Absolute Monarchs Absolute Monarchs in Europein Europe

Ch 21Ch 21

1500-18001500-1800

Absolutism in EuropeAbsolutism in Europe-Feudalism declines, cities + national -Feudalism declines, cities + national

kingdoms leads to absolutismkingdoms leads to absolutism

AbsolutismAbsolutism Political belief that one ruler should Political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power w/in a countryhold all of the power w/in a country

Been practiced throughout the Been practiced throughout the worldworld

Absolute monarchAbsolute monarch – king or – king or queen (emperor, czar) w/ all of queen (emperor, czar) w/ all of the power in their countrythe power in their country

Believed they had Believed they had divine divine rightright (God willed them to (God willed them to lead + they were lead + they were answerable only to God not answerable only to God not the people) to rulethe people) to rule

CausesCauses

EffectsEffects

1.1. Religious + territorial conflicts create fear + Religious + territorial conflicts create fear + uncertaintyuncertainty

- People want stability- People want stability

2. Growth of armies to deal w/ conflicts 2. Growth of armies to deal w/ conflicts taxes to pay troops taxes to pay troops

3.3. Heavy taxes lead to unrest + peasant Heavy taxes lead to unrest + peasant revoltsrevolts

1.1. Rulers regulated religious worship + social Rulers regulated religious worship + social gatherings (control spread of ideas)gatherings (control spread of ideas)

2.2. Rulers size of their courts to appear more Rulers size of their courts to appear more powerfulpowerful

- (courts = people who follow them around)- (courts = people who follow them around)

3. Rulers create bureaucracies to control their 3. Rulers create bureaucracies to control their countries’ economiescountries’ economies

SpainSpain Phillip IIPhillip II Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, + Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, +

the American colonies from his fatherthe American colonies from his father AggressiveAggressive

Seized Portugal when Portuguese king Seized Portugal when Portuguese king died w/o an heir (Phillip was his nephew)died w/o an heir (Phillip was his nephew)

Defended Catholicism against Muslims + Defended Catholicism against Muslims + ProtestantsProtestants

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada launched against launched against Protestant England to punish Queen Protestant England to punish Queen Elizabeth’s support of Spanish Elizabeth’s support of Spanish Protestants against PhillipProtestants against Phillip Protestant wind (storm that destroyed Protestant wind (storm that destroyed

most of the Armada)most of the Armada) Arts flourish due in part to wealth brought in Arts flourish due in part to wealth brought in

from the coloniesfrom the colonies

Spanish empire weakensSpanish empire weakens Inflation + Inflation +

TaxesTaxes

Due to the excessive wealth brought in from Due to the excessive wealth brought in from the colonies, the value of $ declinedthe colonies, the value of $ declined

Prices of goods soaredPrices of goods soared Nobles not taxed, burden falls on the lower Nobles not taxed, burden falls on the lower

classesclasses Prevented them from accumulating Prevented them from accumulating

enough wealth to start their own enough wealth to start their own businesses – no middle class businesses – no middle class developsdevelops

Spanish manufactured goods made using Spanish manufactured goods made using old-fashioned + expensive methods.old-fashioned + expensive methods.

Spanish buy foreign goodsSpanish buy foreign goods Spanish must repay foreign debts for $ Spanish must repay foreign debts for $

borrowed to fight warsborrowed to fight wars

The Dutch The Dutch RevoltRevolt

Philip has to maintain an army to Philip has to maintain an army to keep his subjects under controlkeep his subjects under control

Dutch had little in common w/ their Dutch had little in common w/ their Spanish rulersSpanish rulers

Spanish Catholic – Many Spanish Catholic – Many Dutch were ProtestantDutch were Protestant

Spanish economy sluggish – Spanish economy sluggish – Dutch middle class prosperedDutch middle class prospered

Spain raises the taxes in the Spain raises the taxes in the Netherlands to tries to crush Netherlands to tries to crush ProtestantismProtestantism

Dutch revolt + fight w/ Spain for 11 Dutch revolt + fight w/ Spain for 11 yrs before declaring themselves an yrs before declaring themselves an independent country in 1579independent country in 1579

The The Independent Independent NetherlandsNetherlands

(the Dutch)(the Dutch)

Different from the rest of EuropeDifferent from the rest of Europe Religious tolerationReligious toleration Republic (not a kingdom)Republic (not a kingdom)

Each province had an Each province had an elected governorelected governor

Able to focus on economic Able to focus on economic developmentdevelopment

Prospers through tradeProspers through trade Become the bankers of EuropeBecome the bankers of Europe Had the largest fleet of ships in Had the largest fleet of ships in

the worldthe world

(close to 5,000 in 1636)(close to 5,000 in 1636)

End Section 1End Section 1

FranceFranceSeries of 8 religious wars between Catholics + Series of 8 religious wars between Catholics + HuguenotsHuguenots (French Protestants) from 1562-98 (French Protestants) from 1562-98

Henry IVHenry IV

(the 4(the 4thth))

Converts from Protestantism to Converts from Protestantism to Catholicism (“Paris is well worth a Catholicism (“Paris is well worth a mass.”)mass.”)

