Abstracts of the QuickLakeH2014 - brunel.ac.uk · Abstracts of the QuickLakeH2014 An International Workshop on Lakes and Human Interactions 15-19 September 2014, Ankara and Konya,

Abstracts of the QuickLakeH2014 An International Workshop on Lakes and Human Interactions

15-19 September 2014, Ankara and Konya, Turkey

Organized by

Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu (Quaternary Research Group – KAG)

Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University – AU)

Organizing Commitee

Nizamettin Kazancı (Ankara University)

Suzanne Leroy (Brunel University)

Hükmü Orhan (Selçuk University)

Alper Gürbüz (Niğde University)

Zeynep Ataselim (Ankara University)

Esra Gürbüz (Aksaray University)

Koray Koç (Akdeniz University)

Özgür Yedek (Ankara University)

Onur Tahsin Yücel (Ankara University)

Scientific Commitee

Meryem Beklioğlu (Middle East Technical University)

Namık Çağatay (İstanbul Technical University)

Catherine Kuzucuoğlu (University Paris 1, CNRS)

Hamid Lahijani (Iranian National Institute for Oceonography)

Michel Magny (Université Franche-Compté, CNRS)

Faruk Ocakoğlu (Eskişehir Osman Gazi University)

Neil Roberts (Plymouth University)

Supported by

International Quaternary Association (INQUA)

The Geological Protection Association of Turkey (JEMİRKO)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Turkish National Commision (UNESCO-TR)

General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey (MTA)

MTA Natural History Museum

Selçuk University

Niğde University

www.kuvaterner.org

quicklakeh2014.kuvaterner.org

www.brunel.ac.uk/ife/meetings/quicklakeh

MTA Natural History Museum, Ankara, Turkey

Floor plans of MTA Natural History Museum

Memoir

Prof. Dr. Oğuz Erol (1926-2014)

Turkish Quaternary Sciences has lost one of its frontier geoscientists on 11 April 2014. Prof. Dr. Oğuz Erol was one of the most brilliant Quaternary scientists of his generation, He was born in Bursa on 1926, and finished his primary and secondary educations in İstanbul. He took his BSc degree from Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography and awarded his PhD degree from the dapartment of Geography of the same university. He studied as an Research and Teaching Assistant between 1952-1957, as an Associate Professor between 1957-1965 and as a Professor between 1965-1987 in the departments of Physical Geography and Geology of Ankara University. Then he moved to İstanbul and studied between 1987-1993 in İstanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Geography. He had several administrative missions i.e. Dean of Faculty, Head of departments of Geography, Geomorphology and Geology on different periods. He awarded the Alexander von Humbolt scholarship between 1961-62 and studied glacial geomorphology at Mınich University, Germany. His scientific contibutions to Turkish Quaternary science within special content of Geomorphology and Geology are instructive for young researchers. In the other hand, he studied also in climatology, marine sciences, geoarcheology and remote sensing disciplines. During his scientific life he wrote full papers of over 100, and over 10 books and booklets in the period 1951-2008. Some selected papers of Prof. Dr. Oğuz Erol 1952, Trabzon şekilleri hakkında bir not. A note on the terraces of Trabzon, NE of Turkey (Summary). - Dil ve Tarih-Coğr. Fak. Derg. X, 1-2: 125-135 Ankara. 1969, (with COHEN, H.R,) Aspects of Paleogeography of Central Anatolia. The Geographical Journal. 135, 3: 388-398 London. 1970, Les hauts niveaux pleistocenes du Tuzgölü (Lac Sale) en Anatolie Centrale, Turquie. Ann. de Geogr. 79: 39-50 Paris. 1973, (with NUTTAL, C.P.) Çanakkale yöresinin bazı denizel Kuaterner depoları. Some marine Quaternary Deposits in the Dardanelles Area. Coğrafya Araşt. Derg. 5-6: 27-91- Ankara.

1976, Quaternary shoreline changes on the Anatolien Coasts of the Aegean Sea and related problems. Changement des lignes de rivage quaternaire sur la cote Anatolienne de la mer Egee et problemes lies (resume). Bull. Soc. Geol .France. XVIII.2: 459-468: Coll.Intern. CNRS, Paris, No. 244: 263-272 Paris. 1978, The Quaternary history of the lake basins of Central and Southern Anatolia. Brice W.C. (Ed.). The environmental history of the Near and Middle East since the last Ice Age: 111-139 Akademic Press London. 1979, Türkiye’de Neojen ve Kuvaterner aşınım dönemleri, bu dönemlerin aşınım yüzeyleri ile yaşıt (korlan) tortullara göre belirlenmesi. The Neogene and Quaternary erosion cycles of Turkey in relation to the erosional surfaces and their correlated sediments. Jeom.Derg. 8: 1-40. Ankara. 1979, Dördüncü Çağ (Kuvaterner) Jeoloji ve Jeomorfolojisinin ana çizgileri. (Outlines of geology and geomorphology of Quaternary). Ank. Ün.Dil ve Tarih Coğr. Fak.Yay.289.Coğr.Araşt.Enst.Yay.22. 68 s. Ankara. 1979, (with ROBERTS N, MEESTER T., de UERPMANN HP) Radiocarbon chronology of Late Pleistocene. Konya lake,Turkey. Nature 281.5733: 662-664. 1980, Geographic reconstructions in the environs of ancient Troy. Science 209.4458: 776-282. 1981, Neotectonic and geomorphologic evolution of Turkey. FAIRERİDGE R.W.(Ed.). Neotectonics. Zeitschr.für.geom.Suppl.Bd.40: 193-211. Berlin –Stuttgart. 1982, Geology and paleogeographic reconstructions in the vicinity of Troy. RAPP G. Jr.-GİFFORD J. (Eds.). Troy. Supplementary Monograph 4: 11-42. Princeton Üniversity Press. 115. 1983, Türkiye’nin genç tektonik ve jeomorfolojik gelişimi. Jeomorfoloji Derg. 11: 1-22. Ankara. 1987, (with KAZANCI, N) Sedimentray Characteristics of a Pleistocene Fan-Delta Complex From the Burdur Basin, Turkey. (Kazancı, N. ile). Z.f. Geomorphologie N.F.31. 2: 261-275. Berlin. 1988, Turkey. In Walker, H.J. (Ed.) Artificial Structures and Shorelines: 241-252. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1989, ESR and TL Age Determination of Caliche Nodules (Özer, A.M., Weiser, A., Göksu, H.Y., Müller, P., Regulla, D.F. ile). Applied Rediation Isot. 40.10-12: 1159-1132. 1991, Holocene Raised Shorelines on the Hatay Coasts (Turkey).: Palaeocalogical and tectonic Iplications (Pirazzoli, P.A., Laborel, J., Saliege, J.P., Kayan, I..Person, A.ile). Marine Geology 96: 295-311. 1991, IGCP Project 274. 1990 Annual Report for Turkey. In Annual report of ICGP (Coastal Evolution in the Quaternary) and Newsletter: 115-118. 1991, Geomorphological Evolution of the Taurus Mountains Turkey. Zeitschr. Für Geom. N.F.Supp. Bd 82 : 99-109.

2008, (with TÜFEKÇİ, K., AKMAN, Ü. A.) Morphotectonics and seismicity in the east of Marmara region, Turkey, Zeitschr. Für Geom. N.F.Supp., 52 (1), 65-83.

2011, (with ÖNER, E.) Fiziki Coğrafya’da Hava Fotoğrafları: Folojeoloji-Fotogeomophology (Aerial Photos in Physical Geography: Photogeology-Photogeomorphology), Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No:171, 205 s. ISBN: 978-975-483-929-6.

Contents Holocene climate and its significance for Mediterranean civilisation by Neil Roberts, Plymouth University, UK …………………………………………………………………… 1 The Neolithic-Bronze Age-transition in pollen diagrams of different regions of Europe and the Near East

by Walter Dörfler; Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Germany ………………………………….. 2 The late-Holocene lake level changes and vegetation dynamics of Lake Urmia, NW Iran by Taravat Talebi, Urmia University, Iran ……………………………………………………..…………….. 3 Late Holocene Ecological and Environmental Evalution of Lake Bafa (Western Anatolia) by Bilgehan Toksoy, İstanbul University, Turkey …………………………………………………………… 4

Tracking long-term human impacts on landscape, vegetal biodiversity and water quality in the Lake Aydat catchment (Auvergne, France) using pollen, NPP and diatom assemblages, by Yannick Miras, CNRS, France ……………………………………………………………………………. 5 Abrupt Changes of Shallow Lake Bottom Environment as Paleoseismological Signals by Koji Okumura, Hiroshima University, Japan ………………………………………………………….… 6 Environmental history and climate change in relation to historical land use changes in East Africa by Lindsey Higgins, Stockholm University, Sweden ……………………………………………………… 7 Holocene lake water fluctuations recorded in Lake Iznik (Turkey) beachrock based on cement types, subsurface nature and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating by Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk, Niğde University, Turkey ………………………………………………… 8 A preliminary assessment of palaeoecological risks caused by heavy metal contents from core sediments of Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey) by Serkan Kükrer, Ardahan University, Turkey ……………………………………………………………. 9 Paleoclimate Proxies in Konya Closed Basin: Lacustrine Systems by Gizem Erkan, Hacettepe University, Turkey …………………………………………………………. 10 Stable Isotopes of gastropoda shells from the Middle Holocene terraces in Lake Sünnet, Göynük, NW Anatolia by Faruk Ocakoğlu, Eskişehir Osman Gazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey ……………………………. 11 “A tale of two maars”: comparing lake sediment records of climate change for the last 14 ka BP from Cappadocia, Turkey by Neil Roberts, Plymouth University, UK …………………..…………………………………………….. 12 Can Caspian Sea level be reconstructed? by Suzanne A.G. Leroy, Brunel University, UK ………………………………………………………….. 13 Initial paleomagnetic results from Holocene sediments, Küçükçekmece Lagoon (Western Anatolia) by Özlem Makaroğlu, İstanbul University, Turkey ……………………………………………………….. 14 Influence Climate and nutrients for Ecology of Shallow lakes in Turkey by Meryem Beklioğlu, Middle East Technical University, Turkey ………………………………………. 15 Impacts of climate change on hydrological Dynamics and water-related landscapes in South-Cappadocia during the Holocene : preliminary results in the Bor-Ereğli plain (Turkey) by Catherine Kuzucuoglu, CNRS - Paris 1 University, France ………………………………………….. 16 Late Quaternary evolution of Lake Beyşehir, southwest Anatolia, Turkey by Nizamettin Kazancı, Ankara University, Turkey ……………………………………………………….. 17

Multi-proxy evidences for Little Ice Age termination in Lake Sünnet, Göynük, NW Anatolia by Faruk Ocakoğlu, Eskişehir Osman Gazi University, Turkey …………………………………………. 18 Water and People in the Marmara Lake Basin (Middle Gediz), Western Turkey by Kyle Egerer, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany ……………………………………….. 19 Traces of Bölling-Alleröd and Younger Dryas recorded in fluvio-lacustrine sediments from Central Anatolia, Turkey by Ceren Küçükuysal, MTA, Turkey ……………………………………………………………………….. 20 Effect of Water Level Change on Benthic-Pelagic Exchange in Three Turkish Shallow Lakes: A Paleolimnological Approach by Eti E. Levi, Middle East Technical University, Turkey ………………………………………………… 21 The Principles of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating by Ülkü Sayın, Selçuk University,Turkey ………………………………………………………………….. 22 Exploring past microbial activity in high altitude lake sediments (Lake Son Kul, Central Asia): a novel approach of sedimentary facies analysis by Philippe Sorrel, Université Claude Bernard–Lyon 1, France ………………………………………… 23 Hydrological changes in western Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) during the Holocene as inferred from a palaeolimnological study in lake Son Kul by Philippe Sorrel, Université Claude Bernard–Lyon 1, France ………………………………………… 24 ESR analysis and dating of fossil shells by Gamze Bakkal, Selçuk University,Turkey ………………………………………………………….…... 25 Palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes of Late Quaternary travertine deposits in Kocabaş Basin, Denizli, SW Turkey by Ezher Toker, Pamukkale University, Turkey …………..……………………………………………….. 26 Formation of Collapse Doline Lakes in the Diyarbakir Basin: Morphological Features, Dynamics and Geoarchaeological Significance by Sabri Karadoğan, Dicle University, Turkey …………………………………………………………….. 27 The use of pollution indices to assess metal contamination in the Quaternary stream sediments around of the Koçali Cu mineralization and the Guleman Cr deposit, Turkey by Leyla Kalender, Fırat University, Turkey ……………………………………………………………… 28 The properties of recent and late Quaternary sediments of Lake Eğirdir by Özden İleri, MTA, Turkey ………………………………………………………………………………… 29 Recent Sediments of Beyşehir Lake, Konya-Isparta, Southwest Turkey by Füsun Yiğit Fethi, MTA, Turkey ………………………………………………………………………….. 30 Drilling core data from shores of lake Manyas (Turkey); possible interaction of the lacustrine basin and Daskyleion antique settlement through the Irone Age by Zeynep Ataselim, Ankara University, Turkey …………………………….…………………………….. 31 Lake Suğla, SW Turkey; the possible longest-lived lacustrine basin in Anatolia by Zeynep Ataselim, Ankara University, Turkey ……………………………………………..……………. 32 Environmental changes in central Anatolia since the LGM: the pollen record from the Cora maar (Erciyes, Turkey) by Agnès Gauthier, CNRS - Paris 1 University, France …………………………………………………. 33 Hydrogeological and Hydrogeochemical View of Göksu Delta Lakes (Akgöl and Paradeniz, Southern Turkey)

by Uğur Erdem Dokuz, Ankara University, Turkey ………………………………………………..……… 34 Exploring The Traces Of Urban Life Through Sedimentological And Geochemical Ways In Holocene Sediments Of Yenikapı – İstanbul (Turkey) by Fulya Yücesoy Eryılmaz, Mersin University, Turkey …………………………………………….…… 35 Oceanography of Kuşadası Gulf (West of Turkey) by Mustafa Eryılmaz, Mersin University, Turkey …………………………………………….…………… 36 Sedimentological properties of shallow glacial lakes on Central-West Taurus Mountains, Turkey: Lakes Dipsiz, Sülüklü and Çoban by Tahsin Onur Yücel, Ankara University, Turkey ……………………………………………………….. 37 Grain size parameters variations related to hinterland along the beaches of Lake Beyşehir, SW Turkey by Koray Koç, Akdeniz University, Turkey ……….……………………………………………………….. 38 Spatial Interpolation of Climatological Characteristics of the Lake Beyşehir drainage basin through GIS, Turkey by Esra Gürbüz, Aksaray University, Turkey ……………………………………………………………… 39 Geological Investigation of Three Shallow Lakes in Ankara (Beypazarı, Çubuk, Kızılcahamam Karagöl), Central Turkey by Özgür Yedek, Ankara University, Turkey ………………………………………………………………. 40 Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Lake Beyşehir basin, central-west Turkey by Alper Gürbüz, Niğde University, Turkey ………………………………………………………………… 41 HoDriP: Holocene Drilling Project for Evidences of Natural, Archaeological and Historical Events in Anatolia by Nizamettin Kazancı, Quaternary Research Group (KAG), Turkey …..………………………………. 42 Mineralogical and geochemical properties of Lake Işıklı sediments: Paleoclimatological approaches in Late Quaternary by M. Tarık Özcan, Geological Heritage Protection Association (JEMİRKO), Turkey ………………… 43

