1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

o r i e n t a l i s t i k a

sofio deviZe

abu saidis lirika

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

disertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: asocir. profesori m. aleqsiZe

Tbilisi2009

avtoris stili daculia

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Sesavali

sufizmis da, kerZod, sparsuli sufiuri literaturis kvlevas didi

xnis istoria aqvs. is mniSvnelovania, erTis mxriv, Sua saukuneebis

aRmosavluri filosofiuri azrovnebis da, meores mxriv, sparsuli

literaturis istoriisa da Teoriis Sesaswavlad.

winamdebare naSromis mizania abu saidis robaiebSi gadmocemuli

mistikuri filosofiisa da poetur saxe-simboloTa erTianobis srulad

warmoCena. SevecdebiT ganvsazRvroT abu saidis sulieri filosofiis

Taviseburebani misive drois mistikur dinebaTa mravalferovnebaSi da

davadginoT maTi gavlena sparsuli poeziis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

umTavresi, rasac emsaxureba winamdebare naSromi, aris abu saidis lirikis

mniSvnelobisa da funqciis gansazRvra sparsuli sufiuri poeziis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

cnobili iraneli poetis, sufi moZRvris, Seix abu said abu-l-xeir

meihenelis (967-1049) divanSi 730-mde robaia Tavmoyrili.

Cveni amocanaa imis garkveva, Tu ra wvlili Seitana abu saidma sparsuli

sufiuri poeziis ganviTarebaSi. Cveni mizania sufizmis im principebisa da

simboluri saxeebis gamovlena, romelTac abu saidis leqsebis krebulSi

moiyares Tavi.

gvsurs abu saidis leqsebSi, biografiebSi da mis calkeul

gamonaTqvamebSi sulis zeaRsvlis (“sulis zrda”, “sulis TviTsrulyofa”)

bilikebi moviZioT, ganvixiloT WeSmariti da moCvenebiTi _ formaluri

rwmenis, akrZalulisa da dasaSvebis, grZnobisa da inteleqtis

dapirispireba da sxva problemuri sakiTxebi.

SevecdebiT, abu saidis sufizmis sxvadasxva debulebebi misi

Tanamedrove, zogjer, winamorbedi da momavali Taobebis sufizmis

moZRvarTa naazrevis farTo speqtrSi warmovaCinoT. saWirod migvaCnia

ganvixiloT abu saidisa da misi Tanamedrove cnobili moRvaweebis

urTierTobis momentebi, rac kvlavdakvlav sufizmis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis

warmoCenisaTvis aris mniSvnelovani. es saSualebas mogvcems am

urTierTobaTa fonze SevafasoT abu saidis roli sufizmis Teoriisa da

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praqtikis Camoyalibebis procesSi, rogorebicaa xanayahis struqturuli

reforma da sama’s ritualis danergva, ganvixilavT abu saidis ritualuri

praqtikis detalebs da, mTlianobaSi, misi praqtikuli mistikis sakiTxebs.

abu saidis Sesaxeb biografiul TxzulebebSi warmodgenilia abu saidis

ganyenebuli msjelobebi religiuri filosofiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb, rac xSirad zedmiwevniT xsnis misi poeziis sufiur simbolikas.

amitom, TemaSi lirikisa da biografiebis kvleva xSirad sinTezurad iqneba

warmodgenili.

Cven gamoviyeneT orive biografia (asrar al-Touhidi da halaT o

soxanani), gamocemuli 1899 w. v. a. Jukovskis mier, agreTve, asrar al-Touhidi

(ibn munavari 1999), Targmnili da gamocemuli Safi qadqanis mier rusul

enaze. iSviaTad viyenebT gamocemebs.

zogadad, sufizmis kvlevas didZali literatura eZRvneba. sparsuli

misticizmis ganviTarebas ikvlevs doqtori abd al-husein zarinqubi wignSi

“sufizmi iranSi” (zarinqubi 1998), doqtor yasem Ranis “sufizmis istoria

islamis wiaRSi” (Rani 1997). adreuli sufiebis mistikur azrovnebas

Seiswavlis doqtor muhamed qazem iusuf furis “sufizmis istoriis

kritikuli narkvevebi” (iusuf furi 2002).

sufiuri simbolikis kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovania “mistikuri terminebis

leqsikoni” (sajadi 2000), j. nurbaxSis “sufiuri simbolizmi” (nurbaxSi

1986), (nurbaxSi 2005), a. Simelisa da sxva mecnierebis Sesabamisi statiebi,

maT Soris, v. Jukovskis mier gamocemuli “traqtati SevTvaleba lamazmanis

Sesaxeb.” (Jukovski 1901).

xanayahis Camoyalibebisa da sama’s ritualis danergvis detalebi

ganxilulia t. grahamis kvlevaSi “abu said abu-l-xeiri da xorasnis skola”

(grahami 1999:83-135), ramac vrceli informacia mogvawoda da mogvca gasaRebi

abu saidis sruli portretis SeqmnisaTvis. mniSvnelovania hamid dabaSis

statia, sadac avtori ikvlevs apolitikuri sufi Seixebis (abu saidi,

hamadani) rols politikur intrigebSi da maTi devnis mizezebs (dabaSi

1999:137-174).

abu saidis cxovrebas da sufiuri mistikis sakiTxebs Seiswavlis fric

meieri (“sinamdvile da legenda”) (meieri 1976); abu saidis mistikas eZRvneba

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Tavi a. Simelis wignSi “islamuri mistikis samyaro” (Simeli 2000), r. a.

nikolsonis “islamis mistikosebi” (nikolsoni 1914). abu saidis biografiis

detalebsa da, zogadad, moRvaweobas amomwuravad aRwers J. baueringi

enciklopediur statiaSi “abu said abu-l-xeiri.” (baueringi 1996-2008:377-380).

Tumca es pirveli sagangebo naSromia, romelic abu saidis lirikisa da

biografiis masStabur kvlevas isaxavs miznad.

Temaze muSaobisas qarTul enaze vTargmneT abu saidis robaiebi, mcire

zomis moTxrobebi (heqaiaTi) da filosofiuri pasaJebi orive biografiuli

Txzulebebidan, rac dRemde ar Targmnila qarTul enaze da, amgvarad,

ganapirobebs Temis aqtualobas qarTul iranistikaSi.

uRrmesi madlierebis grZnobiT vixseniebT prof. a. gvaxarias, romelic,

rogorc pirveli xelmZRvaneli, monawileobda Temis SerCevaSi, dagvexmara

biografiebis moZiebaSi da mogvca pirveli biZgi da mimarTuleba muSaobis

dawyebisaTvis.

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Tavi I. abu saidis cxovreba

$ 1. abu saidis cxovrebis amsaxveli biografiebi

abu saidis cxovrebis amsaxveli Txzulebebis wyalobiT mis cxovrebasa

da moRvaweobaze bevrad metia cnobili, vidre misi drois romelime sxva

moZRvris cxovrebaze.

pirveli biografiis avtoria abu saidis SvilTaSvilTaSvili jamal

al-din abu ruh luTfolahi (gard. 541/1147). biografias ewodeba “halaT o

soxanan-e Seix abu said abul-xeir meiheni” _ “Seix abu said abu-l-xeiris

cxovreba da gamonaTqvamebi” (luTfolahi 1899).

meore biografia muhamed ibn munavaris kalams ekuTvnis. igi

zemoxsenebuli luTfolahis biZaSvili. biografiis saxelwodebaa “asrar

al-Touhid fi mayamaT-e Seix abu said” (ibn munavari 1899). ibn munavaris

gardacvalebis TariRi ucnobia, Tumca, ivaraudeba, rom naSromi daasrula

553-588/1158-1192 wlebs Soris.

asrar al-Touhidis avtoris Sesaxeb v. Jukovski mogviTxrobs: “muhamed

ibn munavari, rogorc Cans, Cveni firis pirdapiri SvilTaSvilTaSvilia. is

jer kidev siymawvileSi dainteresebula cnobebiT Tavisi saxelovani

winapris Sesaxeb da dauwyia am cnobebis Segroveba sxvadasxva Seixebis

gamokiTxviT, romlebic enaTesavebodnen did Seixs. es is dro iyo, rodesac

abu saidis cxovreba da diadi saqmeni jer kidev cocxlad axsovdaT mis

mimdevrebs. Semdeg xorasnis ngrevis mZime dReebi dadga. mxolod meihenSi

Seixis asormocdaaTamde pirdapiri STamomavali daiRupa. imamebic, TiTqmis,

gaqrnen, swavleba TariyaTis Sesaxeb daZabunda. mas (ibn munavars) surda abu

saidis naTeli xati gaecocxlebina, surda, ase vTqvaT, gzismkvlevi

varskvlavi daenaxvebina maTTvis, visac TariyaTis gavla ewada. da man

gadawyvita adreve Sekrebili cnobebis mixedviT Seedgina abu saidis

cxovrebisadmi miZRvnili naSromi” (ibn munavari 1899:2-3).

TiTqmis, igives gvamcnobs amave biografiis iraneli gamomcemeli,

cnobili mecnieri said nafisic: “VI s. Turqebis Semosevis mizeziT didad

dazianda iranis da, gansakuTrebiT meihenis mosaxleoba, rwmena moiSala da

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zneoba Sesustda. dainaxa muhamed ibn munavarma, rom “Semcirda rwmena da

gahqrnen muslimebi da xorasanSi sufiuri swavlebis saxelic ar darCa,

arca xma misi, arca Zaxili”, da ganizraxa Seekriba misi papis nafiqr-

naRvawi, saCino gaexada WeSmarit mistikosTa cxovrebis erTi magaliTi,

romelic “WeSmaritebis gzas Semdgar mgzavrTa winamZRoli da damrigebeli

gaxdeboda.” (nafisi 1995:1-63)

zogadad, wmindanTa cxovrebis amsaxveli Txzulebebi iqmneboda

imisaTvis, rom'"morwmuneebs da RvTismosav mkiTxvelebs SeecnoT

praqtikuli sulieri faseulobebis arsi." (algari 1976:134)

asrar al-Touhidi mkvlevarTa ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens. is didia

moculobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro mravlis mTqmelia. cnobilia, rom

ibn munavars halaT o soxananze dayrdnobiT dauweria Tavisi Txzuleba.

halaT o soxanani SedarebiT mcirea moculobiT, Tumca, zogierTi ram

cnobili Seixis cxovrebis Sesaxeb am biografiaSi ufro vrclad aris

aRwerili. magaliTad, masSi gvxvdeba abu ali ibn sinas (avicenas) (g. 1037) da

abu saidis werilebi. ibn munavari ki mxolod maTi Sexvedris aRweriT

Semoifargleba, Tumca, isic aRniSnavs, rom es Sexvedra maTi mimoweris

Semdeg momxdara.

