy nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuk; ,Ue;J tfu Kjy; nkhopNahL GzUk; NghJ epiy nkhopaPw;wpYs;s kfuk; Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,t;thW Fiwe;njhypf;Fk; FWf;fk; kfuf; FWf;fk; MFk;. “zd Kd;Dk; t/fhd; kpirAkf; FWFk;” ed;D}y; - 96

Ma;jf;FWf;fk;

Ma;jk; FWf;fk; ₌ Ma;jf;FWf;fk; Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Ma;jf;FWf;fkhFk;. v.fh:

fy; jPJ ₌ f/wPJ

Ks; jPJ ₌ K/BJ epiynkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhh;e;J tUk; yfu> sfu nka;fs; Kd;Nd> tUnkhop Kjypy; jfuk; te;jhy; yfuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; jfuk; efukhFk;. sfuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; jfuk; lfukhFk; NghJ mt;thW jphpe;J efu> lfuq;fs; GzUk;NghJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s yfu> sfuq;fs; Ma;j vOj;jhfj; jphpAk;. ,t;thW jphpfpd;w Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J

fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.

Kw;wpaYfuk;

jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwahj cfuk; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.

1. gF> gR> gL> mJ> jG> ngW ₌ ,it jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;j tUk; ty;ypd cfuk; ngw;w Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.

2. fhZ> cz;Z> cWK ₌ ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s z> K cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;

3. vO> js;S> fjT ₌ ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.

2. nrhy; ,yf;fzk;

xnuOj;J jdpj;J epd;Nwh> gy vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; czh;j;Jkhapd; mit nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

nrhy;ypd; mikg;G> tiffs; gw;wpawpa ,yf;fz Kiwf;F nrhy; ,yf;fzk; vd;W ngah;.

nrhy;> gjk;> nkhop> fpstp vd;git xU nghUis czh;j;Jk; gy nrhw;fshFk;. nrhy;ypd; tiffs;:

nrhy; ,yf;fzk; ehd;F tifahf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. ngah;r;nrhy; 2. tpidr;nrhy; 3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4.chpr;nrhy;

,yf;fpa tifahy; ehd;fhfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. ,aw;nrhy; 2. jphpr;nrhy; 3. jpirnrhy; 4. tlr;nrhy; ,yf;fz tiffs;

1. ngah;r;nrhy;:



ngaiu czh;j;Jk; nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy; vdg;gLfpwJ. ngah;r;nrhy; MW tifg;gLk;. 1. nghUl;ngah; 2. ,lg;ngah; 3. fhyg;ngah; 4. rpidg;ngah; 5. gz;Gg;ngah; (m) Fzg;ngah; 6. njhopw;ngah;

1. nghUl;ngah; nghUl;fspd; ngaiuf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh)

mofd;> Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb> njd;id ,it capUs;s nghUs;. ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L> vz;nza;> kz;> ePH;> fhw;W ,it capuw;w nghUs;fs; MFk;. 2. ,lg;ngah;: ,lq;fspd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> kf;fs; thoplk;> Njhl;lk;> fhL> ,y;yk;> Fsk; 3. fhyg;ngah;: fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy; fhyg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) fhiy> rpj;jpiu> ijj;jpq;fs;> Nfhilf;fhyk;> nrt;tha;f;fpoik 4. rpidg;ngah;: cWg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; rpidg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) jiy> fz;> %f;F> tha;> nrtp> ehf;F> Gy;> taJ> if> fhy;> tpuy;> Nth;> jz;L> fpis> ,iy> G+> fha;> fdp> tpij. 5. gz;Gg; ngah; (m) Fzg;ngah;: epwk;> tbtk;> Rit> Fzk; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;wpidf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; gz;Gg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.

(v.fh) gj;JkPl;lh; Jzp> gj;J fpNyh mhprp> Ie;Jgb vz;nza;> tl;lg;gyif> rJutPL> nrt;tfg; Gj;jfk;> Kf;Nfhzk; $k;G> nrk;ik. 6. njhopw;ngah;: njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) Ml;lk;> tpisahl;L> vOJjy;> rphpj;jy;. njhopw;ngah;fs; Mf;fy; ePf;fy;

tpisahl;L nghWj;jy; kwj;jy;

nghWj;jy; xuhy; nghiw

fz;Nzhl;lk; nry;yhik ciuj;jy; vd;wy; fhj;jy; <jy;

kfpo;r;rp Fw;wk; ,Of;fy;

xOf;fk; tply; njspjy;

fz;Nzhl;lk; gzpjy; fw;wy;

ngWjy; tho;jy; ePq;fhik - vjph;kiw

njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah;

xOf;fk; ,Of;fk; nrhyy;

,Lk;ig gLghf;F xOf;fk;

,Of;fk; ,Lk;ig xOfy;

xLf;fk; tho;jy; ,aw;Wjy;

,Uf;if fsT tho;f;if



xOf;fk; Jsq;Fjy; gif nfhsy;

tply; xOFjy; jiy Mw;Wjy;

xOFjy; Nehd;wy; nghWj;jy;

njhlh; (njhlh;G) - Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;

Fj;J - Kjy; epiyj; njhopw;ngah;

t.vz;. ngah; tif ngah; 1 2 3 4 5 6

nghUl;ngah; ,lg;ngah; fhyg;ngah; rpidg;ngah; Fzg;ngah; njhopw;ngah;

fz;zd;> ehw;fhyp NtY}h;> ehkf;fy; ijj;jpq;fs;> ez;gfy; Kfk;> if tl;lk;> moF Mly;> ghly;

njhif epiyj;njhlh;fs; njhif epiyj; njhlh; MW tifg;gLk;. mit:

1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif 2. tpidj; njhif 3. gz;Gj; njhif 4. ctikj; njhif 5. ck;ikj; njhif 6. md;nkhopj; njhif

1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; czh;j;JtJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. v.fh: fz;zd; ,uhkd; ghh;j;jhd; ,j;njhlhpy; fz;zid ,uhkd; ghh;j;jhd; vd tphpe;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; „I‟ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J

nghUois czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wikj; njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;.

mit

i. Kjy; Ntw;Wik my;yJ vOtha; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

ii. 2 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

iii. 3 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ fUtp Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

iv. 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ nfhil Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

v. 5 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ ePf;f Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

vi. 6 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ fpoik Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

vii. 7 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ ,lNtw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

viii. 8 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ tpsp Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.

Ntw;WikAk; mjd; cUGfSk; t.v Ntw;Wik cUGfs; nghUs; 1 Kjy;

Ntw;Wik ,ay;G ------------

2 ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

I Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> mikjy;> ePj;jy;> Vj;jy;> cilik

3 %d;whk; Ntw;Wik

My;> Md;> xL> XL

fUtp> fUj;jh> cldpfo;r;rp

4 ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik

F Nfhil> gif> Neh;r;rp> jFjp> mJthjy;> nghUl;L> Kiw

5 Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik

,y;> ,d; ePf;fs;> xg;G> vy;iy> VJ

6 Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

mJ> MJ gz;G> cWg;G> xd;wd;> $l;lk;> gytpd;> ePl;lk;

7 Vohk; ,y;> fz; nghUs; Kjypa



Ntw;Wik MWk; jw;fpoik> gpwfpoik ,uz;bw;Fk; fldhjyhk;.

8 vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik

---------- tpspj;jy; nghUspy; tUk; (tpspj;jy; mioj;jy;)

v.fh t.v

Ntw;Wikj;njhif

cUG

njhfh epiy

1 ghy; gUfpdhd; I (2)

ghiy gUfpdhd;

2 jiy tzq;fpdhd;

My; (3)

jiyahy; tzq;fpdhd;

3 Ntyd; kfd; F (4)

NtyDf;F kfd;

4 Ch; ePq;fpdhd; ,d; (5)

Chpd; ePq;fpdhd;

5 nrq;Fl;Ltd; rl;il

mJ (6)

nrq;Fl;LtdJ rl;il

6 Fifg;Gyp fz; (7) (m) ,y;

Fifapy; Gyp

Ntw;Wikj;njhif Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

cUGk; gaDk; cld;

njhf;f njhif

khwd;fspW - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

Ntw;Wikj;njhif ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

E}y; Nehf;fp caph;nrFj;J Nfhy;Nehf;fp jpwdwpe;J

gifnfhsy;(gifiaf;nfhsy; fhy;kbj;J ,UsWf;Fk;(,Uis mWf;Fk;) thy;Fioj;J

nrtpaWj;J(nrtpiamWj;J) G+jp rhj;j

mwdwpe;J(mwj;ijmwpe;J) ngUikawpe;J

jpwdwpe;J(jpwid mwpe;J) mwdPDk;

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;f njhif jhh;Nte;jd; (jhiu mzpe;j murd;) ePh;j;jlk;> Nghh;f;Ffd;> fitabf;Nfoy; thp cOit (thpfisf; nfhz;l

Gyp) ts;Sfph;g;Gyp ($h;ikahd efj;ij

cila Gyp) ePh;Kfpy;> nfhiyg;Gyp (nfhiyia tpUk;Gk;

Gyp) jpiuf;fq;if (miyfis cila

fq;if) fow;fhy;> ntwpj;jio> cfph;f;FUis> tisf;if (tisia cila if)> ,iyg;nghopy; (,iyia cila

nghopy;)> ftpd;kyh;> kiwegp Giugy;> Jisg;gy;> tisf;fuq;fs; tiuf;fypq;fk;> flw;ypq;fk;> flfhp> Kj;Jf;nfhz;il (Kj;Jfisf;

nfhz;l nfhz;il)> GdyUtp



jhs;jiy (jhisj; jiyahy;) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

eh fhf;f> fjk; fhj;J> ,fy; nty;Yk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

fsk; fz;Nlhk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

mUs;nghop (mUisg; nghopfpd;w) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

Cd;nghjp cfph; (Cdhy; nghjpe;jpUe;j) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

nrhy; ,Of;F> nghUl;gad; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhiffs;

ths;tha; mhpe;J (thspd; thahy; mhpe;J)> nghd;gj;jh; (nghd;dhy; Mfpa gj;jh;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;

fhfpjg;G+ - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

fzpif rpWtd; (fzpiff;Fr; rpWtd;)> ,ir Njhw;W (,irf;Fj; Njhw;W) – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

FbePh; (Fbg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; ePh;) – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

epd;Nfs; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif gfy;G+f;fs; (gfypy; G+f;Fk; G+f;fs;) –

Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

thd;kio (thdpypUe;J tPOk; kio) – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

gor;Rit> caph;j;jpus;> Iiajhs;> ePh;tsk;> epd;gjk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

gpzTg;grp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif tpidtyp> jd;typ> khw;whd;typ>

Jiztyp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

rpiyj;njhoy; (rpiyapdJ njhopy;) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wik njhif

ePNuhir – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif rpiyehz; (rpiyapdJ ehz;)>

Midkzp (MidapdJ kzp)> mgad;

mb (mgadJ mb) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wik njhiffs;

tpuy;Rit – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif Nga;f;fzq;fs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;

njhif kiotuthy; (kioapdJ tuthy;) –

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif cs;@h; (Ch;cs;)> Edpf;nfhk;gh; (nfhk;gh;

Edp) – Kd;gpd;dhfj; njhf;f epd;w Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;

vd;fhy;> vd;ngah;> epd;dfh;> vd;gjp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;

vd;Daph; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk;) – Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif topf;fiu – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif gzptplk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif jd;xd;dhh; > Nte;jd; nghUs; - Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif nrWeh; nrUf;F – Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif ejpg;gug;G – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif Fd;Nwwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif nrtpGf – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif kiyKio – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif Nghh;f;Fwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif miuf;fypq;fk; (miuapd;fz; cs;s

fypq;fk;)> mbg;ghzh; (mbapd;fz; tho;fpd;w ghzh;) – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

gz;izklthh;> fhdg;gwit – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif

Njth – tpsp Cu (CuNd) – tpspj;njhlh; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

mbnjhOJ fhykbj;J

cuk; gpse;J Nfrhp epfh; Kfk;kJ



thy; Fiyj;J E}y; Nehf;fp

MwzpAk; nrtpaWj;J

mwd; mwpjy; ,Us; mWf;Fk;

mwd; <Dk; jpwd; mwpe;J

,d;gKk; <Dk; nrUf;FmWf;Fk;

,fy; nty;Yk; (,fiy nty;Yk;)

caph;ntsty; Nfhy;Nehf;fp

Gfo;ngw;w gydile;jha;

khir vw;wp ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphp

nrtpr;nry;tk;> thAzh;T> nrtpapd;Rit %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

jd; nra;tpid - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif (jd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l tpid)

md;gpd; Fotp - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif (md;gpdhy; <dg;gl;l Fotp)

jw;gpwh; (jdf;Fg; gpwh;) – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

epd;Nfs; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

mjdpd; $hpaJ – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG

xg;Gg; nghUspy; te;jJ.

nfsypd;(„,d;‟) – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG

cwo;Tg; nghUspy; te;jJ.

