CONTENTS

Abailard, Peter (1079-1142) - liOn Sin" ................. _ ......... .. Abravanel, Isaac (1437-1508) ~ lIThe Interrupted

Work" ........................................................................................................ . Abravanel, Judah (c. 1460-1530) - IIKnowledge,

Love and Desire" .............................................................. _ ................ . Acosta, Uriel (1590-1647) - IThe Human Soul" ........ . Adams, John (1735-1826) - lIOn Self-Delusion" ........ . Adler, Alfred (1870-1937) - IrThe Style of Life" ..... . Adler, Felix (1851-1933) - IIImmortality" ..................... ... Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) - IIAnalogy Between

God and Man" .................................................................................. .. Alba, Joseph (c. 1380-1445) - IILaughter" ...................... .. Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799-1888) - tiT able Talk" .. . Alcuin, Flaccus Albinus (c. 735-804) - IIDialogue on

the Virtues" ............................................................................................ . Alden, Joseph (1807-1885) - IIConceptions of the

I fi . " n nlte ........................................................................................................ . Alexander, Samuel (1859-1938) - IIPhilosophy and

Theology" .................................................................................................. . Al-Farabi (c. 870-950) - lIOn Concepts" ................. ,. ......... . Alghazzali, Abu Hamid Mohammed Ibn Ghazzali

(1059-1111) - IThe Nature of Man" ......................... .. Al-Kindi (died 873 A. D.) - liOn the Subject of In-

tellect" ........................................................................................................... . Allen, Ethan (1738-1789) - liT he Exercise of Reason" Al-Mukammas, David Ibn Merwan (died c. 937) -

tiThe r hree Grades of Science" ......................................... . Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B. C.) - IIFragments" .............. . Anaximander (610-c. 547 B. C.) - IIFragments" ........... . Anaximenes (c. 585-525 B. C.) - IIFragments" .............. .

v

1

3

6 8 9

11 12

16 17 19

25

27

28 30

33

38 42

46 47 53 ." 54 "

Anselm of Canterbury, Saint (1033-1109) - ttNo Gr B '" eater etng ......................................... _ ........................................ .

Antisthenes (c. 445-365 B. C.) - UApophthegms" ..... . 2t\9uinas, Thomas (1225-1274) - ttWhether the In-

telligible Species Are Derived by the Soul from C ·S F ')" ertaln eparate orms. . ...................... _ .......... _ ...................... .

Arcesilaus (c. 315-240 B. C.) -- ttAssent and Suspen-sion" .................................................................................... _ ......................... .

Ardigo, Roberto (1828-1920) _ UTruth and Reason" Aristippus (c. 435-366 B. C.) - ttPleasure and Pain" ...

~¥\ristotle (384-322 B. C.) - tThe Process of Change" Aurelius Augustinus (Saint Augustine) (354-430) -

ttw hat We Are to Believe" ................................... _ .... _ .......... . Aurelius, Marcus Antoninus (I21-180) - ftVanitas" .. . Aurobindo, Sri (1872-1950) - tThe Indian Concep-

tion of Life" ......................................................................................... . Author of the Imitation of Christ, an Unknown Car-

thusian Monk - tThe Thoughts of Death" .......... .. A venarius, Richard (1843-1896) - ttT he Two Axioms

of Empirio-Criticism" .......................... _ ....................................... .. Avenpace (Ibn Badjdja) (End of 11th Century-1138)

UO· H P f t' " - n uman er ec Ion .................................................... .. Averroes (Ibn Roshd) (1126-1198) - (tOn Meta-

h·' " P ISles ........................................................... -.......................................... .. Avicenna (979-1037) - ttMental Essence" .......................... . Axelrod, Pavel Borissovich (1850-1928) - ttA Marx-

ist's Idealism" ...................................................................................... . Baader, Francis Xavier von (1765-1841) - uGod

and the W orld' , ................................................................................... . Baal Shem-Tov (1700-1760) - ttThe End-All of

Knowledge" ........................................................................................... .. Bacon, Francis (1561-1626) - uldols Which Beset

Man's Mind" ........................................................................................ .. Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294) - ttOn the Importance

of Experience" ..................................................................................... .. Babya Ibn Pakuda (c. 1050) - ttAdmonitions of the

Soul" ............................................................................................................. ..

vi

56 57

58

63 64 65 65

71 73

78

82

86

88

90 93

97

99

100

102

108

111

Bakunin, Michael (1814-1876) - tlScience and Life"_. Barth, Karl (1886- ) - rrpaith As Knowledge" ..... . Beecher, Henry Ward (1813-1887) - tlSome Obser-