QuickLakeH 2014 – An International Workshop on Lakes and Human Interactions, 15-19 September, Turkey

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OPENING SPEECH

Holocene climate and its significance for Mediterranean civilisation Neil Roberts

Plymouth University, Faculty of Science and Environement, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UK

Contact: [email protected] Abstract*

During the late Pleistocene natural agencies -particularly climatic change- played the dominant role in determining the character of environmental systems. The glacial-to-interglacial transition brought dramatic changes to environmental systems, with rapid shifts in climate. By the early Holocene, the world‘s environmentals and biomes had begun to take on thier modern ‗natural' form, although this process was not complete until the mid-Holocene in the Arctic and the tropics. The opportunities offered by the Holocene world in turn encouraged new forms of cultural adapation to emerge, including the domestication of plants and animals. For the Mediterranean basin, increased summer rainfall may also have been responsible for the dominance of sub-humid forest over most of the basin during the first half of the Holocene. The elimination of a clear dry season would have disadvantaged drought-adapted forms such as the olive and would also have greatly reduced the risk of fire, which has otherwise been an important agent in the maintenance of dry sclerophyll shrub and woodland. However, shifts in atmospheric circulation during the early-mid-Holocene did not bring increased rainfall to all mid-lattitude regions. Those areas out of reach of sub-tropical moisture sources instead became drier than they are at present. For example, in eastern Turkey and western Iran, the readvance of woodland vegetation commenced around 12500 cal. yr. BP and this time lag may have been linked to early Holocene climatic aridity (Roberts and Wright 1993). Such climatic and related floral and faunal changes had marked effects on the stability of some environmental systems and human societies. Holocene records of the Mediterranean region consist of several dramatic events caused as the results of interactions between nature and human. *Adapted from the book of ‘The Holocene: An Environmental History’


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The Neolithic-Bronze Age-transition in pollen diagrams of different regions of Europe and the Near East Walter Dörfler

1 Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany

Contact: [email protected] Abstract Numerous pollen diagrams from lake sediments show clear environmental transition in the time around 2000 cal. BC. How synchronous are these processes and what are the driving forces? As the Bronze technology is spreading from the south to the north the economic changes that are connected to this development are time transgressive. How strong do the lake systems react to the human nduced changes? Can we identify lake systems that are more resistant and others that are sensible? The intensity of landuse as well as a climate shift or extreme weather events also influence the lakes ecosystems. Examples from Scandinavia along a transect through central Europe up to Central Anatolia will elucidate these questions and will show, how strong human activities and climate have interacted in the past. Dating quality and sample resolution are essentials aspects of such a comparison as synchronism of processes, and by this common triggers, are hard to proof. Keywords: Neolithic, Bronze age, palynology


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The late-Holocene lake level changes and vegetation dynamics of Lake Urmia, NW Iran Taravat Talebi 1, Elias Ramezani 2, Morteza Djamali 3, Hamid Alizadeh Ketek Lahijani4 and Alireza Naqinezhad 5

1MSc Graduate in Forestry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2Assistant Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3CNRS Researcher CR2, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie, IMBE CNRS UMR 7263, Europôle Méditerranéen

de l'Arbois, Pavillon Villemin BP 80, 13545 Aix-en Provence Cedex 04, France 4Associate Prof., Iranian National Institute for Oceanography (INIO), Tehran, Iran

5Associate Prof., Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, P.O. Box: 47416-95447, Mazandaran, Iran

Contact: [email protected]

Abstract A short sediment core from the SW corner of Lake Urmia, NW Iran, provides a record of lake level changes, vegetation dynamics and the role of climate and man in the shaping of landscape over the past 1,600 years. High values of arboreal pollen particularly QUERCUS, and relatively low values of ARTEMİSİA and CHENOPODİACEAE during the period 1,600-1,200 BP indicate the prevalence of oak forests and relatively moist climate in the area. The presence of RİELLA spores together with low values of magnetic susceptibility (MS) and %CaCO3 indicate a relatively high lake level and lower

salinity over this period. The continuous curve of JUGLANS pollen in this period may indicate walnut plantation in the area. The end of this period is characterized by drastic decline of oak and substantial rise of chenopods, ARTEMİSİA and wetland pollen types. The high values of steppe/semidesert pollen types could be attributed to increased aridity and a cooler climate during the period 1,200 to 900 BP. The decrease of RİELLA and signals of development of halophytic plants in the margins of the lake, are suggestive for a lowering of water-level and the exposure of saline mud flats suitable for recolonisation by chenopods and other halophytes. The increase of QUERCUS and RİELLA, the decrease of wetland types and the low values of MS at around 900-650 BP, may indicate the re-expansion of oak forests in the area and high lake levels. Synchronous with Medieval Climatic Anomaly, this period has shown to be wetter and warmer than present in central Hyrcanian forests of N Iran and Lake Urmia region. During the period 650-450 BP, AP, especially oak, decline, which together with continuous curves of RİELLA and JUNİPERUS could be assigned to Little Ice Age which has also been evidenced in several other sites in Iran. Since 450 BP oak and Riella show steady decline and completely disappear towards the surface of the core, whereas steppe and desert pollen types increase. The curve of organic matter shows a prominent peak in the uppermost samples indicating lake level lowering and development of wetland vegetation in recent past. Our findings indicate that forest cover has reached its minimum extent in the surrounding area, the lake level lowered and its water salinity increased over the last decades, most likely due to increased anthropogenic activity and drier climate. Keywords: hypersaline lake, palaeoclimate, palynology, Riella, vegetation history


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Late Holocene Ecological and Environmental Evalution of Lake Bafa (Western Anatolia) Özlem Bulkan 1 and Bilgehan Toksoy 1

1 Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey


Abstract Lake Bafa is characterized as one of the largest inland lakes, located in the Aegean coast of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Contemporarily, lake has a surface area of 60 km

2 with the maximum

water depth of 21m and altitude of 2m. The geological and tectonic evaluation of the lake was controlled by the occurrence of the Great Menderes Graben valley. Within the aim of the study, 4.2m long core (BAF37) was retrieved from the deepest part of the lake. Chemical properties of the recent lacustrine sediments were investigated, applying ICP-MS analysis. The dataset was used to provide information about the environmental characteristics of the lake and its surroundings, in terms of detrital sources, variation of the transported and primary enriched elements, intensity of the primary organic matter production, chemical processes, lake level fluctuations, etc. Primary enriched elements were determinated in the range of %10 to 14% for Ca, 345 to 242ppm for Ba and 554 to 352ppm for Sr. The amounts of the selected detrital sourced elements, such as K, Ti and Al were also measured. K content of the sediments varies in the range of 1 to 2%. Additionally, very rare Ti content is determinated in the sediments (0.2 to 0.3). Contrarily, the higher contribution of Al is observed, within the range of 4 to 6%. Therefore, it could be suggested that fine particulated grain size fractions were intensively contributed in to the (mainly clay) sedimentary deposits. Since the detrital material supply diminished down core, during the first stages of Late Holocene, energy level was less significant. On the other hand, initial enrichment of the primary deposited elements such as Ca, Sr and Mg and simultaneous increase of the organic matter enrichment markers (Ba and nutrient elements) were observed in the same layers. Supportively, elemental ratios were applied to determinate the environmental changes in terms of intensity of clastic input and energy level. Basically, K/Al (0.3-0.2) and Zr/Rb ratios (1-1.3) indicate low scale fluctiations. On the other hand marked changes of the water chemistry, in terms of redox conditions and salinity variations are recorded, in respect to the high range of Th/U (2-6) and Mg/Ca ratios. Consequentially, an overall tendency through the permanent fresh water environment is suggested, during the last 2000 years. The recent clastic transporting processes have been probably forced by geology, climate and hydrologic conditions. Acknowledgements: This study is supported by the TUBITAK whit the project number of 113Y070 and Istanbul University research fund (project number of 28942 and 17828). Keywords: Lake Bafa, Sediment Geochemistry, Ecology, Environment, Late Holocene


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Tracking long-term human impacts on landscape, vegetal biodiversity and water quality in the Lake Aydat catchment (Auvergne, France) using pollen, NPP and diatom assemblages

Yannick Miras 1,2, Aude Beauger 1,2, Marlène Lavrieux 3,4, Karen Serieyssol 5 and Valérie Andrieu-Ponel 6

1 CNRS, UMR 6042, GEOLAB, F-63057 CLERMONT-FERRAND cedex 1, France

2 Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GEOLAB, BP 10448, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France

3 Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTO), UMR 6113 CNRS / Université d'Orléans / BRGM, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071

Orléans Cedex 2, France 4 Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), ETH Zürich, Dübendorf, Switzerland

5 Laboratoire EVS-ISTHME, UMR 5600- CNRS, Université de Lyon, 6 rue Basse des Rives, 42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 2,

France 6 IMBE UMR 7263 CNRS & IRD 237, Aix-Marseille Université, Europôle Méditerranéen de l‘Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-

Provence cedex 4, France


Abstract The creation of accurate and sustainable management strategies for current ecosystems and modern landscapes is crucial for the development of rural regions such as Auvergne, France. The socio-economic development for the Chaîne des Puys – a volcanic chain situated near Clermont-Ferrand in the French Massif Central ‒ needs to be consistent with its environmental legacy such as the future registration of the Chaîne des Puys at the UNESCO‘s World heritage list (http://www.chainedespuys-failledelimagne.com/). Thus in ecological investigations, scientific challenges are great which aim to develop accurate retrospective and viable prospective models of ecosystem functioning and landscape evolution that guarantee both environmental quality and appropriate land-use development (e.g. tourist and agro-pastoral activities, fishing, residential areas). Lake Aydat, located at the southern part of the Chaîne des Puys, constitutes a touristic ―hotspot‖, and is therefore heavily impacted by human activities. For instance, high eutrophicatic levels frequently lead to swimming being prohibited during the summer months. Consequently, local authorities and environmental management organisations are particularly interested both in the restoration of its lacustrine ecosystem services (water quality) compatible with a sustainable socio-economic development and the promotion of this unique volcanic landscape allowing perspectives for significant ecotourism. Palaeoenvironmental studies allow an assessment of long-term human-climate-environment interactions, and can furnish valuable tools for the sustainable management of lacustrine ecosystems. A good example is the multi-proxy study of Lake Aydat‘s 19 m long sedimentary core, which through combining different abiotic and biotic indicators (density, magnetic susceptibility, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Rock-Eval, molecular biomarkers, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms), has revealed different human-induced ecological disturbances in the lake. Previous research traced the role of climate and human activities on lake sedimentation, and characterised two sedimentary units (6700±200 to 3180±90 and 1770±60 cal BP to present) separated by an erosive mass-wasting deposit (Lavrieux, 2011; Lavrieux et al., 2013a). In this paper, we propose to use pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and diatoms assemblages to track the consequences of land use systems on landscape shaping, vegetal biodiversity and water quality. The close vicinity of Lake Aydat to the Espinasse fen, located in the same catchment and previously studied (Miras et al., 2004), makes it possible to conduct the first micro-local comparison in the Southern Chaîne des Puys. Palaeoenvironmental data was further cross-checked with local archaeo-historical datasets. Results obtained clearly show that even prehistoric and protohistoric human activities had an influence on vegetation and lacustrine trophic dynamics, underlining the high vulnerability of such hydrosystems in Auvergne. Moreover, recurrent and complex models of past vegetation changes, phases of water nutrient over-enrichment and lake resilience abilities were identified, especially for the Late Holocene. These were related not only to grazing activities but also to other kind of land-uses which have been so far overlooked in this region such as mountain agriculture and hemp retting. The development of the latter activity has been traced from medieval to modern times in Lake Aydat through the use of a molecular biomarker and pollen indicators (Lavrieux et al., 2013b). This research shows the value of


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palaeoecology for defining accurate tools of water quality evaluation (trophic over-enrichment, eutrophication and ecotoxicological risk) and adequate policies of mitigation (Miras et al., 2013). References Lavrieux, M., 2011. Biomarqueurs moléculaires d'occupation des sols, du sol au sédiment : exemple du bassin-versant et du lac

d'Aydat (Puy-de-Dôme). PhD, University of François Rabelais, Tours, 246 p. Lavrieux, M., Disnar, J.R., Chapron, E., Bréheret, J.G., Jacob, J., Miras, Y., Reyss, J.L., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Arnaud, F., 2013a.

6,700-year sedimentary record of climatic and anthropic signals in Lake Aydat (French Massif Central). The Holocene, 23: 1317-1328.

Lavrieux, M., Jacob, J., Disnar, J.R., Bréheret, J.G., Le Milbeau, C., Miras, Y., Andrieu-Ponel, V., 2013b. Sedimentary cannabinol tracks the history of hemp retting. Geology, 41: 751-754.

Miras, Y., Lavrieux, M., Florez, M., 2013. Holocene ecological trajectories in lake and wetland systems (Auvergne, France): a palaeoenvironmental contribution for a better assessment of ecosystem and land use‘s viability in management strategies. Annali di Botanica, 3: 127-133.

Miras, Y., Laggoun-Défarge, F., P. Guenet, H. Richard, 2004. Multi-disciplinary approach to changes in agro-patoral activities since the Subboreal in the surroundings of the "narse d'Espinasse" (Puy de Dôme, French Massif Central). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 13, 91-103.

