Upload
lamdien
View
230
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
249
Abeysekera, W.K.S.M., Illeperuma, C.K., Amunugoda, P.N.R.J., Wijeratnam, S. W. (2005).
Comparison of ginger varieties dried at different temperatures for oil and oleoresin
contents. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 42: 34-42.
Adams, R.P. (2001). Identification of essential oil components by gas
chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol
Stream, Illinois.
Afshari, A.T., Shirpoor, A., Farshid, A., Saadatian, R., Rasmi, Y., Saboory, E., et al. (2007). The
effect of ginger on diabetic nephropathy, plasma antioxidant capacity and lipid
peroxidation in rats. Food Chemistry, 101: 148-153.
Agarwal, B.B., Nihal Ahmad., Hasan Mukhtar. (2002). Spices as Potent Antioxidants with
Therapeutic Potential (Ch.22) In: Handbook of Antioxidants (eds. Enrique Cadenas and
Lester Packer) 2nd ed., Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Agarwal, M., Walia, S., Dhingra, S., Khambay, B.P. (2001) Insect growth inhibition, antifeedant
and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe
(ginger) rhizomes. Pest Management Science, 57: 289-300.
Ahmed, J. (2004). Rheological behaviour and colour changes of ginger paste during storage.
International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 39: 325-330.
Ahumada, M.C.R., Timmermann, B.N., Gang, D. R. (2006). Biosynthesis of curcuminoids and
gingerols in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale): Identification of
curcuminoid synthase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesterases. Phytochemistry, 67(18):
2017-2029.
Akhila, A., Tiwari, R. (1984). Chemistry of ginger- A review. CIMAP 6:143-156.
Akinpelu, D.A. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale bark. Fitoterapia, 72: 286-
287.
Alfaro, M.J., Jacqueline, M.R., Langera, B., Padillab, F.C., Pare, J.R. (2003). Influence of solvent,
matrix dielectric properties and applied power on the liquid-phase microwave-assisted
processes extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Food Research International, 36, 499-
504.
Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M.O., Nemma, A. (2008). Review: Some phytochemical,
pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A
review of recent research. Food and chemical Toxicology, 46: 409-420.
Ali, T.A., Ali Reza, S., Amir Abbas, F., Ramin, S., Yousef, R., Ehsan, S., Behrooz, I., Abdolamir A.
(2007). The effect of ginger on diabetic nephropathy, plasma antioxidant capacity and lipid
peroxidation in rats. Food Chemistry, 101: 148-153.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
250
Amarowicz, R., Pegg, R. B., Rahimi-Moghaddam, P., Barl, B., Weil, J. A. (2004). Free-radical
scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian
prairies. Food Chemistry, 84: 551-562.
APHA (2001). Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Archer, O.M. Organic, ergogenic, isotonic soft drink composition. US7820222 (2010).
Asha, B., Krishnamurthy, K.H., Devaru, S. (2011). Evaluation of anti hyperglycaemic activity of
Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in albino rats. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Research, 3(1): 452-456.
ASTA (1985) American Spice Trade Association, Official methods of analysis, Englewood cliff,
New Jersey, p. 1-55.
Atai, Z., Atapour, M., Mohseni, M. (2009). Inhibitory effect of ginger extract on Candida albicans,
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(6): 1067-1069.
Azian, M.N., Kamal, A.A.M., Azlina, M.N. (2004). Changes of cell structure in ginger during
processing. Journal of Food Engineering, 62(4): 359-364.
Balachandran, S., Kentish, S.E., Mawson, R. (2006a). The effects of both preparation method
and season on the supercritical extraction of ginger. Seperation and Purification
Technology, 48: 94-105.
Balachandran, S., Kentish, S.E., Mawson, R., Ashokkumar, M. (2006b). Ultrasonic enhancement
of the supercritical extraction from ginger. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 13(6): 471-479.
Balladin, D. A., Headley, O., Chang-Yen, I., McGaw, D.R. (1997). Extraction and evaluation of the
main pungent principles of solar dried West Indian ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
Renewable Energy, 12:125-130.
Balladin, D.A., Headley, O., Chang-Yen, I., McGaw, D.R. (1998). High pressure liquid
chromatographic analysis of the main pungent principles of solar dried West Indian ginger.
Renewable Energy, 13 (4), 531-536.
Baritaux, O., Richard, H., Touche, J., Derbesy, M. (1992). Effects of drying and storage of herbs
and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil. Ocimum basilicum L. Flavour and Fragrance
Journal, 7: 267-271.
Bartley, J.P., Jacobs, A.L. (2000). Effect of drying on flavour compounds in Australian-grown
ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 80: 209-215.
Benzie, I. F. F., Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of
antioxidant power’: The FRAP assay. Annals of Biochemistry, 239, 70-76.
Bhattarai, S., Tran, V.H., Duke, C.C. (2001). The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous
solutions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90 (10), 1658-1664.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
251
Bilehal, D.C., Sung, D.D., Kim, Y.H. (2011). Influence of the solvent, hydrodistillation–headspace
solvent micro extraction and composition of Korean ginger. Food Analytical Methods, 4: 84-
89.
Black, C.D., Herring, M.P., Hurley, D.J., O' Connor, P.J. (2010). Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The Journal of Pain, 11(9):894-903.
Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by use of a stable free radical. Nature (London)
181:1199-1200.
Bok, S.H., Jeong, T.S., Bae, K.H., Park, Y.B., Choi, M.S., Kwon, Y.K., Hyun, B.H., Choi, Y.K.,
Lee, C.H., Moon, S.S. Health-improving spice composition. US6465019 (2002).
Bombardelli, E. Compositions comprising a lipophilic extract of Zingiber officinale and an extract
of Cynara scolymus, which are useful for the prevention and treatment of oesophageal
reflux and irritable bowel syndrome. US20120015060 (2012).
Bombardelli, E. Compositions comprising lipophilic extracts of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea
angustifolia for the prevention and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux and
chemotherapy-induced emesis. WO2010083967 (2010).
Bravo, L., Mateos, R. (2008). Analysis of flavonoids in functional foods and nutraceuticals. In:
Methods of Analysis for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, (ed. W.J. Hurst,) 2nd ed.,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, pp. 148-206.
Cao, G., Sofic, E., Prior, R. L. (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behaviour of flavonoids:
structure-activity relationships. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 22: 749–760.
Castor, T. Use of gingerols for cancer patients suffering from nausea and emesis induced by
chemotherapy. US0280976 (2011).
Chatterjee, S., Desai, S.R.P., Thomas, P. (1999). Effect of γ-irradiation on antioxidant activity of
turmeric extracts. Food Research International, 32: 487-490.
Chen, B.H., Wu, P.Y., Chen, K.M., Fu, T.F., Wang, H.M., Chen, C.Y. (2009). Antiallergic potential
on RBL-2H3 cells of some phenolic constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of
Natural Products, 72: 950-953.
Chen, C.C., Ho, C.T. (1989). Volatile compounds in ginger oil generated by thermal treatment. In:
Thermal generation of aromas (Ch. 34), ACS symposium series colloquium 409; pp. 366-
375.
Chen, C.C., Kuo, M.C., Wu, C.M., Ho, C.T. (1986b). Pungent compounds of ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe) extracted by liquid carbon dioxide. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 34: 447-480.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
252
Chen, C.C., Rosen, R.T., Ho, C.T. (1986a). Chromatography analyses of isomeric shogaol
compounds derived from isolated gingerol compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale
Roscoe). Journal of Chromatography, 360: 175-184.
Chen, C.Y., Yeh, Y.T. (2011). Two new phenylalkanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale.
Natural Product Research, 25: 1, 62-67.
Chen, C.Y., Li, Y.W., Kuo, S.Y. (2009). Effect of [10]-gingerol on [Ca2+] and cell death in human
colorectal cancer cells. Molecules, 14: 959-969.
Choi, Y., Lee, S.M., Chun, J., Lee, H.B., Lee J. (2006). Influence of heat treatment on the
antioxidant activities and polyphenolic compounds of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes)
mushroom. Food Chemistry, 99: 381-387.
Chrubasik, S., Pittler, M.H., Roufogalis, B.D. (2005). Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review
on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine, 12(9): 684-701.
Chua, K.J., Chou, S.K. (2005). A comparative study between intermittent microwave and infrared
drying of bioproducts. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 40: 23-39.
Coffindaffer, T.W., Heath, B.P., Kemp, H.R., Willicut, R.J. Personal care compositions comprising
a multi-active system for down regulating cytokines irritation. US0162668 (2011).