• '1J vatlons ................................... _ ................................................... N ............ .. Benda, Julien (1867- ) - rrHumanitarianism" ....... M Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832) - rThe Pour Sources

of Pleasure and Pain" ................................................................... .. Berachyah (c. 12th or 13th Century) - tiThe Com-

d· " pen lum ....................... N ................ _ ....................................................... . Berdyaev, Nicholas (1874-1948) - IrOn Socialism" .... .. Bergson, Henri (1859-1941) - IIAnimal and Human

Consciousness" ................................................................................... " .. . Berkeley, George (1685-1753) - tlObjects of Human

Knowledge" ........................................................................................... .. Bernard cf Clairvaux, Saint (1091-1153) - IISome

Exclamations" ........................................................................................ .. Boehme, Jacob (1575-1624) - IIGod Is All" .................... . Boethius (475-524) - IIEvery Man Has His Cross" ..... . Bolzano, Bernard (1781-1848) - lIOn Correct Think-

ing" ................................................................................................................. . Bonaventura, Saint (1221-1274) - lIOn Prancis of

Assisi" .......................................................................................................... .. Boole, George (1815-1864) - IThe Place of Mathe-

matics in the System of Human Knowledge" .......... .. Bosanquet, Bernard (1848-1923) - tlOn the State" .... .. Boutroux, Emile (1845-1921) - IIAIl Beings Tend

Toward God" ......................................................................................... . Bowne, Borden Parker (1847-1910) - tiThe Moral

Life" .............................................................................................................. . Bradley, Francis Herbert (1846-1924) - lIThe Abso-

lute" ............................................................................................................. .. Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (1856-1941) - tlLaw and

Democ.racy" .............................................................................................. .. Brentano, Franz (1838-1917) - lIT he Three Classes

of Psychic Phenomena" ................................................................. . Bridgman, P. W. (1882- ) - tlScientist and Social

R 'b'I' " esponsl I Ity ..................................................................................... ..

vii

115 117

123 129

131

133 135

137

144

152 155 158

160

162

164 166

170

172

177

180

182

184

Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600) - "A Philosophy of the Infinite Universe" .................................................................... .

Brunschwicg, Leon (1869-1944) - nOn God" ................. . Buber, Martin (1878- ) - "God and the Soul" ..... . Buddha, Gautama (c. 563-483 B. C) - "Some T each-

ings" ............................................................................................................. .. Burckhardt, Jakob (1818-1897) - "On War" ................. . Burke, Edmund (1729-1797) - NOn Public Discon-

tents" .............................................................................................................. . Burroughs, John (1837-1921) - nContradictions in

Life" .............................................................................................................. . Butler, Samuel (1835-1902) - "Notes" ................................ . Calkins, Marcy Whiton (1863-1930) - "Egoism and

Altruism" ................................................................................................. .. Campanella, Tommaso (1568-1639) - tlOn State Con-

trolled Marriage" ............................................................................... .. Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan (1870-1938) - nLawand

Liberty" ....................................................................................................... .. Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) - tlHistory of the His-

tory of Heroes" .................................................................................. .. Carneades (c. 214-129 B. C) - tiThe Fallacy of the

rtterton 0 rut ......................................................................... .. C · . 'fT h" Carus, Paul (1852-1919) - "Monism" .................................. .. Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945) - "Man, an Animal Sym-

bolism" ........................................................................................................ . Chernyshevsky, Nicolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) -

tiT he Evolution of Language" ............................................... . Chrysippus (c. 280-207 B. C.) - tiThe Common Na-

ture and Its Reason" ....................................................................... . Chuang Chou (c. 340-280 B. C) - tlExcursions into

Freedom" ............................................................................................... .. Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B. C) - nOn Friend-

h · "tlO I ." SIP, n ustlce ........................................................................ .. Cleanthes (310-232 B. C) - nHymn to Zeus" ................ .. Clemenceau, Georges (1841-1929) - nKnowledge

and Emotion" .................................................................................. M .... .

viii

187 190 194

199 203

207

209 211

214

217

219

222

224 225

227

229

231

232

235 238

240

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-215) - "Exhortation to the Greeks" ...................................................................................... .

Cohen, Hermann (1842-1918) - ttKant As the Founder of the Philosophy of Science" ......................... ..

Cohen, Morris Raphael (1880-1947) - "Philosophy and Literature" .................................................................................. ..

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834) - ttprecision in the Use of Terms," "Inward Blindness," ttTypes of Readers," ttThe Love of Nature," 'fThe Worth and Price of Knowledge," ttIntroductory Apho-. " flsms .............................................................................................................. .

X Comenius, Johann Amos (1592-1670) - "Last Decla-ration" .......................................................................................................... ..