Keywords: Auvergne; lake Aydat; eutrophication ; detrital input ; palynological richness ; diatoms ; pollen; non-pollen palynomorphs


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Abrupt Changes of Shallow Lake Bottom Environment as Paleoseismological Signals Koji Okumura 1, Koji Saito 2, Kiyohide Mizuno 3 and Osamu Fujiwara 3

1 Graduate School of Letters, Hiroshima University

2 Fujiwa Co. Ltd.

2 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST


Abstract Disturbance in sedimentation such as liquefaction, mixing, slumping, and turbidite is usually taken as evidence of severe shaking owing to a nearby faulting event. Those shaking records, however, cannot be regarded as evidence of faulting events on a particular structure in case there are a number of earthquake sources that may generate ground motion strong enough to disturb the deposits. In this situation, if we are to study an tectonic lake bounded by syndepositional faults, there are chances to distinguish proximal faulting events from distal ones using the abrupt deepening as a signature of faulting by the lake. If the tectonic lake has a stable level of outlet altitude and maintains very shallow (just a few meters) depth over a several recurrence period, the lake deposits would be very sensitive to faulting events. Suwa lake in Central Japan is an ideal field to test this technique. The lake is located in a pull-apart basin formed by left-lateral strike-slip faulting of the ISTL. A pair of NW-SE strike normal faults bounds the rectangular lake-basin from surrounding mountains. The basin-fill sediments conceals another pair of the NW-SE graben-forming faults inside the basin. The basin is divided into three tectonic blocks, and the middle block in the graben has been subsided at 2.5 mm/yr in average over 100,000 years. However, very shallow depth of water and stable level of outlet have been maintained at least during the last 10,000 years. We drilled 3 boreholes in respective three tectonic blocks as deep as around 30m. Lithological analyses using soft X-ray photographs indicate normal accumulation of diatomaceous clay is interrupted by layers of clastic particle accompanying siderite concentration and bioturbation in more than 10 levels in each core. The clastic particle may indicate turbidite-like sedimentation caused by shaking. High-resolution chemical and physical analyses were carried out 5 cm interval on bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, quartz content, diagenetic mineral assemblage, total sulfur, organic carbon, and L*-a*-b* space color spectrum. Among them, a* value distinctively shows abrupt decrease and gradual increase repeatedly. The decrease coincides with increase of total sulfur and decrease of organic carbon. These parameters indicate sudden change from oxidizing to reducing condition and slow recovery that corresponds with sudden deepening and slow shallowing of the lake depth in order of a few meters. The average recurrence time of deepening events is about 1000 years in this core and is much shorter than that previously estimated 3000 to 5000 year faulting recurrence time on shore in trenches. Keywords: Tectonic lake, paleosesimology, earthquakes


8

Environmental history and climate change in relation to historical land use changes in East Africa Lindsey Higgins 1, Lars-Ove Westerberg 1, Jan Risberg 1 and Helena Öberg 1

1 Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden


Abstract To improve the analysis of climate/environment and society interactions in eastern Africa, more data on climate variations during the last 1,000 years are needed. Showing the connections between pre-colonial land use systems and their environment may allow for better predictions of what could be expected in the future, especially for those regions expected to be most vulnerable to the changing climate. In Tanzania there are a number of such land use systems, some of which have been abandoned. Through knowledge of changes in land use over time, in concert with knowledge of climate variation, essential information for the construction of predictive models is provided. Lake Basotu is one of 13 shallow and alkaline crater lakes in the Basotu Lake District of Tanzania. Using a Russian corer, 3 m of sediment material from an interior crater of the lake has been collected. The primary focus of this investigation is on diatom microfossils which record changes in temperature, pH, and salinity. Radiocarbon dating of bulk sediment indicates that the lowest 1 cm was accumulated around 1700 calibrated years BP and stratigraphic investigations show there have been substantial water level changes in the past. Mineral magnetic parameters show variations in sediment input and grain size, while analysis of total organic carbon content indicates fluctuations in lake productivity. The environmental record from Basotu will be compared to historical information on Engaruka, an ancient irrigation system located approximately 180 km NNE. Engaruka was initially settled in approximately 1400 CE and irrigated around 1420 in response to a drying climate. The irrigation system was subsequently abandoned by the early 1800‘s, but irrigation is again in practice for modern farmers. For ancient irrigation and agrarian sites in which contemporary practices are present, difficulty lies in distinguishing the ancient systems from modernization efforts. Engaruka is an ideal location for this type of work due to the once expansive nature of the abandoned systems which are still present today. Keywords: Paleolimnology, Diatoms, Tanzania, Crater Lake


9

Holocene lake water fluctuations recorded in Lake İznik (Turkey) beachrock based on cement types, subsurface nature and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating

Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk 1, Ahmet Evren Erginal 2, Nafiye Güneç Kıyak 3, Yunus Levent Ekinci 4, Alper Demirci 5

1Department of Geography, Niğde University, TR-51240, Niğde, Turkey

2Department of Geography, Ardahan University, TR-75000, Ardahan, Turkey

3Department of Physics, Işık University, TR-34980, Istanbul, Turkey

4Department of Archeology, Bitlis Eren University, TR-13000, Bitlis, Turkey

5 Department of Geophysical Engineering, Bitlis Eren University,TR-13000, Bitlis, Turkey


Abstract Evidence derived from beachrock cementation on lake shorelines could give some clues to understanding lake-level changes during the Holocene. Beachrock contains connective carbonate made of mainly aragonite and high-Mg calcite that bears records of paleo-climatic changes of evaporated water under dry climatic conditions. Based on this, it can also be supposed that beachrock on lake shorelines also provide substantial hints to infer paleoclimatic changes that have prevailed in the lake environments in that connective carbonate polymorphs of beachrock precipitate authigenically from the evaporated lake water. In this paper, we put emphasis on paleo-climatic implications of beachrock together with optical dating and subsurface extension of quartz-laden beds on the basis of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements. Knowledge on the existence of beachrock on lake shorelines is limited to a few records. In this paper, cement types, subsurface nature and optical luminescence age of 33 samples of beachrocks collected from eight different sites on the shore of Lake Iznik are discussed. Given that formation of beachrock requires stable lake levels during precipitation of CaCO3 polymorphs from evaporated lake waters, we paid attention to dry and/or moist stages in respect of climatic conditions favoring formation of beachrock and dated using burial ages of quartz grains. The studied beachrocks extend along the south, north and western shores of the lake and have a maximum thickness of 1.2 m. Observations in the well protected thickest section at backshore showed that composition of beds is similar to that of the present beach, composed of coarse grains and small gravels derived from the surrounding highlands. Extending up to 5 m and 24 m at their most lakeward and landward extents, respectively, beds have dips inclined towards the lake with angles between 5-10°. The average amount of CaCO3 is 26%. The cemented grains are poorly rounded. Cement textures are made up of micrite envelops and meniscus bridges as well as acicular aragonite rims on and around the grains. A representative ERT section taken along a beach where beds have the maximum thickness showed that sand-buried beds have a maximum thickness of 1.5 m and are followed up to 24 m landward.

A total of 33 OSL ages obtained from quartz grains within inner parts of samples protected against sunlight revealed that beachrock formation occurred to a large extent at four main periods; namely the Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) I and II (dated to 7.9 - 7.2 ka and 6.5 - 5.6.0 ka, respectively), the middle (4.2 ka - 2.6 ka) and late Holocene (2.0 ka – 0.8 ka). The oldest age estimates derived from nine different beds belong to HCO periods when humid and rainy conditions accompanied with increased temperatures were prevailing as such in the mid-latitude environments. The middle and late Holocene-aged beds represent higher temperatures when humid periods were ensued by drier conditions. Much of beds formed during these stages, suggesting that the lake level varied between – 1 and + 1 m in proportion to the present lake level, as confirmed by the drowned beds as well as those buried under unconsolidated beach sands. Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project number: 109Y143). Keywords: OSL dating, beachrock, lake level, Holocene, Lake Iznik


10

A preliminary assessment of palaeoecological risks caused by heavy metal contents from core sediments of Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey) Serkan Kükrer 1, Ahmet Evren Erginal 1 and Sebahat Şeker 2

1Department of Geography, Ardahan University, TR-75000, Ardahan, Turkey

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Ardahan University, TR-75000, Ardahan, Turkey


Abstract The freshwater Lake Çıldır is placed at an altitude of approximately 1959 m and forms the second largest lake in Eastern Turkey. The lake has an area of 125 km

2 with a roughly triangular shoreline,

including the longest and shortest axises of 18.3 km and 16.2 km, respectively. Contrary to the previous assumptions suggesting controversial depths over 50 m, the maximum depth of the lake is around 15 m based on our measurements. The lake is surrounded by high volcanic mountains in the east (Mt. Akbaba, 3026 m) and the west (Mt. Kısır, 3197 m) and is separated from Çıldır Plain to the south by an E-W-trending volcanic ridge of possibly Quaternary age that lies at elevations between 2000 m and 2150 m. Lake water is currently discharged by a small tributary of the Arpaçay Stream which is one of the main bracnhes of the Kars River. The lake area receives an average yearly precipitation of 492.1 mm. Even though the average annual temperature is 5.5°C, long-term meteorological data recorded denote very low winter temperatures below -30°C. Due to harsh winter conditions, the upper 70-80 cm of the lake waters becomes frozen for 5-6 months which allows regular and undisturbed sedimentation during much of the year. In this paper, we present preliminary data obtained from core samples of Lake Çıldır in order to shed light on the implications of potential ecological risks in the study area. Core sampling was carried out at six shallow (max. 75 cm) depths of very fine-grained sediments. Heavy metal contents were measured from each sub-samples (52 mm diameter x 5 cm deep) using ICP-MS. Contamination (CF) and enrichment (EF) factors were calculated to designate the origin of heavy metals. To determine ecological risks (PER) caused by these contaminants, potential ecological risk indices were considered. Pollution load index (PLI) values were also counted to detect pollution levels witin the collected soft sediments. AMS radiocarbon ages of fine-grained sediment samples collected from three different levels at depths of 25, 50 and 70 cm were also obtained from bulk organic carbon. Our results demonstrated the existence of very slow rate of sedimentation during the last three millenium in that the lowermost sample yielded an age of 3.2 ka BP. CF values revealed the presence of moderate level for Pb, As and Cd. On the other hand, moderate to high values were obtained for Mn. Representing the highest risk level, Hg concentration in the lower samples was likely of exogenic origin, suggesting impacts of volcanism-related atmospheric sources possibly of Caucacian origin. PLI values show the entity of pollutants within the upper (10 cm) samples at all stations. Results obtained from PER index values are also indicative of environmental risk arising from Cd and Hg. Keywords: Core sediments, heavy metal contamination, potential ecological risk, pollution load index, contamination and enrichment factors, AMS radiocarbon age, Lake Çıldır Acknowledgements First author wishes to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support (Project number: 113Y205).


11

Paleoclimate Proxies in Konya Closed Basin: Lacustrine Systems Gizem Erkan 1 and C.Serdar Bayarı 2

1 Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey

2 Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey


Abstract Lacustrine systems are one of the natural archives which help to reconstruct and understand paleoenvironment and past climate changes. Physical, chemical and biological features and isotope contents of sediments in lacustrine systems is used to determine paleoenvironment changes during precipitation. Lacustrine systems are affected rapidly by changes in climate and they response quickly. Konya Closed Basin (KCB) hosted a number of lacustrine systems from past to present. Therefore lacustrine system proxies make of the evaluation of past climate changes in this area. Since 60 ky before present (BP) hydrologic, cultural and social conditions differed in the basin. In north and south subbasins of KCB two large paleolake systems are defined as Lake Tuz and Konya Lake, respectively, formed during Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene pluvial period. Chronological and geochemical studies in the basin show that lacustrine systems had expansion-contraction-extinction processes in a few times. Konya paleolake started to form 60 ky BP and disappeared 6 ky BP. It had maximum lake level between 19.6-17 ky BP. Similarly Lake Tuz had its maximum lake level between 20-17 ky BP and is seen as a small part of the old lake in present. According to radiocarbon and isotope studies in KCB, paleolakes were linked with each other in Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and recharged by Mediterrenean origin precipitiation. After relatively cold and less humid period, defined as LGM, temperature increased around 17 ky BP and hydrological conditions changed. At the beginning of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene period relatively humid and warm conditions are seen by positive water budget proxies in paleolakes. Also, at the beginning of Holocene forests and wetland areas are known to exist. Paleoclimate evaluations made by lacustrine sediments are corresponding to Incesu Cave stalagmites, located in the south part of basin, Karaman. Stalagmites and lake sediments have the same results on large time scale despite the different sensitivities of age techniques and rapid response behavior of lakes. Oxygen-18 and carbon-13 isotope signals of Incesu Cave stalagmites indicate that relatively cold and less humid period until Early Holocen changed to relatively warm and humid conditions after Early Holocene. Oxygen-18 isotope signals of stalagmites support the positive water budget approach. Also extinction of Konya Lake in 6 ky BP is seen in stalagmite isotope records. Archeobotanical and archeological studies in KCB indicate the presence of agricultural activity and beginning of permanent settlement between 9-7 ky BP in accordance with humid and warm conditions. Studies in Can Hasan III (Karaman) and Çatalhöyük (Çumra) prehistorical settlements show that climatic and seasonal fluctuations effected the agricultural, economic and social developments. Keywords: Konya Closed Basin, paleolake, paleoclimate


12

Stable Isotopes of gastropoda shells from the Middle Holocene terraces in Lake Sünnet, Göynük, NW Anatolia Faruk Ocakoğlu 1 and Sevinç Kapan Yeşilyurt 2 1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey

2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Geological Engineering, Çanakkale, Turkey


Abstract We studied two detailed sections (each about 10 m thick) of Middle Holocene lake margin terraces (calibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 8000 BP to 5000 BP) in Lake Sünnet (Göynük, NW Anatolia) in terms of mollusk palaeo-ecology and stable isotopes of selected gastropoda shells. Bulk sediment stable isotopes were also used where the mollusk shells were absent. The results are interpreted in order to explain the Middle Holocene climate variations and lacustrine conditions. Five mollusk zones are distinguished in the studied record. The first 4 zones cover the time span of cal. 8000 BP- 6000 BP. They are typical with dominance of Valvata cristata and Gyralus crista in varying proportions, and represent generally shallow freshwater lake environment. The fifth zone is characterized by limited individuals of Vallonia sp. that mostly appeared in relatively dry period between cal. 6000-5000 BP in very shallow ponds. Valvata cristata shell oxygen isotope ratio (δ