Conchie, J., Levvy, G.A. (1963). Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry (ed. R. L. Whistler and M. L.
Wolfrom), vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, p. 335-337.
Connell, D., Sutherland, M. (1969). A re-examination of gingerol, shogaol and zingerone.
Australian Journal of Chemistry, 22: 1033-1043.
Connell, D.W., Jordan, R.A. (1971). Composition and distinctive volatile flavour characteristics of
the essential oil from Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Science of
Food and Agriculture, 22: 93-95.
Cowan, M.M. (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,
12:564.
Cyr, B., Guay, J., Page, B., Gendron, N. Herbal composition comprising ginger and goldenrod for
the treatment of cold and flu. WO2011047473 (2011).
Daniel, S., Limson, J.L., Dairam, A., Watkins, G.M., Daya, S. (2004). Through metal binding,
curcumin protects against lead- and cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain
homogenates and against lead-induced tissue damage in rat brain. Journal of Inorganic
Biochemistry, 98, 266-275.
Davidson, P.M., Naidu, A.S. (2000). Natural food antimicrobial systems (ed. Naidu A.S.) CSC
Press (BocaRaton, FL) p. 265-293.
De Bernardi, M., Vidari, G., Vita-Finzi, P. (1976). Dehydrozingerone from Aframomum giganteum.
Phytochemistry, 15:1785-1786.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
253
Denniff, P., Whiting, D. A. (1976). Biosynthesis of [6]-gingerol, pungent principle of Zingiber
officinale. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communication, 18:711-712.
Denniff, P., Macleod, I., Whiting, D. A. (1980). Studies in the biosynthesis of [6]-gingerol, pungent
principle of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin 1, 12:2637-
2644.
Denniff, P., Mcleod, I., Whiting, D.P. (1981). Synthesis of the (I) -[n]-gingerols (Pungent principles
of ginger) and related compounds through regioselective aldol condensation. I. Relative
pungency assays. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Trans, 1:82-87.
Desmarchelier, C., Pacciaroni, A.V., Daga, D.A., Coussio, J., Gil, R.R., Silva, G.L. (2005)
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Misodendrum punctulatum,
Myzodendrone and Structurally related phenols. Phytotherapy Research, 19:1043-1047.
Dewick, P.M. (1997). Medicinal Natural products-a biosynthetic approach. John Wiley & sons:
Chichester, U.K.
Dewick, P.M. (2002). The biosynthesis of C5-C25 terpenoid compounds. Natural Products
Reports, 9:181-222.
Dharmesh, S.M., Siddaraju, M.N. A bioactive fraction from Zingiber Officinale and a process for
the preparation thereof. WO2007113855 (2007).
Diaz-Maroto, M. C., Pérez-Coello, M. S., González Vinas, M. A., Cabezudo, M. D. (2003).
Influence of drying on the flavor quality of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 1265-1269.
Diaz-Maroto, M.C., Sanchez Palomo, E., Castro, L., Gonzalez Vinas, M.A., Perez-Coello, M.S.
(2004). Changes produced in the aroma compounds and structural integrity of basil
(Ocimum basilicum L.) during drying. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84:
2070-2076.
Dubey, R.D., Verma, S., Rane, D., Wani, V.K., Pandey, A.K., Paroha, S. (2010). Comparative
studies of anthelmintic activity of Zingiber officinale and Cassia tora. International Journal
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1): 1-4.
Dubey, V.S., Bhalla, R., Luthra, R. (2003). Review: An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway
for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. Journal of Biosciences, 28(5): 637-646.
Dugasani, S., Pichika, M.R., Nadarajah, V.D., Balijepalli, M.K., Tandra, S., Korlakunta, J.N.
(2010). Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol,
[10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127: 515-520.
El-Abhar, H. S., Hammad, L.N.A., Gawad, H.S.A. (2008). Modulating effect of ginger extract on
rats with ulcerative colitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 118: 367-372.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
254
El-Ghorab, A.H, Nauman, M., Anjum, F.M., Hussain, S., Nadeem, M. (2010). A comparative study
on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and cumin
(Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58: 8231-8237.
El-Sharaky, A.S., Newairy, A.A., Kamel, M.A., Eweda, S.M. (2009). Protective effect of ginger
extract against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Food and chemical
Toxicology, 47: 1584-1590.
Endo, R. Drink for pregnant woman. US2007215498 (2007).
Engels, M. Ginger compositions. WO2010139660 (2010).
Ensiyeh, J., Alizadeh, M., Sakineh, C. (2009). Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment
of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 25: 649-653.
Everette, J.D., Bryant, Q.M., Green, A.M., Abbey, Y.A., Wangila, G.W., Walker, R.B. (2010).
Thorough study of reactivity of various compound classes toward the Folin-Ciocalteu
reagent. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58:8139-8144.
Ezeonu, C.S., Egbuna, P.A.C., Ezeanyika, L.U.S., Nkwonta, C.G., Idoko, N.D. (2011). Antihepatotoxicity studies of crude extract of Zingiber officinale on CCl4 induced toxicity
and comparison of the extract’s fraction D hepatoprotective capacity. Research
Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(2): 102-107.
FAOSTAT (Food and agricultural organisation statistics) (2010) Food and Agricultural
Commodities Production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy (http://faostat.fao.org).
Fasano, S. Herbal composition. US6586018 (2003).
Feron, V.J., Til, H.P., de Vrijer, F., Woutersen, R.A., Cassee, F.R., van Bladeren, P.J. (1991)
Aldehydes: occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment.
Mutatation Research, 259: 363-385.
Figiel, A. (2009). Drying kinetics and quality of vacuum–microwave dehydrated garlic cloves and
slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 94: 98-104.
Figiel, A., Szumny, A., Ortiz, A.G., Barrachina, A.A.C. (2010). Composition of oregano essential
oil (Origanum vulgare) as affected by drying method. Journal of Food Engineering 98: 240-
247.
Fitzgerald, D.J., Stratford, M., Gasson, M.J., Narbad, A. (2005). Structure-Function analysis of the
Vanillin molecule and its antifungal properties. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry,
53:1769-1775.
Fitzgerald, D.J., Stratford, M., Gasson, M.J., Ueckert, J., Bos, A., Narbad, A. (2004). Mode of
antimicrobial action of vanillin against Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Listeria
innocua. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97:104-113.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
255
Frankel, E. N.,Waterhouse, A. L., Teissedre, P. L. (1995). Principal phenolic phytochemicals in
selected California wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of human low-
density lipoproteins. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 43: 890–894.
Fujisawa, M., Harada, H., Kenmoku, H., Mizutani, S., Misawa, N. (2010) Cloning and
characterization of a novel gene that encodes (S)-β-bisabolene synthase from ginger,
Zingiber officinale. Planta, 232:121–130.
Fukuda, M. Method for producing new ginger and new ginger. JP2005204619 (2005).
Funk, J.L., Oyarzo, J.N., Frye, J.B., Chen, G., Lantz, R.C., Jolad, S.D., Sólyom, A.M.,
Timmermann, B.N. (2006).Turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids prevent experimental
rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Natural Products, 69: 351-355.
Gaedcke, F., Feistel, B. Ginger extract preparation. US20050031772 (2005).
Gaedcke, F., Feistel, B. Ginger extract preparation. WO2003045411(2003).
Gao, M., Song, B.Z., Liu, C.Z. (2006). Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from
Saussurea medusa Maxim cultured cells. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 32: 79-83.
Ge, H., Seitz, Jr., Doering, T. Combinations of herb extracts having synergistic antioxidant effects
and methods relating thereto. US0316747 (2010).
Ge, H., Seitz, Jr., Earl, P., Doering, T. Synergistic antioxidant combinations of herb extracts and
methods relating thereto.US7897183 (2011).
Geiger, J.L. (2005). The essential oil of ginger, Zingiber officinale, and anaesthesia. The
International Journal of Aromatherapy, 15:7-14.
Ghayur, M.N., Gilani, A.H. (2006). Species differences in the prokinetic effects of ginger.
International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 57(1): 65-73.
Ghosh, A.K., Piyali Sarkar, Md Abdul, K.M., Md. Mahmud, A.K. (2011). Gingerol might be a sword
to defeat colon cancer - Review Article. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences,
2(1): 816-827.
Gokaraju, G.R., Gokaraju, R.R., Gottumukkala, V.S., Golakoti, T. Dietary supplement formulation
for controlling inflammation and cancer. US7455860 (2008).