Comte, Auguste (1798-1857) - ttpositive Philosophy" Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (171 5-1780) - ttT rea-

tise on Sensations" ......................................................................... .. Confucius (556-479 B. C.) - ttThe Great Learning,"

"The Doctrine of the Mean" .................................................. . Cook, Josephus Flavius (1838-1901) - "The Unity of

Consciousness" ............................................... _ .................................... .. Cournot, Antoine Augustine (1801-1877) - "Exam-

ples of the Creation and Destruction of Wealth" ... Cousin, Victor (1792-1867) - ttW hat Is Eclecticism,"

"A I . fF A'" na YSls 0 'fee ctton ............................................... _ .......... . Creighton, James Edwin (1861-1924) - "Individual

and Society" ........................................................................................... .. Crescas, Hasdai (1340-141O)-"On Time and Change" Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952) - "The Humanity of

History" ..................................................................................................... . Cudworth, Ralph (1617-1688) - "Sensation Cannot

Rise to Knowledge" ...................................................................... .. Cusa, Nicholas of (1401-1464) - "The Vision of

God" ............................................................................................................. .. D'Alembert, Jean Baptiste Le Rond (1717-1783) -

"Anecdotes of Bossuet" .............................................................. . Darwin, Charles (1809-1882) - "Religion" ....................... .

ix

243

247

249

252

258 260

268

272

275

276

279

284 287

290

294

296

299 300

L

De Broglie, Louis (1892- ) - ttThe March of Science" ..................................................................................................... .

Dedekind, Richard (1831-1916) - ttyhe Nature and Meaning of Numbers" ................................................................. .

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon (1591-1655) - ttGood and Bad Books" ................................................................................... .

Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-360 B. C.) - ttThe Sym'metry of Life" ......................................................................... ..

De Morgan, Augustus (1806-1871) - ttIdeas" ................. . De Sanctis, Francesco (1817-1883) - ttThe Intellec-

tual Future" ............................................................................................ . Descartes, Rene (1595-1650) - ttThe Nature of the

Human Mind" ..................................................................................... ..

!few~ o!;~~b~lc~;;,-~.~~.~? .... = .... :.:~.~ .... ~~.~ .... ~.~~ ..... ~~ ... ~.~.~ Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) - tt On Reason" .................... . Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833-1911) - ttStructural Coher-

ence of the Psyche," ttPlan for a Critique of His-torical Reason" ................................................................................... .

Driesch, Hans (1867-1941) - ttCausality" ......................... .. Diihring, Eugen (1833-1921) - ttpessimism" ................. . Duns Scotus, John (1270-1308) - ttUnderstanding

d E . " an xpertence ................................................................................... . Durkheim, David Emile (1858-1917) - ttThe Healthy

and Morbid" ........................................................................................ .. Eckhart, Johannes (c. 1260-1327) - ttSeclusion" ........... . Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758) - ttGod and the Evil

in the W orld" ..................................................................................... .. Einstein, Albert (1879- ) - ttReligion and Science" Eliot, George (1819-1880) - ttValue in Originality" ... Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)-ttSelf-Reliance" Empedocles (c. 490-435 B. C.) - ttpragments" .............. . Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895) - ttMorality Is Class ~.; I'" ·~ora tty .................................................................................................. . Epictetus (c. 60-110) - ttTo Those Who Pear Want" Epicurus (341-270 B. C.) - ttOn Pleasure" ....................... .

x

304

305

307

309 313

316

318

328 333

335 338 340

341

343 347

349 354 359 360 366

370 372 378

Erasmus, Desiderius (1466-1536) - trLiterary Educa-tion" ............................................................................................................. .

Eriugena, Johannes Scotus (c. 815-877) - rrT he H u-man Mind" ................. _ ............................................................................ .

Eucken, Rudolf (1846-1926) - rry he Problem of H . " ap plness .............................................. .-............................................. ..

Euclid (c. 335-275 B. C.) - rrThe First Elements," rryhe Twelve Books of Euclid's Elements" ................ ..

Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1801-1887) - trThe Spirits of Man" ..................................................................................................... .

Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804-1872) - rrAbove Religion" Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814) - rrThe Ego" ..... . Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790) - rrWise Sayings" ..... . Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948)

rrHinduism" ........................................................... , ................................ . Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655) - rrActive Happiness" .. . Gentile, Giovanni (1875-1944) - rrScience and Phi-

losophy" ..................................................................................................... . George, Henry (1839-1897) - rrDemocracy's Danger" Gersonides (1288-1344) - irIs the Universe Created

or External?" ......................................................................................... . Geulincx, Arnold (1624-1669) - rrThe Philosopher's