18Oval) display a gradual shift from -9.5‰ to -8.0‰

between cal. 8000 BP-6900 BP. At cal. 6900 BP an abrupt 2 permil positive shift occurred in only 15 years, which makes the first pervasive drought event in Middle Holocene. Following several high magnitude (2 permil), century-long climate fluctuations between cal. 6900 BP and 6400 BP, the δ

18Oval record gradually shifts to more negative values (2 permil) indicating a climatic recovery until

cal. 6000 BP. Subsequently, bulk sediment isotope ratio of oxygen (δ

18Osed) exhibits a gradual but strong shift

between cal. 6000 BP and 5500 BP from -9.0‰ to -5.0‰. This enabled proliferation of Vallonia sp. in mollusk Zone 5. Following a 3 permil recovery (negative shift) at about cal. 5500 BP, positive shift started again at cal. 5200 BP and continued until cal. 5000 BP when lake record ceased due to ongoing lake level drop in the studied terrace location. Keywords: Stable isotopes, Middle Holocene, Mollusk shell, Palaeo-ecology, Lake Sünnet


13

“A tale of two maars”: comparing lake sediment records of climate change for the last 14 ka BP from Cappadocia, Turkey Neil Roberts 1, Jonathan Dean 2, Samantha Allcock 3, Warren Eastwood 4, Matthew Jones 5, Jessie Woodbridge 1 and Hakan Yiğitbaşıoğlu 6

1 Plymouth University, UK

2 NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, UK

3 Bournemouth University, UK

4 Birmingham University, UK

5 Nottingham University, UK

6 Ankara University, Turkey


Abstract Lake sediments are excellent archives of long-term environmental change, but without inter-site replication, local factors cannot always be separated from those of wider significance (e.g. climate). Here we compare records from two volcanic maars located 25 km apart in central Anatolia. Eski Acıgöl is now dry, but contains a ~20m record of limnic sediments laid down since the Last Glacial Maximum. These are continuously laminated below 6.4 m, and offer a highly-resolved record of environmental change during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene climatic transition (Roberts et al. 2001, The Holocene 11, 721-36). Nar lake is larger and has varves forming today, allowing a detailed analysis of Late Holocene environmental changes (Jones et al 2006 Geology 34, 361-64; England et al 2008 The Holocene 18, 1229-45; Woodbridge & Roberts, 2011 Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3381-92; Dean et al 2013 Quat. Sci. Rev. 66, 35–44). Long (~22m) cores from Nar were taken in 2010, >80% of which are laminated, spanning the last 14 ka. The rank order of limno-geological proxies between the two lake records is δ

18O (most similar), pollen, authigenic mineralogy/geochemistry, δ

13C, lithostratigraphy (e.g.

varves), microcharcoals, diatoms and allogenic mineralogy/geochemistry (least similar). Site-specific non-climatic controls include a long-term trend towards basin infilling and lake shallowing at Eski Acıgöl, and active catchment erosion into Nar lake which has been accelerated anthropogenically. The common climatic signal between the two lakes indicates low water levels and aridity during the Younger Dryas and Bronze/early Iron Ages (4.2-2.6 ka BP), with wettest conditions during the Late Glacial interstadial and again in the early Holocene. Keywords: lake sediments, Turkey, Holocene, Late Glacial, climate change, replication


14

Can Caspian Sea level be reconstructed? Suzanne A.G. Leroy 1

1 Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB83PH (London), UK


Abstract Caspian sea water levels are changing fast, a hundred times faster than that of global ocean, for example with a drop of c. 3 m between 1977 and 1995. The impact on the coast has been tremendous especially for the harbours, the caviar production and the petroleum activities. In the past at the scale of the Holocene, water levels have also fluctuated very fast, but the chronology, the causes and the amplitude (150 m of vertical amplitude?) of these changes are poorly known, mostly from outcrops where low levels are only recorded by sedimentary hiatus. With the developing coring capacity on the CS, it has become possible to take sediment cores offshore covering the last 15,000 years for example in a single entry 10 m long core and hence obtain proxy records of past changes. Contrary to the open sea where corals and oxygen isotopes on foraminifera have been used to reconstruct past levels, this has not been possible in the CS. In the CS, some promising proxies to reconstruct past water levels, salinities, and temperatures come from macro and micro-palaeontology: molluscs, ostracods, diatoms and dinocysts. However for many of these biological groups endemic forms have developed in the brackish CS since its isolation from the world ocean c. 5 Ma ago. So far no modern training sets have been set up: i.e. no collections of modern samples with known physico-chemical parameters are available in any of those groups. This strongly limits any quantitative reconstructions of past environment from biological data. A compilation of the various published curves of past sea levels indicates a lack of consensus. Historical documents and geological records have been combined to reconstruct Caspian sea-level (CSL) changes during the last millennium. A comprehensive literature review for the south-eastern Caspian coast has identified coastal change driven by water-level changes. The overall results indicate a high-stand during the Little Ice Age, up to – 21 m with a – 28 m low-stand during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, while presently the CSL stands at − 26.5 m. So climate influenced the Volga Drainage Basin, which is the main factor for CSL changes. However in the LIA, an additional rise has been found due to a man-made river avulsion of the Amu-Daria. Even for the last millennium many uncertainties persist especially before 1300 AD. Late Pleistocene and Holocene changes have been reconstructed in three locations: in a lagoon in the SE corner of the Caspian Sea, in deep cores in the south basin and the middle basin. The main results indicate 1) a 1000 yr long lowstand at the very beginning of the Holocene (the Mangyshlak) distinct from the Younger Dryas, 2) an unexpected high stand in the first part of the Holocene probably due to the Amu-Darya inflow to the Caspian Sea, 3) a clear drop of the sea level around 4.0-4.9 cal. ka BP. So the longer-term changes of water levels are driven by a combination of climatic and hydrographic changes. The absence or presence of inflow from the Amu-Daria has a significant impact on the Caspian Sea as the drainage basin of the Amu-Daria reaches the Pamirs that are indirectly influenced by the Indian Summer Monsoon.

Keywords: Caspian Sea, water level reconstruction, impact


15

Initial Paleomagnetic Results from Holocene sediments, Küçükçekmece Lagoon (Western Anatolia) Özlem Makaroğlu 1,2, Norbert R. Nowaczyk 2 and Naci Orbay 1

1 Istanbul University, Geophysics Department, Istanbul, Turkey ([email protected])

2 Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, GFZ, Section 5.2, Potsdam, Germany. Contact: [email protected] Abstract The geomagnetic field is one of the physical features of the Earth which is recorded throughout geologic time. In principle, lake sediments are useful to obtain such records at a high resolution and accuracy. We present Holocene paleomagnetic records from Küçükçekmece Lagoon (40.98° N, 28.76° E) located at the northern shoreline of the Sea of Marmara. We have studied four cores varying in lengths from 400 to 520 cm. Cores KCL12P1 and KCL12P2 were recovered from 20 m in the deepest basin of the lagoon, while cores KCL12P3 and TKC07 were recovered from 17 m water depths in the SE of Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Lithologically, the cores contain grey to brown colored laminated sediments with intercalated homogenous black layers. To obtain high-resolution paleomagnetic records from sediments of Küçükçekmece Lagoon, comprehensive measurements of the natural remanent magnetisation (NRM), the anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM), the isothermal remanent magnetisation (IRM) and magnetic susceptibility were performed on a total of 1000 samples. Measurements and stepwise demagnetization of the NRM of all samples were performed with a 2G Enterprises 755SRM long-core magnetometer with an in-line tri-axial alternating field (AF) demagnetizer. AF peaks of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, 80 and 100 mT were applied in order to remove secondary viscous overprints and to subsequently determine the direction of the characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRM) of all samples by principle component analysis. Zijderveld diagrams reveal that the natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) is nearly single component, with only small viscous overprint, suggesting a stable magnetisation. The paleomagnetic records from Küçükçekmece Lagoon were correlated with the paleosecular variation (PSV) records that were obtained from the surrounding area. The inclination records from the Küçükçekmece Lagoon sediments considerably agree with the archaeomagnetic records from SE Europe and the PSV records from Volvi, Trikhonis, and Begoritis Lakes. According to the obtained age model the longest

core KCL12P2, taken from the deepest basin, covers a 4200 year long sedimentary unit. AMS 14C datings for further improvement of the age model are in progress. Keywords: Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Holocene, paleomagnetic record, western Anatolia


16

Influence Climate and nutrients for Ecology of Shallow lakes in Turkey Meryem Beklioğlu 1, N. Tavşanoğlu 1, A.I. Çakıroğlu 1, E. Levi 1, A. Özen 2, T. Bucak1, K. Özkan 1, G. Bezirci 1, D. Oğuzkurt 3, S. Brucet Balaman 4 and E. Jeppesen 5

1Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

2Cankiri Karatekin University, Department of Forestry, Çankırı, Turkey

3İnönü University, Department of Biology, Malatya, Turkey

4University of Vic, Department of Environmental Sciences, Vic, Spain

5Department of Bioscience and the Arctic Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark


Abstract Mediterranean climate with natural annual and interannual oscillations of wet and dry periods leads to changes in the water balance, which strongly affects the functioning of shallow lakes with implication for major ions and nutrient balances. Thirty-one shallow lakes spanning over 5 latitudes from the warm temperate north to the semi-arid to arid mid and south of Western Anatolian Plate of Turkey were sampled for physico-chemical and biological variables using well-established snap-shop sampling protocol. All lakes were analysed using NMDS analysis, which explained large portion of the variance and resulted in four relatively distinct groups of lakes which lowlands and uplands of both southern and northern lakes. Southern lowland and upland lakes were saline and more eutrophic characterized with high fish biomass and the turbid conditions. Whereas northern lakes located in high altitude were with clear-water, low temperature and low fish and the ones located in lowlands were eutrophic lakes with high TP and chl-a similar to southern lowland lakes but not saline. Bothe contemporary ans surface sediment zooplankton and macrophytes communities are appeared to be sensitive to salinity as well as nutrient enrichment. Keywords: altitude, eutrophication, latitude, fish predation, paleoecology, salinization.


17

Impacts of climate change on hydrological dynamics and water-related landscapes in South-Cappadocia during the Holocene: preliminary results in the Bor-Ereğli plain (Turkey) Catherine Kuzucuoğlu 1, Ali Gürel 2, Lorenzo d‘Alfonso 3, Agnès Gauthier 1, Vincent Robert 1 and Joël Cétoute 1

1 CNRS UMR 8591 LGP - Paris 1 & UPEC/Paris 12 University - Meudon, France

2 Geological Engineering Department, Niğde University, Niğde-Turkey

3 ISAW, NY University-USA & University of Pavia-Italy


Abstract Previous and on-going studies on the past geographic, environment and climate evolution during the Holocene in central Anatolia, evidence contrasts opposing the drier Konya plain and the more humid Cappadocian higher lands. (Gérard & Thissen, 2002; Kuzucuoğlu, 2002). The study presented here concerns the intermediate territory linking the southern slopes of Cappadocia (the piedmont of the volcanic massifs of the Melendiz, Keçiboyduran and Hasan Dağı) and the eastern part of the Konya plain ( Ereğli area). These lowlands –where Kınık Höyük is located- are composed of a high variety of geological formations and geomorphological landscapes globally organized NE-SW towards Ereğli. Because of the semi-arid climatic context of the area, the water-related ecosystems located in these lowlands (lakes, marshes, streams, closed depressions) are and have been very sensitive to climatic variations and changes which affected primarily the hydrology. In these conditions, the study of the geomorphological patchwork resulting from this high sensitivity evidences the succession of past environments during the Holocene which can be characterized and directly connected to climatic changes. Here we shall present the initial results of a two-scaled approach, from regional (satellite imagery and cartography) to local (cores) records. First, satellite imagery interpretation will focus on the imprints of past, recent, and present hydrology on land features: past lake features and deposits; underground network inlets and outlets; spring-fed marshes; surficial river networks and mountain-fed torrential fans; perennial/vanished water-channels… These water-related landscapes record wet/dry climatic successions which correspond to phases identified and dated in cores retrieved from sediment archives located in former (Bayat village) or present (Pınarbaşı-Bor) wetlands identified in the south-Cappadocian lowlands. Second, results will be confronted, on the basis of previously published data, to other lake records of the climate and environment during Early Holocene and the mid-Holocene climatic instability in the Konya plain and Cappadocia. Some possible relationships between climate changes and population occupation of this climatically very sensitive area will be evoked. Acknowledgements: This palaeoenvironmental project in South-Cappadocia is part of the Kınık Höyük excavation led by Prof. L. d‘Alfonso (http://www.kinikhoyuk.org). It has received a financial support from the ArcheoMed project (CNRS-INEE) which is part of the PalaeoMex/MISTRALS programme and from AO Artemis (

14C dating, LSCE, Gif-sur-Yvette).

Keywords: Kınık Höyük, Holocene, environment, climate, Cappadocia, Konya plain


18

Late Quaternary evolution of Lake Beyşehir, southwest Anatolia, Turkey Nizamettin Kazancı 1,5, Zeynep Ataselim 1,5, Alper Gürbüz 2,5, Tahsin Onur Yücel 1,5, Özgür Yedek 1,5

, Esra Gürbüz 3,5 and Koray Koç 4,5

1Ankara University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara,

Turkey 2Niğde University Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

3Aksaray University Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey

4Akdeniz University Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, 07115, Antalya, Turkey

5 Quaternary Research Group (Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu – KAG), 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract

Lake Beyşehir with ca 9 m deep and 650 km

2 surface area is still the largest fresh water reservoir of

Anatolia and the environs of that lake became one of the most populated area for centuries because of water and wide areas for animal growing and farming. The present drainage system clearly indicates that Lake Beyşehir which was placed at the Taurus range is a southern telescopic part of central Anatolian closed basin. Subsequently, the geological development of that lake should be interrelated with a series of subbasins of central Anatolia (Suğla, Konya, Karapınar and Tuz Gölü). However, knowledge about geological evolution of that lacustrine basin has been limited, mostly from interpretation of underlying fossiliferous lacustrine deposits of Neogene so far. The Quaternary Research Group realized some new trenches around the lake (on the lake plain) and took cores from lake sediments. Surprisingly, there is not any lake deposit beyond modern coastlines except for deltaic development at the southeast coasts. It means that present water-level represents maximum of the lake. The second surprise about Lake Beyşehir is thickness of lacustrine sediment; cores displayed that there are only 4-6 m muddy deposits like a thin blanket on the Neogene bedrock. Seismic surveys of MTA in the lake supports the skin-like deposits. Their ages dated by

14C method are around 5-9 ka

BP. The present current system and physiography of the lake inspire that a good deal of sediments have been transported continuously from the lake resulting a small sediment thickness. We suggest that Lake Beyşehir was initiated after the Late Glacial Maximum time by damming of a meandering stream. Meanwhile the old Şarkikaraağaç lake had been already formed and its outlet was a meandering tributary on the lake area. Lake Beyşehir gained its present condition later, ca. in the mid-Holocene.