Political movePolitical move Issues Issues Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes

Religious tolerance Religious tolerance Declared Huguenots could live in Declared Huguenots could live in

peace + set up their own houses peace + set up their own houses of worship in some citiesof worship in some cities

Enacts good financial policiesEnacts good financial policies AssassinatedAssassinated

Louis XIIILouis XIII

(the 13(the 13thth))

AppointsAppoints

Cardinal Cardinal

RichelieuRichelieu

Louis XIII is weakLouis XIII is weak Cardinal Richelieu tries Cardinal Richelieu tries

to lead according to to lead according to

moral principles, but moral principles, but

was ambitious + enjoyed was ambitious + enjoyed

authorityauthority Richelieu power of monarchy by:Richelieu power of monarchy by:

1. Moved against Huguenots1. Moved against Huguenots

-Protestants couldn’t -Protestants couldn’t have have cities w/ wallscities w/ walls

2. Weakens power of nobles2. Weakens power of nobles

Louis XIVLouis XIV (the 14(the 14thth))

Most powerful ruler in French historyMost powerful ruler in French history During his reign, France was the most powerful During his reign, France was the most powerful

country in Europecountry in Europe Became king at 4 yrs old (1643)Became king at 4 yrs old (1643) ““I am the state”I am the state” Further power of nobles by excluding them from Further power of nobles by excluding them from

his councilshis councils Powers of gov.’t agents who collected taxes + Powers of gov.’t agents who collected taxes +

administer justiceadminister justice (they had to report to him regularly)(they had to report to him regularly)

Followed beliefs of MercantilismFollowed beliefs of Mercantilism Cancels Edict of NantesCancels Edict of Nantes

Many Huguenots flee countryMany Huguenots flee country Surrounds himself w/ luxurySurrounds himself w/ luxury Made nobles wait on him hand + foot (literally)Made nobles wait on him hand + foot (literally) Patron – arts should glorify the king + his valuesPatron – arts should glorify the king + his values Fights in various (expensive) warsFights in various (expensive) wars Dies leaving country powerful but in debt, peasants Dies leaving country powerful but in debt, peasants

bitter due to high taxes + abuse of power – will lead bitter due to high taxes + abuse of power – will lead to revolutionto revolution

War of War of Spanish Spanish SuccessionSuccession

1700, childless king of Spain leaves 1700, childless king of Spain leaves his throne to Louis XIV’s grandson, his throne to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of AnjouPhilip of Anjou

Both countries now ruled by Both countries now ruled by French BourbonsFrench Bourbons

Other countries felt threatened by Other countries felt threatened by Bourbon dynasty’s power. Join Bourbon dynasty’s power. Join together to prevent the union of the together to prevent the union of the French + Spanish thrones.French + Spanish thrones.

War drags on until 1714War drags on until 1714 Under Treaty of Utrecht, Louis’s Under Treaty of Utrecht, Louis’s

grandson was allowed to remain grandson was allowed to remain king of Spain as long as the king of Spain as long as the thrones of France + Spain weren’t thrones of France + Spain weren’t unitedunited

End Section 2End Section 2

Central EuropeCentral Europe German German

StatesStates Rule by princes (some Protestant, Rule by princes (some Protestant,

some Catholic)some Catholic) Protestants + Catholics form their Protestants + Catholics form their

own groups w/ neither group own groups w/ neither group trusting the othertrusting the other

In 1618, the future Holy Roman In 1618, the future Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (head of the Emperor, Ferdinand II (head of the Hapsburg family) closed some Hapsburg family) closed some Protestant churchesProtestant churches

Protestant princes rebelProtestant princes rebel

30 Years’ 30 Years’ WarWar

(1618-1648)(1618-1648)

Conflict over religion, territory, + powerConflict over religion, territory, + power The Catholic French king supports The Catholic French king supports ProtestantsProtestants

- doesn’t want Hapsburgs to become as - doesn’t want Hapsburgs to become as powerful as the French king powerful as the French king

At the end, German states pop. At the end, German states pop.