Govindarajan, V.S. (1982). Ginger- chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. Part 1. Critical
Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 17:1-96.
Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., Frondoza, C.G. (2005). Ginger – an herbal medicinal product with
broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicine Food, 8:125-132.
Guo, Z., Jin, Q., Fan, G., Duan, Y., Qin, C., Wen, M. (2001). Microwave-assisted extraction of
effective constituents from a Chinese herbal medicine Radix puerariae. Analytica Chimica
Acta, 436: 41-47.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
256
Gurney, M., Rosa, D., Kennison, D., Mangos, T. Inflammation reducing action of synergistic
mixtures of bisabolol and ginger extracts. US20090238905 (2009).
Gurudutt, K.N., Jagan Mohan Rao, L., Rao, S., Srinivas, S. (1996). Synthesis of O- and S-
glucosides using glucosyl halides and zinc salts. Carbohydrate research, 285:159-165.
Hafez, D. (2010). Effect of extracts of ginger goots and cinnamon bark on fertility of male diabetic
rats. Journal of American Science, 6:940–947.
Hammami, S., Ciavatta, M.L., Ben Jannet, H., Cimino, G., Mighria, Z. (2006). Three Phenolic and
a Sterol Glycosides identified for the first time in Matthiola longipetala growing in Tunisia.
Croatia Chemica Acta, 79:215-218.
Hara, M. O., Kiefer, D., Farrell, K., Kemper, K. (1998). A review of 12 commonly used
medicinal herbs. Archives of Family Medicine, 7: 523–536.
Harvey, D.J. (1981). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of ginger constituents:
Identification of gingerdiones and new hexahydrocurcumin analogues. Journal of
Chromatography, 212: 75–84.
Hawkins, C. J. Cysteine protease from ginger (Zingiber) as a food improver and anti-
inflammatory. WO2005079593 (2005).
Hawkins, C.J. Zingiber Plant Extract WO2007056811 (2007).
Hawlader, M. N. A., Perera, C. O., Tian, M. (2006). Comparison of the retention of 6-gingerol in
drying of ginger under modified atmosphere heat pump drying and other drying methods.
Drying Technology, 24: 51–56.
Hayouni, A., Abedrabba, M., Bouix, M., Hamdi, M. (2007). The effects of solvents and extraction
method on the phenolic contents and biological activities in vitro of Tunisian Quercus
coccifera L. and Juniperus phoenicea L. fruit extracts. Food Chemistry, 105: 1126-1134.
He, X. G., Bernart, M. W., Lian, L. Z., Lin, L. Z. (1998). High performance liquid chromatography–
electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of pungent constituents of ginger. Journal of
Chromatography A, 796: 327-334.
Hemwimon, S., Pavasant, P., Shotipruk, A. (2007). Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidative
anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. Separation and Purification Technology, 54,
44-50.
Herrmann, M., Vielhaber, G., Meyer, I., Joppe, H. Synergistic mixtures of bisabolol and ginger
extract. US20090220625 (2009).
Hinneburg, I., Damien, H., Hiltunen, R. (2006). Antioxidant activity of extracts from selected
culinary herbs and spices. Food Chemistry, 97:122-129.
Hirasa, K., Motohashi, S., Ine, T. Production of grated ginger product. JP08116912 (1996).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
257
Hirayama, Y., Nakagawa, Y. Composition containing ginger extract and L-carnitine.
JP2011162487 (2011).
Hori, Y., Miura, T., Hirai, Y., Fukumura, M., Nemoto, Y., Toriizuka, K., Ida, Y., (2003).
Pharmacognostic studies on ginger and related drugs-part 1: five sulfonated compounds
from Zingiberis rhizome (Shokyo). Phytochemistry, 62: 613-617.
Hsu, J.L., Chen, C.Y., Lin, I.P., Tsai, E.M., Kuo, P.L., Hou, M.F. (2012). 4-Shogaol, an active
constituent of dietary ginger, inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast
adenocarcinoma cells by decreasing the repression of NF-κB/Snail on RKIP. Journal of
Agricultural Food Chemistry, 60(3): 852-861.
Huang, X., Zhang, N. (2005). Crystal gingerol produced and identified from ginger. Shipin Yu
Fajiao Gongye 31: 48-50 (Chinese).
Hung, J.Y., Hsu, Y.L., Li, C.T., Ko, Y.C., Ni, W.C., Huang, M.S., Kuo, P.L. (2009). 6-Shogaol, an
active constituent of dietary ginger, induces autophagy by ithe AKT/mTOR pathway in
human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 57:
9809-9816.
Huopalahti, R., Kesalahti, R., Linko, R. (1985). Effect of hot air and freeze-drying on the volatile
compounds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) herb. Jouranl of Agricultural Science Finland
57: 133-138.
ICMSF (1992). Microorganisms in Foods-I. Their significance and methods of enumeration,
International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods. 2nd ed., University of
Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
Imran, K., Pankaj, P., Ajai, P.G., Rajni, S., Bishan, D.G., Jagdish, K.D., Gandhi, R., Yashbir, S.B.,
Suphla, G. (2010). RP-thin layer chromatographic method for the quantification of three
gingerol homologs of ultrasonic-assisted fresh rhizome extracts of Zingiber officinale
collected from North Western Himalayas. Journal of Separation Science, 33: 558-563.
Indu, S., Nirmala, M. (2010). Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh
and dry ginger oils (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal of Current
Pharmaceutical Research 2(4): 40-43.
Ippoushi, K., Takeuchi, A., Ito, H., Horie, H., Azuma, K. (2007). Antioxidative effects of daikon
sprout (Raphanus sativus L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in rats. Food
Chemistry, 102: 237-242.
Ishida, I., Odagiri, H., Takagi, S., Iwabe, T. Apparatus for cutting ginger stem JP2006296330
(2006).
Ishiguro, N., Kishimoto, W., Ebner, T., Roth, W. Ginger extract for inhibiting human drug
transporters. WO2007071721 (2007).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
258
Ishii, T., Ito, S., Kawaji, T., Koga, T. Ginger beverage. JP2011092080 (2011).
Ismail, H.I., Chan, K.W., Mariod, A.A., Ismail, M. (2010). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity
of cantaloupe (cucumis melo) methanolic extracts. Food Chemistry, 119: 643-647.
Iwahata, S., Noguchi, M., Ito, Y. Ginger-flavored composition and ginger-tasted food.
JP10052235 (1998).
Iyer, V. S., Shivraj, K. Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome.
IN2001MU01045 (2005).
Jacobo, D.A.V., Cisneros, L.Z. (2009). Correlations of antioxidant activity against phenolic content
revisited: a new approach in data analysis for food and medicinal plants. Journal of Food
Science, 74: 107-113.
Jayaprakasha, G. K., Jaganmohan Rao, L. (2000). Phenolic constituents from Lichen
Parmotrema stuppeum (Nyl.) Hale and their antioxidant activity. Zeitschrift fur
Naturforschung C-A Journal of Biosciences, 55C, 1018–1022.
Jennings, W., Shibamoto, T. (1980). Qualitative analysis of flavour and fragrance volatiles by
glass capillary gas chromatography. Academic Press, New York, p. 9-465.
Jiang, H., Aniko´ M. So´lyom, Timmermann, B.N., Gang, D.R. (2005a). Characterization of
gingerol-related compounds in ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by high-
performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass Spectrometry. Rapid
Communication Mass Spectrometry, 19: 2957-2964.
Jiang, H., Somogyi, A., Timmermann, B.N., Gang, D.R. (2006a). Instrument dependence of
electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation of the gingerols.
Rapid Communication Mass Spectrometry, 20: 3089-3100.
Jiang, H., Timmermann, B.N., Gang, D.R., (2007). Characterization and identification of
diarylheptanoids in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) using high-performance liquid
chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communication Mass
Spectrometry, 21: 509-518.
Jiang, S.Z., Wang, N.S., Mi, S.Q. (2008). Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of [6]-
gingerol in rats. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 29: 529-537.
Jolad, S.D., Lantz, R.C., Chen, G.J., Bates, R.B., Timmermann, B.N. (2005). Commercially
processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-stimulated
PGE2 production. Phytochemistry, 66: 1614-1635.
Jolad, S.D., Lantz, R.C., Solyom, A.M., Chen, G.J., Bates, R. B., Timmermann, B.N. (2004).
Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-
induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry, 65: 1937-1954.
Kake, M. Production of ginger decoction. JP11155538 (1999).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
259
Kaneko, Y., Oguchi, Y., Moritsu, N. Powder composition for making ginger pudding.