Keywords: Lake Beyşehir, paleogeography, sedimentology, Holocene


19

Multi-proxy evidences for Little Ice Age termination in Lake Sünnet, Göynük, NW Anatolia Faruk Ocakoğlu 1, Aydın Akbulut 2, Emel Oybak Dönmez 3, Celal Erayık 1, Sanem Açıkalın 4, İsmail Ömer Yılmaz 5, Cemal Tunoğlu 6, Suzanne A. G. Leroy 7 and Osman Kır1 1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey

2 Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey

3 Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, 06800 Ankara, Turkey

4 Badley Ashton and Associates Ltd, Winceby, United Kingdom

5 Middle East Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey

6 Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey

7 Brunel University, Institute for Environment, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, London, UK


Abstract Lake Sünnet, a landslide-dammed fresh-water lake formed as a result of an earthquake in Early Holocene, was studied by multi-proxy palaeoclimatic indicators (stable isotopes, diatoms and pollen) in three cores. Core SK-4 (172 cm), situated the most remote from debouching creeks and closest to the landslide at 10 m water depth, was radiocarbon-dated by means of three charcoal samples and extends back to AD 1600 at the base. The period AD 1600-1840 (173-95 cm in the core) is characterizedby episodic occurrences of either benthic or planktonic diatom fauna in several samples. Following AD 1840, benthic diatom fauna became permanent and its abundance has gradually decreased from 100% to 20% until early 1990s. The shrub pollen curve displays a gradual declining trend between AD 1600 and 1800 from 3% to almost zero in the same core. A recovery between AD1800-1860 has been followed with lower shrub pollen abundance until the 1920s. Among herbaceous pollen, the abundance of Centaurea was significant and continuous until AD 1860s, but totally disappeared from then onwards. The

18O curve of core SK-4 displays a very clear gradual negative shift in the period AD

1840-1969 for about 1 permil. Additionally, a radical positive shift has occurred since 1960s from -6.1 ‰ to -4.3 ‰. Palaeoclimatic picture revealed by multi-proxy indicators hints that Lake Sünnet has been almost dry, and shrub flora were significantly expended in its vicinity during Little Ice Age (LIA). Dead but erect trunk relicts presumably from LIA in Lake Sülük, another landslide lake in close vicinity, testify this suggestion. Following AD 1840, fully aquatic shallow lake conditions prevailed, and lake level gradually increased until recently. Lastly, temperature (and aridity) has significantly increased since 1960s, but this did not significantly influence the lake level. Keywords: Little Ice Age, Lake Sünnet, diatom, pollen, stable isotopes, NW Anatolia


20

Water and People in the Marmara Lake Basin (Middle Gediz), Western Turkey Christina Luke 1, Christopher H. Roosevelt 1, Nicolas Gauthier 2 and Kyle Egerer 3

1 Boston University, Archaeology Department, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, USA

2 Arizona State University, USA

3 Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany


Abstract We present the first detailed analysis of long-term community responses to hydraulic systems in the Gediz valley. We draw on diverse lines of evidence — including aerial imagery, oral histories, early traveler accounts, municipal records, engineering reports and maps, paleo-environmental data, and ten years of intensive surface survey conducted by Boston University‘s Central Lydia Archaeological Survey — to reconstruct long-term social and environmental conditions in the valley. Our focus is on the middle Gediz river and Lake Marmara, a shallow freshwater lake known even in antiquity for its centrality in the region‘s subsistence economy. The depth of this pulse lake, before modern flood control mechanisms was controlled by seasonal rainfall, mountain runoff, and, most significantly, the annual flooding of the Gediz and the Alaşehir rivers. The sheer volume of water and the potential for catastrophic, sustained and flash flooding made large-scale irrigation infrastructure risky; yet Roman authors and archival data from the 18th and 19th centuries attest to some sort of water management infrastructure. Here we model water flow in the middle Gediz river and Lake Marmara to explore the dynamics of large-scale seasonal floodplain agricultural practices, as well as small-scale irrigation systems, over the past 5,000 years. We find that communities in this region balanced intensive agricultural and agro-pastoral practices as part of risk management strategies that would have taken advantage of large-scale, seasonal inundation patterns, as well as smaller-scale (i.e., controllable) streams, and springs at the local and regional levels. The construction of earthen dams, irrigation canals, reservoirs and more confirms a long-term relationship between communities a

Keywords: Lake Marmara, Gygaean Lake, Alaşehir River, Gediz (Hermus) River, Manisa, Archaeology, Hydrology, irrigation, flood, dam


21

Traces of Bölling-Alleröd and Younger Dryas recorded in fluvio-lacustrine sediments from Central Anatolia, Turkey Ceren Küçükuysal 1, Nurdan Yavuz 1 and Kathleen Nicoll 2

1 General Directorate of MTA, Geological Research Dept., Ankara, 06800, Turkey

2 Geography Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, U.S.A


Abstract After a warm Bölling-Alleröd (B-A) period, the Younger Dryas (YD) appeared as a cold snap with warm/humid and cool/arid conditions that punctuated the end of the last glacial period, without invoking any catastrophic events for such abrupt climate changes. The early Holocene proxies point more humid conditions over Mediterranean. Fluvio-lacustrine sediments around Lake Mogan were investigated by qualitative and quantitative mineralogical, stable isotopic and pollen analysis to reconstruct the Late Pleistocene-Holocene climates of the basin by pointing B-A and YD periods. Significant variations between warm/humid and cool/dry conditions were evaluated by i) the mineralogical input of quartz, feldspar, calcite and phyllosilicates; ii) δ

13C and δ

18O isotope

compositions which range from -13.02‰ to -5.80‰ and -8.90‰ to -7.22‰ VPDB, respectively and iii) changing frequencies of arboreal and non-arboreal pollen especially Pinus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae. The chronology is verified by comparison with the Greenland ice core δ

18O records from the

Greenland Ice-Sheet Project II (GISP2) and North Greenland Ice core Project (NGRIP). The model is likewise consistent with regional findings of the present study. The correlation among the studied multi-proxies suggest that the fluvio-lacustrine sediments from Lake Mogan, Central Anatolia have provided the traces of warm Bölling-Alleröd period which was followed by cold/dry Younger Dryas. Then, during the Holocene, alternating phases of humidity and aridity were also recorded by major fluctuations in detrital input, pollen and stable isotopes. Keywords: Lake Mogan, Central Anatolia, Bölling-Alleröd, Younger Dryas


22

Effect of Water Level Change on Benthic-Pelagic Exchange in Three Turkish Shallow Lakes: A Paleolimnological Approach Eti E. Levi 1, Gizem Bezirci 1, A. İdil Çakıroğlu 1, Simon Turner 2, Lisa Skov Hansen 3, Martin Kernan 2, Helen Bennion 2, Erik Jeppesen 3,4,5 and Meryem Beklioğlu 1,6

1 Limnology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

2 ECRC, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

3 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

4 Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China

5 Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivio 2, P.O. Box 570, 3900, Nuuk,

Greenland 6

Kemal Kurdaş Ecological Research and Training Stations, Lake Eymir, Middle East Technical University, Oran Mahallesi, 06400, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract Strong natural or human induced water level fluctuations has been known to have an influence on shallow lakes, especially the ones located in semi-arid to arid Mediterranean climate regions, like Turkey. Biological variables such as, aquatic macrophytes, zooplankton and phytoplankton are also known to react to ecological changes occuring in lakes and thus are valuable indicators of environmental changes. Therefore, in the absence of historical data their sedimentary remains may provide information on the long-term dynamics of the lakes (e.g the effect of water level change). The main aim of this study, which was funded by EU-FP7- REFRESH, was to test the impact of hydrology on ecosystem structure and function using long term instrumental water level data and physical, chemical and biological multiproxies. To achieve this aim, core samples from Lakes Beyşehir, Marmara and Uluabat were retrieved with a Livingstone Piston Corer from littoral and pelagic of the lakes, for sub-fossil cladoceran, diatom, plant remain and pigment analysis. Moreover, all the cores were dated with

210Pb analysis, also X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and loss on ignition (LOI) analysis were

conducted. Results from Lake Beyşehir indicated a gradual change throughout the core from benthic associated communities to more pelagic ones. However, the cores from both Lakes Marmara and Uluabat indicated a more benthic ecosystem structure throughout the comprised periods. The results also suggested that the effect of human manipulation through fish introduction or channel/regulator construction influenced the response of the proxies and complicated the interpretations of changing ecological conditions throughout the cores. Keywords: Plant macrofossil, sub-fossil cladocera, diatom, pigment, eutrophication


23

The Principles of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating Ülkü Sayın 1,2, Gamze Bakkal 1 and Ayhan Özmen 1,2

1Selçuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Physics, Konya, Turkey

2Selçuk University, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Konya, Turkey


Abstract ESR Dating has been systematically applied in geology and archaeology after Ikeya successfully dated a stalactite from the Akiyoshi cave in Japan at 1975. The principle of ESR Dating is determining the concentration of defects produced by natural radiation. If the concentration of the defect is dose-dependent, the ESR signal intensity of this defect can be used for ESR Dating. By using this dependence in the laboratory with artificial irradiation the accumulated dose (ED) can be determined from the dose-response curve. Finally if the annual dose rate (D) is known, the ESR age of sample can be determined by the equation TESR=ED/D. This presentation includes the principles of ESR Dating and examples of applications in geology. Keywords: ESR Dating, annual dose, equal dose


24

Exploring past microbial activity in high altitude lake sediments (lake Son Kul, Central Asia): a novel approach of sedimentary facies analysis Philippe Sorrel 1, Muriel Pacton 1 and Hedi Oberhänsli 2,3 1 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (UMR 5276 CNRS), Université Claude Bernard–Lyon 1,

Villeurbanne, France 2 Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, German Geoscience Research Centre (GFZ), Section 5.2, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam,

Germany 3 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibnitz-Institute Berlin (Mineralogy), Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany


Abstract The fabric of sedimentary rocks in lacustrine archives usually contains long and continuous proxy records of biological, chemical and physical parameters that can be used to study past environmental and climatic variability. Here we propose a new approach of sedimentary facies analysis based on a coupled geomicrobiological and sedimentological study using high-resolution microscopical techniques (petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy) in combination with mineralogical (X-Ray) analyses. We test the applicability of this approach on sediments from Lake Son Kul, a high alpine lake in central Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia), which covers the last 8000 years of the Holocene. This interdisciplinary study sheds a new light on the mineral fabric and microbial communities observed down to the nanoscale in lake sediments. The characterization of organo-mineral interactions allows unravelling the origin of four carbonate minerals (e.g. aragonite, dolomite, Mg-calcite, calcite) as primary or diagenetic phases in lake Son Kul. Aragonite was mainly of primary origin and is driven by biological activity in the epilimnion, whereas diagenetic minerals such as Mg-calcite, calcite, dolomite and pyrite were triggered by bacterial sulphate-reduction and possibly by methanotrophic archaea. Low lake levels are inferred between ca. 7000 and 5000 cal. BP, as indicated by the presence of interspersed aragonite deposits and microbial mat structures, in which anaerobic oxidation of methane played an important role and mediated the formation of a new morphotype of aragonite (i.e., spherulite-like precursor). Such microbial mat structures enhanced the preservation of viral relics, which have not been reported in Holocene lacustrine sediments yet. Hence this study advocates that microbe-mineral interactions screened down to the nanoscale (e.g., virus-like particles) can be used successfully for a comprehensive description of the fabric of laminated lake sediments. In this sense, they complement traditional facies sedimentology tools and offer valuable new insights to (i) study microbial and viral biosignatures in Quaternary sediments and (ii) improve palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Keywords: facies sedimentology, organomineralization, virus-like particles, high altitude lake, Lake Son Kul, Central Asia


25

Hydrological changes in western Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) during the Holocene as inferred from a palaeolimnological study in lake Son Kul Philippe Sorrel 1, Xiangtong Huang2, Hedi Oberhänsli3,4 and Hans von Suchodoletz5,6 1 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (UMR 5276 CNRS), Université Claude Bernard–Lyon 1,

Villeurbanne, France 2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People‘s Republic of China

3 Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, German Geoscience Research Centre (GFZ), Section 5.2, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam,

Germany 4 now at: Museum für Naturkunde, Leibnitz-Institute Berlin (Mineralogy), Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany

5 University of Leipzig, Institute of Geography, Johannisallee 19a D- 04103 Leipzig, Germany

6 University of Technology Dresden, Institute of Geography, Helmholtzstrasse 10, D – 01069 Dresden, Germany


Abstract The hydrology of Western Central Asia is highly sensitive to climatic perturbations. In order to understand its long-term variability and to infer linkages between precipitation and atmospheric and oceanic systems, we conducted a thorough sedimentary and geochemical study on a composite core retrieved in Lake Son Kul (central Kyrgyzstan) between 8400 and 2000 cal yr BP. A multi-proxy approach was conducted on lake sediments based on grain size analyses, magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on bulk and biogenic materials (ostracoda and molluscs shells) in order to characterize the sequence of palaeolimnological changes in Son Kul at a resolution equivalent to ca. 40 years. As indicated by δ

18O

record of bulk carbonates, mainly consisting of aragonite, the Holocene hydrological balance was negative during most of time, suggesting an excess of evaporation (E) over precipitation (P). Limnological conditions fluctuated rapidly before 5000 cal. BP suggesting significant changes in regional hydrology and climate. In particular, the long-term negative hydrological balance was impeded by several short stages with marked increase of precipitation, lasting several decades to a few centuries (e.g., 8300 - 8200, 6900 - 6700, 6300 - 6100, 5500 - 5400 and 5300 - 5200 cal. BP). Precipitation changes as inferred from δ

18O data are also documented by increased minerogenic

detritus and higher TOC. We propose that the seasonal pattern of precipitation varied transiently in western Central Asia during the Holocene, although evaporation changes may also account for the rapid changes observed in δ

18O data. When the annual water balance was less critical (E >= P), the

excess of water might be ascribed to increased precipitation during cold seasons mainly because winter precipitation has more negative δ