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

Fzeyk; jd;kzk; nrUeh; nrUf;F ejpg;gug;G fq;ifj;Jiw vd;Daph; Ek;Ngh; vd; fhy; vd; ngah;

epd;dfh; vd; gjp

tpidg;gad; (tpizapdJ gad;)

jkpnohsp (jkpopdJ xsp)

mwpTilahh; Nfz;ik

gfy;nty;Yk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif (gfypy; nty;Yk;)

,yhd;fz; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGf

cilahhd;fz; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGf

nrtpGf - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGf

efuj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik tphp

eufj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik tphp

jhh;Nte;jd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

Nghh;f;Ffs; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

jpiuf;fq;if - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

Nfhijtpy; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

ePh;j;jlk; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

rPjg;ge;jh; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

thp cOit - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

kjfhp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

fitab - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;



ngUthp Ntq;if - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

ts;Sfph;g; Gyp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

nfhiyg;Gyp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

Njhy; nrUg;G - %d;wd; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

njWnghUs; (njWjyhy; ngWk; nghUs;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

fly;epyk; - %d;wd; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

Nte;jd; nghUs; (Nte;jDf;FhpanghUs;) - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

Cu – mz;ik tpsp

Ia> nry;t – mz;ik tpspfs;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif 1. mb tho;j;Jtk; (mbia tho;j;Jtk;) -

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 2. rpiwg;gwit - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 3. Gy;yhh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 4. Ks;spiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 5. Ntw;fhis - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 6. ths;Nte;jd;> tisf;if> tisj;Njhsp -

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

7. gilg;guRuhkd;> kjpf;FQ;rp> fha;f;Fiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

8. Rtbr;rhiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

9. Kl;Gjh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

10. ePjpE}y; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

11. kyh;r;Nrhiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

12. ftpGide;Njhk;> ,iuNjh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

13. jiyFdpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

14. jw;#o - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 15. nghyk;Gid - %d;whk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif 16. ifjhq;fp - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 17. nghw;rpyk;G - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 18. jw;gpwh; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 19. fd;dpghyd; - ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhif 20. vd; kfd; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 21. tpidj;jpl;gk; (tpidf;F Ntz;ba

kdTWjp – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif (tpidnra;jypd;fz; jpz;ik) – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

22. khiykjp – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

23. gjj;Jiz (gjj;jpd; Jiz) – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

24. khy; foy;> jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

25. fs;spg;Gjh; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 26. ePUw;W – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 27. fd;WFuy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 28. Gy;Edp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 29. fad;Ks; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 30. ,wTg;Gwk;> fwTf;NfhL> fspw;W kUg;G –

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; 31. jpidj;Jiz> gidj;Jiz> kdj;jpl;gk;>

mwpthh; njhopy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

32. njd;dtd; nfhw;wk;> kd;dtd; $ly; - Mwhk; Ntw;wikj;njhiffs;



33. iftak;> nka;tak; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;

34. nrhw;gjk; (nrhy;ypdJtop) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

35. gfYiw – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; 36. ifNae;jp> ChpUe;J – Vohk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; 37. Nghh; Kurk;> Ntq;flkhatd; - Vohk;

Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;

38. fhw;rpyk;G – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifAk;: xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; Nrh;e;J tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: Njh;g;ghfd; ,j;njhlh; Njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd; vd tphpe;J nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njh;> ghfd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; „I‟ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; “Xl;Lk;” vd;Dk; nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J te;Js;sd. vdNt ,J cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;. v.fh: 1. Njh;ghfd; (Njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;) 2. ePh;f;Flk; (ePiu cila Flk;)

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifAk;

1. nghd; tisay; (nghd;dhyhd tisay;) 2. kl;ghid (kz;zhy; Md ghid)

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;f njhifAk; 1. jiytyp kUe;J (jiytypf;Fj; jUk; kUe;J) 2. $yp Ntiy ($ypf;Fj; jUk; Ntiy)

Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;fj; njhifAk; 1. Foha;j; jz;zPh; (FohapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; jz;zPH;) 2. njhl;b jz;zPh; (njhl;bapy; fpilf;Fk; jz;zPh;)

tpidj; njhif fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; nganur;rk; „tpidj;njhif‟ vdg;gLk; fhyk; fue;j nganur;rNk tpidj;njhif MFk;. tpidg;gFjpAk; mLj;j ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; mike;j nrhw;nwhlh;fspNyNa tpidj;njhif mikAk;. v.fh: cz;fyk; ,tw;wpy; „cz;‟ vd;git tpidg;gFjpfs;. mit KiwNa fyk; vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;J nganur;rq;fshapd. NkYk; ,it cz;lfyk;> cz;fpd;w fyk;> cz;Zk; fyk; vd Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; gb tphpe;J nghUs; jUfpd;w fhyk;. fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; ,g;nganur;rq;fspy; njhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk; rpy v.fh: 1) MLnfhb 2) gha;Gyp 3) miyfly; 4) CWfha; 5) tphpfly; 6) FbePh; 7) Fsph;kio 8) xLq;Fsph; 9) RLNrhW 10) gapy;NjhWk; tpidj;njhif Gidkyh; thq;Ftpy;

cah;Jiy nra;jtk; tPo;fjph;

Mo;euF tpidj;njhif

cFePh; #o;foy; nra;nfhy;yd;



nra;tpid nghq;Ffly; <d;Fotp

nghopjUkzp gizjUgUkzp

tUGdy; epjpjUftpif tpidj;njhif nghUefh; vOFUjp thh;fz; cFePH; #o;foy; nra;nfhy;yd; Khpjpiu nra;tpid jPh;rtk; nghq;Ffly; tPo;kfd; epiwjpUePW Nrhh;tbT jpfo;gh <d; Fotp cWnghUs; nfha;k;kyh; vwpejp tpidj;njhif

ciufhyk;> kUTnra;> mfy;thay;>

mWFsk;> Xq;Fkiy> ePspil>

MfhW> NghfhW>

MhpUs;> (Mh; ,Us;)

fldwpfhl;rpath;> nga;rhfhL> nghUefh;>

toq;Fnewp> tpLfiz> tphpkyh;>

nfhs;ghly;> tbEid> tpsq;nfhsp>

mLjpiu> cFnfhb> jpUe;Jjhh;>

gLtplk;> jpfo;rpuk;> #o;efk;>

kpd;Dnrq;fjph;> GfOlk;G> ,fo;clk;G

ghAehs;> gUFehs;> GJf;Fehs;

goFghl;L> kbfsk;> nghopjpUKfk;

Nrh;kjp> nfha;k;kyh;> Xq;FePh; tpidj;njhif

jpUe;Jnkhop> nghUe;Jnkhop

jpiufTs; cah;rpid

xOFePh; cUs;Njh;

<h;tis gLfhiy

cz;fz; JQ;Rkhh;gk;>

epiwkjp> jpUe;jb>

Mapio mfy;Kfpy;

glh;Kfpy;> tpionrak;

nghopfhp> nghopkiw

fpsh;jpwk; nra;Fd;W

Mluq;F> cauz;lk;

jho;gpwg;G> Njh;Fapy;

Ntq;flk; tsh;$ly;

(Ntk; flk;)

JQ;RKfpy;> ciwNtq;flk;

fopnts;sk; glh;Kfpy;

Rlnuhsp cah; vz;zk;

cah;kuk;> Kjph;kuk; njhLthdk;

nghq;Fjhkiu

cz;fz; nja;tk; cw;whs; - tpidj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif

gz;Gj;njhif gz;Gg;ngaUf;Fk; mJ jOtpepw;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa „ik‟ vd;Dk; gz;G tpFjpAk; „Mfpa‟ „Md‟ vd;Dk; gz;G cUGfSk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ntz;zpyT - ntz;ikahd epyT tl;lf;fy; - tl;lkhd fy; ,d;nrhy; - ,dpikahd nrhy; ,j;njhlh;fspy; ntz;ik> tl;lk;> ,dpik vd;gd gz;Gg;ngah; ngah;fs; epyT> fy;> nrhy; vd;gd ngaiuj; jOtp epw;Fk; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ,t;tpuz;bw; fpilapy; Mfpa> Md vd;Dk; gz;G> ik vd;Dk; gz;G tpFjpAk; kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.

gz;Gj;njhfiapd; tiffs;: 1. tz;zg; gz;Gj;njhif



epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif tz;zg; gz;Gj; njhifahFk;. v.fh: nrq;fy; - nrk;ikahfpa fy; fUq;Ftis – fUikahd Ftis

2. tbTg; gz;Gj;njhif

tbtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif tbTg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;. v.fh: tl;lg;ghiw – tl;lkhd ghiw tl;lj;jl;L – tl;lkhd jl;L 3. msTg; gz;Gj;njhif

msitf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif msTg;gz;Gj; njhifahFk;.

v.fh:

Kj;jkpo; - %d;W jkpo; ₌ Kk;ikahfpa jkpo; 4. Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif:

Ritiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif v.fh: cth;ePh; - cth;g;ghd ePH;

5. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk;> nghJg;ngah; gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG kiwe;J tUtJ ,Unganul;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;. v.fh: ky;ypifg; G+ ,j;njhlh; ky;ypifahfpa G+ vd tphpfpwJ. G+ vd;gJ midj;J G+f;fSk; Rl;Lk; ngauhfTk;> ky;ypif vd;gJ gy G+f;fSs; xd;whfpa G+it Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;ltjhy; rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa “Mfpa” vd;Dk; gz;G cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J ,Ug;nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;. NkYk; rpy v.fh:

1. gidkuk; 2. Gspr;irf;fPiu 3. ngz;ikeyk; 4. nrUf;fsk; 5. mitf;fsk; 6. ciufy; gz;Gj;njhiffs;:

,d;ik jpz;ik ePyKb ed;nra; Gd;nra; njhy;YyF ntz;Fil fUq;Nfhy; ngUe;Njd; nre;jP ntk;ik neLkjpy; nre;eha; fUKfpy; ntz;kjp mUe;jth; ey;tpid ngUk;NgW gy;Yaph; ey;tpid jPtpid Nghpd;gk; fLQ;nrhy; ey;ywk; nrk;nghd; goe;jkpo; rpw;wpdk; ngUq;Fzk; nrq;if Nrtb ntt;tpUg;G td;kwNthh; gz;Gj;njhif

ePyKb rpw;wpdk; jPnahOf;fk;

ey;ywk;> ed;nkhop ey;yb

,Uepyk; ,d;jkpo;

mtpAzT - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

gz;ghF ngah;

tpUe;J - gz;ghFngah; gz;Gj;njhif td;ik ey;nyhOf;fk;

jPnahOf;fk; mUtpid Gd;fz;

ngUk;ngah; mUk;ngwy; ngUq;Fb

fLq;Nfhy; nrq;Nfhyd; ed;nkhop

nre;jkpo; ngUQ;rpuk; jz;lsp

jpz;bwy; neLehtha; neLehtha; neLePH; ed;Djy; Gd;fz;

nkd;fz; mUtpiy ed;fyk;

ew;fwpfs; ,d;dKjk; xz;nghUs;

vz;nghUs; ew;rq;F ntz;Fio neLePh; nts;nsapW ngUq;fphp

nrq;fjph;



ngUthp gz;Gj;njhif:

Fbik ew;rq;F ntz;Fio

Nrtb ey;Nyh; ,sq;fdp

gRe;Jzp Gd;fz; mUk;ngwy;

ngUq;Fb fLq;Nfhy; nrq;Nfhyd;

ed;nkhop nre;jkpo; jz;zPh;

Gd;fz; nkd;fz; neLePh;

nts;nsapW ngUq;fphp nrq;fjph;

ngUthp ngUQ;rpuk; jpz;bwy;

jz;jsph; neLtehtha; neLtha;

neLePh; ed;Djy;

mUtpid(mUik tpid) – gz;Gj;njhif

xz;nghUs; (xz;ik nghUs;) – gz;Gj;njhif ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

kiwjy; fy;kpjg;G jkpo;E}y;

,yf;fzE}y; thiof;;;;;;;;;;;;;fdp cy;FnghUs;

fhpj;jpus; mtpAzT

ngUe;jz;zPh; - gz;Gj;njhif mLf;F

xs;spio (xz;ik ,io) – gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhiffs;

klnkhop (kliknkhop) - gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhiffs;

gz;Gj;njhiffs; Mukph;J> njhd;kf;fs;>

goe;jkpo;

ew;gad;> ,Uepyk;> FWeif

ige;epwk;> ed;kid njhy;ftpd;

ntz;kUg;G gRk;nghd; fUq;nfhb

xz;nghd; ,Uq;fly; neLq;fz;

nrt;tha; ,d;euk;G jpz;Nlh;

,d;aho; ige;jhh; ey;aho; ,Uepyk; ,UtpRk;G

mUeyk; igk;nghd; ,skapy;

jPe;njhil ,d;dpir FWtis

neLk;Gil mUkiw nrOe;Japy;

nfhLq;fz; ntt;tha; rpWnghwp

nkd;kyh; ty;Yly; nrk;kyh;

nrOk;Gfo; ntt;tplk; nrq;fjph;

nfhLtplk; nte;joy; nre;joy;

vOfypq;fk; ntQ;rpiy td;J}W

ngUq;fly; nky;ypjo; xz;gjk;

nkd;Fuy; Ez;Jsp rpWnjhl;by;

nrq;fPiu mUe;jtk; MuKJ

td;fhdfk; td;fhak; mUe;jkpo;

ngUe;jkpo; jz;fly; nrq;fjph;

Gy;ybik ntz;Ky;iy jPr;nrhy;

Nguwpthsd; ,y;gUtk; mUtpid

ntz;Fio



Nrtb KJRUjp ngUq;Fzk;

xUkdk; Kg;gif mhptbT

thl;gil (thshfpa gil) - ,Unganul;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

rPh;ik – gz;Gg;ngah;

gz;Gj;njhif ey;Yiu> neLe;jif>

jz;Fil

nrq;Nfhy; nrq;fjpNuhd; KJkuk;

jz;gjk; ey;yfk; mUe;Jah;

neLe;Njh; NghpQ;rp KJKurk;

rpw;wd;id Nrtb Kr;rq;fk;

ew;wha; ngUe;nja;tk; ntz;japh;

nre;ney; nrOk;nghd; ngUk;G+jk;

fUQ;rpfuk; nre;jkpo; NguwpT

ntWq;if fUq;fy; go Mtzk;

jPnewp fLk;gif Kf;Fil

fUKfpy; ntQ;Rlh; Nghpb

NguwpT Nfz;ik J}a;ik

rhy;G ngUq;fspW ed;khd;

neLe;Njh; gRq;fhy fUq;fhf;if

gr;#d; ige;epzk; ntQ;rpdk;

fLe;jpwy; ey;yhW $h;k;gil

vOgpwg;G vz;nghUs; Ez;nghUs;

ngUe;Njh;

1. ed;ndLk;gil (ed;ik neLik gil) - ,UKiw mLf;fpte;j gz;Gj;njhif

2. ,sikg;gUtk;> jkpod;id - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhiffs;

3. fzpr;rpf; $h;k;gil - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhiffs;

4. nka;g;nghUs;> Rth;f;fgjp - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhiffs;

5. md;Gnewp - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

6. cjtpead; (cjtpahfpa ead;) - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

7. mQ;rpNyhjpia tu – gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif

ctikj;njhif ctikf;Fk;> ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; (nghUSf;Fk;) ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w> epfu md;d vd;Dk; ctk cUGfSs; xd;W kiwe;J tUtJ ctikj; njhifahFk;. v.fh: Njd; Nghd;w nkhop vdg;nghUs; jUfpwJ. Njd; - ctik nkhop – ctNkak; (nghUs;) ,ilapy; „Nghd;w‟ vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J ctikj;njhifahFk;. NkYk; rpy v.fh: 1. Kj;Jgy; 2. kjpKfk; 3. mKJnkhop 4. gtstha; ctikj;njhif ,iyNty; - ctikj;njhif jsph;f;if - ctikj;njhif fdptha; - ctikj;njhif ctikj;njhif fy;jpus;Njhs; - ctikj;njhif jhkiu eadk; - ctikj;njhif kyh;r;Nrtb - ctikj;njhif G+jug;Gak; - ctikj;njhif



kyub - ctikj;njhif ctikj;njhif 1. gidf;if - ctikj;njhif 2. G+jug;Gak; - ctikj;njhif 3. kyub - ctikj;njhif 4. kyh;r;Nrtb - ctikj;njhif 5. fy;jpus; - ctikj;njhif 6. jhkiu eadk; - ctikj;njhif 7. Njnkhop ciuj;jJ - ctikj;njhifg;

Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif ctikj;njhiffs; 1. Ntw;fz;> fandLq;fz;> kzp vapW>

gtsr;nrt;tha;> vhpkyh; - ctikj;njhiffs;

2. ghit Nghy (ghit Nghd;wtshfpa jj;ij) fhis (fhis Nghd;wtdhfpa rPtfd;)> cF nfhbNa (nfhb Nghd;w tPzhfpgjp) – ctikahF ngah;fs;.