$ 2. abu saidis bavSvoba da axalgazrdoba

abu said fadlolah ibn abu-l-xeir ahmad meiheni daibada moharamis

Tvis pirvel ricxvSi, islamuri welTaRricxviT 357 wlis pirvel dRes,

paraskevs RamiT, anu qristianuli welTaRricxviT 967 wlis 7 dekembers.

“meihene” xaveranis dablobSi mdebareobs, xorasnis Crdilo-aRmosavleT

nawilSi, qalaq saraxsidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT ormocdaaTi kilometris

daSorebiT. is gardaicvala iqve, Sabanis Tvis meoTxe dRes, islamuri w. aR.

440 w. (1049 wlis 12 ianvari). saraxsi dResac iranis teritorias ekuTvnis,

meiheni ki TurqmeneTis sazRvrebSia moqceuli” (grahami 84). “meihene” an

“mehene” saxesxvaobaa sityvisa “mihan” _ samSoblo. dRes meihene patara

sofelia ahalis vilaieTSi, romlis oficialuri saxelwodebaa “miana”

(agreTve, mane da mihna).

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biografiebis avtorTa Tanaxmad, abu saidis mama, meihenSi babu-l-xeiris

saxeliT cnobili, afTiaqari (balaxeuliT mkurnali) yofila, is morwmune

da RvTismoSiSi kaci gaxldaT, romelic xSirad asrulebda namazebs da

kiTxulobda locvebs. Tavisufal dros is derviSTa wreSi atarebda, sadac

eswreboda sama’s rituals.

dedam abu saidis cxovreba bavSvobidanve daukavSira sufizms. erT

saRamos, rodesac babu-l-xeiri derviSTa wveulebaze midioda, man aiZula

igi Tan waeyvana vaJi, “raTa derviSTa da ZvirfasTa mzera moxvedroda

ymawvils.” rodesac sufiebma sama’s Sesruleba daiwyes, momReralma (yavval)

Semdegi dubeiTi warmoTqva:

es siyvaruli WeSmaritad jildoa derviSebisTvis,

asketizmi maTi samflobeloa,

suli keTilSobilTa saqmes ewireba,

es sofeli da dirhemi kacs ar amSvenebs.

derviSebs eqstatiuri mdgomareoba daeuflaT da mTeli Ramis

ganmavlobaSi cekvavdnen am beiTis ritmze. radgan momReralma es beiTi

mravalgzis gaimeora, ymawvilma is zepirad daiswavla. Sin rom dabrundnen,

mamas hkiTxa, ra azrs Seicavda is beiTi, romelsac momRerali warmoTqvamda

da derviSebi misi mosmeniT mxiarulobdnen? _ iyuCe, radgan bavSvi xar da

mis azrs ver Caswvdebi, - miugo mamam. (ibn munavari 1899:14-15)

Tumca, sul male bavSvma sulieri wvdomis saocari unari gamoamJRavna,

ufro Zlieri vidre mamamiss warmoedgina da Tavad gaaCnda. es ukanaskneli

abu saidis pirveli sulieri megzuri gaxldaT, romelmac igi mis adreul

moZRvars abu-l-yasem biSr iasins (gard. 990) gaacno.

did moZRvars hqonda xilva _ “Seni vaJi bednierebas moutans am miwas,”_

miaxarebs is babu-l-xeirs, romelsac paraskevis namazis Sesasruleblad

mihyavs abu saidi. biSr iasini sTxovs maT, estumron namazis

dasrulebisTanave. ymawvilma qeris kveri unda amoiRos niSidan. kveri,

romelsac bavSvi amoiRebs, Tbeba mis xelebSi. didi moZRvari natexs patara

mowafes gauwvdis, nawils TviTon igemebs, odnav ganawyenebul mamas ki aseTi

sityvebiT mimarTavs: _ hoi, babu-l-xeir! ocdaaTi weliwadia, rac am niSaSi

devs kveri, rameTu dagvpirdnen _ kveri gaTbeba mis xelSi, vinc

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gaacocxlebs am miwas. exla naTelia, rom is, visac gulisxmobdnen, Seni

Svilia. abu saids ki Semdegs aswavlis _ Sen wminda xar da qebis Rirsi,

radgan gaqvs moTmineba swavlis dros da mitevebis unari, radgan Zlieri

xar.” (ibn munavari 1999:57)

amgvarad, uasako abu saidi xeldasxmulia, madlmosili, Sinaganad

naziarebi saidumlo sibrZnes, rCeuli. biSr iasinma arcTu mokrZalebulad

mianiSna mamamiss, rom is ar iyo “RmerTis mesaidumleTa” Soris. misi misia

ymawvilis cxovrebaSi Sesrulda. man Seasrula e. w. “gadamcemi” roli da

exla sulier moZRvrebs daekisraT didi funqcia, aRzardon kaci, romelic

“gaacocxlebs am miwas”.

biSr iasinma udidesi wvlili Seitana ymawvili abu saidis sulier

ganviTarebasa da CamoyalibebaSi. momavalma didma moZRvarma swored misgan

moismina pirvelad sulieri swavlebis poeziis enaze gadmocemis magaliTi.

abu saidi igonebda: “erT dRes abu-l-yasem biSr iasinTan viyavi. _ Svilo,

gsurs esaubro ufals? _ mkiTxa moZRvarma, _ msurs, ratomac ara,_ mivuge.

miTxra: _ yovelTvis, roca ganmartovdebi, es Tqvi da araferi Tqva amis

meti:

uSenod, satrfov, adgils ver vpoulob,

Sens wyalobas ver daviTvli,

Cems sxeulze TiToeuli Tmis Reri enad rom iqces,

madlobis meaTasedsac ver gadagixdi.

am beiTs vimeorebdi yovelTvis, yoveldRe, raTa misi gavleniT

siyrmeSive gamxsnoda gza WeSmaritebisa.” (ibn munavari 1899:16-17)

SesaZloa, biografiebis avtorebi mas mraval saswauls miaweren,

SesaZloa misi xeldasxmis ritualis detalebi naklebad Seefereba

sinamdviles. Tumca, abu saidi, marTlac, bavSvisaTvis uCveulo sibrZnes

amJRavnebda, razec mis Sesaxeb sruliad damajerebeli heqaiaTebic

mogviTxrobs: “amboben, rom didi Seixis mamas kargi urTierToba hqonia

sulTan mahmudTan. man meihenSi didi sasaxle aaSena, romelic dResac

cnobilia, rogorc Seixis sasaxle. am sasaxlis Wersa da kedlebze sulTan

mahmudis saxeli daawerina, iqve misi amalac moixsenies da kedlebi

spiloebiTa da sxva samgzavro cxovelebiT moxates. Cveni Seixi bavSvi iyo.

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mamas sTxova: _ am sasaxleSi erTi oTaxi amiSene, romelic sakuTrad Cemi

iqneba da aravis eqneba masze ufleba. mamam im sasaxleze erTi oTaxi

dauSena da is iyo Seixis sakani _ samlocvelo. roca mis Senebas

amTavrebdnen, ymawvilma brZana karze, kedlebze da Werze daeweraT “RmerTi,

RmerTi, RmerTi (allah, allah, allah)”. _ Svilo, ra aris es? SeekiTxa mama.

_ yoveli kaci Tavisi saxlis kedlebze Tavisi batonis saxels wers, _

miugo bavSvma. mamamisis sixaruls bolo moeRo da mwared inana imis gamo,

rac gaakeTa.” (ibn munavari 1899:14)

abu saidma bavSvobaSive miiRo is muxti, ramac misi momavali

gansazRvra _ is morwmune ded-mamam aRzarda, romelTac urTierToba

hqondaT sufiebTan. abu saidic bavSvobidanve SeeTvisa sufiur garemos da

cnobismoyvared adevnebda Tvalyurs maT Sekrebebs. cnobierad Tu

qvecnobierad, biSr iasinis mistikuri leqsebi Rrmad CaibeWda ymawvilis

mgrZnobiare sulSi. albaT, es gaxda pirvelwyaro misi udidesi da

fasdaudebeli wvlilisa, romelic man sufizmis ganviTarebis istoriaSi

Seitana _ sufizmma sparsul literaturaSi daido bina.

dRevandeli meihenis erT-erTi mTavari RirsSesaniSnaobaa didi sufi

mistikosisa da poetis abu said abu-l-xeiris mavzoleumi, romelsac xalxi

xSirad “miane babas” mavzoleums uwodebs. mavzoleumi XI s. selCukTa

periodis, kerZod CaRri-beg davudis mmarTvelobis (1040-1063) droindeli

nagebobaa, romelic XV s. ganaxlebula. nageboba Signidan mopirkeTebuli

yofila lurji mozaikiTa da kaligrafiis nimuSebiT. evropeli arqiteqtori

gamoTqvams wuxils, rom mavzoleumis didi nawili dangrevis pirasaa da

dauyovnebliv restavracias saWiroebs. (hilenbrandi 1999:291). rogorc Cans,

selCukma mmarTvelebma saTanado pativi miages “Zlevamosili” Seixis

xsovnas.

XII s. iranSi SeWrilan RuzTa Turquli tomebi, romelTac daungreviaT

wmindanis sakani meiheneSi da misive samrevlo, xanayahi, niSaburSi, misi

ojaxis wevrebi ki dauxociaT. mavzoleumic sakmaod dazianebula.

abu saids xuTi vaJi hyavda: abu Taheri (g. 1086), abu-l vafa mozaffari,

abu-l ala naseri (g. 1098), abu moTahhari da abu-l baya mofazzali. maTgan

yvelaze cnobili da ojaxis tradiciis memkvidre (baueringis azriT, mcire

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ganaTlebis gamo daumsaxureblad gamorCeuli) abu Taheria, romelic mamis

gverdiT aris dakrZaluli.

$ 3. ganaTleba

abu saidma orgvari ganaTleba miiRo: profesiuli da sasuliero. is

q. mervSi samarTlis sunitur, kerZod, Safiitur skolaSi swavlobda

samarTals. iq misi pirveli maswavlebeli gaxldaT abu abdulah muhamed

ibn ahmad xidri (g. 983-1000 w. Soris). cnobilia, rom sunitur irans

iurisprudenciis ori skola marTavda _ Safiituri da hanafituri.