18O than its summer equivalent. Conversely, when the annual

water balance is negative (E >> P), the moisture was mainly delivered during the warm season, as between 5000 and 2000 cal. BP. Our results thus imply that moisture sources could have changed as well during the Holocene. Moisture was delivered as today mainly during summer from the extended Caspian-Aral Basin and eastern Mediterranean; although Arctic and even North Atlantic seas might be important moisture sources when seasonal precipitation was dominated by winter precipitation. Keywords: Holocene, Tien Shan (western Central Asia), oxygen and carbon isotopes, aragonite, hydrological balance, North

Atlantic IRD events


26

ESR Analysis and Dating of Fossil Shells Gamze Bakkal 1, Ülkü Sayın 1,2, Ayhan Özmen 1,2, Arif Delikan 3 and Hükmü Orhan 3

1Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Physics, Konya, Turkey

2Selcuk University, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Konya, Turkey

3Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, Konya, Turkey


Abstract Fossils are the remains of biological species and are indices of geological age. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating of carbonate fossils is reliable in the time range from a few hundred to a million years. Shells are composed of the mineral part, CaCO3, mostly microcrystalline aragonite or calcite, and the organic part of the protein. Radicals or defects produced by natural radiation in the mineral part have been used for dating with ESR. This presentation includes sampling, sample preparation, ESR analysis and determination of radicals or defects and ESR dating procedure of fossil shells. In addition to these, the relationship between the impurity associated ESR signals and paleo-environmental changes or/and climate fluctuations will be discussed. Keywords: Fossil Shells, ESR Dating, CaCO3


27

Palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes of Late Quaternary travertine deposits in Kocabaş Basin, Denizli, SW Turkey Ezher Toker 1, M.Sezgül Kayseri-Özer 2 and Mehmet Özkul 1

1 Pamukkale University, Geological Engineering Department, 20070, Denizli, Turkey

2 Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, Haydar Aliyev Bul. No:100, 35430 İnciraltı-İzmir, Turkey


Abstract The aim of this study is to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions of Late Quaternary shallow lake travertines in the Kocabaş area located at 30km in the eastern part of the Denizli Basin. We accomplished, several investigations on the depositional system, geochemistry (including stable carbon and oxygen isotopes), radiometric age determination (U/Th) and palynology. Based on field observations the travertine precipitations at Kocabaş can be classified into seven lithotypes and one erosional horizon, namely: laminated, coated bubble, reed, paper-thin raft, intraclasts, micritic travertine with gastropods, extra formational pebbles and paleosol layer and these terrestrial carbonate deposits were mainly precipitated on a depressional depositional system (shallow lake), which is composed of Flat-pool and Marsh-pool facies. The results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of the Kocabaş travertines have δ

18O values from −10.4‰ to −6.4‰ (VPDB) and

δ13

C values from 1.1‰ to 2.6‰ (VPDB). δ13

C and δ18

O values indicate that the waters of the depositional environment were mainly thermal in origin occasionally mixed with meteoric water. Travertine deposition at the Kocabaş area occurred during Middle-Late Pleistocene time (i.e., between 181-80 ka) according to the U/Th dating and under a series of climatic changes including glacial and interglacial intervals. The U-Th dating of horizontally bedded travertines of the Kocabaş area show that the travertines were deposited in MIS 5 represented by humid /warm period as well as MIS 4 and MIS 6 dry/cold periods. Palynological results obtained from the paleosols, showed on abundance of the Non-Arboreal percentage-NAP and xerophytic plant (Oleaceae and Quercus evergreen type) which indicates drought. MIS 6 is represented by grassland species and straws while MIS 5 is represented by Pinaceae-Pinus and Abies, Quercus, Oleaceae. The studied sections can be correlated to each other and as claimed by depositional system modelling, Kocabaş travertines are deposited in the same lacustrine environment during the MIS 6 gacial period and travertine precipitation has continued to accumulate towards to southwestern part of the Kocabaş Basin until ~80 ka. Thick travertine deposits formed in the last interglacial period MIS 5. The lake level changes of Kocabaş Basin during middle-late Pleistocene occured as a result of tectonic and palaeoclimatic effects. The active fault systems favoured the rise of deep waters that were discharged at the surface as hot springs and may have had an important role in this movement. Keywords: Travertine lithotypes, stable isotopes, pollen analysis, dating, palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironmental evolution, Middle-

Late Pleistocene, SW Turkey


28

Formation of Collapse Doline Lakes in the Diyarbakir Basin: Morphological Features, Dynamics and Geoarchaeological Significance

Catherine Kuzucuoğlu 1, Sabri Karadoğan 2 and M.Tahir Kavak 3 1 Laboratory of Physical Geography, Paris 1 University-Sorbonne,CNRS-INEE, CNRS 1 Place A. Briand 92195 Meudon- France

2 Dicle University, Ziya Gokalp Education Faculty, Department of Geography Education, Diyarbakır, Turkey

3 Dicle University, Ziya Gokalp Education Faculty, Department of Physics Education, Diyarbakır, Turkey


Abstract The Upper Tigris Basin (SE Turkey) is a Tertiary subsidence basin between the edge of the Southeast Taurus and the Mardin Plateau. In this region, some very interesting landforms are caused by geomorphological processes affecting Tertiary-aged gypsum karst. These are collapse dolines related at places to tectonic fractures of faults, widely occurring east of Bismil city, especially along streams some of these structures contain deep or shallow lakes contrasting with the surrounding very dry environment. Several types of dolines are encountered: - The majority is circular; a few exhibit an almond-like form. - Some dolines contain lakes fed by more or less abundant underground water with the possible addition of a rill eroding the plateau above. Lakes in these karstic structures always occur because an impermeable clay layer resulting from gypsum alteration covers the bottom of the depression. - Some (rare) collapse dolines are deep and encircled by cliffs, but the majority consists of shallow depressions at different stages of evolution. Most of the deep dolines are distributed along a lineament north of the Tigris valley corresponding to a probable fault line. The shallowest dolines often contain (but not always) shallow lakes impacted by the drainage of irrigated fields. If, in the past, the oldest dolines contained permanent lakes fed by precipitation (+ runoff in some cases) and precipitation-responding underground water, (a) the lake levels must have varied according to their sensitivity to humidity (precipitation), vegetation cover and evaporation; (b) lake sediments may record past climatic variations. Besides, these lakes providing a water resource for human and animal needs, it is not surprising that Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites are found close to some dolines. Keywords: Diyarbakır basin, Collapse dolines, Hidden gypsum karst, Archaeological settlements, Landsat satellite imagery.


29

The use of pollution indices to assess metal contamination in the Quaternary stream sediments around the Koçali Cu Mineralization and the Guleman Cr deposit, Turkey Adile Polat 1 and Leyla Kalender 1

1 Fırat University, Department of Geological Engineering


Abstract Total concentrations of trace elements in stream sediments as sourced from mine drainage have two different types of mineralization. Also, stream contamination was identified from surrounding agricultural fields in the eastern part of Turkey in order to evaluate the level of that type of stream sediment contamination. The average concentration showed that mineralization originated from toxic metals in the stream sediments and that it has a controlling influence on the accumulation and transportation of the contamination, both lithologically and anthropogenically. The contamination factors (CF) the geo-accumulation (Igeo) and the metal enrichment (EF) values were calculated according to both background values in bedrocks and the average concentration of the ultramafic rocks in order to find out effect on stream‘s sediments of the lithological units. The highest metal and ametal contamination values (> 6) were for Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co, Mo, Pd, Ag, Au, As, Pb, Th and Rb, Ce in the Koçali Havşa Stream sediments, which denote a "high level of contamination." The geo-accumulation values show that Ti, Mn Pb, As, Sb, Th and Ga had generally been in the "heavily to extremely polluted" class. The enrichment factor values of Ti, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, Se, Tl, Pb, Ba, U, Th and Li, Rb were greater than 10, indicating "severe enrichment" and "extremely severe enrichment" in the sediment from the Havşa Stream. These values indicated that the stream sediments in the Koçali massive copper sulfide mineralization area were both lithologically and anthropogenically polluted due to both bedrock composition and polimetallic mineralizations. The stream sediments in the Alpine-type Guleman Cr deposit area had metal contamination factors of Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, Tl, Pb, Se, Cs and Rb, Li were higher than 1. The geo-accumulation factor values of Mn, As, Pb, Ba, Li, Rb and Sr, indicating that these values were greater than the background values in the bedrock. The enrichment factors of aproximately all elements were above 1, in addition to the enrichment factor of Cr, which revealed moderate contamination due to the high Cr concentration in the bedrock that was not in accordance with the average Cr concentration of the ultramafic rocks. The Pollution load index of the Havşa Stream sediment was 8 times higher than the Inci Stream sediment due to polimetalic mineralizationThere are two settlement locations within the study area, i.e., Koçali and Guleman townships. Because of contamination factor values, these regions should be evaluated to determine the relationships between human health and geochemistry through further multi-disciplinary studies. Keywords: contaminant factor, enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, Koçali and Guleman stream sediments, toxic metals


30

The Properties of Recent Sediments and late Quaternary of Lake Eğirdir Özden İleri 1, Füsun Yiğit Fethi 1, Serkan Palas 1, Hakan Pehlivan 1, Emre Şimşek 1, Özgür Demirci 1, M. Burak Aydın 1, Mehmet Nur Yanmaz 1, Ayten Cesur 1, Zeynep Arı 1 and Evrim Şüküroğlu 1

1 General Directorate Mineral Research and Exploration, Department of Marine and Environmental Research, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract The lake Eğirdir is the second fresh water lake of Turkey and provides domestic water for Isparta region. Eğirdir Lake extending 50 km in N-S and 17 km in E-W directions covers 480 km

2 surface area

and average water depth in lake is about 7-8 m. Maximum elevation of water is 919,2 m. The lake has formed in relation to general tectonic and karstic evolution of the province and limestone is the prevailing lithological unit around the lake. In this study geological, geophysical and limnological properties of Eğirdir basin determined. CTD, sechi disc, temperature, depth and pH measurement performed at 26 observation points in Eğirdir Lake on July 2012. Lake bottom sampled by Ekman sampler at 1 point and by 2-4 m long Livingstone cores at 1 point in Hoyran area and at 3 points in Barla-Bedre regions. Cores showed that the lake bottom sediments almost comprised by clay, with occasional silty or sandy levels and rarely fossilliferous levels. Mineralogical, geochemical, δ18O-δ13C isotopes and radiometric age determination analyses performed on sediment samples taken from Eğirdir Lake. Radiometric age determinations showed 8557 years age for the oldest sample and indicates the Early Holocene. The average sediment settlement velocity is calculated as 8 mm/year in Hoyran area and 0,65 mm/year in main lake. Isotope analyses showed positive oscillation of δ13C values for 4200-4800 and 6200-7400 years ago and these values become negative 7400-8500 years ago whereas negative oscillation of δ18O values for 4200-5800 years ago and these values become positive 5800-7000 years ago. Generalized paleo-climatic profile showed 3 main dry periods and 2 main wet periods for the mentioned time spans. Geochemical and magnetic data also supports this paleoclimatic interpretation. The sismic datas with N-S and E-W directions were taken from the lake bottom by various shallow seismic systems such as Geoacustic Boomeer and sediment profiler. Some faults occurred by seismic activity were seen in the seismic sections taken from the lake bottom. When seismic records are analyzed, a consruction with 100 m diameter and 18 m expanse is determined in the middle of lake. There is densely gas output from the construction mentioned. The gas sample was analyzed and determined %100 as methane gas according to TPAO laboratory results. Keywords: Lake Eğirdir, Lake Hoyran, Quaternary, Limnology, Sedimentology, Seismic, Methane, δ18O and δ13C isotopes,

Radiometric age


31

Recent Sediments of Beyşehir Lake, Konya-Isparta, Southwest Turkey Füsun Yiğit Fethi 1, Özden İleri 1, Serkan Palas 1, Hakan Pehlivan 1, Emre Şimşek 1, Salim Öncel 2, Özgür Demirci 1, Murat Evren 1, Mehmet Nur Yanmaz 1, Nizamettin Kazancı 3, Suzanne Leroy 4, Ayten Cesur 1, Zeynep Arı 1 and Evrim Şüküroğlu 1 1General Directorate Mineral Research and Exploration, Depat.of Marine and Environmental Research, Ankara, Turkey

2GebzeInstitut of Thechnology Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli, Turkey

3Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

4Brunel University, Institute for the Environment, London, UK

Contact: [email protected] Abstract BeyşehirLake, covering 650 km

2area in Konya-Isparta province, is the 3

rd biggest fresh water lake of

Europe and has formed in relation to general tectonic and karstic evolution of the province. Lake Beyşehir is a wetland with international A group certificate, a national park with varieties, a protected area with the prosperities of history cultures. The water and sediments coming to Beyşehir Lake discharged firstly to Suğla Lake, then to Çumra Plain and finally Tuzlake. The evolution of Beyşehir Lake points indirectly to the morfologic and paleogeographic evolution of central Anatolia. In this study, the formation and character of lake has been investigated by the comprehensive geological, geophysical and limnological data taken from the lake. General geological properties of the region in Holocene period identified, by determining sedimentary process and probable tectonic activities effecting formation of the lake. Sechi disc (0.5-5 m), pH (8.04-8.95), temperature (30.1-25.4 °C), dissolved oxygen (8.47-7.35 mg/l), electrical conductivity (380-360μs/cm

2) measured in 23 observation points in Beyşehir Lake on July

2012. CTD measurements performed at 6 points indicates 2.14-4.28 m depth, 17.72-18.08 °C temperature, 0.35-0.37 s/cm

2conductivity, 1477-1475 m/s velocity (of sound) and 0.19-0.2 %osalinity

for Beyşehir Lake. In addition to these measurements Lake Bottom has been sampled by Livingstone cores at 5 points and by grab at 45 points. Visual observations and analyses of cores showed that the lake bottom sediments almost comprised by clay, with occasional silty or sandy levels and rarely fossilliferous levels. Geophysical methods applied for determination of sediment thickness at the bottom of lake comprise high resolution seismic (Geoacoustics/Boomer and Innomar Sediment Profiler) performed on N-S and E-W directed lines. Seismic data also showed that some faults and channels formed by seismic activity take place in lake. Mineralogical, geochemical, δ18O-δ13C isotopes and radiometric age determination analyses performed on sediment samples taken from Beyşehir Lake. The XRD analysis shows that the sediments have homogeneous mineral distribution. It is thought that the homogeneous mineral content is due to the uniform distribution of sediment influx in shallow lake water by waves. Radiometric age determinations showed 9223 years age for the oldest sample and indicates the Early Holocene. The average sediment settlement velocity is calculated as 1 mm/year. Isotope analyses showed negative oscillation of δ13C values for 4500-6000 years ago indicating rainy period and these values become positive 6000-7000 years ago indicating dry periods. Generalized paleo-climatic profile showed 1 main dry period and 2 main wet periods for the mentioned time spans. Geochemical and magnetic data also supports thispaleoclimatic interpretation. Keywords: Lake Beyşehir, Quaternary, Limnology, Sedimentology, CTD, Climatechanges, Seismic, δ18O and δ13C isotopes,