JP2011024479 (2011).
Kato, H., Yamaguchi, S. Process for producing Shogaol and intermediates for the synthesis
thereof. WO2003095424 (2003).
Kelly, G.J., Perry, A. Herbal composition to relieve pain. US6312736 (2001).
Kerdchoechuen, O., Laohakunjit, N., Singkhornart, S., Chatpaisarn, A. (2009). Major compounds
from 3 Zingiberaceae oil identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 40: 99-102.
Khoo, C., Robinson, I.P., Frantz, N.Z. Compositions including ginger for the amelioration or
prevention of inflammatory conditions. US0159500 (2011).
Kikuzaki, H., Nakatani, N. (1993). Antioxidant effect of some ginger constituents. Journal of Food
Science, 58:1407-1410.
Kim, D.H., Bang, M.H., Song, M.C., Kim, S.U., Chang, Y.J., Baek, N.I. (2005). Isolation of beta-
sitosterol, phytol and Zingerone 4-O-β-D-glycopyranoside from chrysanthemum Boreale
Makino. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, 13: 284-287.
Kim, D.S.H.L. Pharmaceutical compositions useful in prevention and treatment of Beta-amyloid
protein-induced disease. US7572829 (2009).
Kim, J.S., Lee, S.I., Park, H.W., Yang, J.H., Shin, T.Y., Kim, Y.C., Baek, N.
I., Kim, S.H., Choi, S.U., Kwon, B.M., Leem, K.H., Jung, M.Y., Kim, D.K. (2008). Cytotoxic
components from the dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Archives of Pharmacal
Research, 31: 415-418.
Kim, S., Ha, S., Ryu, J., Oh, M., Jeong, S. Pharmaceutical composition comprising ginger extract
or shogaol. US20110229590 (2011).
Kim, S.Y., Ha, S.K., Ryu, J.H. Pharmaceutical composition containing ginger extract or
shogaol.WO2010058926 (2010).
Kim, Y.H., Nguyen, H.T., Ding, Y., Park, S.H., Choi, E. M. (2007). Effect of [6]-gingerol, a pungent
ingredient of ginger, on osteoblast response to extracellular reducing sugar. Food Science
and Biotechnology, 16: 807-811.
Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D., (1975). Indian Medicinal Plants. (eds. Singh B., Singh, M.P.), Vol 9, 2nd
ed. Dehradun, India. p. 2435-2439.
Ko, F., Cheng, M., Liu, C., Chen, J., Chen, F., Yei, C. Use of a potent product extracted from
rhizomes of Zingiber officinale in treating a disease associated with Helicobacter pylori.
US20110038966 (2011).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
260
Ko, F.N., Cheng, M.C., Liu, C., Chen, J., Chen, F., Yei, C. Use of potent product extracted from
rhizome of ginger in treating disease associated with Helicobacter pylori. JP2009096789
(2009).
Kono, Y., Ito, K., Kawakami, T. Method for pickling ginger for shipment. US20090246338 (2009).
Kubra I.R., Rao, L.J.M., Ramalakshmi, K., Pushpa, S.M., Amudha, S. A formulation for a
carbonated beverage having antioxidants of ginger and turmeric (0091NF2011; 3383
DEL/2011, dt.25.11.2011).
Kubo, M., Nakada, T. Dried ginger and method for producing the same. JP2010193734 (2010).
Kuboi, K. Fermented ginger juice, method for producing the same, and food and drink.
JP2006296245 (2006).
Kuma, Y., Akahoshi, R., Kudo, T., Kawami, K., Shibata, M., Hashimoto, S. Fermented milk drinks
and foods and process for producing the same. US7927638 (2011).
Kuzumi, A., Sahara, A., Matsukawa, T., Matsui, T., Yamada, Y., Yamada, I. Food composition of
processed Zingiber officinale and method for producing the same. JP2010124786 (2010).
Lantz, R. C., Chen, G. J., Sarihan, M., Solyom, A. M., Jolad, S. D., Timmermann, B. N. (2007).
The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production.
Phytomedicine, 14: 123-128.
Lee, H.S., Seo, E.Y., Kang, N.E., Kim, W.K. (2008). [6]-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-
231 human breast cancer cells. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 19: 313-31.
Lee, J., Koo, N., Min, D.B. (2004). Reactive oxygen species, aging and antioxidative
nutraceuticals. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 3, 21–33.
Lerdau, M., Guenther, A., Monson, R. (1997). Plant production and emission of volatile organic
compounds. Bioscience, 47: 373–383.
Levine, M.E., Gillis, M.G., Koch, S.Y., Voss, A.C., Stern, R.M., Koch, K.L. (2008). Protein and
ginger for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced delayed nausea. Journal of Alternative
and Complementary Medicine, 14: 545-551.
Levy, A.S.A., Simon, O., Shelly, J., Gardener, M. (2006). [6]-Shogaol reduced chronic
inflammatory response in the knees of rats treated with complete Freund's adjuvant. BMC
Pharmacology, 6:12.
Li, D., Sypert, G.W., Gow, R.T. Compositions and methods comprising Zingiber species.
WO2008070783 (2008).
Li, H., Bo, C., Zhang, Z., Yao, S. (2004). Focused microwave-assisted solvent extraction and
HPLC determination of effective constituents in Eucommia ulmodies Oliv. Talanta, 63: 659-
665.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
261
Li, P., Wang, W., Li, Q., Chu, C. (2007). Method for separating and purifying [6]-gingerol from
extract of supercritical fluid extraction of ginger. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai
Shuomingshu CN 1994997 A, 7pp. (Chinese).
Li, P., Wang, W., Li, Q., Chu, C. Method for separating and purifying [6]-gingerol from extract of
supercritical fluid extraction of ginger. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu
CN1994997 (2007).
Li, X., Lou, Z., Zhang, H., Zhao, L., Wu, H., Zhang, G., Wu, Y., Chai, Y. (2009a). Rapid LC–
TOFMS Separation and Identification of Diarylheptanoids and Gingerol-Related
Compounds in Dried Ginger. Chromatographia, 69: 531–536.
Li, X., Zhu, Z., Wu, Y., Chai, Y., Zhang, G., Lou, Z. (2008). Rapid and accurate analytical method
for the determination of gingerols in three medicinal gingers (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by
High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analytical Letters, 41(10):1732-1741.
Lim, H.M., Hwang, K.T., Chung, B.W., Yun, Y.S., Lee, B.S., Jeon, Y.C., Park, J.N., Kim, H.J. A
method of producing a ginger extract having antimicrobial properties. KR 2006072209
(2006).
Lim, T.S., Kwon, O.J., Kwon, J.H., Kim, H.K. (2007). Monitoring of extraction yields and functional
properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts using response surface methodology.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 36: 348-354.
Lin, R.J., Chen, C.Y., Chung, L.Y., Yen, C.M. (2010a). Larvicidal activities of ginger (Zingiber
officinale) against Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Acta Tropica, 115(1-2):69-76.
Lin, R.J., Chen, C.Y., Lee, J.D., Lu, C.M., Chung, L.Y., Yen, C.M. (2010b). Larvicidal constituents
of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Anisakis simplex. Planta Medica, 76(16):1852-1858.
Ling, H., Yang, H., Tan, S.H., Chui, W.K., Chew, E.H. (2010). 6-Shogaol, an active constituent of
ginger, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-9
expression via blockade of nuclear factor-κB activation. British Journal of Pharmacology,
161(8):1763-1777.
Lintner, K. Use of microcapsules containing ginger oil. WO2003026594 (2003).
Liu, C., Liu, W., Li, M., Tu, Z., Liang, R. (2006). Microwave-assisted extraction of gingerol in
ginger. Shipin Keji 2: 52-54 (Chinese).
Liu, L., Xin-pei, H.U., Lou, L., Zhang, B., Nie, J. (2010). Study on microwave-assisted extract and
antioxidant activity of ginger flavonoids. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering
(iCBBE), 4th International Conference on 18-20 June, 2010, pp.1-4.
Luque de Castro, M.D., Garcia-Ayuso, L.E. (1998). Soxhlet extraction of solid matrices: an
outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Analytica Chimica Acta, 369: 1-10.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
262
Luximon-Ramma, A., Bahorun, T., Soobrattee, A.M., Aruoma, O.I. (2005). Antioxidant activities of
phenolic, proanthocyanidin and flavonoid components in extracts of Acacia fistula. Journal
of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50: 5042-5047.