Safiitebi cnobilni iyvnen, rogorc ahl-e hadis (tradiciis mimdevrebi),

xolo hanafitebi, rogorc ashab-e rai (racionalistebi)

Tavad xidri abu abdulah al-muzani al-basris mowafe iyo, romelsac

ekuTvnis Safiituri samarTlis Sesaxeb dawerili ZiriTadi teqsti _

“moxTasari”. cnobilia, rom “Sirazi iyo ZiriTadi Safiituri centri

samxreT-dasavleT iranSi sefianTa zeobamde. niSaburSi Safiizmi abu saidis

winamorbed samarTalmcodneTa moRvaweobisas gavrcelda.” (grahami 1999:86)

xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi abu saidi ismenda xidris leqciebs

Safiituri samarTlis Sesaxeb. xidris gardacvalebis Semdeg ki man

ganagrZo profesiuli ganaTlebis miReba xorasnis meore mniSvnelovan

samaraTalmcodnesTan abu baqr abdulah ibn ahmad yafal mervazisTan

(g. 1026), romelic, agreTve, mervSi cxovrobda. abu saidi warmatebiT aRwevda

Safiiti swavlulisa da mohadesis (hadisebis mcodne) karieras.

man xuT weliwadSi srulyo swavleba yafal mervazisTan da gaemgzavra

saraxsis samxreTiT, mSobliuri qalaqis, meihenis maxloblad. iq SeuerTda

abu ali zahir saraxsis (g. 999) wres. abu saidi gansakuTrebuli

gulisyuriT moekida yuranis Seswavlas, iuridiul da Teologiur

mecnierebebs. man kidev ufro didi gulmodginebiT Seiswavla mohadesis

profesia. amgvarad, abu saidma Tavisi drois cnobil samarTalmcodneTa

wreSi safuZvliani ganaTleba miiRo.

saraxsSi yofnis dros Rrmad ganswavluli, tradiciis erTguli,

yuranisa da SariaTis kanonebis mcodne Seixi kvlav daukavSirda sufiur

11

mrevls. ibn munavari gvarwmunebs, TiTqos, man am dros damarxa yvela Tavisi

wigni, da arasodes dabrunebia maT. Tumca, Safi qadqanis azriT, es cnoba

ufro simboluri xasiaTis unda iyos, radgan abu saidi, marTlac,

aRarasodes dabrunebia samrTalmcodnisa da mohadesis profesiebs. abu

saidis TqmiT:

vidre Seni siyvarulis xmauri yurebSi midgas,

gamSorda goneba, sibrZne da Wkua,

vidre Seni siyvarulis erTi furceli daviswavle,

mecnierebis samasi furceli gadamaviwyda. (abu saidi 1995:31)

mas Semdeg, rac abu saidi samarTalmcodnisa da mohadesis profesiebs

daeufla da sufiur samyaros daubrunda, misi pirveli moZRvari abu-l-

fadli (g.1023) gaxda.

amjerad “gadamcemi” funqcia loyman saraxsis daekisra. “loymani

nacris did grovaSi ijda da Tavis mosacmels akerebda. abu saidi eloda

kervis dasrulebas. misi Crdili loymanis mosasxams daeca. _ mosacmels

gikerav, ganucxada man. is wamodga, xeli Cakida abu saids da abu-l-fadlis

xanayahisken gauZRva mas. rodesac abu-l-fadli gamoCnda loymanma abu

saidis xeli gadasca mas, srulyo ra amgvarad es “gadacema”.

amgvarad, aTwliani swavla-ganaTlebis Semdeg abu saidi sulis

TviTsrulyofis gzas daubrunda. TxuTmeti weliwadi umZimesi gansacdeli

mouvlina Tavis “mes” TviTgvemis, uZilobis, SimSilis, xetialis, martoobis

saxiT. mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, abu saidma “sazogadoebrivi” moRvaweoba,

daaxloebiT, ormoci wlis asakSi daiwyo.

abu saidma or qalaqSi _ niSaburSi da meihenSi daiwyo moRvaweoba.

zamTrobiT is umetesad meihenSi imyofeboda, zafxulis moaxloebisas ki

niSaburSi midioda (luTfolahi 1899:72). meiheni patara qalaqi iyo, xolo

”niSaburi iyo xorasnis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi mervs, heraTsa da

balxs Soris”. (bulieti 1972:4-27). meihenSi abu saidi mis saxlsa da sakanSi

(soume’e) cxovrobda, niSaburSi ki xanayah-e adni-quban-Si, romelic abu ali

tarsisis (savaraudod, misi simamris) daarsebuli unda yofiliyo.

daaxloebiT 1046 wels abu saids samudamod miutovebia niSaburi da

dabrunebula meihenSi, sadac is maleve gardacvlila kidec. (baueringi 1996-

12

2008:377-380).

luTfolahis mier mowodebul cnobebze dayrdnobiT vgebulobT abu

saidis asketuri cxovrebis detalebs: “abu-l-fadlma ramdenime xniT

meihenSi gagzavna abu saidi. eZie ganmartoeba _ ubrZana moZRvarma.”

meihenidan abu saidi kvlav abu-l-fadls daubrunda. erTi weliwadi

masTan gaatara. “am drois ganmavlobaSi is yvelanair asketur gamocdas

uwyobda Tavs, manamde, vidre moZRvarma urCia: damTavrda! didebul Seixs es

ar moewona da dRiTidRe umata varjiSebs.” (luTfolahi 1899:.23)

abu-l-fadlma sufi moZRvris mosasxamis, xerye-ჲe erSadis misaRebad

niSaburSi abd-al-rahman sulamisTan (g. 1021) gagzavna abu saidi. Tumca,

baueringis Tanaxmad es unda yofiliyo xerye-ჲe asl-i – pirveli, ZiriTadi

mosasxami. roca abu saidi dabrunda masTan, moZRvrisagan Seityo, rom

dasasruls miuaxlovda misi Sroma da mzadebis procesi. abu saidis,

rogorc moZRvris srulyofa dasrulda. is ukve mzad iyo sulis

TviTsrulyofis mZime gzaze (TariyaTi) gaZRoloda mimdevrebs.

amgvarad, xerye, warmoadgenda damsaxurebul jildos, erTgvar saSvs

sufiur mrevlSi, mistikosis Sinagani mdgomareobis xilul gamoxatulebas.

“adepts moZRvris zedamxedvelobis qveS sami weliwadi unda gaetarebina.

amis Semdeg is xdeboda mosasxamis miRebis Rirsi. urTierToba mowafesa da

maswavlebels Soris formalurad gamoxatuli iyo Semdegnairad: mowafes

Cuqnidnen xeryes, mas gadascemdnen ziqr-is (RmerTis xsenebis) formulas da

isini erTad iyvnen swavlis procesSi da RvTismsaxurebis dros (sohbaTi _

saubari, urTierToba)” (Simeli 2000:86-87)

amgvarad, dadga is momenti, rodesac moZRvari, am SemTxvevaSi, abu-l-

fadli “mixvda, rom is veRarafers aswavlida Tavis murids. am dros Seixi

nebarTvas aZlevda murids da uSvebda, raTa mas Tavad Seekriba mowafeebi

da gaegrZelebina maswavleblis tradicia. garegnuli niSani, riTac muridi

emorCileboda Seixs iyo gansakuTrebuli qamari, romelsac welze

ukeTebdnen, Tavsaburavi an xerye. sruldeboda kidev sxvadasxva ritualebi,

romlebic gansxvavdeboda adgilobrivi tradiciebis mixedviT” (bertelsi

1965:40)

abu saidi mZime asketuri cxovrebis _ TviTgvemis, SimSilis, RameTa

13

Tenebis, meditaciis gzas Seudga. amis Semdeg, meore xerye abu saidma qalaq

amulSi, firi abu-l abas al-yasabisgan miiRo, romelTanac erTi weliwadi,

an, SesaZloa, orweliwadnaxevari dahyo. (moJde 2000:41)

zogadad, Seixisa da muridis urTierToba mkacrad gansazRvrul wesebs

emorCileboda: “TariyaTis gavla moiTxovda specialur codnas. Tu adamiani

am codnis gareSe SiSisa da riskis fasad Seecdeboda umaRlesi sulieri

gaciskrovnebis mopovebas, mkacrad agebda pasuxs _ mas SesaZloa

janmrTeloba da goniereba daekarga. amitom ukve adreul periodSi daaweses

es Cveuleba. visac surda am gzas Sedgomoda, unda amoerCia sulieri

moZRvari, romelsac hqonda Seixis an firis tituli. Seixis morCils muridi

(arab. irada _ survili) erqva, anu is, “vinc Tavisi neba daumorCila” Seixs.”

(bertelsi 1965:40) TariyaTis marto gavlis absurdulobas abu saidic

aRiarebda:

sakuTari Tavisgan advilad moipoveb simSvides,

da am siyvarulis SarbaTsac ver moipoveb marto,

im Rvinidan, romelic ase swyuria suls, Zvirfaso,

erT wveTsac ver moipoveb, asi aTasi sulic rom gaiRo. (abu saidi 1995:23)

abu saidis TqmiT, “Tu adamiani mayamebis umaRles safexurs miaRwevs da

gulis saidumloebaTa mcnobeli gaxdeba, Tu mas ostati da winamZRvari ar

hyavs, araferi gamova misgan.” (luTfolahi 1899:51)

“rogorc gadmogvcemen, Seixi ambobda: yovelTvis, rodesac eqstatiuri

mdgomareoba (hali) dameufleboda, udabnos mivaSurebdi. Tu am eqstazSi

raime siZnele iCenda Tavs, Seixi abu-l-fadli gamoCndeboda da gamosavals

mouZebnida Cems gasaWirs. imasac amboben, rom mas uTqvams: yovelTvis, mTeli

Cemi cxovrebis manZilze, rodesac raime siZnele iCenda Tavs, abu-l-

fadlTan mivdiodi saraxsSi da misgan vRebulobdi pasuxs.” (luTfolahi

1899:23). ra Tqma unda, saubaria abu-l-fadlis samarxze, romelsac abu saidi

xSirad miaSurebda sulieri simSvidis mosapoveblad.

sufiuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, RvTiuri mizidulobis wyalobiT

siyvaruli sufis gulSi e. w. Suamavlis _ moZRvris meoxebiT Rvivdeba da is

exmareba damwyebs daiviwyos yvelaferi RmerTis garda. meore SemTxvevaSi

sufis amoZravebs sulieri siyvaruli moZRvris mimarT. es ukanaskneli

14

gardaqmnis am siyvaruls RvTiur siyvarulad.

abu-l-fadlis mimarT abu saidis siyvaruls da Tayvaniscemas cxadyofs

isic, rom mogvianebiT, Seixi abu saidi hajis Sesrulebis msurvel muridebs

Tavisi moZRvris saflavis mosalocad wasvlas urCevda. (ibn munavari 1953:61)

amgvarad, profesiulad da sulierad ganswavlulma abu saidma

mowafeebi Semoikriba garSemo da xanayahSi maT sulier daxvewasa da

ganviTarebas Seudga. '

dasasruls, uadgilo ar iqneba ganvmartoT, Tu raoden didi iyo

sulieri codnis mniSvneloba saukuneebis winaT: XIII s. iraneli

filosofosis muhamed qaSanis azriT, ”is vinc saero mecnierebisa ara icis

ra, ar SeiZleba uvicad movnaTloT, arc maSin aris kaci urwmuno, Tu man

Secdoma dauSva saero mecnierebaSi. Tumca, es yovelive ar vrceldeba

sulier codnaze.” (bertelsi 1938:85)

abu saidmac sabolood aqcia zurgi saero saqmes da sulieri

zeaRsvlis mecnierebas mianiWa upiratesoba.

abu saids axla sulieri moZRvris rTuli, pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse

gza eloda.