View on Passion" ............................................................................. . Gilson, Etienne (1884- )-rrWill and Knowledge" Ginzberg, Asher (1856-1927) - rrpositive and Nega-

tive" .............................................................................................................. . Gioberti, Vincenzo (1801-1852) - rryhe Two Hu-

manities" ................................................................ .-................................. .. Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-1882) -

rrTh M . f D ." e eantng 0 egeneratton ..... M ................................. .. Goede!, Kurt (1906- ) - rrAphorisms" .......................... . Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) - trAc-

tions and W ords" ............................................................................. .. Gorgias (c. 483-375 B. C.) - Irpragments" ........................ . Green, Thomas Hill (1836-1882) - rrUtilitarianism

Evaluated" .................................................................................................. .

xi

381

382

384

386

390 394 401 409

413 419 417 420

421

425 427

429

432

434 436

437 439

440

Grotius, Hugo (Hugues de Groot) (1583-1645) -IrT he Rational Basis of International Law" ............... 445

Haeberlin, Paul (1878- ) - lIThe Principles of Scientific Knowledge" ..................................................................... 455

Halevi, Judah (c. 1080-1140) - /.tOn Revelation" ......... 457 Hamann, Johann Georg (1730-1788) - IINature and

Reason" .................................................................................................. ~..... 459 Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804) - liOn a Just Par-

tition of Power" ................. ~.............................................................. 461 Han Fei (died 233 B. C.) - IIEssays" ........... ~.......................... 463 Harris, William Torrey (1835-1909) - lIThe Last

Judgnlent" ................................................................................................ 466 Hartmann, Eduard von (1842-1906) - IIMysticismJ '... 469 Hartmann, Nicolai (1882-1950) - IIValue and Va-

lidity" ............................................................................................................ 472 H~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) - lIOn

the Nature of Spirit" ..................................................................... 474 Hehasid, Judah Ben Samuel of Regensburg (12th and

13th Centuries) - IICertain Porms of Virtue Lead to Sin" ......................................................................................................... 483

Heidegger, Martin (1889- ) - IINothingn.ess" ...... 486 Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821-1894) - liThe Inter-

dependence of the Sciences" ...................................................... 488 Helvetius, Claude Adrien (1715-1771) - liOn the

Errors Occasioned by Passion" ................................................ 492 Heraclitus (c. 540-480 B. C.) - Irpragments" .................. 494 Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841) - IrChief

Classes of Interest" ........................................................................... 502 Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803) - IIMan, a

Link Between Two Worlds" ................................................... 510 ~ Moses (1812-1875) - IIOrganic Life" ..................... 514 Hiyya, Abraham Bar (c. 1065-1136) - Iry he Life of

the Pious" ................................................................................................ 516 Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) - IIState and Sover--" ergnty ......................................................................................................... 517 Hocking, William Ernest (1873- ) - IIAn Art Pe-

culiar to Man" ....................................................................................... 531

xii

Hodgson, Shadworth Hollway (1832-1912) - ttpaith" Hoffding, Harold (1843-1931) - ttPluralism and

Monism" ..................................................................................................... . Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry Baron d' (1723-1789) -

tty he Atheist" ...................................................................... ; ............... . Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1809-1894) - rrWork-

. f h U ." rng 0 t e nconscrous ............................................................. .. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841-1935) - tryhe

Ought of Natural Law" ............................................................. .. Hsun Ching (c. 298-238 B. C.) - ttHeaven and the

Congenital Nature of Man" ..................................................... . Hui Shih (4th Century B. C.) - tty he Aphorisms" ..... . Huizinga, Johan (1872-1945) - ttBarbarism" ................ .. Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835) - rrSenses and

~on" ........................................................................................................ .

. ume, avid (1711-1776) - ttOn the Origin of Our eaJ" ........................................................................................................... .

Hunein Ibn Ishak (809-873) - rrA Philosophical Col-loquy" ........................................................................................................... .

Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938) - ttConsciousness and Natural Reality the View of the tMan in the Street'" ........................................................................................................ .

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)-ttYhe RelationJ of Man to the Lower Animals," ttprotoplasm in" Animals and Plants" ....................................................................... .

Ibn Gabirol, Solomon (c. 1021-c. 1058) - rrSeek Wis-dom" .............................................................................................................. .

Ibn Tufail (c. 1105-1185) - tryhe Improvement of HUfflan ReaJon" ................................................................................ .

Inge, William Ralph (1860-1954) - ttMatter and Mind" ........................................................................................................... .

Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-1899) - ttYhe Damage R I ·· C " e rgron auses ................................................................................ .

Isocrates (436-338 B. C.) - ttpanegyric of Athens" ..... . Israeli, Isaac (c. 850-950) - tt Man mid God" ................. . Isvarakrsna (Fifth Century A. D.)-ttSamkya Karika"

xiii

533

536

538

540

542

545 549 550

552

555

562

564

567

577

579

586

588 590 592 593

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (1743-1819) - "Christian-ity and Paganism" ............................................................................. .