Macleod, A.J., Pieris, N.M. (1984). Volatile aroma constituents of Sri Lankan ginger.
Phytochemistry, 23: 353-359.
Macleod, I., Whiting, D. A. (1979). Stages in the biosynthesis of [6]-gingerol in Zingiber officinale.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 24:1152-1153.
Malek, S.N.A., Ibrahim, H., Lai, H.S., Lee, G.S., Chan, K.S., Md. Ali, N.A. (2005). The essential
oils of Zingiber officinale Variants. Malaysian Journal of Science, 24 (2):37-43.
Mallikarjuna, K., Sahitya Chetan, P., Sathyavelu Reddy, K., Rajendra, W. (2008). Ethanol toxicity:
Rehabilitation of hepatic antioxidant defense system with dietary ginger. Fitoterapia, 79:
174-178.
Malu, S.P., Obochi, G.O., Tawo, E.N., Nyong, B.E. (2009). Antibacterial activity and medicinal
properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences,
15(3): 365-368.
Mandal, V., Mohan, Y., Hemalatha, S. (2007). Microwave assisted extraction - an innovative and
promising extraction tool for medicinal plant research. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1: 11-18.
Marco Antonio, P.Q., Joao, T.N., Valter, A., Frederico, M.W., Anna Lucia C.H.V. (2002). Gamma
radiation, cold and four different wrappings to preserve ginger rhizomes, Zingiber officinalis
Roscoe. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 63:341-343.
Masteli, J., Jerkovi, I., Vinkovi, M., D`oli, Z., Topi, D.V. (2004). Synthesis of selected naturally
occurring glucosides of volatile compounds- their chromatographic and spectroscopic
properties. Croatia Chemica Acta, 77:491-500.
Matasyoh, J.C., Maiyo, Z.C., Ngure, R.M., Chepkorir, R. (2009). Chemical composition and
antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Coriandrum sativum. Food Chemistry, 113: 526-
529.
Mazzio, E.A., Soliman, K.F. Method of treating dyshidrosis (pompholyx) and related dry skin
disorders. US7666451 (2010).
McDaniels, L.M. Herbal ointment. US6589543 (2003).
Melianita, F., Cholifah, S., Sumarlik, E., Kartinasari, W.F., Indrayanto, G. (2007). simultaneous
densitometric determination of [6]-Gingerol and [6]-Shogaol in some commercial gingers
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies,
30: 2941-2951.
Mimić-Oka, J., Simić, D.V., Simić, T.P. (1999). Free radicals in cardiovascular diseases. Medicine
and Biology, 6 (1): 11-22.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
263
Minghetti, P., Sosa, S., Cilurzo, F., Casiraghi, A., Alberti, E., Tubaro, A., et al. (2007). Evaluation
of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of ginger dry extracts from solutions and plasters.
Planta Medica, 73: 1525-1530.
Mishra, B.B., Gautam, S., Sharma A. (2004). Shelf-life extension of fresh ginger (Zingiber
officinale) by gamma irradiation. Journal of Food Science, 69: M274-M279.
Miyashita, G. Ginger coffee. JP2002058428 (2002).
Momoe, I., Takahiko, S., Haruko, H., Takeshi, S., Tadashi, T., Yasutake, S. (2011). Inhibitory
effects of zingerone, a pungent component of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on colonic motility
in rats. Journal of Natural Medicine, 65: 89-94.
Monagas, M., Bartolome, B., Gomez-Cordoves, C. (2005). Updated knowledge about the
presence of phenolic compounds in wine. Critical Reviews in Food Science and nutrition,
45:85-118.
Morita, M., Kanetani, H. Method for producing ginger processed product highly containing
shogaol. JP2008079562 (2008).
Motohashi, N., Ashihara, Y., Yamagami, C., Saito, T. (1997). Antimutagenic effects of
dehydrozingerone and its analogs on UV-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli.
Mutation Research, 377:17-25.
Motohashi, N., Yamagami, C., Tokuda, H., Okuda, Y., Ichiishi, E., Mukainaka, T., Nishino, H.,
Saito, Y. (2000). Structure–activity relationship in potentially anti-tumor promoting
benzalacetone derivatives, as assayed by the Epstein–Barr virus early antigen activation.
Mutatation Research, 464: 247-254.
Mrkic V., Cocci, E., Dalla Rosa, M., Sacchetti, G. (2006). Effect of drying conditions on bioactive
compounds and antioxidant activity of brocoli (Brassica oleracea L.). Journal of Science
of Food and Agriculture, 86:1559-1566.
Mujumdar, A.S., Law, C.L. (2010). Drying technology:Trends and applications in postharvest
processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 3(6): 843-852.
Mujumdar, A.S., Menon, A.S. (1995). Drying of solids: Principles, classifications and selection of
dryers. In Handbook of Industrial Drying, 2nd Ed; Vol. 1; Mujumdar, A.S., Ed.; Marcel
Dekker, Inc.: New York, 899-920.
Muller, J., Heindl, A. (2006). Drying of medicinal plants. In: Medicinal and aromatic plants (eds. R.
J. Bogers, L. E. Craker, & D. Lange), Springer,The Netherlands, p. 237-252.
Murakami, N. Ginger -containing oral composition. JP2007169247 (2007).
Murthy, G.S., Prasad, S. (2005). A completely coupled model for microwave heating of foods in
microwave oven. An ASAE Meeting Presentation Paper Number: 05-6062.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
264
Naczk, M., Shahidi, F. (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of
Chromatography A, 1054: 95-111.
Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Zingiber officinale In: Indian Materia Medica. Vol. I, Bombay, Popular
Prakashan, India. p.1308-1315.
Nagai, S., Kurimoto, M., Washiyama, K., Hirashima, Y., Kumanishi, T., Endo, S. (2005). Inhibition
of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis by curcumin in human malignant
astrocytoma cell lines. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 74: 105-111.
Nagarajan, S., Rahath Kubra I., Jagan Mohan Rao, L. (2010). Separation of curcuminoids
enriched fraction from spent turmeric oleoresin and its antioxidant potential. Journal of
Food Science, 75(6): H158-162.
Naka, F. Method for producing total lotion composed of ginger. JP2005325093 (2005).
Nakazawa, T., Ohsawa, K. (2002). Metabolism of [6]-gingerol in rats. Life Science, 70: 2165-
2175.
National Institute of Industrial Research, (2010). In: Handbook on Spices, Asia Pacific Business
Press Inc. (ISBN: 8178330946)
Newmark, T., Schulick, P. Composition for promoting prostate health containing selenium and
herbal extracts. US6261607 (2001b).
Newmark, T., Schulick, P. Ginger -based herbal composition for promoting health and methods of
using same. US20010046523 (2001a).
Newmark, T., Schulick, P. Herbal composition for promoting hormonal balance in women and
methods of using same. US6242012 (2001c).
Nikolaos, N., Hong-yu, Z., Maria, Z. (2003). Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of ferulic
acid derivatives: effect of carbon side chain characteristic groups. Journal of Agricultural
Food Chemistry, 51:1874–1879.
Nilesh, P., Nimbalkar, M., Sandeep, P., Firdose, K., Dixit, G. (2010). RP-HPLC analysis of [6]-
gingerol and Assessment of antioxidant activities in EMS treated ginger. Journal of
Phytology, 2(3): 13-23.
Nilesh, P., Sandeep, P., Nimbalkar, M., Dixit, G. (2011). RP-HPLC analyses of phenolic
antioxidant compound [6]-gingerol from different ginger cultivars. Food Chemistry, 126:
1330-1336.
Nirmala, M. A., Padmakumari, K.P., Sankari, K.B., Sumathikutty, M.A., Sreekumar, M.M.,
Arumugham, C. (2007). Effects of processing on the flavor compounds of Indian fresh
ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 19: 105-109.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).chemistry web book
[http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/name-ser.html] accessed 05.01.2011.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
265
Nomura, H. (1917). The pungent principles of ginger. I. A new ketone, zingerone (4-hydroxy-3-
methoxy phenyl ethyl ketone) occurring in ginger. Journal of Chemical Society, 769.
Nugroho, A.E., Yuniarti, N., Estyastono, E.P., Supardjan, H.L. (2006). Determination of
antioxidant activity of dehydrozingerone through hydroxy radical scavengers using
deoxyribosa method. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 17:116-122.
Ohtsu, H., Xiao, Z., Ishida, J., Nagai, M., Wang, H.K., Itokawa, H., Su, C.Y., Shih, C., Chiang, T.,
Chang, E., Lee, Y., Tsai, M.Y., Chang, C., Lee, K.H. (2002). Antitumor agents. 217.