$ 4. abu saidis xanayahi

mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT, xanayahi sparsul samyaroSi qaramiჲas

ordenis wevrebma daarses. edmund bosvorTis aRweriT, qaramiჲa iyo

mebrZoli sulis da ukiduresad mkacri asketuri xasiaTis mimdinareoba. is

farTod gavrcelda niSaburis Raribul ubnebSi, feiqarTa da wylis

mzidavTa Soris. “ibn qaramis mimdevrebi, rogorc Cans, pirveli muslimebi

iyvnen, romelTac daarses xanayahis TiTqmis monastruli instituti da

daarqves mas xanyah” (sviri 1999:601)

e. bertelsi adreuli xanayahis samSoblod asaxelebs qufas, basras da

baRdads, xolo mogvianebiT niSaburs. (bertelsi 1965:41)

rogorc a. Simeli aRniSnavs, saxlebi da savaWro punqtebi veRar

itevdnen adeptTa mravalricxovan jgufebs. gaCnda ufro organizebuli

struqturis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. am axladSeqmnil centrebs ewoda

15

xanayah.

arabi istorikosis al-jauzi cnobis Tanaxmad, xanayah XII s.

saqarTveloSic yofila: “daviT aRmaSenebels sufiebisa da poetebisaTvis

TavSesafari augia, xSirad qonebrivadac daxmareba gauwevia da

sadResaswaulo mejlisebsac umarTavda”. (javaxiSvili 1983:217)

xSirad amgvar dawesebulebebs ewodebodaT agreTve dargahi (zRurbli,

kari), ribati (niSnavs sazRvarze darajad dgomas), zaviჲa (kuTxe). msgavsi

saxlebi, magaliTad, ribati da zaviia funqcionirebda abu saidis

bavSvobaSi da manamde. (meieri, 1976:125) cnobilia, rom abu saidi bavSvobaSi

eswreboda biSr iasinis qadagebebs mis xanayahSi.

ribatis arseboba xorasanSi meihenis maxloblad dasturdeba biografiebSi

– Zvel ribatSi axalgazrda abu saidi sufiuri praqtikiT iyo dakavebuli.

es ribati meihenis maxloblad mdebareobda. meore ribati, romelsac

axalgazrda asketi ganmartoebisTvis miakiTxavda xolme iyo meihenidan ori

farsangis, anu Tormeti kilometris daSorebiT (ribat-i qala) (luTfolahi

1899:22-23), (ibn munavari 1899:464). rogorc Cans, orive ribati am droisTvis

mitovebuli yofila.

yvela xanayahSi saZmos yofacxovrebis, maTi urTierTobebis, stumris

miRebis gansxvavebuli wesebi moqmedebda. k. ernsti aRniSnavs, rom “yvela,

visac surs aaSenos xanayahi da uzrunvelyos is, iZulebuli xdeba

yuradRebiT moekidos saero saqmes. es yuradReba ki arcTu misaRebia

adreuli sufiebisTvis.” (ernsti 2002:176)

mervSi Teologiuri kursis gavlisa da Rrma profesiuli da

sasuliero ganswavlis Semdeg abu saidi sufiur mrevls daubrunda.

abu saidis biografiebis Tanaxmad misi megobari da mimdevari didi

saxelmwifo moRvawe, selCukTa veziri nizam al-mulqi (gard, 1092) gaxldaT,

romelic mdidari SemowirulobebiT exmareboda sufiebs. (ibn munavari

1899:233).

mkvlevarTa nawils saeWvod miaCnia biografiebis avtorebis _

luTfolahisa da ibn munavaris cnobebi abu saidisa da nizam al-mulqis

Sexvedrebisa da urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, SesaZlebelia, es ambebi

maT mier iyos SeTxzuli imisaTvis, rom maTi saxelovani winapris

16

pirovnebas kidev ufro meti didebuleba da mniSvneloba Semateboda. orive

biografi adasturebs Seixisa da ymawvili nizam al-mulqis Sexvedras qalaq

tusSi, rasac ormoci wlis Semdeg igonebda didi veziri. ibn munavari ki

imasac mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor zrunavda igi mis mierve daarsebul

xanayahze: ”nizam al-mulqma erTi xanayahi daarsa qalaq ispahanSi da amira

muhamedi, kaci metad brZeni, am xanayahis msaxurad (xadem) daniSna. aseTi

adaTi hqondaT: am xanayahSi yovel weliwads qveynis yvela kuTxidan

ikribebodnen swavlulebi, saidebi (mociqul muhamedis STamomavlebis

tituli), sufiebi da Secnobis xalxi. rogorc ki rajabis mTvare

gamoCndeboda nizam al-mulqi mouxmobda said muhameds da etyoda saTiTaod

aRenusxa, Tu raime iyo saWiro [xanayahSi]. is brZanebda, gaecaT yvelaferi

Rirseulad, rac aucilebeli iyo maTi cxovrebisa da saWiroebisaTvis. misi

brZanebis Tanaxmad, ramazanis TveSi, am yvelafers unda moeRwia maTTan da

dakmayofilebuliyo maTi saWiroebani. da is loculobda maTTvis.” (ibn

munavari 1899:236)

am heqaiaTis nawyvetis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom sufiebi miCveulni

iyvnen didi veziris amgvar yuradRebas da Zalianac Sewuxebulan, rodesac

erT weliwads aRaravin miakiTxa maT rajabis TveSi: “erT weliwads rajabis

Tve gasrulda da aravis ganuzraxavs Semosavlis miReba. Sabanis Tvec

miuaxlovda dasasruls, ramadanis Tve dadga da aravis ukiTxavs raime am

xalxisTvis. xalxis krebulSi erTbaSad miTqma-moTqma daiwyo. yvela Tavisas

gaiZaxoda. zogi ambobda, nizam al-mulqs raRac sadardebeli gamouCndao,

zogic eWvobda, [es ambavi] iqneb, mavanis avsityvaobis brali iyoso. (ibn

munavari 1899:236)

Seixebs xSirad exmarebodnen vaWrebi, amitom isini gaWirvebis Jams

umetesad bazars miaSurebdnen xolme. ”Seixma brZana: amaRam xalxs unda

movumzadoT gemrieli msxvili Savi qiSmiSi, Semwvari xorci, halva,

Saqaryinuliani flavi SafraniT. hasan movabadi, abu Taheri da iahia

wamodgnen da [sufiebis krebulTan erTad] misi davalebis Sesasruleblad

gaemarTnen. fiqrobdnen, rogor moexerxebinaT am yvelafris Sovna meihenSi.

bazars miaSures da bazris TavSi gaCerdnen. as kacze metni iyvnen. hasani

mogviTxrobs: rodesac meihenis bazris Tavs mivaRwieT, erTma meores gasZaxa,

17

sufiebis msaxuri movida da raRacas iTxovso. erTi axalgazrda

mogviaxlovda, mogvesalma da Tqva: gzad Cvens did qaravans qurdebi

daesxnen Tavs. me RmerTs Sevfice, Tu maT gadavurCebodi, sufiebisTvis erTi

xarvari (iranuli wonis erTeuli, 300 kg.-is ekv.)qiSmiSi unda mimeca. maRalma

RmerTma mixsna da Cemi tvirTic daufara. exla modi da qiSmiSi waiRe.

qiSmiSis wamosaRebad qaravan-saraiSi gavyevi mas. kidev sxvac wamomewia,

momesalma da miTxra: Cemi saqoneli Saqaryinulia, modi da aTi mani (ir.

wonis erTeuli, 3 kg.-is ekv.) waiRe, kidev viRacam erTi oqros dinari momca

da iqidan wamovediT. gzaSi xoja hamvie Semogvxvda, romelic xaveranis

gamgebeli iyo. gamogvkiTxa, Tu sad viyaviT. yvelaferi vuambe da manac asi

mani puri gamogvatana. SeixTan movediT da misi nebisamebr im Rames wveuleba

gavmarTeT.” (luTfolahi 1899:39) ase finansdeboda da maragdeboda abu

saidis xanayahi. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis

arsebobis uarmyofeli abu saidi aseTi gulmodginebiT agvarebs mdidruli

vaxSmis momzadebis sakiTxs, anu, didi yuradRebiT ekideba amqveyniur saqmes.

halaT o soxananSi vkiTxulobT, rom abu saidis niSaburis xanayahSi

mudmivad cxovrobda ormoci adepti da oTxmocamde stumari mainc

(luTfolahi 1899:30-31). amgvarad, marTlac, saWiro iyo xanayahis

wevrebisaTvis saqcielisa da movaleobebis, agreTve misi marTvis

principebis naTlad gansazRvra.

arabi istorikosi abd-al-Rafir al-farisi (g. 1134) abu saids uwodebs

“pirvel kacs, vinc xanayaSi cxovrebisa da qcevis wesebi, anu etiketi (adabi)

gansazRvra, aRwera ra sulis TviTsrulyofis gza (TariyaTi) da

aucilebeli “procedurebi” im saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes gagvaCnia”. (damadi

1973:65)

muhsin qiiani abu saidis sufiur centrs niSaburSi uwodebs “pirvel

oficialur xanayahs”. misive ganmartebiT, moZRvari grZnobda Sinagan

aucileblibas Camoeyalibebina morwmuneTa erToblivi yofacxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis programa. (qiiani 1991:187)

muridebisTvis abu saidma SeimuSava aTi wesi:

1. mowafe garegnul sisufTaves da ritualur siwmindes unda inarCunebdes.

2. wminda adgilze ar SeiZleba bevri laparaki da Woraoba.

18

3. locvebi unda Sesruldes koleqtiurad, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

damwyebTaTvis.

4. mravalgzisi Ramis locvebi.

5. ganTiadisas muridma RmerTs patieba unda SesTxovos.

6. Semdeg, ganTiadamde man unda ikiTxos yurani da Tavi Seikavos

laparakisgan mzis amosvlamde.