Radiometric age


32

Drilling core data from shores of Lake Manyas (Turkey); possible interaction of the lacustrine basin and Daskyleion antique settlement through the Irone Age Zeynep Ataselim1, Nizamettin Kazancı1, Kaan İren2, Suzanne Leroy3 and Koray Koç4 1 Ankara University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

2 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Archeology, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey

3 Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK

4 Akdeniz University Department of Geological Engineering, 07058, Antalya, Yurkey Contact: [email protected] Abstract Lake Manyas is a fresh water shallow lake (154 km

2) located at the Northwestern Anatolia. Previous

studies conducted on the lake show that, the story of this basin started about 4000 years ago as a shallow marsh and continued as an open lake last 2000 years. In this study, seven drilling data are presented which conducted in the southeast coast of Lake Manyas. 20-65 m long sediment cores cut lake coastal sediments and Late Miocene-Pliocene sediments which the lake sits on. Fluvial sediments that prior to the formation of the lake was able to cut by only one drilling (SK3) and has been dated as 13500 BP. The primary aim of the study is to determine changes in the shores of Lake Manyas. Because, Daskyleion ancient city palace is situated at Hisartepe (19 m above the sea level) which is on the southeast coast of lake. Daskyleion was founded in about 1000 BC. It lost its importance from 30 A.D and it is in Persian period between 7-6 century B.C. Old lake coasts which drawn by drilling data not to be safe today, show that this area was an peninsula in the past. It is possible that Karadere which springs from Lake Manyas and flows into Marmara Sea, was used as a waterway. Drilling data shows that, lake occured as a set lake due to extreme meandering of Karadere (15000-4000). Lake area was reached its maximum area in 7-6 century B.C and Kocaçay delta was prograded in this period. Keywords: Lake Manyas, Daskyleion, Quaternary, sedimentology


33

Lake Suğla, SW Turkey: the possible longest-lived lacustrine basin in Anatolia Zeynep Ataselim 1 and Nizamettin Kazancı 1 1 Ankara University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06100, Tandoğan, ANKARA

Contact: [email protected] Abstract Lake Suğla is a wetland which the third largest water body in the Konya drainage basin after Lake Tuz and Beyşehir. Water surface of the lake is at an elevation of about 1090 m surface area of 40 km

2, the

water depth is 4 m. The lake is changing continously since it was formed. Presently, surface area of the lake is ca 40 km

2 since 1994, however it was four times larger in original. West and western

shores of the lake were formed by Mesozoic limestones, however south and east shores formed Mount Erenler Neogene volcanics and clastics. Lake water has been transported to Konya Çumra plain by the Stream Çarşamba which gets over 150 km. Lake Suğla is fed by the karstic springs, rainfall waters and Çarşamba stream water ocassionally transferred to lake. Çarşamba stream is the main outlet of the Suğla Lake and also lake water level has been generally controlled by karstic features within the Mesozoic limestones. The aim of this study is that to research Quaternary sedimantation for the whole area through the examining lacustrine sediments of Lake Suğla. For this purpose, a 110 m long drilling was performed in the modern lake plain which is used for agricultural activity today. The core could not cut any older lacustrine deposits however 70 m long young lacustrine sediment composed of fine sand, silt and clay. Magnetic susceptibility, organic matter, carbonate content and grain size of sediments were examined systematically along the cores. Radiometric dating showed the deposition in the lake continued till Pleistocene age. These situation show that lake located in such a deep basin and Lake Suğla might be enlarged by the tectonism asssociated with karstic processes. Keywords: Quaternary, Lake Suğla, Çumra plain, sedimentology


34

Environmental changes in central Anatolia since the LGM : the pollen record from the Çora maar (Erciyes, Turkey) Agnès Gauthier 1, Damase Mouralis 1,2, Catherine Kuzucuoğlu 1, Michel Fontugne 3, Evren Atakay 4 and Özmen Evcimen 4

1 CNRS UMR 8591 LGP - Paris 1 & UPEC/Paris 12 University - Meudon, France

2 Rouen University - CNRS UMR 6266 IDEES - Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

3 CNRS UMR 8212 LSCE - CEA & UVSQ - Gif-sur-Yvette, France

4 Department of Geological Research - MTA - Ankara, Turkey


Abstract The maar of Çora, located on the north-western side of Erciyes in central Anatolia presents ca. 70 m thick lake sediment. The study presented here concerns to the upper 14 m of the stratigraphic sequence. This well dated (ten

14C ages) and high-resolution record is mainly characterized by

laminated clays. The originality of the Çora sequence compared to other published regional vegetation records (e.g. Eski Acigöl, Tuzla Gölü and Seyfe Gölü) is underlined by the following remarks. - The Çora sequence is the first pollen record of central Anatolia covering the end of the LGM and the Holocene allowing a better understanding of the vegetation and climate changes. - Glacial refuges are located close to the Çora maar. - The local saline ecosystems (Sultansazligi plain) have a continuous influence during the Holocene on the vegetation cover. - Our results point to only few anthropic impacts apart from agricultural activities from 1500yrBP on. The pollen record identifies four main phases. - Phase 1, ca18600-11889 cal BP (-14m to -10.24m, sparsely laminated clays). Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae develop in steppe-like vegetation. - Phase 2, ca 11889-7749 cal BP (-10.24m to -7.38m, highly laminated clays). Ephedra, deciduous and evergreen Quercus, Juniperus, Pistacia successively developed with regular occurrences of numerous pollen grains from thermophilous and mediterranean trees illustrating a specific forest expansion. - Phase 3, ca 7749-1920 cal BP (-7.38m to -4.16m, highly laminated clays). Rapid increase in Pinus is associated with the succesive developments of Cedrus, Juniperus, deciduous and evergreen Quercus and Ulmus. - Phase 4, after 1920 cal BP (-4.16m to -3m, massive clays). Trees (except Pinus) decline progressively while xerophilous and steppic taxa re-expand together with Poaceae and Cerealia-type developments. The top of the sequence (-3 to 0m, unstructured clayey silts) was not studied. Keywords: central Anatolia, Pleniglacial, Lateglacial, Holocene, vegetation history, climatic change, human impact


35

Hydrogeological and Hydrogeochemical View of Göksu Delta Lakes (Akgöl and Paradeniz, Southern Turkey) Uğur Erdem Dokuz 1,2, Mehmet Çelik 2, Şebnem Arslan 2 and Hilal Engin 2,3

1 Niğde University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde, Turkey

2 Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

3 Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, Kırşehir, Turkey Contact: [email protected]

Abstract Göksu Delta is one of the most important wetlands in Middle East. Delta, formed by the sediments transported by Göksu River during Quaternary, gets its water from Göksu River emerging from Geyik Mountains. Göksu Delta, located within Silifke Town of Mersin province, host a total of 332 different plant species and a total of 328 different bird species. Göksu Delta has been declared as a Special Environmental Protection Zone, Wildlife Protection Area, Ramsar Convention for Wetlands of International Importance area due to these features. Akgöl and Paragöl lakes and their neighborhoods, situated on the southern part of the delta are declared as bird sanctuary. A water-based ecosystem is developed within the delta and it hosts fertile agricultural fields. This increases the importance of water resources of Göksu Delta. State Hydraulic works builds up irrigation channels to use waters of Göksu River for irrigation purposes. These channels, caused contamination of surface water resources of the delta due to intensity of silty sediments originating from the river. The discharge of the unused irrigation waters caused Akgöl lake to become shallow and permanent although it was once a seasonal lake. Besides, Akgöl was connected to Paradeniz via an artificial channel. General flow direction is from Akgöl to Paragöl; however, flow reverses when tidal action and winds cause sea level and hence the water level in Paradeniz to rise. Water budget calculations show that the reserve of Akgöl is 4.08 x 10

6 m

3. Water reserve of this lake

changes in a monthly basis. Akgöl hosts both fresh water and salt water species and the occasional changes in fresh water-salt water ratio negatively affects these species. Irrigation channels influence the water quality in Akgöl directly. Akgöl, in contact with Paragöl in the south, gets its fresh water from channels connected towards northern part. This situation causes a drop in TDS values in northern part of Akgöl, which is salty in southern parts due to its connection to Paragöl. Unused irrigation waters carry intense nutrient load and this leads to anoxic conditions and formation of morass and seaweeds in connection parts of the irrigation channels to Akgöl. Akgöl water quality is adversely affected by agricultural wastes carried by these channels. Bathymetry measurements performed in Akgöl and Paragöl in 2009 revealed out that maximum depths in Akgöl and Paragöl are 93 cm, respectively. These values are about 17 cm higher than the depths determined by State Hydraulic Works in 1997. The increase in the depths of the lakes are thought to be related to the increase in the amount of unused irrigation waters diverted to the lakes. In order to protect the ecological system in the delta, anthropogenic effects of the irrigation channels Akgöl is exposed to should be minimized. Accordingly, both the amount of water allocated to irrigation and agricultural fertilizer usage should be controlled to contribute to the sustainability of wild life in the delta. Keywords: Hydrogeology, Akgöl, Paradeniz, Göksu Delta, contamination, anthropogenic effect


36

Exploring The Traces Of Urban Life Through Sedimentological And Geochemical Ways In Holocene Sediments Of Yenikapı – İstanbul (Turkey) Fulya Yücesoy Eryılmaz 1, Mustafa Eryılmaz 1 and Engin Meriç 2 1. Mersin U. Enginering Fac. Geology Department Mersin Turkey

2. Moda Hüseyin Bey Sokak No: 15/4, 34710 Kadıköy/İstanbul


Abstract The archaeological findings unearted during subway work in Yenikapı, İstanbul had revealed the ancient Port of Theodosius from Roman Byzantine era. Port area now stands in the east of Sarayburnu Peninsula used to be a bay which filled with sediments carried by Lykos River. Today study area that has a low topography is 1500 meters inland. In the ancient port area 9 meters from today‘s sea level has been dwelled and 9 different unit has been determined in area‘s generalised stratigraphic section. In the samples taken from 10 different levels from the units grain size, organic carbon, total carbonate, heavy metal analysis (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Al) and mineral determinations (FTR) are done and geological events during the urban developments tried to be explained. The sample 86 from level 1 that represent the bottom is very muddy (87%) In the sample with high levels of clay illite, simectite and kaolin clay minerals are observed. Silicate is much more than carbonates. It is possible that erosion level and/or one of the delta lobes of Lykos River. The reason of the high metal concentrations in this level should be the depositions remained in clay that‘s been carried by infiltrated water through sedimentation process. Sample 80A representing level 3 is composed of coarse material by 91%. It‘s macro-micro shell abundance and quartz content addresses high energy shallow marine and coastal environments. In the 4th level, samples 80B and 80C the data of grain size shows the increase of water level. Carbonized wood fragments carry anthroponogenic traces rather than natural deterioration. Starting from 80D there is no clay in grain size. Increase in sand grain size and decrease in organic carbon shows the 80D and 83A sediment process to be straight forward In these two samples mineral features are same (Illite–Smectite,Calsite, Quartz, Dolomite) Rapid increase of organic carbon in level 83B (6,37%) has traces of anthroponogenic and natural dynamique. Mineral contents also change in level 83 (Serpentine (antijorit–cysotil)- trioktahedric smectite (Hectorit), quartz, calcite). Starting from 80B, increase in metal concentration peaks, in. Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn that used to meet the needs of urban life accumulated with flood and so-like factors. Pottery dates 5.6.7th centuries found at this level. 8th level represented by 76A and 76B has new environment conditions. Mud gradually enters the environment. Organic carbon is high. Metal concentrations ara also high in 76B. Anoxic like conditions are observed. Has an impression of decreasing marine connection. 76 C sediments represents shallow marine shore environment by 98% sand in it‘s washed, fine avarage grain. Over the 76C sediment there is an accumulation of 2 meters of recent soil, representing the 13th and 14th century AC. Many factors such as Lykos River, ancient port of Theodosius, changes in coastline due to sea-level change, accumulation of sediments carried by river all had impacts on the development and transformation of the area. Anthroponogenic based metal enrichment and organic carbon changes carries the clues of Istanbul‘s urban development. Keywords: Geoarchaeology, recent sediment, heavy metal, environmental pollution


37

Oceanography of Kuşadası Gulf (West of Turkey) Mustafa Eryılmaz 1, Fulya Yücesoy Eryılmaz 1 and Engin Meriç 2

1 Mersin University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Eng. Department, Ciftlikkoy Campus, Mersin-TURKEY

2 Moda Hüseyin Bey Sk. No:15/4, Kadıköy, İstanbul-TURKEY


Abstract Gulf of Kusadası is located between the west of Sığacık Bay (Teke Cape) and Strait of Dilek in the west of Turkey with a maximum depth of 607 m. (North of the island of Samos). Large and small faults are observed between Seferihisar and Teke Cape in the coast line, perpendicular to the shore. The region is covered with plateaus and the slope is high. In the shore of Seferihisar and in Doğanbey Cape there are extensive abrasion platforms. Coastal strip of Kusadasi Gulf is very narrow and shows a sudden deepening structure. The average slope of study area varies between 2-3%. In the study area, the sea water physical parameters were measured in place using the CSTD (water temperature, salinity, pH, conductivity, resistivity). With currentmeter water flow velocity-direction and with sechi disk water color-visibility were meassured. CSTD measurements were made seasonally. Flow measurements made in short-term, with three different levels; surface, middle and bottom. 147 surface sediment samples were taken with orange-peel and snapper types grap sampler. Type and grain size of sediment samples were determined with wet sieve analysis. We generated a recent sediment distribution map for the region by combining our sedimentary data with a regional bathymetric map. In the study area, the thickness of the surface waters is parallel with weather temperature.The bottom water layer (after 75m depth) water temperature begins to drop from 18

oC and stabilizes at 15-16

oC.