3. kyh;f;fhy; - ctikj;njhif 4. nghd;dpik – (nghd; Nghd;w ,ik) –

ctikj;njhif 5. kjpKfk;> kyh;j;jhs; -

ctikj;njhiffs; ctikj;njhif 1. kjpf;Fil – ctikj;njhif 2. jhkiuf;fz; - ctikj;njhif

ck;ikj;njhif ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; „ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J tUtJ „ck;ikj;njhif‟ vdg;gLk;. v.fh:

Mz; ngz; - MZk; ngz;Zk;

,uT gfy; - ,uTk; gfYk;

ML khL – MLk; khLk; ck;ik

ahkj;Jk; gfYk; - „ck;‟ ik vz;Zk;ik

fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - „ck;‟ ik ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

tapw;Wf;Fk; - ck;ik ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

ahitAk; - ck;ik Kw;Wk;ik

ehLefh; - ck;ikj;njhif

mltpkiy MW - ck;ikj;njhiffs;

muTePh; - ck;ikj;njhif

khLk; MLk; - vz;Zk;ik

NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik

mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik

fw;wpydhapDk; gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; - vjph;kiw ck;ikfs;

ahitAk; - Kw;Wk;ik

nra;apDk; - „ck;‟ ik ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

ck;ikj;njhif 1. gps;isg;ghz;bad; tpy;yp

xl;lf;$j;jd; - ck;ikj;njhif

2. rpuKfk; - ck;ikj;njhif

3. jha;je;ij - ck;ikj;njhif

ck;ikj;njhif

1. fhyKk; NjrKk; - ck;ikj;njhif

2. kiyapDk; - ck;ikj;njhif

3. vy;yhh;f;Fk;> vOikAk; - „ck;‟ik Kw;Wikfs;

4. rhfhLk; - ck;ik cah;T rpwg;Gk;il

5. jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj;njhif 6. vy;NyhUk; - „ck;‟ik Kw;Wik 7. FbfSk; nkhopfSk; ,dq;fSk; -

vz;Zk;ik 8. cyfidj;Jk;> ahtUk; - Kw;Wk;ikfs; 9. nky;tpuYk; elth – ck;ik ,we;jJ

jOtpa vr;r ck;ik



ck;ikj;njhif

1. ehopif thuk;> me;jpfhiy – ck;ikj;njhiffs;

2. rl;ljpl;lk; - ck;ikj;njhif 3. nta;Nahd;> jpq;fs; - ck;ikj;njhif 4. ehd; mtd; (ehDk; mtDk;) –

ck;ikj;njhif vd tphpe;J nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd

,ilapYk; „ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J ck;ikj;njhifahFk;.

ck;ikj;njhif vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; vd;Dk; ehd;F msTg; ngah;fisj; njhlh;e;J tUk;.

vz;zy; ck;ikj;njhif ntw;wpiyghf;F – ntw;wpiyAk; ghf;Fk;

vLj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif ,uz;LfpNyh - ,uz;L fpNyhTk; E}W fpuhk; - E}W fpuhk;

Kfj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif xd;Nw fhy; ypl;lh; - xU ypl;lUk; fhy; ypl;lUk;

ePl;ly; ck;ikj;njhif Ie;jb MW mq;Fyk; - Ie;J mbAk;> MW mq;FyKk;.

Fwpg;G: „ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; ntspg;gl;Nl tUkhdhy; mJ „vz;Zk;ik‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: 1. ,uTk; gfYk; 2. MZk; ngz;Zk; 3. ePAk; ehDk;

vz;Zk;ik khLk; MLk; - vz;Zk;ik md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -

vz;Zk;ik NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik fUKfpYk; ntz;kjpAk; - vz;Zk;ik mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk; -

vz;Zk;ik

jhsKk; NksKk; - vz;Zk;ik vz;Zk;ik

1. NjDk; kPDk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;

2. neba nkhopjYk; - „ck;‟ik fba Ch;jYk; vz;Zk;ikfs; 3. jhahUk; je;ijahUk; -

vz;Zk;ikfs; 4. cWnghUSk; cy;FnghUSk; -

vz;Zk;ikfs; njWnghUSk;

5. mUnshLk; md;nghLk; - vz;Zk;ikfs; 6. Vid ,uz;Lk; - Kw;Wk;ik

vz;Zk;ik 1. itafKk; thdfKk;> kyh;jYk;

$k;gDk; - vz;Zk;ikfs; 2. mwptpyhh; (,y;yhh;)> gidj;Jizah –

(gidj;Jizahf) vz;zpaq;F 3. je;ijf;Fk; jha;f;Fk; - vz;Zk;ik 4. thapYk; khspifAk;> khlKk; Mluq;Fk;>

<rDk; NghjDk; - vz;Zk;ikfs; 5. NgNuhLk; GfNohLk; - vz;Zk;ik 6. fq;ifAk; rpe;JTk;> tpz;zpYk;

kz;zpYk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;. Kw;Wk;ik VNjDk; xU nrhy; kl;Lk; „ck;‟ vd;w tpFjp nfhz;L KbANkahdhy; mJ Kw;Wk;ikahFk;. v.fh: 1. ,uz;Lk; 2. ,uTk; 3. ngz;Zk; 4. ntw;wpiyAk; 5. vy;NyhUk; 6. Kj;jkpOk; Kw;Wk;ik 1. ahiuAk; ek;gp - Kw;Wk;ik 2. ahUk; - Kw;Wk;ik 3. vO gpwg;Gk;> ahh;f;Fk; vspa –

Kw;Wk;ikfs; 4. vk;kUq;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik



5. tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; Njhs;fs; ,uz;Lk; - Kw;Wk;ikfs;

rpwg;Gk;ik: rpwg;Gk;ik ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ik 2. ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik 1. cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ik xU nghUis cah;j;jpr; nrhy;tJ v.fh: jkpopd; Rit mopo;jpDk; ,dpJ cah;Tr;rpwg;Gk;ikfs;

epyj;jpDk; thdpDk; ePhpDk; rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 1. caphpDk; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 2. ghpe;Jk; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 3. vk;kNdhh;f;Fk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik

ghiwAk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik

vd;DilaNuDk; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; va;jpaf;fz;Zk; - cah;T rpwg;G ck;ikfs;

ngz;bUk; - cz;Lnfhy; rhd;NwhUk; cz;Lnfhy; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T rpwg;Gk;ikfs;

nrWthh;f;Fk; - ,we;jJ jOtpa vr;r ck;ik cah;T rpwg;Gkhk; 2. ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik ,ope;j nghUspd; cah;itr; nrhy;tJ v.fh: ehapDk; ,ope;jtd; ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik

tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr;rpwg;Gk;ik

nra;apDk; - ,opTr;rpwg;Gk;ik ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik 1. rpwpJ vdpDk;> ,d;dh nrapDk;> gpwh;

nrapDk; Jd;g KwthpDk; - ,opT rpwg;G ck;ikfs;

2. FUFk; - ,opT rpwg;G ck;ik 3. tOf;fpAk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik ck;ikj;njhiffs; ahitAk; mltpkiyahW ehLefh; ck;ikj;njhif jha;je;ij - ck;ikj;njhif rpuKfk; - ck;ikj;njhif

(rpuKk; KfKk;)

md;nkhopj;njhif Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpa njhif epiyj; njhlh;fSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy nkhopfs; njhf;fp (kiwe;J) epd;W nghUs; jUtJ md;nkhopj;njhif MFk;. v.fh: 1. fay;tpop te;jhs; - fay; Nghd;w tpop

cila ngz; te;jhs;. cah;jpizg; ngaiuf; Fwpj;jhy; ,J ck;ikj; njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif.

2. G+q;Foyp te;jhs; - G+it mzpe;j $e;jy; cila ngz; te;jhs;> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhifahFk;. (gpw Ntw;Wikj; njhiffSk; ,t;thNw mikAk;.)

3. RLfjph; vOe;jhd; - RLfjph; - tpidj;njhif RLfpd;w fjpiu cila #hpad; vOe;jhd; - tpidj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopnj;njhif



md;nkhopj;njhif 1. Xjp Njhw;whs; ($e;jiy cila

ngz;zhfpa jj;ij)> tisf;if tpuYk; (tisia cila ifiaf; nfhz;l ngz;zhfpa jj;ij tpuYk;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif.

2. ghayhd; - (ghaiyr; Rke;jtdhfpa jpUkhy;) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik njhifg;Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif

3. gtsr;nrt;tha; euk;G csu (gtsk; Nghy; rpte;j tapid cila ngz;zhfpa jj;ij euk;igj; jlt) – ctikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif

njhfh epiyj; njhlh;

xU njhlh; nkhopapy; ,U nrhw;fs; ,Ue;J> mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh> cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czh;j;JtJ njhfh epiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: kio nga;jJ Kjy; njhlhpy; kio vd;Dk; vOthAk; nga;jJ vd;Dk; gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J epd;W NtW nrhy; Ntz;lhJ nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt ,J njhfh epiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;. njhfh epiyj; njhlh; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. 1. vOtha;j; njhlh; 2. tpspj; njhlh; 3. tpidKw;W njhlh; 4. nganur;rj;njhlh; 5. tpidnar;rj;njhlh; 6. Ntw;Wikj;njhfhepiyj; njhlh; 7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; 8. chpr;nrhy; njhlh; 9. mLf;Fj; njhlh;

“Kw;W <nur;rk; vOtha; tpspg;nghUs; MWUG ,ilAhp mLf;fpit njhfhepiy”

- ed;D}y; - 374

1. vOtha; njhlh; fgpyd; te;jhd; - ,jpy; fgpyd; vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlh;e;J “te;jhd;” vd;Dk; gadpiy te;Js;sjhy; ,J vOtha;j;njhlh; vdg;gLk;. 2. tpspj;njhlh; fjputh! th - ,J tpspj;njhlh; (miof;fpwJ) 3. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;: fz;Nld; rPijia – tpidKw;W Kjypy; te;J ngaiuj; njhlh;fpwJ. tpidKw;W 1. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 2. <ag;gLk;> Nfl;f – tpaq;Nfhs;

tpidKw;W 3. fhz;f – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 4. ,wg;gpid vd;W nghWj;jy; (nghWj;Jf;

nfhs;f) – „jy;‟ tpFjp ngw;w cld;ghl;L tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

5. mjdpDk; ed;W – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 6. thapduhjy; mhpJ – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 7. xOfg;gLk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L

tpidKw;W 8. itahh; - vjph;kiw gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W 9. tply; - my;yPw;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 10. Ja;g;Nghk; - jd;ikg;gd;ik tpidKw;W 11. nghjpe;J itg;gh; - cld;ghl;Lg; gyh;ghy;

tpidKw;W 12. nra;tha; - Kd;dpiy xUik

tpidKw;W 13. vd;g – gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

tpidKw;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

thopah; fhf;f <f

Rkf;f> xf;f(xj;jpUf;f) Nghf>

elf;f> xopf> MFf

tho;f fhf;f> <f> Rkf;f xf;f(xj;jpUf;f) gzpFthk;



,iwQ;Rthk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;

fue;Njhk;> mfg;gl;Nlhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;

guTtJk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W te;Njhk;> ntd;Nwhk; - jd;ikg;gd;ik

,we;jfhy tpidKw;Wfs; gUFfpd;Nwhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik

epfo;fhy tpidKw;W fhg;Nghk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik epfo;fhy

tpidKw;W guTtJk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W epiwe;jid> jPh;e;jid> rhh;e;jid>

tha;e;jid> xsph;e;jid> G+z;lid – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;Wfs;

ca;f;Fk;> ghh;f;Fk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpid Kw;Wfs;

,y;iy> nghUl;L> mhpJ> jifj;J> cilj;J – Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wfs;

Nrhfhg;gh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W MWk; - cld;ghl;L xd;wd;ghy;

tpidKw;W MwhJ - vjph;kiw xd;wd;ghy;

tpidKw;W ,J Ntz;lh – vjph;kiw Fwpg;G

tpidKw;W milj;jdk; - csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik

gd;ik tpidKw;W jPz;ld;kpd; - vjph;kiw Vty;

tpidKw;Wfs; epidAkpd; - cld;ghl;L Vty;

tpidKw;W ghtpNad; - jd;ik cUik tpidKw;W cly;fs; mWj;jhh; - ,we;jfhyj;

njhpepiy tpidKw;W gbg;ghh;> gpbg;ghh;> njhOthh;> jUthh;>

nfhLg;ghh;> jLg;ghh;> Jbg;ghh; - glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;Wfs;

mthtpw;W – xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W nga;jplha; - Vty; tpidKw;W fuNty; - vjph;kiw Vty; tpidKw;W gwit tPo;e;j (tPo;e;jd) – gytpd;ghy;