7. or saRamos locvas Soris man unda Seasrulos ziqri (RvTis xseneba) da

virdi (specialuri locva)

8. sufim unda miiRos Raribi da gasaWirSi myofi da moTminebiT emsaxuros

mas.

9. sufim ar unda Wamos, sanam saWmels sxvas ar gauyofs.

10. murids ara aqvs gasvlis ufleba, Tu amis nebarTva ara aqvs miRebuli

[Seixisagan] .

am principebiT funqcionirebda abu saidis xanayahi. mogvianebiT es aTi

wesi gaimeora mravalma saZmos fuZemdebelma, radgan is muslimuri Temis

cxovrebis idealur models warmoadgenda. rogorc k. ernsti aRniSnavs,

momavalSi es wesebi "Searbila" zogierTma moZRvarma, raTa meti mimdevari

miezida. (ernsti 2002:191)

abu saidi did moZRvarTa mier iyo xeldasxmuli, mas gandegilobis

TxuTmeti weliwadi mZime marxvasa da momlocvelobaSi hqonda gatarebuli.

imis gamo, rac xdeboda mis xanayahSi niSaburSi, mas mwvaleblobasa da

fufunebis trfialSi dasdes brali.

cnobilia, rom abu saidis xanayahSi orjer iSleboda guluxvi sufra,

romelTanac yvela iyo mipatiJebuli.

erT-erT udides sufraze, romelic abu saidis brZanebiT gaSales

sufiebma, dapatiJebuli iyo aTasi kaci. am sufrasTan erTad isxdnen

ubralo xalxi da didgvarovnebi (xas u ‘am), moZRvari Tavisi xeliT

umaspinZldeboda maT.

Simeli aRniSnavs, rom mistikuri swavlebis ZiriTadi wesebis

Camoyalibebis Semdeg, maleve, XII s. dasawyisSi, mistikuri saZmos wevrebad

miiReboda yvela fenis warmomadgeneli”. (Simeli 2000:183) rogorc Cans, es

“kristalizaciis procesi” (a. Simeli), abu saidis saZmoSi ukve XI s.

19

dasawyisSi daiwyo.

iahia baxarzi detalurad aRwers abu saidis xanayahSi stumris miRebis

da misi xelSeuxeblobis wesebs: mkvidrma binadarma ar unda hkiTxos

stumars, Tu saidan mosula an sad midis igi. moiTmineT, vidre es Tavis

droze gaxdeba cnobili. mkvidrma adgili unda dauTmos stumars

locvisaTvis, unda esaubros mas mxiarulad, gulTbilad, miirTvas masTan

erTad momRimarma. man ar unda hkiTxos stumars amqveyniur saqmeTa da saero

xalxis Sesaxeb, aramed unda esaubros mxolod moZRvrebze, Seixebze da

wminda saZmos wevrebze.

abu saidis stumarTmoyvareobis Sesaxeb “abu said name”-c mogviTxrobs:

“abu saidi metad stumarTmoyvare gaxldaT. misi erT-erTi mSvenieri

wesCveuleba is iyo, rom vidre Tundac erTi mgzavri ar gaxdeboda misi

Tanameinaxe, is xels ar gaiwvdida sakvebisaken da Tu vinme sufi

Semoeswreboda sufras, mas Tavad Seixi miipatiJebda didi pativiT”. (damadi

1973:53)

amgvarad, xanayahSi kvebis, yofacxovrebis da adamianuri urTierTobebis

maRaleTikuri normebi dainerga. abu saidi Tavad gaxldaT siyvarulisa da

Tavmdablobis magaliTi. cnobilia, rom didi Seixi mudam dakavebuli iyo

Raribi, gaWirvebuli, usaxlkaro derviSebis movliTa da gamokvebiT.

rodesac abu saidi niSaburidan mSobliur qalaq meihenSi dabrunda, man

xanayaSi yofacxovrebis Semdegi wesebi dautova mimdevrebs: “xanayahi unda

iyos sul Ria, dagvili, sufTa da ganaTebuli (“CeraR rouSan”),Ddaculi

unda iyos higienis yvela norma (TaharaTi). agreTve, is unda iyos

yovelTvis bolomde momaragebuli”. (ibn munavari 1999:119)

abu saidma SemoiRo cal-calke TasebiT gamaspinZlebis wesi, riTac

moZvelebulad gamoacxada erTi Tasidan kvebis tradicia.

xanayahSi sulieri raindobis _ javanmardis kidev erTi wesi iyo

daculi, yvelaze ufro mSvenieri da uaRresad keTilSobiluri _ msaxureba:

“miiRon Raribi da gasaWirSi myofi da moTminebiT msaxurebdnen maT”. (me-8

wesi) cnobilia, rom javanmardi/fuTuvva sufizmis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi elementi iyo. is iTargmneba, rogorc sulieri raindoba,

dakarguli aqvs ra pirvandeli gageba "axalgazrda kacisa", rasac is

20

sityvasityviT aRniSnavs. sainteresoa, rom qarTul agiografiaSi gvxvdeba

identuri cneba: "davaJkacebuli "wmindani" namdvili "sulieri gmiri" da

"zekacia". is ibrZvis da sZlevs xorcs da sxvadasxva xasiaTis cTunebas

amqveynad, eSmaks. (kekeliZe 1981:7)

abu saidi "sulier raindoba/gmirobaSi" moyvasisaTvis Tavis daTmobas

gulisxmobs. Tavis daTmoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi RmerTis Secnobis

saukeTeso da utyuari gzaa. rodesac abu saids hkiTxes, Tu ramdeni gza iyo

RmerTisaken man upasuxa: ”erTis mxriv, aTasi gzaa, meores mxriv, imdeni gzaa,

ramdenic nawilakia am samyaroSi. xolo umoklesi, saukeTeso da uadvilesi

gza RmerTisaken es aris [unari], simyudrove Seuqmna sxvas.” (ibn munavari

1975:302)

moyvasis msaxureba msaxureba sufis movaleobad rCeba mTeli misi

cxovrebis manZilze: “erTxel saubrisas Seixma Tqva: “xanayahi saxuravidan

saZirkvlamde margalitebiT savsea, ratom ar akrefT? xalxma mimoixeda,

ifiqres, avkrifoTo margalitebi, rom ver naxes Tqves: hoi, Seix, Cven ver

vxedavT margalitebs! Seixma Tqva: margalitebi msaxurebaa! msaxureba!” (ibn

munavari 1899:226)

amgvarad, abu saidma progresuli cvlilebebi Seitana sufiuri centris

(xanayahis) struqturaSi.

rogorc cnobilia, momdevno saukuneebSi WeSmariti da moCvenebiTi

RvTismosaobis sakiTxma didi adgili daikava sufizmis TeoretikosTa

msjelobaSi. es malamaTias sferoa da uSualod xanayahis warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis sakiTxs ar ukavSirdeba. XIII s. Teologi ibn Taimia werda, rom

is sufiebi, romlebic moRvaweoben xanayahSi warmoadgenen Sualedur rgols

namdvil da formalur sufiebs Soris. Tumca, abu saids namdvilad ver

vuwodebT Sualedur sufis, is uaRresad radikaluri, cvlilebebis

ganmaxorcielebeli moRvawe iyo, romelmac mravalmxrivi wvlili Seitana

sufizmis ganviTarebaSi.

abu saidis saxeliT cnobili religiuri ordeni ar aris cnobili

sufizmis istoriaSi, rogorc, vTqvaT, abd al-yadir gilanelis yadiriia, an

Sah nimaTulah valis nimaTulahi. doqtori iusuf furi abu saidis

Tavmdablobad miiCnevs imas, rom “sufiuri Temis aseT niWier da gavlenian

21

wonamZRvars arc ki uzrunia Seeqmna ordeni” (iusuf furi 2002:84). Tumca, J.

boueringis Tanaxmad, misi saxelisa da xsovnis pativsacemad mis mimdevrebs

dauarsebiaT sufiuri saZmoebi: abu nasr Sirvanis SirvanSi; abu saidis naibs

abu amr baSqanis (g. 1080) baSkanSi, nesas maxloblad; muhamed Soqanis

(mdidari kaci, romelic abu saidis sufiuri mrevlis wevri gamxdara)

SoqanSi (saraxSis dasavleTiT). (baueringi 1996-2008:379-380)

$ 5. abu saidi da “Zlierni ama soflisani”

“sufiebis erT-erTi principia politikuri da seqtobrivi danawevrebisa

da konfliqtebisgan Sors yofna”. (lambtoni 1988:311-314) miuxedavad amisa,

gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom abu saids Tavad gaaCnda

politikuri Zalaufleba _ mas uricxvi mimdevari hyavda. abu saidis

davalebiT hasan movabadma erT dReSi aTasi kaci Sekriba erT patara

sofelSi niSaburis maxloblad. (luTfolahi 1899:40-41) es iyo is faqtori,

romelmac Seixis pirovnul Zalasa da xiblTan erTad, aiZula sastiki

selCuki mmarTvelebi xelze amboriT saxalxod gamoexataT TavianTi

morCileba. isini kurTxevas iTxovdnen misgan Semdgomi dapyrobebis

gasagrZeleblad. “ _Sen gaZlevT xorasans, _ mimarTa moZRvarma CaRri-begs,

_ Sen gaZlevT erays, _ uTxra man ToRrils” (pirveli piris mravlobiTi

ricxvi gamoiyeneba mxolobiTis gagebiT).

Sexvedra da amborisyofa abu saidis xanayahSi moxda. morwmuneTa didma

krebulma ixila, rom sufi moZRvris nebarTvam _ sasuliero pirisaTvis

uCveulod xmamaRalma ganacxadma gadawyvita mniSvnelovani politikuri

sakiTxi.

ToRrilis Zmam ibrahim inalma, sisastikiT gamorCeulma niSaburis

mmarTvelma, daJinebiT mosTxova Seixs aRiareba. moZRvarma uari SeuTvala

mas da arasodes warmouTqvams misi qeba saxalxod. man samjer uaryo

ibrahimi. bolos uTxra mas: _ Sen dakargav simdidres! Sen dakargav mefobas!

Sen dakargav sicocxles! _ dae iyos ase! imeorebda tirani mmarTveli.

bolos moZRvarma qaRaldze dauwera mas: “ibrahimi erT-erTi Cvengania”, xeli

moawera da gadasca mas.