Salinity difference between layers is almost negligible in winter and spring seasons.Winds from the N and NW may force surface waters to the southeast and east creating localized longshore water movement. From time to time, continuous and strong wind blowing from southern directions can create an opposite direction, counter clockwise surface currents. Sediment distribution in this region is effected by current systems, bathymetry and both submarine, and terrestrial topographic features of the region. In the region, finer materials do not accumulate because of high waves and current energy. Thus from shore to off-shore frain size get thinner. Either sediments do not accumulate at all along continental slopes exceeding 10 degrees or very little sediment accumulates there. Sediments in our study area consist of six types of basic sedimentary material: rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay and mud. Gravelly materials are gravel, sandy gravel and muddy sandy gravel. Sandy materials are sand, gravelly sand silty sand. Silty material is composed of silt, and sandy silt and clayey silt. And muddy material is observed in a narrow range. Deep parts of the area contain high ratio clay. Generally, grain size distribution in this region is transitional from coarse to fine and trends parallel to the coastline. Keywords: Kuşadası Gulf, water colomn, current, bathymetry, recent sediment


38

Sedimentological properties of small shallow lakes on Central-West Taurus Mountains, Turkey: Lakes Dipsiz, Sülüklü and Çoban Tahsin Onur Yücel 1,5, Nizamettin Kazancı 1,5, Özgür Yedek 1,5, Zeynep Ataselim 1,5, Koray Koç 2,5, Esra Gürbüz 3,5 and Alper Gürbüz 4,5

1 Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Engineering Department, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Engineering Department, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

3 Aksaray University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Engineering Department,68100, Aksaray, Turkey

4 Niğde University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Engineering Department, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

5 Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu (Quaternary Research Group), 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract Lakes Çoban, Dipsiz and Sülüklü are small fresh water wetlands which are connected to each other on the Erenler Dağı in the southwest of Konya, ca 1650-1750 m in elevation. Surface areas of lakes are 0.12, 0.33 and 0.44 km

2 respectively, Lake Çoban, is shallowest one (1 m), however Lake Dipsiz

is the deepest (6 m; dipsiz means ‗bottomless‘ in Turkish), while the widest one is Lake Sülüklü. One of the most important properties of these lakes is that they were located on a high altitude, coarse-grained volcanic field, Secondly, they have been taken great quantity of sediments despite their catchments are limited. It is known that high altitude lakes are interesting as they are very sensitive to environmental condition, however there is no geological information about the abovementioned lakes. In order to obtain earth sscientific data, particularly about the climatic conditions, morphology, limnology and sediments of three lakes have been sudied. Two cores and a bottom sediment sample were taken from Lake Dipsiz and they were analysed by routine techniques. Keywords: Lake Dipsiz, Lake Sülüklü, Lake Çoban, Holocene, Sedimentology, Taurus Mountains


39

Grain size parameter variations related to hinterland along the beaches of Lake Beyşehir, SW Turkey Koray Koç 1,5, Özgür Yedek 2,5, Nizamettin Kazancı 2,5 ,T.Onur Yücel 2,5, Zeynep Ataselim 2,5, Esra Gürbüz 3,5 and Alper Gürbüz 4,5

1 Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

2 Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

3 Aksaray Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü,68100, Aksaray, Turkey

4 Niğde Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

5 Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

Contact: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Lake Beyşehir is located in western Taurus, immediately east of Isparta Angle‘s east limb, SW Turkey. It is surrounded on the west by Taurus Mountains, on the north and northeast by Erenler Mount. Lake Beyşehir represents the biggest freshwater lake in Turkey, and it has 4200 km

2 drainage area, also its

surface area is approximately 750 km2. The objective of this research is to determine the physical

settings of Lake Beyşehir‘s beach sediments. For this purpose, the samples were taken from south, west, northwest and east parts of the lake. They were examined for grain size and textural parameters such as mean grain size, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. Finally, the relationship between these parameters and lithology of the hinterland was established. Results show that sediments from west, southwest and northeast of lake consist of %10-35 gravel (-1 - -3 ϕ, fine gravel) and %70-90 sand (1 – 4 ϕ) sized sediments. They mostly show unimodal distribution. On the other hand, in the east of lake, from north to south, sand sized sediments progressively dominate over beaches. Including all samples values, mean grain size ranges between -0,61 ϕ (granule) and 1,91 ϕ (medium sand). In addition that sorting values ranges between 0,46 ϕ (well sorted) and 1,67 ϕ (poorly sorted). Skewness values of beach sediments show symmetrical distribution while kurtosis values show platykurtic to very leptokurtic distribution. It is thought to these differences derived from lithological distinction behind beaches. Also investigation about the relationship between physical parameters of Lake Beyşehir‘s beaches and discharge regime in lake is ongoing. Keywords: Beyşehir, lake, beach, grain size


40

Spatial Interpolation of Climatological Characteristics of the Lake Beyşehir drainage basin through GIS, Turkey Esra Gürbüz 1,7, Nizamettin Kazancı 2,7, Klaus Arpe 3, Suzanne A. Leroy 4, Zeynep Ataselim 2,7, Koray Koç 5,7, Özgür Yedek2,7, Tahsin Onur Yücel2,7 and Alper Gürbüz6,7

1Aksaray Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü,68100, Aksaray, Turkey

2Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

3Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorologie, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Turkey

4Brunel University, Institute for the Enviroment, UB83 PH, Uxbridge, London, UK

5Akdeniz Universitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

6Niğde Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

7Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu, 06100, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract Lake Beyşehir, which is Turkey‘s third largest lake, is an important area to observe the effects of climatic changes on lakes due to its depth and wide spread area. The lake is surrounded by Erenler Mount to the east, Taurus Mountains to the south and west and to the east by the Sultan Mountains. In terms of drainage basin, this basin is separated from its neighbors the Lake Eğirdir and Lake Akşehir basins with water line determined by the Sultan Mountains. The Çarşamba stream which stands for the outlet of the Lake Beyşehir mixed to Lake Suğla. Lake Beyşehir, which is the largest fresh water lake of our country, is fed by precipitation, ground water and snow waters in a drainage area of 4200 km

2. However, when the water

level rises due to leakage through the sinkholes, obtaining the water amount that accumulated in the rain fall area is creating difficulties. As a result of measurement made in the past years, the maximum surface area is calculated as ~750 km

2 and total volume of 5700 km

3 at the maximum lake level that

ranging between 1120-1125,5 m. Meteorological data in 50 years show the average annual temperature is 10-11

0C, cloud cover low in summer but higher during the winter months. In order to

climatic characteristics, Lake Beyşehir is located in a region that represents a transferring feature from Continental to Mediterranean climate. Also, the karstification in addition to tectonics as a factor of origination make essential to investigate the hydroclimatological characteristics of Lake Beyşehir. Our other studies that performed in the lake sediments indicate the lake is similar within hydrological characteristics for a long time. In this study we have analyzed meteorological and climatological data through Geographic Information System (GIS) and compared them with dendrochronological and remote sensing data of the Lake Beyşehir drainage basin. Keywords: Geographic Information System, climatology, meteorology, remote sensing, dendrochronology


41

Geological Investigation of Three Shallow Lakes in Ankara (Beypazarı, Çubuk, Kızılcahamam Karagöl Lakes), Central Turkey

Özgür Yedek 1,3, Tansin Onur Yücel 1,3, Yaşar Suludere 2 and Nizamettin Kazancı 1,3

1 Ankara University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

2 The Association for Conversation of Geological Heritage, P.K. 10, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey

3 Quaternary Research Group (KAG) , 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey


Abstract There are three shallow lakes in Ankara which all are called as ―karagöl (blacklake)‖. However they are not known by the society except for only relevant and local people who live their close vicinities. The lakes have fresh water with surface areas of less than 2 km

2. Their names were originated from

intensive plant cover and thus dark shadow on the lakes‘ water. Here we will call them with names of the relevant towns as Beypazarı Karagöl, Çubuk Karagöl and Kızılcahamam Karagöl to avoid confusion. The Karagöl lakes are important recreation areas for the region, hence they attract visitors. On the other hand there is not any geoscientific information about them. The aim of this work is to provide some basic knowledge about the lakes hoping that new and correct information may help to natural conservation. The Beypazarı Karagöl is at northwest of the city Ankara, ca 120 km away. It is an oval shaped freshwater with a depth of 5.5 m. Çubuk Karagöl is at the northeast of Ankara, ca. 60 km away from the city center. It has a depth of ~6.5 m. The Kızılcaham Karagöl is placed to the north of Ankara, ca 100 km away to the city. It is located on the northeastern flank of the Mount Işık (2034 m) and is the smallest and shallow lake (with a 4.5 m deep) among others. All of these three lakes have some similar features, such; they were formed as natural dam lakes by due to landslides on large valleys. Lake levels are controlled by annual precipitation. Their basements consist of andesitic volcanic rocks, and their hyrochemical characteristics reflect this basement lithology. The organic matter content of the lakes are around 1-2%. Acknowledgements: It is acknowledged with pleasure that Ankara University BAP and TUBITAK BIDEB supported the study as an undergraduate student project. Keywords: Ankara, Beypazarı, Çubuk, Kızılcahamam, Karagöl, ooze, organic substance


42

Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Lake Beyşehir basin, central-west Turkey Alper Gürbüz 1, Nizamettin Kazancı 2, Yaşar Suludere 3, Yavuz Hakyemez 4, Zeynep Ataselim 2, Esra Gürbüz 5, Koray Koç 6, Özgür Yedek 2 and Tahsin Onur Yücel 2


2 Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

3 Jeolojik Mirası Koruma Derneği, P.K. 10, 16100, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey

4 MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Maden Etüt ve Arama Dairesi, 06520, Ankara, Turkey

5 Aksaray Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey

6 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 07058, Antalya, Turkey


Abstract Lake Beyşehir is located in a NW-SE trending tectonic depression that reaches to the southern end of Lake Suğla basin. The drainage basin of the lake represented by an area of 4200 km

2 in central-west

Anatolia region. This region is considered geographically as the western Taurus Mountains. On the other hand, the region was correspond to an area where tectonic nap emplacements occurred within the Taurid orogenic belt in the paleotectonic period. In the neotectonic period, this region is representing the Isparta Angle, which is still a seismically active region consist of a serie of grabens like the Lake Beyşehir and horsts between those grabens. The eastern portion of the basin is generally bounded by the Sultan Mountains and Erenler Volcanoe, while the western portion is delimited by the Anamas Mountains. In addition, these portions are represented by Paleozoic, Neogene and Mesozoic aged rock units, respectively. In order to shed light on the development of the lake basin, our studies, which conducted in the Neogene and Quaternary units of the region, indicate that the region controlled by a different tectonic regime before Quaternary. Also, the current lake depression has mainly embodied by the structures which are the products of those tectonic phases. The karstic features which are especially prevail in the western half are relatively low effective during the Quaternary development process. Due to bounding in most sectors by the normal faulted steep slopes, the NW-SE-trending lake could reach its maximum surface area in Quaternary by coastal progressions in the north and south which are determined by the water amount that reached to lake. Keywords: Lake Beyşehir, Neogene, Quaternary, tectonics, stratigraphy, geomorphology, graben


43

HoDriP: Holocene Drilling Project for Evidences of Natural, Archaeological and Historical Events in Anatolia Nizamettin Kazancı 1,2, Alper Gürbüz 1,3, Zeynep Ataselim 1,2, Özgür Yedek 1,2 and Tahsin Onur Yücel 1,2, Esra Gürbüz 1,4 and Koray Koç 1,5

1 Quaternary Research Group (Kuvaterner Araştırma Grubu – KAG), 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey

2 Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey


4 Aksaray Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey

4 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Muhendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 07058, Antalya, Turkey


Abstract Scientific documents indicate that Anatolia, together with the Middle East had been original lands of ancient civilisations since early Holocene. Particularly east, central and southern Anatolia were densly populated for the last five millenia creating many new empires, states, and also new life styles. It is also clear that during that time geography and landscape changed, especially some lakes and wetlands were dried and turned into ovas and modern farmlands. On the other hand, present technical development and increased population in Anatolia give rise to lost of some evidences about ancient civilisations and historical events, i.e tumuluses, rock-arts, historical landscapes, places of big wars. Moreover, new generations would like to know paleogeographic evolution of their own lands. Growing animal or playing football on a very large ancient lake or picking apples on a warplace are sometime exciting for people. In order to collect data for geological evolution of Anatolia in Holocene, HoDriP has started. The main tool is a portable drilling equipment. HoDriP aimed to obtained 40 core logs in central Anatolia by end of 2015. Keywords: Holocene, paleoenvironment, climatic change, historical geography, Anatolia, Turkey


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Mineralogical and geochemical properties of Lake Işıklı sediments: Paleoclimatological approaches in Late Quaternary M. Tarık Özcan 1 and Sonay Boyraz-Aslan 2

1 Geological Heritage Protection Association, P.K. 10, 06100, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey

2 Aksaray University, Dept. of Geol. Eng., 68100, Aksaray, Turkey


Abstract The mineralogical composition and geochemical characteristics of Late Quaternary sediments has been investigated in Livingstone corer in the Işıklı Lake; on the Baklan-Çivril graben. The longest core was just 5 metres and because of that all analysis was performed on that core. The particle size distribution of the sediments are changing between 11 µ-189 µ using the mastersizer 2000. These are alternating terrigeneous fine sand mostly clayey silt, showing to intense erosion. The mineralogical distribution along

the core was examined by X-ray diffraction. Calcite and quartz are the abundant

non-clay mineral with feldispar, opal-CT and dolomite. These minerals are also accompanied by clay

minerals such as illite, smectite, chlorite and trace amount of kaolinite. The calcite, quartz, feldispar and dolomite could be deposited as allogenic material carried by rivers and intense erosion. The origin of clay minerals are both detrial and alteration of particles. The magnetic measurements of these sediments showed that low or negative susceptibility values for organic levels and modarate susceptibility values for clastic materials deriving from outside. The geochemical analysis were done to the sediments for element composition and molecular weathering ratio. According to this, the variations of element distribution and some proxies such as allogenic elements (Na, K, Mg, Al, Si…) in sediments observed directly to the climate oscillations. Keywords: Lake Işıklı, mineralogy, geochemistry, paleoclimate


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Documents

Abstracts of the QuickLakeH2014 - brunel.ac.uk · Abstracts of the QuickLakeH2014 An International Workshop on Lakes and Human Interactions 15-19 September 2014, Ankara and Konya,