Curcumin analogues as novel androgen receptor antagonists with potential as anti-prostate
cancer agents. Journal of Medicine Chemistry, 45:5037-5042.
Omura, K. (1993). Antioxidant synergism between BHA and BHT. Journal of the American Oil
Chemists’ Society, 72: 1505.
Onu, L. I., Okafor, G. I. (2002). Effect of physical and chemical factor variations on the efficiency
of mechanical slicing of Nigerian ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosoe). Journal of Food
Engineering, 56: 43-47.
Onyenekwe, P. C., Hashimoto, S. (1999). The composition of the essential oil of dried Nigerian
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). European Food Research and Technology, 209: 407-
410.
Orasa, P., Uma Prawat., Pittaya Tuntiwachwuttikuli (2000). Phytochemistry of the Zingiberaceae.
In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry (ed. Atta-ur-Rahman), 23: 797-865.
Otero, D. Method for preparation of herbal beverage. US8012515 (2011).
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on the products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine.
Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44: 307-314.
Ozgoli, G., Goli, M., Moattar, F. (2009). Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and
ibuprofen on pain in women with primary Dysmenorrhea. The Journal of Alternative And
Complementary Medicine. 15(2):129-132.
Pandey, K.B., Rizvi, S.I. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and
disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2, 270-278.
Parvathy, K.S., Srinivas, P. (2008). Ultrasound-assisted reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-
glucopyranosyl bromide with potassium salt of curcumin under PTC conditions. Ultrasonic
Sonochemistry, 15: 571-577.
Patwardhan, B. Method of treating musculoskeletal disease and a novel composition therefore.
US5494668 (1996).
Pawar, N., Pai, S., Nimbalkar, M., Dixit, G. (2011). RP-HPLC analysis of the fhenolic anti-oxidant
compound 6-gingerol from different ginger cultivars. Food chemistry, 126:1330-1336.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
266
Perez, C., Paul, M., Bazerque, P. (1990). Antibiotic assay by agar-well diffusion method. Acta Bio
Medicine Express, 15:113-115.
Phoungchandang, S., Nongsang, S., Sanchai, P. (2009). The development of ginger drying using
tray drying, heat pump-dehumidified drying, and mixed-mode solar drying. Drying
Technology, 27 (10): 1123-1131.
Phoungchandang, S., Sanchai, P. (2009). Process development for ginger powder encapsulation
using drum dryer. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7: 187-191.
Phoungchandang, S., Sertwasana, A., Sanchai, P., Pasuwan, P. (2009a). Development of a
small scale processing system for concentrated ginger powders. World Applied Sciences
Journal 6: 488-493.
Pietta, P.G. (2000). Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products, 63:1035-1042.
Pimm, A. (1994). Ingredient hygiene and safety: Quality management systems. In: Handbook of
Industrial Seasoning, (eds. E.W. Underriner and I.R. Hume) Blackie Academic &
Professional, Glasgow,U.K. p. 119–150,
Pino, J. A., Marbot, R., Rosado, A., Batista, A. (2004). Chemical composition of essential oil of
Zingiber officinale Roscoe L. from Cuba. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16:186-188.
Pongrojpaw, D., Somprasit, C., Chanthasenanont, A. (2007). A randomized comparison of ginger
and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Journal of the
Medical Association of Thailand, 90(9):1703-1709.
Prasad, J., Prasad, A., Vijay, V. K. (2006). Studies on the drying characteristics of Zingiber
officinale under open sun and solar biomass (hybrid) drying. International Journal of Green
Energy, 3, 79-89.
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguliar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity
through the formation of phoshomolybdenum complex: specific application to the
determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337-341.
Qiao, Q., Du, Q. (2010). Preparation of the monomers of gingerols and [6]-shogaol by flash high
speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(36):6187-
6190.
Qunli, L. Method for extracting gingerol type material from ginger with high
efficiency.CN101530607 (2009).
Raghavan, B., Abraham, K. O., Shankaranarayana, M. L., Koller, W. D. (1994). Studies on flavor
changes during drying of dill (Anethum sowa Roxb.) leaves. Journal of Food Quality, 17:
457-466.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
267
Rahath Kubra, I., Jagan Mohan Rao, L. (2012). Effect of microwave drying on the phytochemical
composition of volatiles of ginger. International Journal of Food Science and Technology,
47: 53-60.
Rahath Kubra, I., Ramalakshmi, K., Jagan Mohan Rao, L. (2011). Antioxidant enriched fractions
from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. E-Journal of Chemistry, 8(2): 721-726.
Rajkumar, D.V., Rao, M.N.A. (1993). Dihydrogingerone and isoeugenol as inhibitors of lipid per
oxidation and as free radical scavengers. Biochemical Pharmacology, 46:2067–2072.
Ramadan, G., Al-Kahtani, M.A., El-Sayed, W.M. (2011). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant
properties of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (Ginger) rhizomes in
rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation, 34(4): 291-301.
Ranganna, S. (2001). Proximate constituents, In: Handbook of analysis and quality control for
fruit and vegetable products. (ed. S. Ranganna), vol. 2, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, p.
12-17.
Rao, P.P., Nagender, A., Jaganmohan Rao, L., Rao, D.G. (2007). Studies on the effects of
microwave drying and cabinet tray drying on the chemical composition of volatile oils of
garlic powders. European Food Research Technology, 224: 791-795.
Rashan, L., Rashan, F., Abo Kadegha, A.A., Rashan, E., Sahban, R., Fiebig, H.H., Thanoon,
Y.H. Composition for enhancing male fertility. US7569237 (2009).
Rathi, C.L., Risbud, S.P. Synergistic anthelmintic composition. US0178285 (2010)
Ravindran, P.N., Nirmal Babu, K., Shiva, K.N. (2005). Botany and crop improvement of ginger. In:
Ginger: the genus Zingiber (eds Ravindran, P.N. and Nirmal Babu, K.), Medicinal and
aromatic plants-industrial profiles, CRC Press, Washington, 41, p.15-85.
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., Papaganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic
compounds. Trends Plant Sci., 4:152–159.
Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N. J., Paganga, G. (1996). Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of
flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20:933-956.
Richard, B.B., Tao, Y., Li, W. (2011). Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in ginger (Zingiber officinale).
Fitoterapia, 82: 38-43.
Rohmer, M. (1999). Isoprenoids Including Carotenoids and Steroids, In: Comprehensive Natural
Product Chemistry. (Ed. D. E. Cane), Vol. 2, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, p. 45-67.
Rosenbloom, R., Cummings, T., Petteruti, M. Compositions and methods for treating infectious
bronchitis. US0028268 (2010).
Rosenbloom, R.A. Anti-microbial compositions and methods of using same. US7396546 (2008).
Rosenbloom, R.A. Medicinal composition and method of using it. US6592896 (2003).
Rosenstiel, L. Method and topical compound for treatment of edema. US6607756 (2003).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
268
Rostagno, M.A., Palma, M., Barroso, C.G. (2007). Microwave assisted extraction of
soyisoflavones. Analytica Chimica Acta, 588: 274-282.
Ruby, A.J., Kuttan, G., Babu, K.D., Rajasekharan, K.N., Kuttan, R. (1995). Anti-tumor and
antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer letters, 94, 79-83.
Rukkumani, R., Aruna, K., Varma, P.S., Rajasekaran, K.N., Menon, V.P.M. (2004). Comparative
effects of curcumin and an analog of curcumin on alcohol and PUFA induced oxidative
stress. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7 (2): 274-283.
Sachin, V.J., Bhaskar, N.T. (2003). Optimization of spray drying of ginger extract. Drying
Technology, 28: 1426-1434.
Sachindra, N.M.B., Sakhare, P.Z., Puttarajappa, P., Rao, D.N. Chicken soup mix composition and
a process for preparing the same. US7255889 (2007).
Sahara, A., Kuzumi, A., Matsukawa, T., Matsui, T., Yamada, Y., Yamada, I. Ginger vinegar and
method for producing the same. JP2010068764 (2010).
Sakasai, M. Method for producing purified ginger oleoresin. JP2010000054 (2010).
Salzer, U.J., Furia, T.E. (1977). The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from
seasonings - A critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 9: 345-373.
Sang, S., Hong, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Yang, C.S., Pan, M.H., Badmaev, V., Ho, C.T. (2009).
Increased growth inhibitory effects on human Cancer cells and Anti-inflammatory potency
of shogaols from Zingiber officinale relative to gingerols. Journal of Agricultural Food
Chemistry, 57: 10645-10650.