(20 – 16 mil) + economy in ruins(20 – 16 mil) + economy in ruins Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia

Weakened Spain + Austria Weakened Spain + Austria Strengthened FranceStrengthened France Made German princes independent of Holy Made German princes independent of Holy

Roman EmpireRoman Empire Ended European religious warsEnded European religious wars Allowed all parties to negotiate peace termsAllowed all parties to negotiate peace terms *** Ended idea of Catholic empire, *** Ended idea of Catholic empire,

recognized Europe as a group of equal recognized Europe as a group of equal independent statesindependent states

Central Central European European PowersPowers

Poland, Holy Roman Empire, + Ottoman Poland, Holy Roman Empire, + Ottoman Empire – None are very powerfulEmpire – None are very powerful

Maintains feudalism (no middle class)Maintains feudalism (no middle class) No strong kingsNo strong kings

Austria grows strongerAustria grows stronger Hapsburgs centralize gov.’t, create Hapsburgs centralize gov.’t, create

standing army, + regain lost land from standing army, + regain lost land from OttomansOttomans

Diverse empireDiverse empire Led by Maria TheresaLed by Maria Theresa

Prussia grows strongerPrussia grows stronger Created absolute monarchy + develop a Created absolute monarchy + develop a

highly militarized societyhighly militarized society Led by Frederick the GreatLed by Frederick the Great

Believed in religious Believed in religious tolerance + legal tolerance + legal

reformreform

War of War of Austrian Austrian SuccessionSuccession

7 Years’ War7 Years’ War

(French + (French + Indian War)Indian War)

Frederick believed Maria Theresa Frederick believed Maria Theresa wasn’t forceful enough to stop him wasn’t forceful enough to stop him from taking some of Austria’s land from taking some of Austria’s land (Silesia)(Silesia)

Austria w/ Great BritainAustria w/ Great Britain Prussia w/ FrancePrussia w/ France Austria loses SilesiaAustria loses Silesia

Austria w/ FranceAustria w/ France Prussia w/ Great BritainPrussia w/ Great Britain Doesn’t change territory in Europe, Doesn’t change territory in Europe,

but radically changes territories of but radically changes territories of North AmericaNorth America

End Section 3End Section 3

RussiaRussia Czar Ivan IV Czar Ivan IV

(the 4(the 4thth)) “ “Ivan the Ivan the

Terrible”Terrible”

Became ruler when 3 yrs oldBecame ruler when 3 yrs old BoyarsBoyars (Russian landowning nobility) fought (Russian landowning nobility) fought

for power to control Ivanfor power to control Ivan When he was 16, had himself crowned the 1When he was 16, had himself crowned the 1stst

Czar of RussiaCzar of Russia 1547-1560 “good period”1547-1560 “good period”

Added land to RussiaAdded land to Russia Gave Russia a code of lawsGave Russia a code of laws

1560-1581 “bad period”1560-1581 “bad period” Turns against boyarsTurns against boyars Organized secret police force, whose job Organized secret police force, whose job

was to hunt down “traitors”. Traitors were was to hunt down “traitors”. Traitors were executed + lands given to a new class of executed + lands given to a new class of nobles loyal to Ivannobles loyal to Ivan

Thousands diedThousands died Killed his oldest son. The son who Killed his oldest son. The son who

inherited the throne was weak.inherited the throne was weak.

Russia Russia Before Before Peter the Peter the GreatGreat

Cut off from Europe Cut off from Europe 1. Geographically1. Geographically

Only seaport closed in winter Only seaport closed in winter 2. Politically2. Politically

Used to be ruled by the Used to be ruled by the MongolsMongols

3. Religiously 3. Religiously Russians are Orthodox Russians are Orthodox

ChristiansChristians Still have serfs – peasants tied to Still have serfs – peasants tied to

the landthe land

Peter the Peter the GreatGreat

One of Russia’s greatest reformersOne of Russia’s greatest reformers the czar’s powersthe czar’s powers Visited Europe in disguise to learn about European Visited Europe in disguise to learn about European

customs + manufacturing techniquescustoms + manufacturing techniques Wanted to “westernize” Russia - knew boyars Wanted to “westernize” Russia - knew boyars

wouldn’t go along w/ itwouldn’t go along w/ it To force boyars to modernize, he czar’s powersTo force boyars to modernize, he czar’s powers

Put Russian Orthodox Church under his Put Russian Orthodox Church under his controlcontrol

power of boyars, promoted lower class power of boyars, promoted lower class members to nobilitymembers to nobility

Modernized armyModernized army Hired European officers to train soldiers, Hired European officers to train soldiers,

soldiers stayed in the military for life soldiers stayed in the military for life (required heavy taxes)(required heavy taxes)