22

maleve am Sexvedris Semdeg, ibrahimi aujanyda Zmas, romelmac daatyveva

igi. sikvdiliT dasjis win ibrahimma moiTxova abu saidis is patara werili

CaedoT misTvis xelebSi da ise daemarxaT, raTa gankiTxvis dRes moZRvars

mfarveloba gaewia misTvis.

abu saidma SesaZloa iwinaswarmetyvela gardauvali, rodesac xorasani

da erayi uboZa Turq Zmebs; amasTanave Turq mmarTvelebTan misi Sexvedra

hgavs aRmatebulis mier misi qveSevrdomis, dabal ierarqiul safexurze

myofis miRebas.

am periodSi (XI s.) xalxi xSirad iyo momswre imisa, Tu rogor

eamborebodnen selCuki tiranebi sufi Seixebis xels, zogjer fexsac ki.

morCilebas zogjer imiTac gamoxatavdnen, rom cxenze amxedrebaSi

exmarebodnen maT _ selCuki mTavarsardlebi orive xels sayrdenad

sTavazobdnen suf Seixebs.

Turqi mmarTvelebi aRiarebdnen popularuli sufi moZRvrebis

Zalauflebas. mimdevarTa mravalricxovnebisa da wyevlisa da gankveTis

SiSiT isini morCilebas ucxadebdnen sufiebs, Tavis mxriv, ra Tqma unda,

cdilobdnen TavianTi miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT maTi gavlena.

rogorc Cans, sufiebis gavlena umaRlesi samxedro Zalauflebis

mpyrobelebze saukuneTa manZilzec ar Sesustebula. sufi Seixebi

orTodoqsaluri islamis warmomadgenlebi gaxdnen da maT ukve aRaravin

sdebda brals mwvaleblobaSi: “zain-ed-din abu-beqr Taiabadi sufiuri

ordenis sulieri winamZRvaria. sufiebi marTlmorwmune gandegilebi,

mistikosebi arian. mis gareSe TviT iseTi sabediswero figura, rogoric

Temuria (saubaria Temur-lengze _ s. d.), ver bedavs verc erTi metnaklebad

seriozuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas Tavisi sirTuleebiT aRsavse

moRvaweobisas”. (panovi 1934:287) Temur-lengi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze

pativiscemiT epyroboda Seixebs, romlebic daaxloebulni iyvnen mis

wresTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisTvis sufiebi erTmniSvnelovnad iwodebian

“marTlmorwmune gandegilebad”.

Tumca, sainteresoa is faqti, rom sufiebi saukuneebis Semdeg kvlav

imsaxurebdnen oficialuri islamis warmomadgenelTa risxvas. Tu sufizmma

23

abu saidis epoqaSi gaikvala gza sasuliero ierarqiis maRali wrisaken,

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis gasayarze maT kvlav orTodoqsuli islamis

mowinaaRmdegeebad aRiqvamdnen.

alf arslani (an nizam al-mulqi). sufiebisa da mmarTvelebis

urTierTobis mxriv sainteresoa heqaiaTi “asrar al-TouhidSi”, romelSic

moTxrobilia abu saidis gardacvalebis Semdeg momxdari ambavi. is abu

saidis vaJis abu Taheris bavSvobaSi momxdaris gagrZelebaa. abu Taherma

momavalSi moimka mamamisis mier naswavlis keTili nayofi. abu saidma neba

darTo vaJs garkveuli drois manZilze xleboda sufiebs da mas yuranis

nawyvetis “faTihas” dazepireba daavala, raTa scodnoda, Tu vin Seqmna igi.

rodesac, Seixis gardacvalebis Semdeg abu Taheri xoja gaxda, Temis

firi da xojebis winamZRvari Seiqna. sulTanma alf arslanma abu Taheri

karze ixmo da didi ndoba gamoucxada mas. moSurneebma piri Sekres,

ambobdnen: sulTans samefo karze mouwvevia vinme mecnierebisa da yuranis

ucodinari, kaci ubiri. Tavisi ndobiT aRuWurvavs is, vinc yurani ar icis.

es fiqri awuxebda sulTans, vidre avad ar gaxda da abu Taheri sufiebis

krebulTan erTad mis mosanaxuleblad saraxsisaken gamoemarTa. is eaxla

da moikiTxa sulTani. Semdeg sulTanma uTxra mas: wamikiTxe faTiha da

Semiloce. abu Taherma daiwyo da bolomdis uSecdomod waikiTa faTiha da

Seuloca sulTans. mas eama da mixvda, rom isini, vinc abu Taheri aZaga

masTan avsityvaobis moyvarulni da avismosurneni iyvnen. amis Semdeg is

ufro metad endoboda abu Tahers, ufro meti pativiT epyroboda mas da es

yvelaferi abu saidis saswaulqmedeba (qaramaT) iyo.” (luTfolahi 1899:71)

am ambavs Sedegad mxolod abu Taherisadmi sulTnis mzardi

keTilganwyoba ar mohyolia. wmindani Seixis gazrdil morwmunes

sisastikiT saxelganTqmulma Turqma sulTanma brali dasdo yuranis

arcodnaSi. hamid dabaSi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom “Seixis vaJma waukiTxa

faTiha mbrZanebels da, amiT, mxolod sakuTar codnaSi ki ar daarwmuna igi

_ alf arslani uneburad yuranis mcvelTa Soris aRmoCnda, miT umetes, rom

faTihas wakiTxvam da Selocvam gamoakeTa igi”. (dabaSi 1999:167)

“asrar al-TouhidSi” moTxrobilia igive Sinaarsis ambavi, oRond abu

Tahers alf arslanis nacvlad jalal al-din maliqSahis (mefobda 1072-1092)

24

samefo karze ispahanSi nizam al-mulqi iwvevs. (ibn munavari 1899:466-467)

(dabaSi 1999:167)

erT dRes abu saidis erTgulma mimdevarma abu mansur varayanim,

ToRrilis vazirma, uari ganacxada xleboda ToRrils vidre dilis

locvas ar daasrulebda. roca bolosdabolos eaxla mas, mmarTveli

ganrisxebuli dauxvda qveSevrdoms: _ Sen kiTxulob yurans da loculob

da me araferi SemiZlia am dros! _ es asea, rogorc Seni brwyinvaleba

brZanebs, magram Sen unda icode, RmerTis mona var jer da Seni msaxuri

Semdeg. vidre ar Sevasruleb valdebulebas mis winaSe, ver gemsaxurebi Sen.

Tu Seni brwyinvaleba moZebnis vazirs, romelic ar aris RmerTis mona da

mxolod Seni morCilia, me uars vityvi vazirobaze.

ToRrilma neba darTo vazirs Seesrulebina RvTismsaxurebis

ritualebi vidre eaxleboda mas.

abu saidma Seityo momxdaris Sesaxeb da saswrafod ewvia varayanis,

raTa gaemxnevebina igi. vaziri fexze dauxvda moZRvars. abu saidma sTxova

mas dabrZanebuliyo. _ didi moZRvari Tavisi fexiT gvewvia, gana marTebulia

Cven mjomareni SevxvdeT mas? _ “Tavi imarTla” vazirma. _ Cven gveSinoda,

moZRvaro, _ aRiara man _ sulTani Turqia da masTan zedmeti siTamame

saSiSia kacisaTvis. moZRvarma TanaugrZno murids, gaamxneva igi da aswavla

dubeiTi, romlis warmoTqmac sulTnis TandaswrebiT Zalas miscemda da

daifaravda mas. (ibn munavari 1987:319-321) (dabaSi 1999:157)

moTxrobaSi mansur varayanis Sesaxeb Tavi iCina saero da sasuliero

pirTa dapirispirebam, ufro metad ki _ dapyrobilis amboxma da urCobam

moZaladis mimarT. Cndeba SegrZneba, TiTqos, mansur varayani da abu saidi

SeTqmulan Turqebis winaaRmdeg. abu saidi da mansur varayani, Tundac

mxolod es ori gavleniani figura, ukve sakmaod saSiSni iyvnen

dampyroblebisTvis, rogorc ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis potenciuri

Tavkacebi.

varayani didi Seixis erTgul mimdevrad darCa sicocxlis bolomde. man

sTxova abu saidsa da abu-l-yasem yuSairis misi sikvdilis Semdeg elocaT

mis saflavze, raTa adamianebsa da angelosebs scodnodaT, rom isic erT-

erTi maTgani, RmerTis msaxuri iyo.

25

abu saidis megobari da mimdevari Tavad didi vaziri nizam al-mulqic

gaxldaT. mas momavali dideba jer kidev siymawvileSi uwinaswarmetyvela

Seixma. (luTfolahi 1899:37) Tu “asrar al-Touhidis” avtoris, ibn munavaris

cnobas vendobiT, abu saids did pativs scemda nizam al-mulqis mama. mas

surda, did Seixs daeloca misi vaJi, vidre is swavlas Seudgeboda mervSi:

nizam al-mulqi sufiebis damcveli da mxardamWeri iyo da iseve zrunavda

sufiur centrebze, rogorc Tavis cnobil madraseebze.

did vezirs ispahanSi xanayahic ki dauarsebia da yovel weliwads

amaragebda sufiebis sacxovrebels yvelafriT, rac aucilebeli iyo maTi

arsebobisTvis. erT weliwads, rodesac nizam al-mulqma veRar SeZlo maTi

daxmareba, sufiebi SeSfoTebulan, radgan ver mimxvdariyvnen, ra iyo am

uyuradRebobis mizezi. bolos vezirma moixmo said mahmudi, “kaci metad

brZeni da sufi” (ibn munavari 1899:236), romelsac avalebda xolme sufiebis

momaragebas. is aT wminda SeixTan erTad namazis kiTxviT gaemarTa mis

mosanaxuleblad. said mahmudi mogviTxrobs: “rodesac masTan SevediT,

namazis sakiTxav adgilas ijda, mis winaSe erTi sanTeli enTo. mivesalmeT

da manac didi pativiT migviRo, gulTbilad mogvikiTxa da Tqva: iciT, rom

siymawvileSi mecnierebis Seswavla msurda. mamas vTxove mervSi gavegzavne,

raTa iq Tavi gamomeCina codnis dauflebiT. mama damTanxda da Tan erTi

msaxuri da erTi viri gamatana. damariga: rodesac azjahs miaRwevT,

meqaravneebs sTxove, rom erTi dRe SeCerdnen Seni gulisTvis. Sen meihenSi

wadi, abu said abu-l-xeirs eaxle, yuri daugde, daixsome, rasac getyvis, ise

moiqeci, rogorc is brZanebs da Semweoba iTxove misgan. rodesac im adgils

mivaRwieT, romelzec mamam mimiTiTa, meqaravneebs vTxove erTi dRe iq

darCeniliyvnen da isinic dauyovnebliv damTanxmdnen.

me msaxurTan erTad meihenis mxares gaveSure. rodesac meiheni gamoCnda,

Tvali Sevavle da mTeli udabno lurjad mosCanda. [rom mivuaxlovdi],

davinaxe, rom sufiebi iyvnen, meihenidan qalaqis karSi gamosuliyvnen.

yvelgan jguf-jgufad isxdnen. gamikvirda, netav ra xdeba, rom amdeni sufi

erTbaSad gamosula da gafantulan am udabnoSi-meTqi. mivuaxlovdi da

rogorc ki Soridan Tvali momkres, fexze wamodgnen da momacqerdnen,

Semdeg yvela saTiTaod Sordeboda krebuls, salams maZlevda, gulSi

26

mikravda da ukan brundeboda. vkiTxe, ra xdeboda da ratom gamosuliyvnen

aq. miTxres: keTili cnobaa SenTvis. gamTeniisas, rodesac namazi

davasruleT, Seixma gviTxra: visac gsurT ixiloT axalgazrda, romelic

amqveynisa da imqveynis mflobeli iqneba, azjahis gzaze SeegebeT mas. Cven

gamovemarTeT, raTa gxlebodiT Sen. rodesac es ambavi movismine

gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba dameufla da bevri vitire. krebuls veaxle da

Seixis sanaxavad gaveSure.