Jamblicus (c. 270-330) - "The Promises of Philoso-phy" ................................................................................................................. .

James, Henry, Sr. (1811-1882)-I'Good and Evil Rela-tive" ................................................................................................................. .

Bmes. William (1842-1910) - "Pragmatism" ............. .. Jaspers, Karl (1883- ) - "Reason" ................................... . Jeans, James Hopwood (1877-1946) - "Appearance

and Reality" .............................................. 1. ........................................... .. Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)-I'Character of Wash-

ington," 'The Passage of the Potomac Through the Blue Ridge," lIThe Influence and Doom of Slavery" ........................................................................................................ .

Joad, Cyril E. M. (1891-1953) - "The Power of Thought" .................................................................................................. .

John of Salisbury (c. 1115-1180) - lIOn Dream Inter-pretation" ................................................................................................. ..

Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784) - 'The Critic," 'The Universal Fallacy" ............................................................................ ..

Jonson, Ben (1573-1637) - "The Dignity of Speech" Joubert, Joseph (1754-1824) - "Plato," 'The Use of

Words" ........................................................................................................ . J!.!,ng. Carl Gustav (1875- ) - lIThe Human

Psyche" ....................................................................................................... .. Justin Martyr (c. 110-165) - "The Eucharist" ................. . r Horace Mayer (1882- ) - 'T he Choice

1\~;;,~£;i~~~~i~~i:f~~~~;;;ji~:r~i~;;;;:;;: Klages, Ludwig (1872- ) - 'T he Hysterical Per-

son" ................................................................................................................. . Kropotkin, Prince Peter (1842-1921) - "Anarchism" Laird, John (1887-1946) - "Deism and Theism" ........ . Lalande, Andre (1867- ) - tlInvolution" .................... . Lamarck, Jean (1744-1829) - "Undeveloped Knowl-

edge" .............................................................................................................. .

xiv

597

599

600 602 609

612

614

619

621

626 629

630

632 635

638 642 647

649 652 655 657

659

•

Lamb, Charles (1775-1834) - ttMorality" .......................... 661 Lamennais, Robert Felicite de (1782-1854) - tt/us_

tice and Liberti' ................................................................................. 662 Lamettrie, Julien Offray de (1709-1751) - ttFood and

T e'tmper" ..................... :................................................................................ 664 Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875) - trReality and

the Ideal World" ................................................................................. 666 Laotse (Lao Tsu) (About 4th Century B. C.) - trTao

Te Ching" ................................................................................................ 668 La Rochefoucauld, Franc;ois VI, Duke of (Prince de

Marsillac) (1613-1680) - ttReflections" .................. 677 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) - ttT he Law of

W ages" ......................................................................................................... 680 Lavater, Johann Kaspar (1741-1801) - ttMaxims" ...... 682 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) - trConcern-

ing Divine Perfection" .................................................................. 685 Lenin, V. 1. (1870-1924) - tThe Three Sources of

Marxism" ................................................................................................... 692 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) - trMan's

Future Perfection" ............................................................................. 699 Leucippus (c. 460 B. C.) - tiOn Atomism" ........................ 701 Levy-Bruhl, Lucien (1857-1939) - rtThe Mind of the

Primitive Man" ................................................................................... 703 Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878)-trphilosophy and

Science" ......................................................................................................... 705 Lewis, Clarence Irving (1883- ) - trEvaluation"...... 707 Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-1799) - ttAll

Kinds of Thoughts" ........................................................................ 711 Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) - trThe Perpetuity of

the Union," tThe Emancipation Proclamation," trThe Gettysburg Address," ttMalice Toward None -Charity for All" .............................................................................. 712

Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778) - ttThe Study of Na-ture" ............................................................................................................... 717

Lipps, Theodor (1851-1914) - ttThe Science of Aes-thetics" ......................................................................................................... 719

.x(-0cke, John (1632-1704) - rrIdeas and Sens.es" ............... 722

xv

..