Introduced potatoesIntroduced potatoes Started Russia’s 1Started Russia’s 1stst newspaper (he edited 1 newspaper (he edited 1stst issue) issue) Raised women’s statusRaised women’s status Had nobles dress like EuropeansHad nobles dress like Europeans Advanced education Advanced education

Students could now study abroadStudents could now study abroad

End Section 4End Section 4

England (Britain)England (Britain) Charles ICharles I Parliament has financial control + won’t give Parliament has financial control + won’t give

him $ until he signs the him $ until he signs the Petition of RightPetition of Right 4 points:4 points:

1. He wouldn’t imprison subjects w/o due 1. He wouldn’t imprison subjects w/o due causecause

2. He wouldn’t levy taxes w/o 2. He wouldn’t levy taxes w/o parliament’s consentparliament’s consent

3. He wouldn’t house soldiers in private 3. He wouldn’t house soldiers in private homeshomes

4. He wouldn’t impose martial law in 4. He wouldn’t impose martial law in peacetimepeacetime Charles signs it, then ignores itCharles signs it, then ignores it It’s important b/c it presents idea It’s important b/c it presents idea

that the law is higher than the kingthat the law is higher than the king Contradicts the ideas of absolute Contradicts the ideas of absolute

monarchymonarchy

To get $, Charles I imposed many fees To get $, Charles I imposed many fees + fines on English citizens+ fines on English citizens

His popularity His popularity Angers Puritans b/c he won’t reform Angers Puritans b/c he won’t reform

Anglican ChurchAnglican Church Tries to force Scottish Presbyterians to Tries to force Scottish Presbyterians to

accept Anglican Bibleaccept Anglican Bible 1641 Parliament passes laws to limit 1641 Parliament passes laws to limit

royal powerroyal power Charles tries to arrest parliament’s Charles tries to arrest parliament’s

leaders, but they escapedleaders, but they escaped Mob forms in London against himMob forms in London against him Charles I flees + raises army in the Charles I flees + raises army in the

NorthNorth

English Civil English Civil WarWar

1642-491642-49 Those loyal to Charles I called Those loyal to Charles I called

Royalists or CavaliersRoyalists or Cavaliers Puritan oppositionPuritan opposition Led by Oliver CromwellLed by Oliver Cromwell Captured king, tried him for treason Captured king, tried him for treason

+ publically executed him+ publically executed him 11stst time in history time in history

OliverOliver CromwellCromwell

Abolished monarchy + House of Abolished monarchy + House of LordsLords

Establish a Commonwealth Establish a Commonwealth (Republican gov.’t)(Republican gov.’t)

Have a written constitutionHave a written constitution Cromwell later tears up constitution Cromwell later tears up constitution

+ became a military dictator+ became a military dictator Crushes Irish rebellionCrushes Irish rebellion

Seizes Irish lands + gives them Seizes Irish lands + gives them to English soldiersto English soldiers

Thousands of Irish dieThousands of Irish die Promotes Puritan moralityPromotes Puritan morality

No theater, dancing, sports No theater, dancing, sports eventsevents

When he dies, his gov.’t collapsesWhen he dies, his gov.’t collapses

Charles IICharles II 1659 Parliament votes to ask Charles I’s 1659 Parliament votes to ask Charles I’s son to be kingson to be king

Parliament passed Parliament passed Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus Right to be brought before a judge Right to be brought before a judge

+ hear charges+ hear charges Can’t be held in jail indefinitelyCan’t be held in jail indefinitely Monarch can’t put someone in jail Monarch can’t put someone in jail

just for opposing themjust for opposing them

The Glorious The Glorious RevolutionRevolution

Charles II’s Catholic brother Charles II’s Catholic brother James II inherits the throneJames II inherits the throne

Upsets ProtestantsUpsets Protestants Parliament invites James’s Parliament invites James’s

Protestant daughter Mary + her Protestant daughter Mary + her husband William to come jointly husband William to come jointly rule Englandrule England

They come + James II fleesThey come + James II flees

William William & Mary& Mary

Recognize parliament as their partner Recognize parliament as their partner in governingin governing

Creates a Creates a constitutional monarchyconstitutional monarchy Limits monarch’s powersLimits monarch’s powers

Sign English Sign English Bill of RightsBill of Rights which says which says a king/queen CANNOT:a king/queen CANNOT:

1. Suspend parliament’s laws1. Suspend parliament’s laws

2. Levy taxes w/o permission from 2. Levy taxes w/o permission from parliament parliament

3. Interfere w/ freedom of speech in 3. Interfere w/ freedom of speech in parliament parliament

4. Penalize citizens who petition 4. Penalize citizens who petition king/queen w/ complaints king/queen w/ complaints

End End Section 5Section 5