TEKNIK PRODUKSI BIBIT UWI (Dioscorea spp.) SECARA KONVENSIONAL, CEPAT DAN MASIF

Conventional, Rapid and Massive Seed Production Technique of Uwi (Dioscorea spp.)

Sudarmadi Purnomo, Thohir Zubaidi, Bonimin dan Abu

Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur

Jl. Raya Karangploso Km 4, Malang 65101, JawaTimur

E mail :sudarmadip@yahoo.com

Abstrak

Salah satu jenis tanaman umbi yang hampir dilupakan masyarakat Indonesia, tetapi mempunyai komposisi nutrisi dengan potensi besar dan bisa menggantikan posisi tepung terigu sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan roti dan mie, adalah Uwi (Dioscorea spp.). Tanaman ini tahan naungan, tahan kekeringan tumbuh merambat di pagar-pagar batas kepemilikan pekarangan, dan dibiarkan saja tanpa masukan saprodi, tetapi diharapkan dipanen satu tahun sekali ketika musim kemarau. Tanaman ini biasa tumbuh di awal musim penghujan. Cara panen umbi Uwi dengan memotong umbinya 2/3 bagian pucuk, dimana 1/3 bagian sisa potongan dibiarkan agar tumbuh di awal musim penghujan berikutnya. Ketersediaan bibit dan lamanya waktu tumbuh mata tunas di bagian pangkal umbi menjadi masalah utama dalam pengembangan Uwi, apalagi jika kesiapan bibit ini dikaitkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan komunitas dalam pengembangan kawasan rumah pangan lestari. Hasil penelitian terakhir yang mudah dan cepat dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut, melalui enam langkah, yaitu (1) menyiapkan tempat semaian (Seedbad), menggunakan media tumbuhserbuk sabut kelapa (Cocopeat) yang dicampur dengan kompos (1:2); (2) menyiapkan larutan Benomyl (5 g/l air); (3) menyiapkan larutan Rooton-F (5 g/l air); (4) menyiapkan umbi bahan semaian, yaitu dengan membelah umbi menjadi tiga bagian (bagian pangkal, tengah, dan pucuk) dimana masing-masing bagian tersebut dibelah lagi menjadi 4-6 bagian dengan mengupayakan setiap hasil belahan umbi ada mata tunas akar; (5) merendam materi-materi tersebut ke dalam larutan Benomyl selama 5-10 menit, kemudian dipindahkan ke larutan Rooton F setelah ditiris sekitar 5 menit; (6) tanam materi calon bibit ke dalam Seedbad. Pecah dormansi primordia akar dan batang serta waktu tumbuh hingga siap tanam di lapang di antara ketiga bagian umbi berbeda-beda dengan selang waktu antara 15-25 hari setelah penyemaian. Bagian pangkal mempunyai kecepatan tumbuh lebih awal, sekitar 21-35 hari setelah penyemaian, kemudiaan berturut-turut diikuti oleh tumbuhnya umbi bagian tengah dan pucuk. Dalam waktu singkat, satu umbi berkuran sedang menggunakan cara ini diperoleh 16-24 batang bibit, sehingga dapat diproduksi masif yang kesiapan untuk di tanam di lapangan tidak lagi tergantung awal musim penghujan. Kata kunci :Uwi (Dioscorea spp.), perbanyakan, pembibitan, umbi belah, media tanam, kotak semaian. Makalah Oral Disajikan Pada “Widyakarya Nasional Pangan dan Gizi X” di Auditorium Utama LIPI, Jakarta pada 20-21 Nopember 2012

Conventional, Rapid and Massive Seed Production Technique of Uwi (Dioscorea spp.)

Sudarmadi Purnomo, Thohir Zubaidi, Bonimin dan Abu

Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur Jl. Raya Karangploso Km 4, Malang 65101, JawaTimur

e mail :sudarmadip@yahoo.com

Abstract

One of tubers crop type that almost neglected in Indonesia is “uwi” or wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) which has great potential nutrition to replace wheat flour in making various types of breads and noodles. This tuber crop is belonging to a shady and drought resistant plant and can still survive without any nutrient inputs. It is also classified as creeping plant that is usually used as garden fence, grown in the beginning of rainy season, do not require special treatment, and is expected to be harvested once in a year in the dry season. The appropriate harvesting method is to cut two-third of tubers bud while the remaining one-third cut is left to grow again in the beginning of the rainy season. The availability of seedlings and the length of time for the buds at the base of tubers to grow become a major problem in the development of ‘uwi’, especially if the preparedness of the seedlings is associated with the needs of the community to develop the KRPL (Sustainable Food Reserve Garden Region). The latest research showed that the easiest way to solve the problems was through the application of the six steps, i.e. 1) preparation of seedbed made of cocopeat mixed with compost (1:2); 2) preparation of Benomyl solution (5 g/l of water); 3) preparation of Rooton-F solution (5 g/l of water); 4) preparation of seedling tubers material, by splitting the bulb into three parts (base, middle and tip) whereas each part is further splitted into 4-6 parts. It is expected that each part will produce tuber root buds; 5) Soak all materials in Benomyl solution for 5-10 minutes and move into Rooton-F solution following 5 minutes drain; 6) plant the seedlings into the prepared seedbed. Breaking primordial dormancy of root and stem and its growing time until ready to planting for those three different parts of the tubers was different with interval between 15-25 days after seeding. The base part of the tubers showed the most rapid growing, about 15-35 days after seeding, followed by the middle and the tip parts. From a medium sized- tubers, using this method, could be produced about 16-24 stems of seedlings whose readiness to be planted in the field does not depend on the beginning of rainy season. Therefore, mass production of tubers (“uwi’) seedlings could be carried out to fulfill the needs of seedlings in a certain region which in turn could meet the traditional food needs of farmers’ households. Keywords: Uwi (Dioscorea spp.), propagation, bulbs apart, growing media, seedling

Gambar 1. Keragaan proses perbanyakan uwi metode dengan multiplikasi 1: 24