SeixTan mimiyvanes. mivedi masTan, salami vuZRveni da xelze veambore.

Seixma Semomxeda da Tqva: mSvenieria, dalocvil iyav, ymawvilo! dae, samyaro

dagemorCilos. Sen saqmes uerTgule, raTa saqme eZiebdes Sens Tavs.” (ibn

munavari 1899:233-235)

nizam al-mulqma miiRo Seixis dalocva Seeswavla mecniereba, radgan,

Seixis TqmiT, misi mcdeloba swrafad gamoiRebda keTil nayofs.

es da sxva cnobebiNnizam al-mulqTan abu saidis Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb

mkvlevarTa did nawils damajereblad miaCnia. biografebi aRniSnaven, rom

Seixs Cveulebad hqonda aseTi ram: drodadro Tavs Caqindravda, ase iyo

ramdenime xans dafiqrebuli, Semdeg aswevda Tavs da ganagrZobda saubars.

said mahmudTan Sexvedrisas nizam al-mulqi igonebda: “Seixis winaSe videqi

mtirali. man Tavi CaRuna da rodesac amoixeda, mkiTxa: Svilo, kidev aq

dgexar?” (ibn munavari 1899:235)

abu saidis urTierToba sxvadasxva saxis mmarTvelebTan ufro xSirad

cecxlTan TamaSs gavda _ misi siyvaruli da pativiscema mxolod WeSmarit

sulier raindebs ekuTvnodaT, iqneboda es didi vaziri Tu axalgazrda

gamoucdeli muridi. man mravaljer auxila Tvalebi morwmuneebs, rom,

sinamdvileSi, yovelgvari ierarqiuli safexuri siyalbe iyo RvTaebrivi

naTelis winaSe. didi Seixis pirovnuli Zala aRemateboda sxvaTa fizikur

Tu politikur Zalauflebas.

ase rom, gonebrivi gamWriaxobis wyalobiT abu saidi gadaurCa

mmarTvelebisa da xalxis risxvas. kidev erTi faqtori, ramac abu saids

mosalodneli safrTxe aarida, SesaZloa, nizam-al-mulqTan megobroba da

selCuk mmarTvelebTan ucnauri urTierToba iyo.

27

Tavi II. abu saidis asketuri praqtika

gandegilobisas abu saidi dros Semdegnairad anawilebda:

ganmartovdeboda (xalvaT) meihenSi, uZRveboda Tavisi moZRvris xanayas

saraxsSi, daxetialobda xaveranis dablobSi. amgvarad, mistikosis

cxovrebaSi dadga is dro, rodesac unda ganSoreboda mSfoTvare

wuTisofels:

mistikosi aseT dRes ganapirdeba,

mTis kalTas da titnars miaSurebs,

Rvinis duqnis kuTxeSi hpovebs TavSesafars,

vidre aRelvebuli qveyana ar dawynardeba. (abu saidi 1995:30)

aaxxaallggaazzrrddoobbiissddrrooiinnddeellii kkeeTTiillggaannwwyyoobbaa aasskkeettiizzmmiiss mmiimmaarrTT mmiiss

lliirriikkaaSSiicc aaiirreekkllaa mmcciirreedd.. SSeemmddeeggii rroobbaaiicc,, ssaavvaarraauuddoodd,, ppooeettiiss

aaxxaallggaazzrrddoobbiiss wwlleebbss uunnddaa eekkuuTTvvnnooddeess::

ggaanniiwwmmiinnddee gguullii,, rraaTTaa WWeeSSmmaarriitteebbaamm SSeemmooiiWWvvrriittooss SSeennss gguullSSii,,

ddaabbnneeuullii gguulleebbii TTiiTToo mmaarrccvvlloobbiiTT aarr ggaaiiyyiiddooss,,

aasskkeettii,, vviinncc RRvvTTiiss ssaaxxeelliiTT gguullss ggaanniiwwmmiinnddaavvss,,

iittyyvvii,, rroomm mmTTeellii xxaallxxiiss wwiill ssaammyyaarrooss TTaavviissTTvviiss mmiiiiTTvvlliiss.. ((abu saidi

11999955::2277))

uZiloba da RameTa Teneba misi cxovrebis wesi gaxda – es iyo erT-erTi

gza, romelic unda gaevlo mas satrfos xilvis molodinSi:

TvalSi Zilis nacvlad cremli maqvs,

radgan Seni naxva meCqareba,

meubnebian: daiZine, raTa ZilSi ixilo igi,

hoi, umecarno, sad aris CemTvis Zili? ((abu saidi 11999955::3)

vuTxari: titisRawviano sayvarelo satrfov,

sizmrad miCvene [Seni] saxe erTxel, megobaro,

miTxra: ixile sizmrad saxe garda Cveni saxisa,

Tu gsurs veRar gvixilo sizmrad. ((abu saidi 11999955::1)

amboben, rom is Cavida meihenSi, dasaxlda Tavis saxlSi da asketuri

varjiSebis Sesrulebas Seudga. gamudmebiT muxlebze iyo daCoqili.

macTuri sastikad ebrZoda mas. dRis ganmalobaSi asrulebda ganbanvis

28

rituals (Rusl). sruliad ganerida adamianebs. xalxSi Zalzed iSviaTad Tu

naxavda vinme. velad gaWrili eZiebda ganmartoebas. yovelTis, roca mamamisi

saxlidan gadioda mis mosaZebnad, xalxs sTxovda mieniSnebinaT Svilis

adgilsamyofeli, ipovida da saxlSi mohyavda igi. abu saidi ramdenime dRe

rCeboda saxlSi, Semdeg ki kvlav gaiWreboda xolme velad. mas sasmeli da

saWmeli ar hqonda. Wamda mxolod imas, rasac velad moipovebda, rac ar

ekuTvnoda aravis (mubahaT). Semdeg, mejlisze es beiTi moadga pirze:

andar hame daST-e xaveran xari nisT

qe ba man o ruzgar-e man qari nisT

mTel xaveranis velze ekali ar aris,

rom CemTan da Cems cxovrebasTan ar hqondes saqme.

pirvel suf wmindanebs Soris cnobili iyo zemoTaRwerili praqtika,

kerZod, mxolod iseTi sakvebis miReba, rac ar SeiZleboda vinmes sakuTreba

yofiliyo. rogorc cnobilia, termini sufi maSin ar arsebobda. “maT

ewodebodaT “zahid” da “abid”. . . Seixebis umravlesoba eklebs agrovebda

mindvrad da yidda, agreTve daatarebda wyals. rogorc eklebi, wyalic

aravis ekuTvnis da am monapovars fasic ar gaaCnia. fasi aqvs mxolod maT

Sromas.” (bertelsi 1965:16)

biografebi gadmogvcemen meiheneli xalxis monaTxrobs, Tu rogor

naxes is udabnoSi saSineli garegnobis TeTrsamosian moxucTan erTad.

Semdeg hkiTxes mas, Tu vin iyo is moxuci. xizri (sufiebis arqetipuli

winamZRvari. gadmocemis mixedviT, is aris zebunebrivi arseba, romelic

amyarebs kavSirs maradisobasa da wuTisoflis mkvidrebs Soris) iyo _

upasuxa Seixma. (luTfolahi 1899:22) “Tavdapirvelad, rodesac abu saidi

asketur cxovrebas Seudga, meihenis ganapiras, Zvel ribats miaSurebda

yovel RamiT,sadac loculobda gaTenebamde. xalxs undoda gaego, Tu sad

midioda da ras akeTebda axalgazrda Seixi. kvaldakval misdies erT Rames.

dainaxes, rom ribatis SuagulSi, WasTan mivida. am Waze joxi gadado

gardigardmo, joxs Toki moaba, Tokis meore bolo welze moiba, malayas

gadavida da Suagul WaSi Caekida Tavdayira. iqidan yuranis kiTxvis xma

SemoesmaT. kiTxulobda, vidre namazisaTvis mowodebis xma gaisma. Semdeg

amovida da ganibana.” (luTfolahi 1899:23)

29

salaT mayluba. abu saidi mogviTxrobs, rom Tavdayira varjiSis

Sesruleba angelozTa mibaZviT dauwyia: “wignebSi minaxavs, rogor

loculoben angelozebi. gamigonia, uflisaTvis Tavdayira loculoben

isini. Tavi miwaze davde da fexebi haerSi gavaCere. abu Taheris dedas

vuTxari, TokiT mieba Cemi fexis TiTebi lursmanze da saxlis kari daeketa.

me vloculobdi da gamudmebiT vimeorebdi: RmerTo, me nu viqnebi me,

damixseni me-sgan, im mdgomareobas mivaRwie, rom Tvalebidan sisxli

wamomivida, Tavi davkarge, yvelaferi Seicvala da asketizmis iseTi

momentebi ganvicade, romelTa eniT gadmocema SeuZlebelia. es iyo uflis

umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wyaloba, Tumca megona, amas me vakeTebdi. misi

sibrZne gamoaSkaravda da miCvena [man], rom es yvelaferi uflis sibrZne da

wyalobaa. me sinanulma momicva da Sevicani, rom es iyo warmosaxva. Sen

ityvi: me am gziT waval, da es warmosaxvaa. me getyvi: Sengan amis

argakeTebac warmosaxvaa, vidre am yvelafers ar gamocdi TviTon. da es

warmosaxva ar gagiCndeba, vidre SariaTis kanons farad ar aifareb.

warmosaxva aris religiaSi da religia aris SariaTis Semdeg. argakeTeba

urwmunoebaa da gakeTeba da danaxva warmarTobaa (Sirq) (mravalRmerTianoba)

. .” (luTfolahi 1899:20)

rogorc Cans, abu saidisTvis es ar iyo erTi gansakuTrebuli varjiSi –

is, ubralod, ase loculobda. biografebi mogviTxroben, rom xandazmul

moZRvars uWirda fexze adgoma da ori sufi mudam exmareboda mas. _

axalgazrdobaSi gamudmebiT WaSi Cakiduli loculobda, ramac saxsrebi

dauZabunao.