Sang, S., Lapsley, K., Jeong, W. S., Lachance, P. A., Ho, C. T., Rosen, R.T. J. (2002).
Antioxidative phenolic compounds isolated from almond skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch).
Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50:2459–2463.
Sato, M., Ramarathnam, N., Suzuki, Y., Ohkubo, T., Takeuchi, M., Ochi, H. (1996). Varietal
differences in the phenolic content and superoxide radical scavenging potential of red
wines from different sources. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 44:37–41.
Saulo, G.F., Irene, T.C.J., Yanier, N.F., Sonia, O.D.G., Maria, A.H.S., Carmen, C.D., Dayami, L.L.
Method of obtaining an extract of ginger. WO2003030919 (2003).
Scaloni, M.A. procedure for the preparation of a ginger-root infusion to desensitize teeth and
gums and infusion prepared according to said procedure. EP0639379 (1995).
Schweiggert, U., Hofmann, S., Reichel, M., Schieber, A., Carle, R. (2008). Enzyme-assisted
liquefaction of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) for the production of spray-dried
and paste-like ginger condiments. Journal of Food Engineering, 84: 28-38.
Schwertner, H.A., Rios, D.C. (2007). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of [6]-
gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol in ginger-containing dietary supplements,
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
269
spices, teas, and beverages. Chromatography B: Analytical Technology Biomedical Life
Science, 856:41-47.
Sekiwa, Y., Kubota, K., Kobayashi, A. (2000). Isolation of novel glucosides related to gingerdiol
from ginger and their antioxidative activities. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 48(2):
373-377.
Sha, S. Dietary supplement composition for ameliorating inflammatory changes in influenza
process. US7205010 (2007).
Shahidi, F., Wanasundara, P. D. (1992). Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science
and Nutrition, 32: 67-103.
Shao, X., Lishuang, L.V., Parks, T., Wu, H., Ho, C.T., Sang, S. (2010). Quantitative analysis of
ginger components in commercial products using liquid chromatography with
electrochemical array detection. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58: 12608-12614.
Shibuya, Y., Moriwaki, S., Tsuji, N. Water-soluble essence of ginger. JP2003048845 (2003).
Shibuya, Y., Moriwaki, S., Tsuji, N. Water-soluble ginger root extract. US20060099280 (2006).
Shichao, M., Shilei, Z., Wenhu, D., Wei, W. (2009). An enantioselective synthesis of (+)-(S)-[n]-
gingerols via the l-proline-catalyzed aldol reaction. Bioorganic Medicine and Chemical
Letters, 19: 3909-3911.
Shikha, S., Smith, R.M., Lenz, E., Wilson, I.D. (2003). Analysis of a ginger extract by high-
performance liquid chromatography coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
using superheated deuterium oxide as the mobile phase. Journal of Chromatography A,
991: 143-150.
Shimoda, H., Shan, S., Tanaka, J., Okada, T., Murai, H. Anti-inflammatory agent. US8017162
(2011).
Shoji, N., Iwasa, A., Takemoto, T., Ishida, Y., Ohizumi, Y. (1982). Cardiotonic principles of ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71: 1174-1175.
Shu, Y.Y., Ko, M.Y., Chang, Y.S. (2003) Microwave-assisted extraction of ginsenosides from
ginseng root. Microchemical Journal, 74: 131-139.
Shukla, Y., Singh, M. (2007). Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food and
chemical Toxicology, 45: 683-690.
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J.A.M., Poolman, B. (1995). Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of
hydrocarbons. Microbiology Reviews, 59:201-222.
Singh, A.B., Akanksha, Nilendra Singh, Rakesh Maurya., Arvind Kumar Srivastava. (2009). Anti-
hyperglycaemic, lipid lowering and anti-oxidant properties of [6]-gingerol in db/db mice.
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 1(12):536-544.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
270
Singh, G., Kapoor, I.P.S., Singh, P., de Heluani, C.S., de Lampasona, M.P., Cesar, A.N., Catalan.
(2008). Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations on essential oil and
oleoresins of Zingiber officinale. Food and chemical Toxicology, 46: 3295-3302.
Singh, K.K., Tiroutchelvame, D., Patel, S. (2008a). Fluidized bed drying of ginger flakes. Journal
of Agricultural Engineering 45(1): 57-61.
Singleton, V., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other
oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. In: Oxidants
and antioxidants Part A. Methods in enzymology, (ed. L. Packer)..Vol 299. New York:
Academic Press. P. 152-178.
Sivakumar, M., Senthilkumar, P., Pandit, A.B. (2001). Ultrasound enhanced PTC conversion of
benzamide to benzonitrile. Synthetic Communications, 31:2583–2587.
Smith, C. (2010). Ginger reduces severity of nausea in early pregnancy compared with vitamin
B6, and the two treatments are similarly effective for reducing number of vomiting
episodes. Evidence- Based Nursing, 13(2):40.
Smith, M.M. Organic compositions and methods of use. US7955627 (2011).
Staggs, J.J. Therapeutic uses of pungent botanicals and their related compounds US6063381
(2000).
Stoilova, I., Krastanov, A., Stoyanova, A., Denev, P., Gargova, S. (2007). Antioxidant activity of a
ginger extract (Zingiber officinale). Food Chemistry, 102: 764-770.
Stojan, C. Composition and method for enhancing insulin activity. US0135681 (2011).
Stone, H., Sidel, J.L. Sensory evaluation practices (pp. 194-226), Academic Press Inc., Florida
(1985).
Sudipta, T., Bruch, D., Kittur, D.S. (2008). Ginger extract inhibits LPS induced macrophage
activation and function. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 8(Jan), 7pp.
(http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/8/1,16 ref.)
Sudo, K. Method for producing grated ginger. JP2007252246 (2007).
Sujay Rai., Kakali, M., Mainak, M., Atul, W., Pada, S.B., Mukherjee, P.K., (2006). Determination
of [6]-gingerol in ginger (Zingiber officinale) using high-performance thin-layer
chromatography. Journal of Separation Science, 29: 2292-2295.
Surh, Y.J., Loe, E., Lee, J.M. (1998). Chemopreventive properties of some pungent ingredients
present in red pepper and ginger. Mutation Research, 402:259–267.
Suzuki, F. Agent for the treatment of infections. US6030980 (2000).
Takaoka, T. Organic ginger brown sugar and method for producing the same. JP2007124909
(2007).
Takeda, F. Preparation of crushed raw ginger. JP07155132. (1995).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
271
Tao, Q.F., Xu, Y., Lam, R.Y.Y., Schneider, B., Dou, H., Leung, P.S., Shi, S.Y., Zhou, C.X., Yang,
L.X., Zhang, R.P., Xiao, Y.C., Wu, X., Stöckigt, J., Zeng, S., Cheng, C.H.K., Yu Zhao.
(2008). Diarylheptanoids and a Monoterpenoid from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale:
antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Journal of Natural Products, 71: 12-17.
Tchoungui, E. Method for processing the rhizome of ginger into syrup for nutria therapeutic use
WO2010005327 (2010).
Theuer, R.C. Ginger-containing baby-food preparation and methods therefore. US6051235
(2000).
Tian, D., Yang, R. (2006). Influence on the extraction of antioxidants in ginger by microwave
irradiation treatment. China Condiment, SUN: ZGTW.0.2004-02-004.
Tjendraputra, E.N., Ammit, A. J., Roufogalis, B.D., Tran, V.H., Duke, C.C. (2003). Effective anti-
platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thrombosis
Research, 111: 259-265.
Tomaino, A., Cimino, F., Zimbalatti, V., Venuti, V., Sulfaro, V., De Pasquale, A., et al. (2005).
Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice
essential oils. Food Chemistry, 89: 549-554.
Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P. (2006). Effect of semi-drying on the antioxidant components of
tomatoes. Food Chemistry, 94: 90-97.
Torigoe, S. Grated fresh ginger. JP2005176687 (2005).
Toure, A., Xiaoming, Z. (2007). Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile components of Guinean
and Chinese ginger oils (Zingiber officinale) extracted by steam distillation. Journal of
Agronomy 6(2): 350-355.
Toure, A., Xiaoming, Z., Jia, C.S., Zhijian, D. (2007). Microencapsulation and oxidative stability of
ginger essential oil in maltodextrin/whey protein isolate (MD/WPI). International Journal of
Dairy science, 2(4): 387-392.