Lombard, Peter (c. 1100-1160) - 'ryrinity" ....................... . Longinus, Cassius (Third Century A. D.) - "The

Sublime in Homer and Moses" .......................................... .. Lotze, Rudolph Hermann (1817-1881) - "Soul-Life" Lovejoy, Arthur Oncken (1873- ) - "The Com-

plexity of Isms" .................................................................................. .. Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) (98-55 B. C.) -

Atomic Materialism" ...................................................................... .. Lully, Raymond (Raymondus Lullus) (1235-1315) -

"On Love" .............................................................................................. .. Lu Wang (Lu Hsiang-Shan) (1139-1192) - "On Hu-

man Nature" ....................................................................................... .. Luzzatto, Moses Hayim (1707-1747) - "Understand-

. dU 'h " lng an prIg tness .................................................................... . Mach, Ernst (1838-1916) - "Music Sensations" .......... .. Machi~, Niccolo (1469-1527) - "Promises and , P'hnces" ........................................................................................................ . Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949)-"Look Over Your

S houlder" ................................................................................................. .. Maimon, Salomon (1753-1800) - "On Jewish Reli-

gion" ............................................................................................................. .. Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimon) (1135-1204)-"A

Man Must Choose the Golden Mean" ............................. . Maine de Biran (Pierre Fran~ois Gonthier de Biran)

(1766-1824) - "The Impressions Most Weak-db R ,." ene y e petItIon ......................................................................... ..

Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715) - "On God's In-. "t'O M h'" terventlon, n etap YSlcs ............................................ .

Maritain, Jacques (1882- ) - "The Divine Plan" ... ~arl (1818-1883) - "The Historical Tendency

of Capitalist Accumulation" .................................................... .. Masaryk, Thomas Garrigue (1850-1937)-"Morality" Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872) - "Interests and Prin-

. I " CIP es ........................................................................................................... . McDougall, William (1871-1938) - "Individual and

Groups" ........................................................................................................ .

xvi

732

734 737

746

748

752

753

755 760

762

765

768

771

775

778 786

789 794

796

799

Mead, George Herbert (1863-1931) - IISocial Psy-chology" ..................................................................................................... .

Meinong, Alexius von (1853-1920) - lIThe Problem of Causality" ......................................................................................... .

Melissos (Fifth Century B. C) - IIFragments" ............. .. Menasseh Ben Israel (1604-1657)- tlOn Human Life" Mencius (Meng Tzu) (372-289 B. C)-liOn Benevo-

lence" ........................................................... _ .............................................. . Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-1786) - lIOn Progress" .. .

I Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) - I'Liberty of the In-dividual," liThe Triumph of Truth," IIIndividual and State," lIThe Purest of Wisdom," IIMan the Individual" .............................................................................................. ..

Mohammed (570-632) - lIThe Exordium," IIConcern-ing Almsgiving," IIConcerning Usury," IIConcern-

'. C " tng ontracts ..................................................................................... .. Montague, William Pepperell (1873-1953)-IIProme-

thean Challenge to Religion" ......................................... _ .... . Montaigne, Michel D'Eyquem de (1533-1592) -

IIHappiness Can Only Be Judged After Death" ...... Montesquieu, Charles de Second at (1689-1755) -

lIThe Nature of Laws" ................................................................. . Moore, George Edward (1873- ) - IIWhat Is

Good?" ........... _ .......................................................................................... .. More, Thomas (1478-1535) - IIMilitary Practice in

U ." ~ topla ........................................................................................................ . Morgan, C Lloyd (1852-1936) - IIMan's Three-fold

Nature" ............................................... -. ..................................................... .. Mo-Ti (c. 470-396 B. C) - liOn Standard Patterns" .. . Munk, Kaj (1898-1944) - IIMoses and Christ" .............. . Miinsterberg, Hugo (1863-1916) - "Relative and Ab-

solute V alues" .................................................................... _ ................ . Natorp, Paul (1854-1924) - liOn Cognition" ..... _ .......... . Nicolai, Friedrich (1733-1811) - liOn Jewish Philos-

ophy" ............................................................................................................. .. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900) - tlZarathustra" ..... . -

xvii

802

804 806 805}

811 814

816

821

824

828

833

840

845

847 850 852

854 857

859 861

NOllY, Pierre Lecomte du (1883-1947) - "On Evolu-tion" .............................................................................................................. .

Ockham, William of (1280-1348) - lIThe Individual and the Universal" .......................................................................... .

Origen (185-253) - IThe Fire of Hell" ............................. . Ortega y Gasset, Jose (1883- )-IIBolshevism and

Fascism" ..................................................................................................... . Owen, Robert (1771-1858) - IIIndividual Interest and

Universal Good" ............................................................................... .. Paine, Thomas (1737-1809) - "The Rights of Man" Paracelsus (1493-1541) - IIWhy Nymphs, Sylphs,

Etc., Exist" ........................................ _ ................................................... .. Pareto, Vilfredo (1848-1923) _ lIOn Cause and Ef-

fect" .............................................................................................................. . Parmenides (c. 504-456 B. C)-lIThe Way of Truth" ~ Blaise (1623-1662) - IIThoughts on Mind and

on Style" ............................... eJ .................................................................... . Pater, Walter Horatio (1839-1894) - IIThree Ways

o rlt/Clsm ........................................................... _ ........................... .. f C .. , " Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932) - lIOn Universal Lan-

guage" .......................................................................................................... .. Peirce, Charles Saunders (1839-1914) - "Divisions of