,we;jfhy tpidKw;W euk;G nfhz;lhd; - Mz;ghy;tpidKw;W

tpsp 1. rhd;wPh; - tpsp 2. Nrh;g;g - mz;ik tpsp

4. nganur;rj; njhlh;: tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk; vr;rtpid “kuk;” vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;NyhL Kbe;Js;sJ. nganur;rk; 1. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;

,d;dhr;nrhy; fy;yh xUtw;Fk;

nfhy;yh nrhy;yh Njuh vQ;rh vjphpyh

2. nganur;rq;fs; nghd;Wk; gbj;j jPh;j;j <z;ba Ezq;fpa Md;w 3. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; ghlhj vwpahj nfhy;yhj gwthj gz;zhj njhlhj #lhj G+thj Kbahj nrhy;yhj ,y;yhj nganur;rk;

<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; tiuah kuG mtpohf; Nfhl;Lfph; cz;zh caf;fk; epuk;gh ePspil ePq;fhg; G+uzkha; ,izapyhg; gRik Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL jg;gh kuk; mikfyh MW ePq;fh ,d;gk; Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL jg;gh kuk; mikfyh MW

kyh;e;j Ntq;if> ,Ue;j Njhif - ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs;

Mh;e;j Jfpy; - ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rk;



Nghh;j;j gplit - nganur;rk;

Japyhepd;w - epfo;fhyg; nganur;rk;

nehe;j Gz; - nganur;rj; njhlh;

ePq;fhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

je;j ghy;> ,Lk; Nrid> file;j ghayhd; - ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs;

gwpj;j kaph; - nganur;rk;

Cwpa ,jo; - nganur;rk;

mikj;j kiy> nfhLj;j kiy> epd;w kiy> nfLj;j kiy> rgpj;j kiy – nganur;rq;fs;

G+f;fpd;w> <h;f;fpd;w> fhf;fpd;w – epfo;fhyg; nganur;rq;fs;

J}f;fhj xg;GuT – vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

%thj QhapW - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

gOj;j ney;> rpf;fpa Nfhio – „nra;j‟ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs;

cijj;j rukio – nganur;rk;

%thj rukio – nganur;rk;

%thj Kjy;td;> Xthj ngUq;Fzk; - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;

itj;j Nfhyk; - nganur;rk;

Rl;l Gz;> Rl;l tL - ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs;

je;j nghUs;> $k;Gk; gUtj;J> rPh;j;j ,lj;j – nganur;rq;fs;

fopj;j Nty;> fple;j Qhdk; - nganur;rq;fs;

jUk; nghUs; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk;

fl;Lk; Njthjp Njtd; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk;

thrpf;Fk; gy;fUtp - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk;

5. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;

te;J Nghdhd; - “te;J” vd;Dk; vr;rtpid “Nghdhd;” vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ. tpidnar;rk; 1. nghjpe;J> Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. Gue;J> vOjp> Jjpf;f – tpidnar;rk; 3. Gf;F - tpidnar;rk; 4. vOjhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 5. NruhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 6. cz;zhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 6. Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj;njhlh;: nra;Ais vOjpdhd; ,j;njhlhpy; “I” vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gilahf epd;W nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. 7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;:

kw;nwhd;W – kw;W xd;W. ,jpy; kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J xd;W vd;Dk; nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ. ,ilr;nrhy;

1. nghs;nsd - tpiuTf; Fwpg;G nkhop: ,ilr;nrhy; 2. fhuzk; vd;nfhy; - Iag;nghUs; czh;j;Jk; ,ilr;nrhy;

3. xy;iy – tpiuitf; Fwpf;Fk; ,ilr;nrhy;

8. chpr;nrhy; njhlh;: khKdpth; - “kh” vd;gJ chpr;nrhy; ,ijj;njhlh;e;J. Kdpth; vd;Dk; nrhy; njhlh;e;J te;J nghUs; je;Js;sJ. chpr;nrhy;njhlh; 1. fbkfs; - chpr;nrhy; njhlh;



cWFiw> itths;> ths;Kfk;> khkJiu> khkiy> khQhyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;fs;

I> mhp> khjh; jifa klthh;> ky;yy; kJiu – chpr;nrhw;fs;

ehkNty;> itNty; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;fs;

khkjp – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;

khtyp - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 9. mLf;Fj; njhlh;: ed;W ed;W xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fpte;Js;sJ. xU nrhy; tpiuT> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> mtyk;> ctif> njspT Kjypait fhuzkhf ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;. mLf;Fj;njhlh; 1. GjpJGjpJ - mLf;Fj;njhlh; 2. nrhy;ypr;nrhy;yp - mLf;Fj;njhlh; 3. ed;W ed;W - mLf;Fj;njhlh; mLf;Fj;njhlh; 1. rPwpr;rPwp - mLf;Fj;njhlh; 2. MFf MFf> jpdk; jpdk;> fzk;fzk; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs;

4. tpLjiy tpLjiy – mLf;Fj;njhlh; 5.

mLf;Fj;njhlh; 1. thopathopa> jpde;jpdk; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs; 2. ahh;ahh; - mLf;Fj;njhlh; 3. tpf;fptpf;fp – mLf;Fj;njhlh; 4. GilGil – mLf;Fj;njhlh; 5. ,dpjpdpJ> RikRikaha;> JiwJiwaha; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs; 6. miwe;J miwe;J – gd;ikgw;wpa mLf;Fj;njhlh;

%tifg; Nghypfs; xU vOj;J epw;fNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; kw;Nwhh; vOj;J te;jhYk; nghUs;

khWgltpy;iyahapd; mjidg; „Nghyp‟ vd;gh;. v.fh: mfd; - mfk;> epyd; - epyk; Nghyp %d;W tifg;gLk;. 1) Kjw;Nghyp 2) ,ilg;Nghyp 3) filg;Nghyp 1) Kjw;Nghyp nrhw;fspd; Kjypy; cs;s vOj;J khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ Kjw;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. v.fh: kQ;R – ikQ;R kay; - ikay; 2) ,ilg;Nghyp: nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; cs;s vOj;J khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ ,ilg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. v.fh: KuR – KiuR murpay; - miurpay; ,iyQ;rp - ,yQ;rp 3) filg;Nghyp: nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;J khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ filg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. v.fh: mwd; - mwk; ge;jh; - ge;jy; mwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs; jpwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs; 4) Kw;Wg;Nghyp: nrhy;ypd; %d;W vOj;JfSk; Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpait khwp epd;w NghjpYk; nghUs; khWgltpy;iy. v.fh: Ie;J – mQ;R vdNt ,J Kw;Wg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. Nghyp miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp Nghyp 1. ge;jh; (ge;jy;) - <w;Wg;Nghyp 2. mwd; (mwk;) - ,Wjpg;Nghyp



Nghyp 1. ead; (eak;)> ,ld; (,lk;)> nfhk;G (nfhk;gh;) – <w;Wg;Nghypfs; 2. nfhk;gh; - <w;Wg;Nghyp

gjk;

gjk; vd;gjw;F nrhy; vd;W nghUs;. gjk; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1) gfhg;gjk; 2) gFgjk; 1. gfhg;gjk;: gFj;jy; vd;why; gphpj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs;. gfh vd;why; gphpf;f ,ayhjJ vd;gJ nghUs;. gphpf;ftpayhj nrhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;. gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

i. ngah;g; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) jkpo;> md;id> kz;> fy;> nghd;

ii. tpid gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) tho;> el> Ngh> th> nra;> epy;

iii. ,ilg; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) Nghy> kw;W> My;

iv. chpg; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) edp> jt> rhy Fwpg;G: ,ilr; nrhy;Yk; chpr;nrhy;Yk; vg;nghOJk; gfhg;gjq;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;. gFg;ghw; gadw;W ,LFwpahfp Kd;Nd xd;wha; Kbe;jpay; fpd;w ngah;tpid ,ilAhp ehd;Fk; gfhg;gjk; ed;D}y; - 131 2. gFgjk; gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;. mt;thW gFf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L Kjy; MW cWg;Gfshf mr;nrhy;iy gphpf;fyhk;. mt;TWg;Gfspd; ngah;fshtd gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk; MFk;.

v.fh: jiyth; - jiy t; mh;

gFgjk; ,Utifg;gLk; 1. ngah;g;gFgjk; 2. tpidg;gFgjk; 1. ngah;g;gFgjk;: gFgjk; ngah;r; nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ ngah; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;. ngah;g;gFgjk; MW tifg;gLk;.

i. nghUl;ngah;g;gFgjk; - (v.fh) nghd;dd; nry;td;

ii. ,lg;ngah;g;gFgjk; - Cud; kJiuahd; iii. fhyg;ngah;gFgjk; - fhh;j;jpif ahd; iv. rpidg;ngah;gFgjk; - fz;zd; jiyad; v. gz;Gg;ngah;gFgjk; - fhpad; ,dpad;

vi. njhopw;ngah;gFgjk; - ,af;Feh; Xl;Leh; 2. tpidg;gFgjk; gFgjk; tpidr;nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ tpidg;gFgjk;. tpidg;gFgjk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. njhpepiy tpidg;gFgjk; - gbj;jhd; Xbdhd; 2. Fwpg;G tpidg;gFgjk; - ey;yd;.

vr;rk;

KbT ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; vr;rk; vdg;gLk;. mt;ntr;rk; nganur;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. nganur;rk;

vr;rtpid ngah;r; nrhy;iyj; jOtp epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUkhdhy; mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: Ngrpa> NgRfpd;w> NgRk; nganur;rk;

Ma;e;j nghw;fpop Nja;e;j gha;e;j Ma;e;j fha;e;j Md;w ngUik tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh gbj;j tpufd; jPh;j;j nropad;



nganur;rk; ,ope;j gpwg;G kyh;e;j fz;zd; mize;j thfPrh; cw;wNeha; jho;e;j jsh;e;j ,Ue;jts;sy;

nganur;rk; te;j nghUs; fho;g;g ,aw;wpahh; Kjph;e;jNkjp nghjpe;jnka; epd;w Ntq;if mike;j fhjy; ghh;j;jfz;iz nrd;w tl;b glh;e;j njz;biu thOk;Fb

nganur;rk; ,ope;j nrd;w tl;b ,Uz;l nrd;w J}q;Fk; kUTk; thOk; Fb glh;e;j epd;w mile;j gjpe;j nghjpe;j $k;Gk; gUtj;J rPh;j;j ,lj;J jho;e;j jsh;e;j te;j nghUs; vz;zpa Njak;

vr;rk; 1. Njhd;whf; nfLk; - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; 2. ngwpd; - „nrapd;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L

tpidnar;rk; 3. fhthf;fhy;> nra;ahJ mikfyh> jPuhik

Mh;f;Fk;> fyq;fhJ> mfyhf;fil – vjph;kiw tpidnar;rq;fs;

4. fhj;J mlq;fy;> Mw;wpw; je;j> gbd;> nrapd; csNth> J}f;fpr; nray;> Cf;fp Khpe;jhh;> ngapd; ,Wk;> Nghw;wp toq;Fk; - tpidnar;rq;fs;

5. thq;FG – „nra;G‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

6. euk;G csu – „nra‟ntd; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

7. ePf;fp> ca;j;J> Rue;J> Kjph;e;J> nehe;J> kwe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;

8. NgJwh - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;.

9. J}zpw;gpwe;J - „nraJ‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

10. Nghe;J> vwpe;J> ehl;b> Fk;gpl;L> nfhz;L – tpidnar;rq;fs;

11. md;wp – Fwpg;G tpidnar;rq;fs; 12. tpk;kp> tpOe;J> mywp> gbe;J> cijj;J>

ce;jp> vOe;J> gjpj;J> epkph;e;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;

13. GyuhNk> fk;khNk> rptthNk> cz;zhNk> NehthNk – vjph;kiw tpidnar;rq;fs;

14. ,ak;gf; Nfl;bly; - „nra‟ ntd; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

15. thog; nga;jplha; - „nra‟ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

16. Nktp tFj;J – tpidnar;rk; 17. nghq;fp> nrte;J> rPwp> nespj;J> gue;J>

jhf;fp> ntUtp> cise;J> fpopj;J> Rw;wp> milj;J> ePl;b – tpidnar;rq;fs;

18. gpwe;J> $l;b> mUe;jp> gifj;J> mzpe;J> mUsp> grpj;J> ngw;W> epd;W> jto;e;J> ,Ue;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;

19. jpwe;J itj;j> Vw;wp itj;j – tpidnar;rq;fs;

20. mikj;J> ,iwj;J> thq;fp – tpidnar;rq;fs;

21. Fbj;Jr; Ritf;f – tpidnar;rk; 22. mwpahh;> xOfhd;> mwpahd; - (vr;rg;

nghUspy; te;jikahy;) Kw;nwr;rq;fs; nganur;rk; mirj;j nkhop ,irj;j nkhop nghd;Wk; JizAk; nrhy;ypa nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray; jPuhj tWik glhj Jauk; jg;gpa kd;dtd; <d;w je;ij Koq;fpa Nrjp nfhOj;j Gfo; ,oe;j ghpR ,hpe;j ghyd; Nfl;l thrfk; Mdhj nry;tk; czh;e;j Kjy;td;



Rw;wpa ghq;fh; tpl;l ths; nrw;w rpiy ,hpe;j ghyd;> Nfl;l thrfk; 1. nfhd;W md;d – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; 2. fjj;j kpd;> mhpa Mz;ik – Fwpg;Gg;

nganur;rq;fs; 3. fisahj Jd;gk;> tisahj nrq;Nfhy; -

vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 4. tpyfhj $l;il - vjph;kiwg;

nganur;rq;fs; 5. ez;Zk; gUtk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 6. J}w;Wk; Fb - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 7. jhTk; fz; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 8. J}q;Fk; gjp> nghUTq;Fil> tUk;

ngUkhs;> ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;

9. <d;w Fotp - ,we;j fhyg; nganur;rk;> ,d;dhr;nrhy;> mopf;fyhfh muz;> vw;wh tpOkk; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; fJtplhj; jpUefh;> ,yh neQ;rk;> vjphpyhf; flTs; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; mtpah tpsf;F - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; jkpopyh E}y; (,yhj) - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

tpidr;nrhy;ypd; <w;nwOj;J nfl;L (kiwe;J) vjph;kiwg; nghUisj;

jUkhdhy; mJ <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh ghlhg; igq;fpsp ,j;njhlhpy; ghlhj vd;Dk;

nganur;rj;jpd; <w;nwOj;J „j‟ nfl;L ghlh vd vjph;kiwg;nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.