Trivedi, H.M., Gittins, E.K. Oral compositions containing extracts of Zingiber officinale and related
methods. WO2011068811 (2011).
Turkmen, N., Sari, F., Velioglu, Y.S. (2006). Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and
antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous
tartrate and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Food Chemistry, 99: 835-841.
Umehara, K., Nagata, K., Sakurai, Y. Method for inhibiting color deterioration of ginger juice,
ginger juice-containing beverage, and method for producing the same. JP2011152063
(2011).
Vad, V.B. Ginger containing compositions to control pain. US20070071809 (2007).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
272
Varani, J., Johnson, K. Botanical composition for enhanced skin repair and uses thereof. US
0105644 (2010).
Variyar, P.S., Gholap, A. S., Sharma, A., (2006). Changes in flavour components in g-irradiated
fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes during storage. Journal of herbs, spices and
medicinal plants, 12: 25-35.
Venskutonis, R. (1997). Effect of drying on the volatile constituents of thyme (Thymus Vulgaris L.)
and sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Food Chemistry, 59: 219-227.
Verma, S.P., Salamone, E., Goldin, B. (1997). Curcumin and genistein, plant natural products,
show synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells
induced by estrogenic pesticides. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,
233, 692-696.
Vernin, G., Parkanyi, C. (2005). Chemistry of ginger. In: Ginger: the genus Zingiber (eds),
Ravindran, P.N. and Nirmal Babu, K. Medicinal and aromatic plants-industrial profiles, CRC
Press, Washington, 41, pp.87-180.
Villano, D., Fern´andez-Pach´on, M.S., Troncoso, A.M., Garc´ıa-Parrilla, M.C. (2005).
Comparison of antioxidant activity of wine phenolic compoundsand metabolitos in vitro.
Analytical Chimica Acta, 538:391-398.
Vutyavanich, T., Kraisarin, T., Ruangsri, R. (2001). Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy:
randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology,
97(4):577-582.
Wang, J., Sheng, K. (2006). Far-infrared and microwave drying of peach. LWT Food Science and
Technology, 39, 247-255.
Wang, W., Li, C.Y., Wen, X.D., Li, P., Qi, L.W. (2009a). Simultaneous determination of [6]-
gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and [6]-shogaol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–
mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetics. Journal of Chromatography B, 877:
671-679.
Wang, W., Chang-Yin Li, Xiao-Dong Wen, Ping Li, Lian-Wen Qi. (2009b). Plasma
pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of [6]-gingerol in rat by liquid
chromatography–electro spray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 49: 1070-1074.
Wang, X., Zheng, Z., Guo, X., Yuan, J., Zheng, C. (2011). Preparative separation of gingerols
from Zingiber officinale by high-speed counter-current chromatography using stepwise
elution. Food Chemistry, 125: 1476-1480.
Wang, Z. Toothpaste containing honey and ginger juice. CN1875918 (2006).
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
273
Wang, Z., Hasegawa, J., Wang, X., Matsuda, A., Tokuda, T., Miura, N., Watanabe, T. (2011).
Protective effects of ginger against Aspirin-Induced gastric ulcers in rats. Yonago Acta
medica 54: 11-19.
Wang, Z., Wang, L., Li, T., Zhou, X., Ding, L., Yu, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, H. (2006a). Rapid analysis of
the essential oils from dried Illicium verum Hook. f. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. by
improved solvent-free microwave extraction with three types of microwave-absorption
medium. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 386(6): 1863-1868.
Weng, C.J., Wu, C.F., Huang, H.W., Ho, C.T., Yen, G.C. (2010). Anti-invasion effects of 6-
shogaol and 6-gingerol, two active components in ginger, on human hepatocarcinoma
cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 54(11): 1618-1627.
Wijekoon, M.M.J.O., Rajeev, B., Karim, A.A. (2011). Effect of extraction solvents on the phenolic
compounds and antioxidant activities of bunga kantan (Etlingera elatior Jack.)
inflorescence. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24: 615-619.
Wohlmuth, H., Smith, M.K., Brooks, L.O., Myers, S.P., Leach, D.N. (2006). Essential Oil
composition of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) grown in
Australia. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 54: 1414-1419.
Wong, S. P., Leong, L. P., Koh, J. H. W. (2006). Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of
selected plants. Food Chemistry, 99 (4): 775-783.
Wu, T.S., Kuo, S.C., Teng, C.M., Ko, F.N. Anti-fungal pharmaceutical compositions comprising an
active ingredient prepared from Zingiber officinale. US6946153 (2005).
Yamahara, J. Method for identifying kind of ginger. JP2011103828 (2011).
Yang, Z., Yang, W., Peng, Q., He, Q., Feng, Y., Luo, S., Yu, Z. (2009). Volatile phytochemical
composition of rhizome of ginger after extraction by headspace solid-phase
microextraction, petrol ether extraction and steam distillation extraction. Bangladesh
Journal of Pharmacology, 4: 136-143.
Yasumoto, N., Kawahara, Y., Hashimoto, A., Takeuchi, Y. Ginger enzyme preparation and
production thereof. JP04094685 (1992).
Yoko, I., Mai, Y., Yasujiro, M., Kikue, K. (2003). Anthocyanin Compounds in Japanese Ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and their quantitative characteristics. Food Science and
Technology Research, 9 (3): 292-296.
Yoshifuji, J., Kojima, N., Fujii, M. Ginger food improved in taste of ginger. JP2000135066 (2000).
Yoshikawa, M., Hatakeyama, S., Chantani, N., Nishino, Y., Yamahara, J. (1994). Qualitative and
Quantitative analysis of bioactive principles in Zingiberis Rhizoma by means of HPLC and
GLC: On the evaluation of Zingiberis Rhizoma and chemical changes of constituents
during Zingiberis rhizome processing. Yakugaku-Zasshi 113: 307-315.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
274
Yu, Y., Huang, T., Yang, B., Liu, X., Duan, G. (2007). Development of gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry with microwave distillation and simultaneous solid-phase microextraction for
rapid determination of volatile constituents in ginger. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Analysis, 43(1): 24-31.
Zhan, K., Xu, K., Yin, H. (2011). Preparative separation and purification of gingerols from ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Food
Chemistry, 126: 1959-1963.
Zhang, M., Tang, J., Mujumdar, A.S., Wang S. (2006). Trends in microwave related drying of
fruits and vegetables. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 17: 524-534.
Zhang, Q. Method for manufacturing Zingiber officinale condiment through cooking in vegetable
oil. CN1915082 (2007).
Zhang, Z., Fu, Y. Pharmaceutical composition against type I allergy and the preparation thereof.
US6641846 (2003).
Zhao, X., Yang,Z., Gai, G.,Yang, Y. (2009). Effect of superfine grinding on properties of ginger
powder. Journal of Food Engineering, 91(2): 217-222.
Zhao, Y., Tao, Q.F., Zhang, R.P., Zhou, C.X., Dou, H., Shi, S.Y., Xiao, Y.C., Sun, L.L., Zeng, S.,
Huang, K.X., Zhang, X.D., Lic, X.K. (2007). Two new compounds from Zingiber officinale.
Chinese Chemical Letters, 18(10): 1247-1249.
Zhou, C.X., Zhang, X.Y., Dong, X.W., Tao, Q.F., Dou, H., Zhang, R.P., Huang, K.X., Li, X.K.,
Chen, C.X., Zeng, S., Zhao, Y. (2007). Three new diarylheptanoids and their antioxidant
property. Chinese Chemical Letters, 18(10): 1243-1246.
Zick, S.M., Djuric, Z., Ruffin, M.T., Litzinger, A.J., Normolle, D.P., Alrawi, S., Feng, M.R., Brenner,
D.E. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of [6]-, [8]-, [10]-gingerols and [6]-shogaol and conjugate
metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention,
17: 1930-1936.
Zou, G.M., Zheng, P.M., Li, Y.W., Lai, S.H. (2007). Study on antioxidant effects of ginger
essential oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Science and Technology
Research, 2:136-138.
References _________________________________________________________________________________________________
275
Website address:
http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx accessed on 23.02.2012.
http://ffymag.com/admin/issuepdf/Ginger-Apr09.pdf accessed on10.05.2011.
http://kaubic.in/spicesdatabase/Ginger/processing.htm; Ifoam standard norms cover. html
accessed on 15.09.2011
http://www.fao.orginphocontentcompendtextch27ch27_02.htm accessed on 15.09.2011
http://www.indianspices.com/admin/contentFiles/news/Review2008-09-R.pdf. accessed on
10.05.2011.