Science" ................. -. .................................................................................... . Penn, William (1644-1718) - "Religion and Society" Pericles (495-429 B. C) - lIT he Democratic Way of

Life" ...................................................................................... : ....................... . Perry, Ralph Barton (1876- ) - IILove" ....................... . Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746-1827) - IIWhat I

Am As the Work of Myself" .................................................. . Philo Judaeus (c. 25 B. C-before 50 A. D.) - tlAlle-

gorical Meaning of the Downfall of Mankind" ...... Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463-1494) - tiThe

Attributes of God and Human Conduct of Life" ..... . . Planck, Max (1858-1947) - IIScience and Faith" ........ . ;

Plekhanov, George (1857-1918) - tlBourgeois and Socialistic Art" ...................................................................................... .

Pliny the Younger (62-113) - tI On Government" ........ . Plotinus (205-270) - tIThe One" ........... _ .................................. . Plutarch of Chaeronea (50-120) - IIWisdom and Pru-

dence" ................................................................. _ ........................................ . Poincare, Henri (1854-1912) - uThe Choice of Facts

in Science" ............................................................................................... . Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462-1524) - tlTruth" .................... . Porphyry (232-304) - IIVegetarianism" ................................ . Posidonius (c. 135-51 B. C.) - I'Man and the Gods" ... Proclus (411-485) - tlHymn to the Cultural Muses" Protagoras (c. 480-410 B. C.) - t'Fragments" ............... : .. Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) - tiThe Com- .

plexity of Human Nature" ....................................................... .. Pythagoras (578?-510? B. C.) "Rules of Conduct" ........ . Ramsey, Frank Plumpton (1903-1930) - ttMy Out-

look on the World" ...................................................................... .. Reichenbach, Hans (1891-1953) - tlLogic and Lan-

guage" ..................................................................................................... _ .... . Ricardo, David (1772-1823) - tlOn Wages" .................... . Rickert, Heinrich (1863-1936) - tlNatural and Cul-

tural Science" ......................................................................................... . Ridpath, John Clark (1840-1900) - tlLiterature" ....... .. Romains, Jules (1885- ) -, ttThe Adventure of

Humanity" .............................................................................................. .. Romero, Francisco (1891- )-t'The March of Phi-

losophy for Centuries" ................................................................ .. Roscellin (c. 1050-1120) - ttA Teacher's Defense'

A . H' D' . I " galnst IS ISCIP e ................................................................... .. Rosenzweig, Franz (1886-1929) - t'The New Way of

Thinking" .................................................................................................. . Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio (1797-1855) - tThe Func-

tions of the Human Mind and Its Methods" ........... . fRoussea.u, Jean Jacques ,,(1712-1778) - ttThe General . WIll and the Law ......................................................................... ..

Royce, Josiah (1855-1916) - tllmmortality" .................... .

xix

951 956 959

962

965 968 970 972 973. 975

976 979

983

984 987

992 994

996

1000.

1002

1003

1004

1006 101>

Rush, Benjamin (1745-1813) - "Attraction, Composi-. d D .. II tton an ecomposttton ..... _ .................................................... .

,Ruskin, John (1819-1900) - "True Books,lI "Man's Best Wisdom" ...................................................................................... .

'Russell, Bertrand (1872.. )-'ryhe Limits of Philo-sophical Knowledgell ................................... _ ............................... .

Saadia (892-942) - "On Abel's Death and on the Punishment of the Wicked Ones" ...................................... .

: Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de (1760-1825) -. ,:"'Appeal to the Princes to Bring about Social Jus-

tice" .................................................................................................................. . Santayana, George (1863-1952) - "Art in Instinct

d'E . " an xpertence .................................................................................. .. ~Jean Paul (1905- )-/tReasons and Writingll

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775 .. 1854) - "Transcendental Idealismll .............................................. ..

Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott (1864-1917) -/tHow Is 'Exactness' Possible?" ............................................ .

Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772-1829) - "Philosophy of Life" .............................................................................................................. .

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel (1768-1834) - "On the Gorgias" ............................................................................................ .

Schlick, Moritz (1882-1936) - '7he Construction of Theories" ................................................................................................. ..

Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)-"Will and Ideall

Schweitzer, Albert (1875- ) - /tIndividual and So-ciety" .............................................................................................................. .

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B. C.-65 A. D.) - "On the ~appy Life" ............................................................................................ . :Sextus Empiricus (c. 200 A. D.) - "Ten Modes of

Thought" .................................................................................................. . :Shankara (9th Century A. D.) - "The Knowledge of

Soul" .............................................................................................................. . :Sidgwick, Henry (1838-1900) - "Morality of Com-

mon Sense" ............................................................................................... . : Simmel , Georg (1858-1918) - "Societyll ............................ .. ;Sirach, Jesus (c. 200 B. C.) - "Wise Men and Fools"

xx

1020 .