<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 1. myfpyhtpisahl;L 2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk; 3. Nfshj; jifaNt 4. nfhy;yheyj;jJ 5. Jt;th tplk; 6. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp 7. ,d;dhr;nrhy; 8. Njuhf; fPud; 9. vjphpyhf; ftp 10. nrhy;yheyj;jJ 11. Fiwah td;fz;

ghlhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

gwthj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

#lhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

1. va;jhg; gop gopapy;yh kd;dd;

2. gluhg; gQ;rt mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzp

3. Njuh kd;dh Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; 4. Nrynthopah top ngha;ah

tpsf;fk; 5. thuhg; nghUshf;fk; jPuhf; fhjyd; 6. kPsh Ms; $th 7. <h;fpyhf; fs;td; nryT xopah

top 8. Nehf;fp tho;thd; gopapy;yh

kd;dd; 9. Vkuh kPsh Msha; 10. thuh ngha;ah 11. mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzp gluhg; gQ;rt 12. Njuh kd;dh Vrhr; rpwg;gpd;



Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fSld; mwpQh; vd;w xU ngah;r;nrhy;iyr; Nrh;j;Jg; ghUq;fs;. Ngrpa mwpQh;> NgRfpd;w mwpQh;> NgRk; mwpQh; nganur;rk; ,U tifg;gLk;. 1) njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; 2) Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; 1) njhpepiy nganur;rk; nganur;rk; fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk; czh;j;Jkhapd; mJ njhpepiy nganur;rk; MFk;. v.fh: gbj;j khztd; gbf;fpd;w khztd; gbf;Fk; khztd; ,g;nganur;rj; njhlh;fs; nraiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; njspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt njhpepiy nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. 2) Fwpg;G nganur;rk; fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhky;> czh;j;jhky; gz;ig kl;Lk; czh;j;jp tUk; nganur;rk; MFk;. 1. ey;y jha; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; 2. neba jhid - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; 3. ,dpa ez;gh; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

tpidnar;r tpFjp „,‟ „c‟ rpy ,lq;fspy; „m‟ mk; tUk;.

v.fh: mofpa fd;W nghpa tPL Gjpa rl;il

Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

,dpa ez;gh; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;

KbT ngwhj vr;r tpidr;nrhy; xU tpid Kw;wpid Vw;Wj; njhlh;g; nghUs; KbT ngWkhapd; mt;ntr;rtpid tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. mJ njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;> Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

v.fh: te;J> tu> fz;L> gbj;J> nra;J

tpidnar;rk; Nghw;wp nghjpe;J nehe;J cz;zhJ fle;J gha;e;J nrwpe;J ciuj;J ,ue;J nrhy;yp ,iwQ;rp tpidnar;rk; tpsf;fp rpwe;J Nehf;fp tpidnar;rk; tpOe;J nte;J tpidnar;rk; cyh;e;J vdh $u flf;f Xb ,isj;J Nehf;fp toq;fp tpidnar;rk; nghUe;jp te;J tpidnar;rk; tzq;fp jJk;gp ntJk;gp nrapd; csNth GFe;J fho;g;g Gus mwpe;J Xk;gp njhpe;J mwpa Ftpa ,opa nghypa te;J gzpe;J tisj;J Gije;J fle;J mile;J njhOJ epkph;e;J kbj;J tPo;e;J fyq;fp ele;J Fdpj;J ciuj;J 1. vOjhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 2. fy;yhJ Nfhl;b nfhSk; - vjph;kiw

tpidnar;rk; 3. jPuhik Mh;f;Fk; - vjph;kiw

tpidnar;rk; 4. fyq;fhJ ,Ug;ghh; - vjph;kiw

tpidnar;rk; 5. va;jw;F mhpa - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 6. ,d;wp – Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;



7. Nfsh (Nfl;L) – nra;ah vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

8. ca;a – „nra‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

9. jiog;g - „nra‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

10. ciu Nfsh - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;

tpidnar;rk; 1. neUq;fp> fz;Lsp> ntUtp –

tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. KayhNk - tpidnar;rk; 3. kaq;fp> gpzq;fp> tzq;fp> caq;fp –

tpidnar;rq;fs; 4. fhaf;fz;lJ> fyq;ff; fz;lJ> khaf;

fz;lJ> kWff; fz;lJ> rhaf; fz;lJ> Njaf; fz;lJ> jdpg;gf; fz;lJ – tpidnar;rq;fs;

5. nehe;J> Nghw;wp> nryr;nrhy;yp> nghjpe;J> mjpu tUtJ> va;jp> fz;L> fyq;fhJ> Jsq;fhJ> fbe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;

6. nra;ahky; nra;j – vjph;kiwj; njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;

7. ead; J}f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidnar;rk; 8. nrytplh – vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; 9. Mw;whJ mOthis - vjph;kiw

tpidnar;rk; 10. vd;dh Mh;j;j – „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; 11. xspg;g> nghUe;jj; joP,> - „nra‟ vd;Dk;

tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; 12. ,ul;l> epow;w> ftpg;g> njUs - „nra‟

vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; 13. khz> ,ilnfhl;fpd; (nfhl;f) –

nrantd; vr;rq;fs; 1) njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; fhyj;ijAk; nraiyAk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk;> njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: vOe;J te;jhs; ghh;f;fr; nrd;whd; fhzpd; kfpo;ths; te;jhy; kfpo;ths; Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspYs;s vOe;J> ghh;f;f> fhzpd;> te;jhy; vDk; nrhw;fs; tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fshFk;. ,it fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vOe;J te;jhd; - ,we;j tpidnar;rk; ghh;f;fr; nrd;whd; - epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk; fhzpd; kfpo;ths; - vjph;fhy tpidnar;rk; ,t;thW fhyj;ijAk; nraiyAk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk; njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. 2) Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhky; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; MFk;. v.fh: 1. Jd;gk; ,d;wp tho;e;jhd; - „,d;wp‟ 2. nky;y ele;jhd; - “nky;y” 3. cz;ik my;yhky; $whd; - “my;yhky;” 4. ey;y khztd; - “ey;y” mofpa kyh; - “mofpa” ,t;thW fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhky; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; MFk;.

Kw;nwr;rk;

Xbdhd; tpo;e;jhd; gbj;jdd; Njwpdhd; ,j;njhlhpfSs; xbdd; vd;gJ xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;r nghUspYk;> gbj;jdd; vd;gJ gbj;J vd;Dk; tpidnar;rg; nghUspYk; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. ,t;thW cU tpid Kw;Wr;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUspy; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ Kw;nwr;rkhFk; Kw;whf ,Uf;Fk; mr;nrhy; vr;rg; nghUspy; toq;FtJ Kw;nwr;rkhFk;.



v.fh: fz;ldd; tPo;e;jhd; gbj;jdd; Njwpdhd; Kw;nwr;rk; JQ;rhd; - Kw;nwr;rk; gilAk; - ck; - ,we;jJ joP,a

vr;rk; Kw;nwr;rk; 1. jpUj;jpdd;(jpUj;jp) - Kw;nwr;rk; 2. nfhzh;e;Njd; - Kw;nwr;rk; 3. Gf;fhd; (GFe;J) - Kw;nwr;rk; 4. nrd;wdd; (nrd;W) - Kw;nwr;rk; 5. ciuahh; ($whky;) - Kw;nwr;rk; 6. FWfpds; (mZfp) - Kw;nwr;rk; 7. Fioe;jds; (Fioe;J) - Kw;nwr;rk; 8. jho;e;j Filad; - Fwpg;G

Kw;nwr;rk; 9. jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd; - Fwpg;G

Kw;nwr;rk; 10. jho;e;j Filad; - Fwpg;G

Kw;nwr;rk; 11. jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd; - Fwpg;G

Kw;nwr;rk; 12. KWtyd; tpsk;gYw;whd; - Fwpg;G

Kw;nwr;rk; 13. Gy;yhh; - Gustply;

Kw;nwr;rk; Kw;nwr;rk; 1. gad; J}f;fhh; - vjph;kiw Kw;nwr;rk; 2. epd;wpys; epd;w rpyk;G – Kw;nwr;rk; 3. Vq;Fthd; (Vq;fpatdha;)> Nfl;ldh; kUz;lhh;> njhlh;e;jdd; eifg;ghd; - Kw;nwr;rq;fs;

Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;gd. ,tw;iwf; Fwpj;J Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfj; njhpAk;. mit jd;ik> Kd;dpiy. glh;f;if Mfpa

%tplg; ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ jphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. jd;ikg; ngah;fs;:

1) ahd; I – vd;id

2) ahd; My; - vd;dhy;

3) ahd; F – vdf;F

4) ahd; ,d; - vd;dpy;

5) ahd; mJ – vdJ

6) ahd; fz; - vd;fz;

,t;thW ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngah; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ „vd;‟ vdj; jphpe;jJ.

,Nj Nghd;W „ahk;‟ vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ „vk;‟ vdj; jphpAk;.

,Nj Nghd;W ehk; vDk; jd;ikg; ngah; „ek;‟ vdf; Fwpf;Fk; ek;ik> ek;ky;> ekf;F> ek;kpd;> ekJ> eq;fz;.

ahq;fs;> ehq;fs; vDk; jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ vq;fs; vdj; jphpAk;. vq;fis> vq;fshy;> vq;fSf;F> vq;fspd;> vq;fsJ> vq;fsplk;

Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs;: eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;Fk; nghOJ epd; vdTk; „cd;‟ vdTk; jphpAk;.

1) eP I – epd;id cd;id

eP My; – epd;dhy; cd;dhy;

eP F – epdf;F cdf;F

eP ,d; – epd;dpd; cd;dpd;

eP mJ – epdJ cdJ 2) ,Nj Nghd;W ePh; vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ Ek;> ck;> vdj; jphpAk;. Ek;ik> ck;ik> Ek;khy;> ck;khy;> Ekf;F> ckf;F> Ek;kpd;> ck;kpd;> EkJ> ckJ> Eq;fz;> cq;fz;.



ePq;fs; vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUgw;Fk; NghJ Eq;fs;‟ „cq;fs;‟ vd khWgLk;. Eq;fs;> cq;fis> Eq;fshy;> cq;fshy;> Eq;fSf;F> cq;fSf;F> Eq;fspd;> cq;fspd;> Eq;fsJ> cq;fsJ> Eq;fspd;fz;> cq;fspf; fz;. glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; 1. jhd; vDk; glh;f;ifg; ngah;Ntw;Wik

cUNgw;Fk;NghJ jd; vdj; jphpAk;.

jhd; I – jd;id

jhd; My; – jd;dhy; 2. ,ij Nghd;wJ “jhk;” vDk; glh;f;ifg;

ngah; „jk;‟ vdj; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;Fk;.

jhd; F – jdf;F

jhd; ,d; – jd;dpd;

jhd; ,J – jdJ

jhd; fz; – jd;fz; 3. jhq;fs; vDk; glh;f;ifg; ngah; „jq;fs;‟

vdj; jphpAk;. jq;fis jq;fshy; jq;fSf;F jq;fspd; jq;fsJ jq;fz;

“jhd;jhk; ehk; Kjy; FWFk; ahd;ahk; ePePh; vd; epd;Wk; Mk;gpw Ft;tpd; mt; ehd;F MW ,ul;ly;” ed;D}y; - 247

MFngah;

xU nghUspd; ,aw;ngah;> mjid czh;j;jhky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhU nghUSf;Fj; njhd;W njhl;L ngauhfp tUtJ MFngah; vdg;gLk;.

MFngah; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;. 1. nghUshF ngah;:

xU KOg; nghUspd; ngah; jd;idr; Rl;lhJ mjd; cWg;Gf;F Mfp tUtJ KjyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,jidg; nghUshF ngah; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh) jkpourp ky;ypif #bdhs;. ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ky;ypif vd;Dk; nrhy; Nth;> nfhb> ,iy> G+> Mfpa cWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; Nrh;e;j KOg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; mLj;Js;s #bdhs; vd;Dk; gadpiyahy; ky;ypif vd;Dk; ngah;> KOg; nghUis czh;j;jhJ mjd; Xh; cWg;ghfpa kyiu kl;Lk; czh;j;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J nghUshF ngah;. (v.fh) G+rzpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. 2. ,lthF ngah;: Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;NjhL njhlh;Gila NtW nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ „,lthF ngah;‟ vdg;gLk;. v.fh: 1. fphpf;nfl;by; ,e;jpah ntd;wJ 2. fhQ;rpGuk; vd;d tiy? 3. fhythF ngah;: fhyg;ngah; fhyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila NtW nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ fhythF ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) 1. khh;fop #bdhs; 2. brk;gh; G+ #bdhs; 3. Nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ. 4. rpdhahF ngah;: xU rpidapd; (cWg;G) ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila KOg; nghUf;F Mfp tUtJ rpidahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) ntw;wpiy el;lhd; ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ntw;wpiy vd;gJ rpidahfpa ,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky; mjd; Kjy; nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfp te;jJ. mjdhy; mJ rpidahF ngah; MFk;. (v.fh) 1. Mrphpah; jiyf;F xU tpdhj;jhs; je;jhh; 2. jiyf;F xU gok; nfhL



5. gz;ghF ngah;: xU gz;Gg; ngah;> mg;gz;igf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ gz;ghF ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J FzthF ngah; vd;W toq;fg;ngWfpwJ. v.fh: nts;is mbg;Nghk;. nts;is vd;gJ epwg;gz;G> Mdhy; mJ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky;> Rz;zhk;igf; Fwpj;J te;jJ. mjdhy; ,J gz;ghF ngah; ,jidf; FzthFngah; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: 1. ,sq;Nfh ,dpg;G toq;fpdhd; 2. nrtiyia tz;bapy; G+l;L tpUe;J - gz;ghF ngah; 6. njhopyhF ngah;: xU njhopw;ngah; mj;njhopypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ njhopyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: nghq;fy; cz;Nlhk; ,q;Fg; nghq;fy; vd;gJ nghq;Fjyhfpa njhopw;ngah;. ,j;njhopw;ngah; njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky;> mj;njhopyhy; MFk; czitf; Fwpj;jJ> mjdhy; ,J njhopyhF ngah;. 7. jhdpahF ngah;: Xh; ,lg;ngah;> mt;tplj;jpYs;s nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ,lthF ngauhFk; Xuplj;jpYs;s nghUs; mt;tplj;jpw;F Mfp tUtJ jhdpahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ghiy tz;bapy; Vw;W ghy; vd;Dk; ePh;kg; nghUs; Vw;Wk; vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; ghy; itf;fgl;bUf;Fk; jhdkhfpa (,lkhfpa) Flj;jpw;F Mfp te;J jhdpahF ngah; Mapw;W. (jhdk; - Flk;> jhdp – ghy;) 8. ctikahF ngah;: xU ctkhdg; ngah;> njhlh;Gila ctNkag; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ctikahF ngah;. v.fh: ehujh; tUfpwhh; xUtiug; ghh;j;J ehujh; tUfpwhh; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhfpa ehujh; vd;Dk; ngah; mtiuf; Fwpf;fhky;> mtiug; Nghd;w (fyf%l;Lgth;) NtnwhUth;f;F Mfp te;jJ. mjdhy; ,/J ctikahF ngah; MFk;.