1022

1026

1037

1039

1042 1054

1056

1060

1067

1076

1080 1084

1090

1092

1095

1100

1102 1105 1107

,

.-Soccates (470-399 B. C) - tr[ Am a Philosophical M'd 'f" 1 wt e ........................................................ n ................ n ..................... ..

Soloviev, Vladimir (1835-1900) - trHumanity Before Nationality" ............................................................................................ .

Sorel, Georges (1847-1922) - rrOptimism and Pessi-.. S 'ID I " mtsm In octa eve 0 pment ..... n ................................. " .... ..

Spencsr..Herbert (1820-1903) _rrphilosophy Defined" .§.pinQza, Benedictus de (Baruch de) (1632-1677) -

(r'o h I f h M' d" n t e mprovement 0 t em ................................ . Spir, African (1837-1890) - rrOn Individual Immor-

tality" ........................................................................................................... . Steiner, Rudolf (1861-1925) - rrIntuition" ......................... .. Stern, William (1871-1938) - IIPlay" ...................................... . Stirner, Max (1806-1856) - lIThe Possessed" ................. . Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874) - IIPolytheism

and Monotheism" ........ ;; ..................................................................... .. Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688-1772) - trOn Human

Mind" .......................................................................................................... .. Tagore, Rabindranath (1861-1941) - llLove. As the

Development of Life" .................................................................... . Telesio, Bernardino (1508-1588)-IIMan Has a Divine

Soul" .............................................................................................................. . Temple, William (1881-1944) - lIThe Problem of

Evil" ............................................................................................................. .. Tertullian (c. 165-220) - IrThe Parts of the Soul" ..... . Thales (c. 625-545 B. C) - rlPragments" .......................... .

.lJtrueaua Henry David (1817-1862)-trHigher Laws" Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910) - IIChurch and Heresy" ...... Tufts, James Hayden (1862-1942) - IIDe'mocracy at

Trial" .......................................................................................................... .. Tyndall, John (1820-1893)-IIThe Position of Science" Tzu Ssu (c. 335-288 B. C)-lIThe Way of the Mean" Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de (1864-1936) - llLan_

guage and Philosophers" .......................................................... .. Veblen, Thorstein (1857-1929) - Ityhe Place of

Women and Pets in the Economic System" ................. . Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519) - lIOn Painting" ..... .

xxi

1110

1114

1116 1120

1128

1139 1141 1143 1146

1151

1154

1158

1160

1162 1164 1167 '\ 1169 1173

1175 1179 1182

1186

1189 1196

Vivekananda, Swami (1862-1902) - ttSwami Viveka-nanda's W orks" ......................................... _ .......... _............................. 1203

Voltaire, Fran~ois Marie Arouet de (1694-1778) -rtOn Tolerance" ................................................................. _ .......... _..... 1204

Wahle, Richard (1857-1935) - ttTirm'e" ................................. 1209 Weber, Max (1864-1920) - ttThe Fate of Science"...... 1210 Wertheimer, Max (1880-1943) - ttGestalt Theory" .. h.. 1213. Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947) - ttSpecula-.

tive Thought" ........... _.......................................................................... 1216 Whitman, Walt (1819-1892) - ttLiterature's Service" 1223 Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924) - ttConditions of

Social Life" .............................................................. _............................. 1226 Windelband, Wilhelm (1848-1915) - ttphilosophy"... 1228 Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951) - ttBeginning of

the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" ................................. 1231 Wolff, Christian (1679-1754) - ttDuties Toward

Others" ........... _............................................................................................ 1233 Woodbridge, Frederick James Eugene (1867-1940) -

ttW hat Is Personality" .................................................................. 1236 Wundt, Wilhelm (1832-1920) - ttGeneral Laws of ~chical Developments" ............................................................ 1238 Xenophanes (c. 580-485 B. C) - ttFragments" ............... 1242 Xirau Palau, Joaquin (1895- )_trThe Metaphysi-

cal Background of the Crisis of Civilization" ............ 1243 Yajnavalkya (c. 600 B. C) - t(The Self" .............................. 1245 Yu-Lan Fung (1895- ) - rtphilosophy of Contem-

porary China" .......................................................... _............................. 124T. Zeno of Elea (c. 490-430 B. C) - (tFragments" ............ 1254 Zeno the Stoic (c. 340-265 B.C) - (tFragments" ............ 1256 References ............................................ _................................................................. 1261 Index ........................................................................................................... _.............. 1273

xxii