v.fh: fhis te;jhd; 9. fUtpahF ngah;: xU fUtpapd; ngah; mjdhy; cz;lhfpa fhhpag; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ fUtpahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: aho; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhs; aho; vd;Dk; ,irf; fUtpapd; ngah;> mjdhy; cz;lhd ,irf;F Mfp te;J aho; Xir Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhd; vd;whdjhy; ,J fUtpahF ngah; MFk;. v.fh: Foy; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhd; 10. fhhpathF ngah;: xU fhhpaj;jpd; ngah;> mJ cz;lhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd fUtpg; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ fhhpathF ngah; MFk;. v.fh: ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd; ,q;F rikay; vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F (fUtpf;F ngauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF ngah;. v.fh: 1. fstpay; gbj;jhd; 2. ed;D}y; fw;Nwd;. 11. fUj;jh MFngah;: xU fUj;jhtpd; ngah;> mtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}ypw;F Mfp tUtJ fUj;jh MFngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: jpUts;Stiug; gbj;Jg;ghh;. ,j;njhlhpy; jpUts;Sth; vd;gJ mtuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w E}Yf;F Mfp te;jjhy;> fUj;jhthF ngah; ngw;wJ. v.fh: mofdpf;Fj; jpUts;Sth; kdg;ghlk;. 12. nrhy;yhF ngah;: xU nrhy;ypd; ngah; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ nrhy;yhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ts;Sth; nrhy; tho;f;iff;F ,dpJ ,j;njhlhpy; ts;Sth; nrhy; vd;gJ> nrhy;iyf; Fwpf;fhJ nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jhy; ,J nrhy;yhF ngah;. 13. vz;zy; msit MFngah;:



vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ vz;zy; msit MFngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: xd;W ngw;why; xsp kak; ,j;njhlhpy; xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah;. mt;ntz;Zf;Fj; njhlh;Gila Foe;ijf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jJ. ,/J vz;zy; msit MFngah;. v.fh: 1. ehYk; ,uz;L nrhy;Yf;FWjp 2. jiyf;F xd;W nfhL 14. vLj;jy; msit MFngah;: vLj;jy; msitg; ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ vLj;jy; msit MFngah;. v.fh: Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy? “fpNyh” vd;Dk; vLj;jysitg; (epWj;jysit) ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F (mhprp> gUg;G> rh;f;fiu) Mfp te;jjhy; ,J vLj;jysitahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. 15. Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;: Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: %d;W ypl;lh; nfhL ypl;lh; vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F (ghy; kz;nzz;nza;) Mfp te;jJ. vdNt ,J Kfj;jsitahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. 16. ePl;ly; msit MFngah;: ePl;ly; msitg; ngah; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ePl;ly; msit MFngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: %d;W kPl;lh; nfhL kPl;lh; vd;Dk; ePl;ly; msitg; ngah; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F (Jzp) Mfp te;jJ. vdNt ,J ePl;ly; msitahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. nghUs;Kjy; MNwhL msit nrhy;jhdp fUtp fhhpak; fUj;jd; MjpAw; xd;wd; ngauhd; mjw;fpia gpwpijj; njhd;Kiw ciug;gd MFngaNu.

ed;D}y; - 29 MFngah; ehop - MFngah; foy; - jhdpahF ngah; Njrk; - ,lthFngah; MFngah; Cf;fk; cilahd; - MFngauha;

typikiaf; Fwpj;jJ.

jhkiu eadj;jhd; - Kjy; MFngah;

jpUePW fhg;G - njhopyhF ngah;

xd;W nra;thd; - vz;zhF ngah;

v/F - fUtpahF ngah; (v/fpdhy; Mfpa MAjk;)

cyfj;NjhL - ,lthFngah; (cyfk;)

thapy; - ,lthFngah; (thapw;fhtyd;) te;J ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

Nfhapy; - ,lthFngah; (muz;kidAs; muridf;) fhl;l ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

CuwpAk; - ,lthFngah; fhh;Fyhk; epwj;jd; - gz;ghFngah; MFngah; 1. cs;sk; (cs;sj;jpy; vOk; fUj;J – MFngah; 2. vOik> Ie;J> Cf;fk; - MFngah;fs; MFngah; 1. cyF - ,lthFngah; 2. Gtp> itak; - ,lthFngah;fs; 3. Ke;E}y; - fhuz ,LFwpg; ngah; 4. ,Ue;j Njhif – rpidahF ngah;



MFngah; 1. cyfk; - ,lthF ngah; 2. cyF Ntz;lhJ - ,lthF ngah; 3. jiu (ehL) nfhz;l – MFngah; 4. fhis – ctkthF ngah; 5. tpUe;J – gz;ghF ngah; 6. khy; foy; - jhdpahF ngah; nghUs;Nfhs;

xU nra;Aspy; nrhw;fis my;yJ mbfis nghUs; czh;Tf;F Vw;w tifapy; NeuhfTk; khw;wpAk; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwikia nghUs;Nfhs; vd;W toq;Fth; nghUs;Nfhs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. 1. Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; 2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; 3.epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; 4. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs; 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; 7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 8. mb khwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; 1. Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;: xU nra;Aspy;> nghUshdJ XLfpd;w Mw;W ePNuhl;lk; Nghy> nrhw;fs; Kd; gpd;dhf khwhky; Nehuhfg; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; miktJ Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; ngha;jPh; xOf;f newp epd;whh; ePL tho;thh; nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; - nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk; Ik;nghwpfspd; topahff; nfhz;l Itif MirfisAk; tpl;l ,iwtdJ. ngha;jPh; xOf;fnewp epd;whh; - nka;ahd xOf;f newpapy; epd;wth; ePL tho;thh; - tPl;Lyfpy; vd;Wk; ,d;Gw;W thopth;. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; nghwp thapy; vdj; njhlq;fp> ePL tho;thh; vd;gJ tiuapYs;s nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wk; ngwhky; njhlh;r;rpahf mike;J nghUs; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mike;jd.

Mjypd; ,g;ghly; Mw;W ePh; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. 2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;: xU nra;Aspy; mike;Js;s nrhw;fis Xh; mbf;Fs;Ns nkhop khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. v.fh: “mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik Nfhwy; nghUsy;yJ mt;T+d; jpdy;” mUs;ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik mUs; my;yJ ahnjdpy; caph;f;nfhiy vdg;nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; nkhop khw;wpg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;. 3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;: xU nra;Aspy; nrhw;fs; Kiw gpwohky; epuy; epiwahf (thpirahf) mike;J tUtJ v.fh: “md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mw” fztDk; kidtpAk; ,ize;J md;G nra;tNj ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;ghFk;. ,UtUk; nra;Ak; mwNk ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gadhFk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;J ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDkhtJ. md;Gk; mwDk; cilajha; ,Ug;gNj MFk;. vd ,U mbfspYk; nrhw;fs; epuy; epiwahf te;Js;sjhy; ,J epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. 4. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;: tpy;ypd; ,UKidfisAk; ehzhy; ,izj;jy; Nghy xU nra;Aspy; ,Wjpr; nrhy;iy Kjw; nrhy;NyhL Nrh;j;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;Sjy;. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid tpw;G+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. (v.fh) “neUjy; csd; xUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk; ngUik cilj;jpt; TyF”



cyF vd;Dk; ,Wjpr; nrhy; Kjy; nrhy;yhd neUjy; vd;gNjhL Nrh;j;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; ,J G+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs;. 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;: xU nra;Aspy; eLtpy; epd;w xU nrhy; CQ;ry; fapW Nghd;W Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; miktJ jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.

jhk;G ,ir jhg;gpir – CQ;ry; fapW

mirjy; Nghy (jhk;G CQ;ry; fapW) v.fh: “,we;jhh; ,we;jhh; midah; rpdj;ijj; Jwe;jhh; Jwe;jhh; Jiz” ,g;ghlypy;> rpdj;ij vd;Dk; eLfpd;w nrhy;iyr; rpdj;ij cilath; (,we;jhh;) ,we;jhh; mizah; vdTk; rpdj;ijj; Jwe;jhh; (Jwe;jhh;) Qhdpah; Jiz vdTk; mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;: ghk;G Gw;wpy; EioAk; NghJ> jhNd klq;fp jiy NkyhfTk;> thy; fPohfTk; epiy khWtJ Nghy nra;Aspy; ,Wjpr; nrhy; my;yJ ,Wjpab fPo; Nkytha; ,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;SkhW miktJ “miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;” vdg;gLk;. mis – Gw;W> kwp – klq;Fjy;> ghg;G - ghk;G “fhz;ghh; fz;zhuf; flTis vg;NghJk; G+z;ghh; Gdpjj; jtk;” ,g;ghlypy; ,WjpapYs;s Gdpjj; jtk; vd;w nrhy; fPo;Nkyhf Gdpjj; jtk; G+z;ghh; vg;NghJk; flTisf; fz;zhuf; fhz;ghh; vd ,iae;J nghUs; nfhs;s tUk;. ,jw;F miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;W ngah;. 7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;: xU nra;Aspy; gy mbfspy; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;wthW

xd;nwhnlhd;W Rl;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;NfhshFk;. v.fh “fl;bf; fUk;G frf;Fk; kpff;fdpe;j vl;bf; fdpapdpf;Fk; vd;D}hpy; - gl;bAs;s fhis gbghy; fwf;FNkey;gR Ntis jtpuh JOk;” ,g;ghliy mg;gbNa gbj;jhy; nghUs; tpsq;fhJ. ,jpy; cs;s nrhw;fisf; fl;bf; fUk;G ,dpf;Fk;. kpff; fdpe;j vl;bf;fdp frf;Fk; gl;bapypUf;Fk; fhis khL Neue;jtwhJ cOk;. ey;y gR kb ghy; fwf;Fk; vd ,t;thW nghUs; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;g mbNjhWk; khwpf; fplf;fpd;w nrhw;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;G: nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbNjhWk; cs;s nrhw;fis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpf; nfhs;tJ. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbfs; KOtJk; cs;s nrhw;fis khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ MFk;. 8. mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;: “nra;Aspy; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd; gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. v.fh: “khwhf; fhjyh; kiykwe; jdNu Mwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt Ntwh nkd; Njhs; tis nefp Ok;Nk $wha; Njhop ahd; thO khNw” ,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf vg;gb khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahJ.

tohepiy tohepiy

,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJ NgRtJk; vOtJk; tohepiy vdg;gLk;.

nry;td; gbj;jhd; ,j;njhlhpy; nry;td; vd;Dk;

Mz;ghy; xUikg; ngah; gbj;jhd; vd;Dk; Mz;ghy; xUik tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;Nl KbfpwJ. vdNt ,J tohepiy vdg;gLk;.



tohepiy MW tifg;gLk; 1. jpiz tohepiy : nry;tp ghbdhs;>

khL

te;jJ. 2. ghy; tohepiy : fz;zd; te;jhd;>

eha;

XbaJ 3. ,l tohepiy : ehd; te;Njd;> eP

tUtha; 4. fhy tohepiy : ehis tUNtd;>

New;Wg;

gbj;Njd; 5. tpdh tohepiy : jkpo; ,yf;fzk;>

vj;jid tifg;gLk;.

6. tpil tohepiy : jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ? vd;w tpdhf;Fk; nrd;id vd tpilaspj;jy;.

tO epiyfs; ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk;

vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;. tOepiy VO tifg;gLk;.

1. jpiz tO 2. ghy; tO 3. ,l tO 4. fhy tO 5. tpdh tO 6. tpil tO 7. kuG tO

1. jpiz tO vd; khkh te;jJ

khkh vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; ngah; te;jJ vd;Dk; m/wpid tpid nfhz;L Kbe;jJ. mjdhy;> ,J jpiz tO vdg;gLk;. 2. ghy; tO fz;zfp te;jhd; fz;zfp vd;Dk; ngz;ghw; ngah;> te;jhd; vd;Dk; Mz;ghy; - tpid nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ mjdhy; ,J ghy; tO vdg;gLk; 3. ,l tO ehq;fs; te;jhh;fs; ehq;fs; vd;gJ jd;ikaplj;Jg; gd;ik ngah; mg;ngah; te;jhh;fs; vd;Dk; glh;f;ifaplj;Jg; gyh; ghNyhL Kbe;Js;sJ. vdNt ,j;njhlh; ,l tO vdg;gLk;. 4. fhy tO fhpfhyd; ehis te;jhd; ,j;njhlhpy; ehis vd;Dk; vjph;fhyg; ngaNuhL te;jhd; vd ,we;j fhy tpid kaq;fp te;Js;sJ. mjdhy; ,J fhy tO vdg;gLk;. 5. tpdh tO Kl;ilapl;lJ Nrtyh ngl;ilah? Nrty; vdg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj tpdhitf; Nfl;ljhy; tpdh tO 6. tpil tO ehis gs;sp jpwf;fg;gLkh? vd;w tpdhTf;F vd; mj;ijf;F cly; eykpy;iy vdf; $WtJ tpil tO MFk;. 7. kuG tO eha; fj;Jk;. ,j;njhlh; kuG tO Vnddpy; eha; Fiuf;Fk; vd;gNj Kiwahd xyp kuG MFk;.

tOtikjp ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp mike;jpUg;gpDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp ,yf;fzKilaijg; Nghy Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tOtikjpahFk;.



(tO – Fw;wk;: mikjp – Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;) v.fh: jha; jd; Foe;ijia vd; fz;Nz! fz;kzpNa vd;W ghuhl;LtJ md;G fhuzkhf te;j tOtikjp MFk;. tOtikjp gy tifg;gLk; 1. jpiz tOtikjp 2. ghy; tOtikjp 3. ,l tOtikjp 4. fhy tOtikjp 5. kuG tOtikjp 1. jpiz tOtikjp ctg;G> cah;T> ,opT> rpwg;G> ,dk; Mfpait fhuzkhf xU jpizr;nrhy; kw;nwhU jpizr; nrhy;yhf tUtJ jpiz tOtikjp vdg;gLk;. jpq;fSk; rhd;NwhUk; xg;gh; - (cah;T) murNd ePNa vq;fSf;Fj; jha; (rpwg;G) %h;f;fZk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh – (,opT) gRit vd; jhNa vd mioj;jy; (ctg;G) Fwpg;gwpa khl;lhjtd; ed; kuk; (rpdk;) 2. ghy; tOtikjp ctg;G> cah;T> rpwg;G> ,opT> rpdk; Mfpait fhuzkhf xU ghy; nrhy; kw;wnwhU ghy; nrhy;yhf tUtJ ghy; tOtikjp vdg;gLk;. je;ij jd; kfid thlh ! vd;W miog;gJ ctg;G Nehf;fpf;nfhz;l ghy; tOtikjp. „ths; Ve;jpDk; ,td; Ngb‟ vd;gJ ,opT Nehf;fpf;nfhz;l ghy; tOtikjp MFk;. 3. ,l tOtikjp rpwg;G> cah;T Mfpait fhuzkhfj; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if ,lr; nrhw;fs; khwp tUtJ ,ltOtikjp vdg;gLk;. fz;zd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; gpwhplk; $Wk;NghJ ,e;jf; fz;zd; xU

ehSk;> ngha; $w khl;lhd; vd jd;ikiag; glh;f;ifaha;f; $WtJ ,ltOtikjpahFk;. 4. fhy tOtikjp tpiuT> njspT> kpFjp Mfpait fhuzkhf xU fhyj;jpw;Fhpa nrhy;iy NtnwhU fhyj;jpw;Fhpa nrhy;yhff; nfhs;tJ fhytOtikjp MFk;. Njh;Tf; fhyj;jpy; vspikahd tpdhj;jisf; fz;l khztd; “ahd; Njh;r;rp mile;J tpl;Nld;” vd;W $WtJ njspT fhuzkhf vjph;fhyk; ,we;j fhykhapw;W. vdNt ,J fhy tOtikjpahFk;. 5. kuG tOtikjp ek; Kd;Ndh; vg;nghUis vr;nrhy;yhy; toq;fpdNuh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy; mk;Kiwg;gbNa toq;FtJ kuG MFk;. Mdhy; VNjDk; xU fhuzk; gw;wp kuG khwp toq;Fjy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; gLkhapd; mJ kuG tOtikjp vdg;gLk;. v.fh: „fj;Jk; FapNyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpo Ntz;Lk;” - ghujp Fapy; $Tk; vd;gJ kuG. mjw;F khwhf fj;Jk; vd;W $wpaJ kuG tOthapDk; ngUk; ftpQh; ghbdhh; vd;Dk; fhuzk; Nehf;fp kuG tOtikjp Mapw;W. ctk cUGfs; xU nghUis my;yJ xU nraiyr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $w mijtplr; rpwe;j kw;nwhU nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ Ngr;R tof;fpYk;> nra;As; tof;fpYk; cz;L. nra;As; tof;fpy; xg;ghf tUk; nghUs; ctik. ,J ctkk; ctkhdk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fshy; $wg;ngWk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; ctNkak; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; $wg;ngWk;. xg;Gikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F ctikf;Fk;> ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk; nrhy; „ctk cUG‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.



ctk cUG njhlh; 1. Nghy - fpspNghy Ngrpdhs; 2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs; 3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; 4. cwo - KbT cwo; jlf;if 5. md;d - kud;d Nrtb 6. khd - fak; %o;F kfsph; fz;

khDk; jhkiu

7. fLg;g - VWngWk; ghk;gpd; ite;Jzp fLg;g

8. ,iaa - kpd;dpw;F ,iaa kpspUk; 9. Va;g;g - mk;G Edp Va;g;g mUk;gp

,Ug;ig 10. Neu - nghd; Neh; GJkyh; 11. epfu - fz;nzhL epfh;f;Fk; Ropg;

Jq;Ftis 12. md;d - nra;thd; md;d Nkdp 13. ,d;d - ahopd; ,d;d ,d;nrhy;

“Nghyg; Giua xg;g cwo khdf; fLg;g ,iaa Va;g;g Neu epfu md;d ,d;d vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNt”

- ed;D}y; 367

ctk cUG 1. J}z;lyhnkd (vd) - ctk cUG 2. fad;Ks; md;d - ctk cUG 3. thspy; jg;gpa - ,y; - cUG kaf;fk; 4. nrd;w ,lj;jhy; (,lj;jpd;fz;) – cUG kaf;fk; tphpAtik

ctik ctNkak; (ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;) Mfpa ,uz;lidAk; nghUj;Jfpd;w ctk cUG ntspg;gilahf tUtJ tphpTtik. ,/J ctikj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

,j;njhlhpy; Njd; - ctik. Nkhop – ctNkak; Nghd;w – ctk cUG. ,j;njhlhpy; ntspg;gl te;Js;sjdhy; ,J tphpTtik vdg;gLk;. ,/J ctikj; njhluhFk;. njhifAtik

Njd; nkhop ,jpy; ctik> ctNkak; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. vdNt ,jidj; njhifAtik vd;gh;. ,jid ctikj;njhif vdTk; $Wth;. ctik cUtfk; ctik xU nghUis mijtplr; rpwe;j nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lf; $wy; „ctik‟ vdg;gLk;. ctikj; njhlhpy; ctikg;; nghUs; (ctkhdk;) Kd;Dk;> ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; (ctNkak;) gpd;Dkhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. (v.fh)

kyub kyh; Nghd;w mb

kyh; ctik

mb ctNkak;; cUtfk; ctkhdj;ijAk; ctNkaj;ijAk; NtWgLj;jhJ ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd vz;ZkhW xw;Wik glf; $WtJ cUtfk; MFk;. cUtfj;jpy; ctNkak; Kd;Dk; ctkhdk; gpd;Dkhff; $wg;gLk;. (v.fh)

mb kyh; mbahfpa kyh;

mb ctNkak;

kyh; ctik cUtfk; 1. gjkyh; - cUtfk; 2. kdf;Fuq;F - cUtfk; 3. nry;tr;nrtpyp - cUtfk; 4. mUs; Fotp - cUtfk; 5. fufkyk; - cUtfk; 6. ruzfkyk; - cUtfk; 7. rhjidg;G+f;fs; - cUtfk; cUtfk; 1. GUtf;nfhb> kdg;gwit – cUtq;fs; 2. rpYitkpir – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG 3. rpdj;jP – cUtfk; 4. fz;kyh; - cUtfk;



5. ekid mQ;Nrhk; (ekDf;F mQ;Nrhk;) – cUG kaf;fk;

6. Kuy;tJ xg;g> Mh;j;jJ vd> klq;fy; md;d – ctk cUGfs;

7. mUspNdhLk; (mUspdhy;) – cUG kaf;fk;

8. tpRk;ngd;Dk; ifj;jha;> kpd;Dg;nghd;Qhz;> Kfpy; mUs;> khhpj;jPk;ghy;> fhkj;;jP – cUtfq;fs;

ctik cUtfk;

1. mKj nkhop nkhopaKJ 2. faw;fz; fz; fay; 3. Njd; jkpo; jkpo;j;Njd; 4. G+tpuy; tpuy;G+ 5. kjpKfk; Kfkjp 6. kyub mbkyh; 7. Kj;Jg;gy; gy;Kj;J 8. kyh;g;ghjk; ghjkyh; cUtfk; gjkyh; - cUtfk; kUg;G+rp - cUtfk; khh;Nghiy - cUtfk; fhkj;jP - cUtfk; ,d;g nrh&gk; - cUtfk; kdf;Fuq;F - cUtfk; cUtfk; 1. ifk;kiy> kjptpsf;F – cUtfq;fs; 2. jq;fj;jPT> jq;fj;Njhzp> nghw;fiu>

jq;fj; jpkpq;fyk; - cUtfq;fs; 3. fz;zPh; nts;sk;> grpf;fapW> gk;guk;>

nky;ypa fhk;G> rpWtpuy;> jPf;Fr;rpfs; - cUtfq;fs;

%tif nkhopfs;

nkhopahdJ %d;W tifg;gLk;. (nkhop nrhy;) 1. jdp nkhop 2. njhlh; nkhop 3. nghJ nkhop 1. jdp nkhop

Xh; vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh jdpj;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;JtJ jdp nkhopahFk;. (v.fh) th> fz;> nra;jhd;> M> fh> kdpjd;> epyk; 2. njhlh; nkhop jdp nkhopfs; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ njhlh; nkhop vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) 1. itfiwapy; Japy; vO 2. rhyr; rpwe;jJ 3. mwk; nra tpUk;G 4. glk; ghh;j;jhd; 5. gRTk; fd;Wk; Njhl;lj;jpy; Nka;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. 3. nghJ nkhop xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;Ny njhlh;e;J epd;W gy nghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk; nghJ nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; iktJ nghJ nkhopahFk;. (v.fh) me;jkhd;

„me;j khd;‟ vd;gJ xU jPitAk;> mr;nrhy;Ny me;j khd; vdg; gphpe;J epd;W> me;j khd; (tpyq;F) vd NtWnghUisAk; jUfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghy; gyif> itif> jhkiu> Ntq;if Kjypad jdpnkhopahfTk; nghJnkhopahfTk; tUtij mwpf. “xU nkhop xU nghUsithk; njhlh; nkhop gy nghU sd nghJ ,UikAk; Vw;gd” ed;D}y; 260 ahg;G: nra;As; cWg;Gfs; ahg;G ,yf;fzk; nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vdg;gLk;. nra;ASf;F chpa cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nra;As; ,aw;Wk; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;fpf; $Wtjhy; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.



(ahg;G – ahj;jy; fl;Ljy;> nghUs; nghUe;jj; njhlUkhW nrhw;fis mikj;jy;. nra;Aisf; fl;Ljy;) nra;As; ghl;L> J}f;F> ftpij vd;gd xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;. ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfspd; tiffs;: ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; MW tifg;gLk;. 1) vOj;J 2) mir 3) rPh; 4) jis 5) mb 6) njhil vOj;J: jkpo; vOj;Jfis ahg;gpyf;fz Kiwapy; %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. 1) Fwpy; 2) neby; 3) xw;W (nka;)

ahg;G ah neby;

g; xw;W

G Fwpy; mir: XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njh xypg;gJ mir vdg;gLk;. mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit 1) Neh; mir 2) epiu mir Neh; mir:

Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy; xw;nwLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk; neby; xw;nwLj;Jk; tUtJ Neuir vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: Fwpy; jdpj;J tuy; f

Fwpy; xw;Wld; tuy; fy;

neby; jdpj;J tuy; fh

neby; xw;Wld; tuy; fhy; epiuair: Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wk; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;W tUtJ epiuair. v.fh:

Fwpy; ,ize;J tuy; gl

Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; tuy; glk;

Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J tuy; glh

Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;Wld; tuy; glhk; rPH;

mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; $b mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. rPh; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. 1) Xuirr;rPH; 2) <uirr;rPh; 3) %tirr;rPh; 4) ehyirr;rPH;

Xuirr;rPh;

ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. Mtw;iw Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;. mit ehs;(Neh;)> kyh;(epiu)> fhR(Neh;G)> gpwg;G(epiuG) vd ehy;tif tha;ghLfs; xd;iwg; ngWk;. v.fh: 1) nrtpapw; RitAzuh thAzh;tpd; khf;fs; mtpapDk; thopDk; vd; vd; - Neh;(ehs;) 2) nrtpf;Fz tpy;yhj Ngho;J rpwpJ tapw;Wf;Fk; <ag;gLk;. gLk; - epiu(kyh;) 3) ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y ehl tse;jU ehL ehL - Neh;G(fhR) 4) mfu Kjy; vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF cyF – epiuG(gpwg;G) <uirr;rPH;

,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; MtJ <uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ ,uz;Lk;> epiuapy; KbJ ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F MFk;. rPh; tha;ghL

Neh; Neh; Njkh

epiu Neh; Gspkh

epiu epiu fUtpsk;

Neh; epiu $tpsk;



khr;rPh; - 2 (Njkh> Gspkh vd khtpy; Kbtjhy; khr;rPh;) tpsr;rPh; - 2 (fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd tpsj;jpy; Kbtjhy; tpsr;rPH;) (<uirr;rPh; ehd;Fk; Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpait) ,it ,aw;rPh; vdTk;> Mrphpa chpr;rPh; vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;. %tirr;rPh; %d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; MtJ %tirr;rPh;. Neuirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fkhf %tirr;rPh; MFk;. fha;r;rPH;

(fha;r;rPh;fs; - 4)

Neh; Neh; Neh; Njkhq;fha;

epiu Neh; Neh; Gspkhq;fha;

epiu epiu Neh; fUtpsq;fha;

Neh; epiu Neh; $tpsq;fha; ,it ntz;ghtpw;F chpad Mjypd; ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;. fdpr;rPH;

(fdpr;rPh; - 4)

Neh; Neh; epiu Njkhq;fdp

epiu Neh; epiu Gspkhq;fdp

epiu epiu epiu fUtpsq;fdp

Neh; epiu epiu $tpsq;fdp ,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F chpajhy; tQ;rpAhpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;. ehyirr;rPH;

%tirr;rPh; vl;Lld; Neuir> epiwairfisj; jdpj;jdpahfr; Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW fpilf;Fk;. ,jidg; nghJr;rPh; vdf; $Wth;.

jis:

epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd; KjyirAk; jis vdg;gLk;. jis xd;wpAk; tUk; xd;whkYk; tUk;. (jis – fl;Ljy;)

xd;wp tUjyhtJ : Neh; Kd; NeUk;. epiu Kd; epiuAk; tUjy;

xd;whky; tUjyhtJ : Neh; Kd; epiuAk;> epiu Kd; NeUk; tUk;.

v.fh: fz;/zh kd;/dh Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; - Neh; mirfs; xd;wp te;jd cah;/tw cah;/eyk; epiu epiu epiu epiu - epiu mirfs; xd;wp te;jd mf/u Kj/y epiu Neh; epiu Neh;; kyh;/kpir V/rpdhd; epiu epiu Neh; epiu - ,it xd;whky; te;jd. jis VO tifg;gLk;. 1. Nenuhd;whrphpajj; jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj; jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPH; ntz;lis 5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jis (Neh; Neh; Nrh;e;j tUtjhy; Nenuhd;wpahrphpaj;jis) v.fh: gh/hp gh/hp Neh;Neh; Neh; Neh; kh Kd;Neh; Njkh Njkh 2. epiunahdpwhrphpaj; jis tpsk; Kd; epiu tUtJ epiunahd;whrphpaj; jis. v.fh: gyh; / gfo; fgp /yh; epiu epiu epiu Neh; tpsKd;epiu



fUtpsk; Gspkh epiu epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis. 3. ,aw;rPH; ntz;lis kh Kd; epiuAk;> tpsKd; NeUk; tUtJ ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. v.fh: mf/u Kj/y epiu Neh; epiu Neh;; khKd; epiu epy/tiu ePd;/Gfo; epiu epiu Neh; epiu tpsKd; Neh; fUtpsk; $tpsk; ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis fha; Kd; Neh; tUtJ ntz;rPh; ntz;lis v.fh: ah/jh/Dk; eh/lh/ky; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; fha;Kd; Neh; Njkhq;fha; Njkhq;fha; ntz;rPh; ntz;lis ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs; ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; ntz;rPh; ntz;lisANk ntz;ghtpy; ,t;tpU jisfs; jtpug; gpw jisfs; tuh. 5. fypj;jis: fdpKd; epiu tUtJ fypj;jis. v.fh: jh/kiug;/G+ Fsj;/jpdp/Ny Neh; epiu Neh; epiu epiu Neh; fha;Kd;epiu $tpsq;fha; fUtpsq;fha; fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj; jis: fdpKd; epiu tUtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis MFk;. v.fh: nre;/jh/kiuf; Fsj;/jpdp/Ny Neh; Neh; epiu epiu epiu Neh; fdpKd;epiu

Njkhq;fdp fUtpsq;fdp xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj; jis: fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis MFk;. v.fh: th/dpy;/tsh; jpq;/fsd;/d Neh; Neh; epiu Neh; epiu Neh; fdpKd;Neh; Njkhq;fdp $tpsq;fha; Xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis mb rPh;fs; gy njhlh;e;J te;J Xh; mbahf mike;J nra;ASf;F cWg;ghtJ mb vdg;gLk;. mb Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit 1) Fwsb 2) rpe;jb 3) mstb 4) nebyb 5) fopnebyb 1) Fwsb: mb NjhWk; ,U rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ Fwsb vdg;gLk;. v.fh: Kf;jp Ntz;LNky; gf;jp Ntz;LNty; rf;jp ak;,J Gj;jp neQ;rNk 2) rpe;jb: mb NjhWk; Kr;rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;. v.fh gOjp yhj gaph;j;njhopy; gOjp yhJ gapw;wNt gOjp yhJ gynjhopy; gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;. 3) mstb: mb NjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisf; ngw;W tUtJ mstb my;yJ Neub vdg;gLk;. v.fh: jha;nkhop jhapDk; jftpw; Nthw;Wtd; Ma;nkhop ahdh;jk; md;Gf;F Vw;Wtd; fha;nkhop ahtJq; fbe;J khw;Wthd; tha;nkhop jg;gplh tifapy; Mw;Wtd;



4) nebyb: mb NjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;. MLk; filkzp ehmir ahky; mfpynkq;Fk; ePLk; Filiaj; jhpj;j gpuhdpw;j ePw;epyj;jpy; ghLk; Gyth; Gfo; xl;lf; $j;jd; gjhk; Gaj;ijr; #Lk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhondd;Nw nadir; nrhy;YNt 5) fopnebyb: mb NjhWk; MW my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtijf; fopnebyb vdf; $Wth;. “tho;tpy; nrk;ik Ntz;Lk; tha;ikNa Ngry; Ntz;Lk; gho;r;nray; tpyf;fy; Ntz;Lk; gz;gpid fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk; jho;tpid mfw;w Ntz;Lk; jUf;fpid tpLjy; Ntz;Lk; #o;epiy czh;jy; Ntz;Lk; Nrhk;giyg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk; ,g;ghly; mbNjhWk; MW rPh;fs; ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ,jidf; fopnebyb vd;gh;. ghlypYs;s rPh;fis vz;zp. ,jid mWrPh; fopnebyb vd;gh;. ,J Nghy; VOrPh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; VOrPh;f; fopnebyb vd;gh;. vl;LrPh;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb vd;W $Wth;. nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vdg;gLk;. nra;ASf;F chpa cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nra;As; ,aw;Wk; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;fpf; $Wtjhy; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gh tiffs;

ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh vdg; „gh‟ ehy;tifg;gLk;. ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;:

1. <w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;.

2. ,aw;rPh;> (khr;rPH;> tpsr;rPh;) ntz;rPh;> (fha;r;rPh;) tUk;. gpw rPh;fs; thuh.

3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; (khKd; epiu> tpsKd; Neh;) ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; (fha;Kd; Neh;) tUk;> gpwjisfs; thuh.

4. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghLfSs; xd;Wnfhz;L KbAk;.

5. nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;. 6. ,uz;lb Kjy;> gd;dpuz;L mbtiu

tUk;. ntz;ghtpd; tiffs;:

ntz;ghtpd; tiffs; MW. mit Fws; ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh> g/nwhil ntz;gh> Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vd;gd.

1. Fws; ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W> ,uz;L mbfisf; nfhz;ljha;> xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ Fws;ntz;gh (Fws; - ,uz;lb) “mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF” ,f;Fwl;gh xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Fws; ntz;gh. (f vd;Dk; vOj;J vJifahf ,uz;L mbfspy; xd;wp te;Js;sJ) “nghUnsd;Dk; ngha;ah tpsf;fk; ,UsWf;Fk; vz;zpa Njaj;Jr; nrd;W” ,f;Fwl;gh ,U tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Fws; ntz;gh. 2. Nehpir ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W> ehd;F mbfisf; nfhz;ljhAk;> ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;Wk;> Kjy; ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> filrp ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> ehd;fbfSk; xU tpfw;gkhAk; tUtJ Nehpir ntz;gh vdg;gLk;.



“ney;Yf; fpiwj;jePh; tha;f;fhy; topNahbg; Gy;Yf;Fk; Mq;Nf nghrpAkhk; - njhy;Yyfpy; ey;yhh; xUth; csNuy; mth;nghUl;(L) vy;yhh;f;Fk; nga;Ak; kio”. ,g;ghlypd; ehd;fbapYk;. ,uz;lhkbapd; ,Wjpr; rPhpYk; xNu vJif ngw;W xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Nehpir ntz;gh. cd;Ds; fiyitj;jha; Cf;f kiyitj;jha; fd;dy; nkhopAd;Ds; fs;itj;jha; kpd;itj;jha; kz;zpy; GJik kyh;f;Fs; kzk;itj;jha; jz;zPh;j; jkpNoeP jha;. ,/J xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Nehpir ntz;gh. 3.,d;dpir ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;Wj; jdpr;nrhy; ,d;wp ehd;fbfs; cilajha; tUk;. ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> %d;W tpfw;gj;jhd; tUk; %d;whk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> %d;W tpfw;gj;jhd; tUk;. %d;whk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> ,uz;L tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJk; ,d;dpir ntz;gh vdg;gLk;. “jha;jkf;Nf xg;gpy;iy jhuzpapy; vg;nghUSk; Nra;ek;ikr; rPuhl;b nre;ePiug; ghyhf;fp tha;topaha;j; jh%l;b tho;tpf;Fe; nja;tnkhd;W jha;NghYk; cz;lhNkh jhd;”. ,g;ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ,y;iy. ehd;fbfSk; xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;Js;sd. (,uz;lhk; vOj;J a; vJifahfp xd;wp te;Js;sJ) “jhdq; nfhLf;Fe; jifikAk; khdj;jhh; Fw;wq; fbe;j nthOf;fKk; - njw;nwdg; gy;nghU zPq;fpa rpe;ijAk; ,k;%d;Wk; ey;tpid ahh;f;Fq; fapW”.

,g;ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; te;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> ehd;fbapYk; %d;W tpfw;gq;fs; te;Js;sjhy;> ,/J ,d;dpir ntz;ghthapw;W. 4. g/nwhil ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W Ie;jbKjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu ngw;W tUtJ g/nwhil ntz;gh. “Kf;fdpNa! Kg;ghNy! %thj Kj;jkpNo! nrhf;fdJ khefiur; #o;e;j ngUk;NgNw! ,j;jiur; #hpaNd! vq;fs; capuKNj! Rpj;jpiuj; jz;zpyNt! Njah nkhopntw;Ng! nrk;nkhop khf;FLk;gk; rPuhl;Lk; nrk;nkhopNa! vk;nkhopf;Fk; %j;jtNs! vd;Wk; ,Ug;gtNs! gz;Gzh;j;Jk; MrhNd! ghh;Nghw;Wk; NjD}w;Nw! fz;Nz! eP Qhyf; fdp! ,g;ghly; <w;wb %d;W rPuhAk;> Vida mbfs; ehd;F rPuhAk; te;j g/nwhilntz;gh. 5. Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W Nehpir ntz;ghitg; Nghy ,uz;lhkbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,Utpfw;gj;jhDk; %d;wbfsha; tUtJ Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh. “mwpe;jhid Vj;jp mwpthq; fwpe;J rpwe;jhh;f;Fr; nry;t Diug;g – rpwe;jhh; rpwe;jik Muha;e;J nfhz;L”. %d;wbfs; cilajha; xU tpfw;gkha; ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W te;j Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh. 6. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh: ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W %d;wb nfhz;ljha;j; jdpr;nrhy;ypd;wp xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; gy tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vdg;gLk;.



“ghh;nkhopfs; mj;jidf;Fk; ghq;fhd ew;whahk; rPh;nfhz;l nre;jkpNo rpe;jidapy; Vw;wpLtha; ghh;KOJQ; rhw;wpLtha; gha;e;J”. ,/J ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ,d;wp> xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh. myfpl;L tha;ghLk; jisAk; $Wjy; xU rPiug; gphpj;J mir ghh;g;gNj myfpLjy; myfplg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba vspa topfs; nka;naOj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; /,f;FwpapLf neby; gf;fj;jpy; /,f;FwpapLf ,U Fwpy; mLj;J /,f;FwpapLf xw;W my;yJ Ma;j vOj;ij ePf;fp> Xh; vOj;J ,Ug;gpd; Neh; vdf; nfhs;f. ,uz;L vOj;jha; ,Ug;gpd; epiu vdg; nfhs;f. ,t;tpjpiag; gpd;gw;wpf; Fwl;ghf;fisg; gphpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;. t.vz;. rPh; mir tha;ghL 1. ,y;/yh/iu Neh; Neh; Neh; Njkhq;fha; 2. vy;/yh/Uk; Neh; Neh; Neh; Njkhq;fha; 3. vs;/Sth; Neh; epiu $tpsk; 4. nry;/tiu Neh; epiu $tpsk; 5. vy;/yh/UQ; Neh; Neh; Neh; Njkhq;fha; 6. nra;/th; Neh; Neh; Njkh 7. rpwg;/G epiuNeh;-epiuG gpwg;G Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;: 1. mstbisg; (ehd;F rPh;) ngw;W tUk;. 2. ,aw;rPh; (khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh;) gapd;W tUk;.

gpw rPUk; tUk;. Mdhy; tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;fs; thuh.

3. Mrphpaj; jisfs; gapd;W tUk;. gpw jisfs; fye;Jk; tUk;.

4. %d;wbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk;> ghLk; Gytdpd; kdf;fUj;jpw;Nfw;gg; gy mbfisg; ngw;W tUk;.

5. mftNyhir ngw;W tUk;.

6. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; Vfhuj;jpy; KbtJ rpwg;G.

2. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;: Mrphpag;ghTf;F mftw;gh vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. mt;thrphpag;gh> Nehpir Mrphpag;gh> ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh> epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. 1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh: Mrpahpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W. <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ Nehpir Mrphpag;gh. “ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth; ghhp xUtD ky;yd; khhpAk; cz;Bd; LyF Gug;gJNt”. ,g;ghly; <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; te;Js;sd. 2. ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh: Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;NjhL KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh; mbfshfTk;> ,ilapy; cs;s mbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb) mbfshAk; Kr;rPh; (rpe;jb) mbfshAk; tUtJ ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh. “ePhpd; jz;ikAk; jPapd; ntk;ikAk; rhur; rhh;e;J jPuj; jPUk; rhuy; ehld; Nfz;ik rhur; rhur; rhh;e;J jPuj; jPuj; jPh;nghy; yhNj.” ,g;ghlypy; KjybAk; <w;wbAk; mstbahfTk;> ,ilabfs; FwsbahfTk;> rpe;jbahfTk; te;Js;sd. 3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W> vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; (mstb) mbfsha; tUtJ> epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh vdg;gLk;. “,isNahh; #lhh; tisNahh; nfha;ahh; ey;ypaho; kUg;gpd; nky;y thq;fpg;



ghzd; #lhd; ghbdp mzpahs; Mz;ik Njhd;w Mlth;f; fle;j ty;Nyw; rhj;jd; kha;e;j gpd;iw Ky;iyAk; G+j;jpNah xy;iyA+h; ehl;Nl” ,g;ghlypy; vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPH;fs; nfhz;Nl mstbfshf te;Js;sd. 4. mbkwp kz;ly Mrphpag;gh: Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W> vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf

khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh. “jha;nkhop tsh;j;jy; jkpoh;jq; flNd tha;nkhop Guj;jy; kw;wth; flNd fha;nkhop jtph;j;jy; fw;wth; flNd Ma;nkhop Aiu;jy; mwpQh;jq; flNd” ,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpdhYk; ghlypd; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhky; tUfpd;wJ.

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