Simelis ganmartebiT, “amgvar varjiSs ewodeboda “salaT mayluba”

(locva Tavdayira). es praqtika danergili iyo gviandel indo-musulman

asketebs Soris. am movlenam warmoSva hipoTeza, rom es varjiSi ioguri

warmoSobis unda yofiliyo, Tumca aseTi adreuli cnoba abu saidis

Sesaxeb, rogorc Cans, eWvqveS ayenebs am mosazrebis siswores.” (Simeli

2000:192)

ziqri. ziqri alahis ritualuri moxseniebaa, rac sruldeba

gansakuTrebuli formuliT da garkveuli saxiT, xmamaRla (ziqr-e jali) da

xmadabla (ziqr-e xafi). abu saidze didi gavlena mouxdenia abu-l fadlis

30

darigebebs: “Svilo Cemo, - mimarTavda abu-l fadli mas, - asocdaoTxi aTas

mociquls, movlenils [dedamiwaze] erTi sityva uTqvamT: xalxo! TqviT, rom

erTia RmerTi, SeicaniT is da nu daiviwyebT mas. zogierTs esmis es

gafrTxileba, magram ver asrulebs mas. aris xalxi, romelic gaigonebs am

marTal mowodebas da gamudmebiT imeorebs uflis saxels. ise Rrmad

CaibeWdaven mas mexsierebaSi, rom ganiwmindeba maTi sulebi da SeiZenen

umankoebas. Semdeg gulebSi amoitvifraven uflis saxels da aRar

sWirdebaT misi gameoreba kvlavdakvlav.” im Rames Zili ar mihkarebia abu

saidis Tvals”. (moJde 2000:40)

halaT o soxananSi kvlav vkiTxulobT, rom abu saidi “xeze Camokiduli

umetesad RamRamobiT loculobda. is ziqris locvas asrulebda, Sedioda

civ wyalSi da ganibaneboda. sastik yinvaSi meihenidan or farsangSi rom

ribatia, iq erTi meCeTia, sadac erTi_ori Tve rCeboda. meCeTidan gamodioda

mxolod ganbanvisaTvis. ase iyo iq, sruliad uWmeli.” (luTfolahi 1899:23)

hajis rituali. abu saidi halajis msgavsad (iseve, rogorc sufiuri mistikis

sxva warmomadgenlebi) uaryofda hajis ritualis formalur mxares. is arasodes

yofila meqaSi. baueringis TqmiT, abu saidi meuRlesTan da vaJTan, abu TaherTan

erTad erTxel meqas mosalocad gzas gadgomia kidevac, Tumca meqamde ver miuRwevia.

(baueringi 1996-2008:377-380).

abu saidi ambobs:

qristianTa zonari Seni ambrissuniani zilfia,

mihrabi Seni warbis kuTxea,

RmerTo, romeli qa‘aba xar, rom dRedaRam

urwmunoTa Tu muslimTa gulebs Sensken uqniaT piri. (abu saidi 1995:24)

an:

visac Sens ubanSi mouxda saqmis daWera,

yvelam moiZula meCeTi, eklesia da qa‘aba,

Senma zilfma qa‘abaSi rom daibertyos kalTa,

islami xelfexiT gaebmeba zonarSi. (abu saidi 1995:26)

es leqsebi orTodoqsaluri islamis TvalsazrisiT, marTlac,

warmoudgeneli mkrexelobaa, Tumca, meores mxriv, maTSi ikiTxeba erTisadmi

upirobo erTguleba. ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom sufi mistikosebi

31

ar aniWeben did mniSvnelobas am ritualis garegnul mxares. magaliTisTvis,

abu saidis TiTqmis Tanamedrove mistikosi abdulah ansari saubrobs

“Sinagan”, uxilav qa‘abaze, romelic ufalma mxolod gulisa da sulisagan

aago, “garegnuli”, xiluli, qvisa da talaxisagan nagebi qa‘abasgan

gansxvavebiT.

Tavad junaids gaaCnda TiTqmis identuri mosazreba am ritualTan

dakavSirebiT: “Tu adamiani RmerTTan aris da Tavis saxlSia, es meqaSi

RmerTTan yofnis tolfasia”. (masoni 1999:73) amgvarad junaidis Sexeduleba

rwmenis zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb mcired Tu gansxvavdeba halajis,

bisTamis, abu saidis da sxva mistikosebis naazrevisgan.

abu saidis Tanamedrove mistikosma abu-l-hasan xarayanim erTxel aseTi

ram uTxra did Seixs: Sen Zalian Zvirfasi xar meqaSi wasasvlelad. iqneb,

SenTan moitanon qa‘aba da qa‘abam moilocos Sens garSemo”. xarayanis

ekuTvnis Semdegi gamonaTqvamic: “zogi morwmune qa‘abas uvlis gars, zogi _

zecis wminda meCeTs, zogi _ RmerTis taxtrevans, sulieri raindebi ki _

RmerTis erTaderTobas.” (nurbaxSi 1999:XXXVII) abu saids uTxres: “firebi

rwmenis gzaze irjebian, dauZlurdnen da gaxdnen, Seni kiseri ki Seni

perangis sayeloSi veRar eteva. firebma Seasrules haji, Sen ki – ara. abu

saidma miugo: ra azri aqvs aTasi farsangis ukan motovebas, imisaTvis, rom

vixiloT qvis saxli. adamiani is aris, vinc dRe da Rame zis da baiT-ul-

ma’muri (zeciuri qaaba) asrulebs mis garSemo Tavafs (qaabas Semovlis

rituali).” (ibn munavari 1999:181)

hajis rituali aucileblad miiCneva SariaTis kanonis Tanaxmad, Tumca,

araerTi didi mistikosi mis garegnul mxares nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs

da mis Sinagan arsze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. ibn al-arabis Tanaxmad,

srulyofili mona RvTisa locvis dros aucileblad mibrundeba meqas

meCeTisken, im rwmeniT, rom RmerTi locvis dros mis winaSea. da, marTlac,

iq RmerTis xatebaa, rogorc is gvetyvis: ”saiTac gaixedavT, yvelgan RvTis

saxes ixilavT” (yurani 2:115). rodesac meqas taZrisken mimarTav mzeras, es

erT-erTi adgilia, iqac aris RmerTis xateba. misi azriT dauSvebelia

RmerTis SezRudva kiTxvaSi “sad?”

abu saidi ritualebis Sesrulebis nacvlad sulis TviTganwmendas

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aniWebs upiratesobas. misi azriT, ritualuri locva da marxva morCilTa

saqmea; naklisa da xinjebisagan gulis gasufTaveba _ Segnebuli adamianebis.

abu saidi gabedulia, rodesac erTgvarad amcirebs hajis ritualis

mniSvnelobas, gabedulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, Tu ra sastikad

daisaja amisaTvis mansur al-halaji. Tumca, am or did mistikoss, rogorc

zemoT aRiniSna, sxvadasxva socialur Tu politikur garemoSi mouxda

cxovreba, ramac, iqneb, ufro metad ganapiroba maTi dasja-dausjeloba,

vidre maTi gamonaTqvamebis simwvavem.

rogorc vnaxeT, axalgazrda abu saidi did yuradRebas uTmobda

locvas da meditacias.

mas Semdeg, rac yuranis leqsi esmaT meCeTSi: “nuTu erTi RmerTi ar

gyofniT Tqven?” Tayvaniscema, romelic mas wilad xvda, rogorc

RvTismosavs, xalxis siZulvilma Secvala. abu saidi, TiTqos, gamofxizlda.

es iyo gardamtexi momenti mis cxovrebaSi: misi mTavari mizani gulis

ganwmenda da am gziT RmerTis moZieba gaxda. misi cxovrebis meore naxevari

bevrad ufro mravalferovani da mravlismTqmelia mis Sesaxeb, amitom mas

calke Tavs mivuZRvniT.

ganmartoeba da gandegiloba mxolod misi axalgazrdobis periods

ukavSirdeba. amsofliuris bukvaluri daTmoba da gandegilobis

TviTkmayofilebaSi simSvidis Zieba, mogvianebiT, dauSveblad miaCnda mas.

ufro metic, misi cxovrebis meore naxevars ukavSirdeba iseTi araasketuri

cxovrebis wesi da atributebi, rogoricaa mdidruli sufra, tkbileuli,

abreSumis baliSebi da sxv. rogorc amboben, abu saidis cxovrebis meore

naxevari gandegilis ki ara, sulTanis cxovrebas hgavda.

abu saidsa da abu baba quhis Soris garkveuli azrTa uTanxmoeba iyo

sufiuri RvTismsaxurebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis gamo (mag., sama’). baba quhis

ucnaurad eCveneboda abu saidis cxovrebis araasketuri wesi: “oTx baliSze

ijda da zed sulTaniviT miwoliliyo. Seix abu abdulah baqus gulSi

undoblobam iCina Tavi, es gasamarTleba Seixis gonebas miswvda, piri

ibruna misken da uTxra: oTx baliSs ki nu uyureb, Tvisebasa da zneobas

Sexede” (ibn munavari 1899:110). aqve ibn munavari ganmartavs, rom kaci unda

miendos adamianis Sinagan bunebas da, ara mis garegnul qcevaso.

33

amgvarad, misma RvTismsaxurebam sruliad dakarga asketizmis

elementebi da, formaluroba. magaliTisTvis, mistikosTa Soris arsebobda

locvebis Sesrulebis sxvadasxva wesebi, magaliTad, Tu rogor unda

dajdes mlocveli, roca angelozTa mizidvisa da jinebis gandevnisaTvis

loculobs: is unda ijdes gadajvaredinebuli fexebiT, saxe meqisken

hqondes mibrunebuli, xelisgulebi TeZoebze unda elagos da Tvalebi

daxuWuli hqondes. Tumca, rodesac abu saids hkiTxes, Tu rogor unda

damjdariyo morwmune locvis dros, misi pasuxi amgvari iyo: “xelebi gulze

dailageT, guli ufals miandeT, dideba mas [ufals]” (ibn munavari 1953:299)

sama-s rituali abu saidis RvTismsaxurebaSi. sufiur wreebSi xanayahSi

mistikuri cekvis – sama’s Sesrulebis tradicia abu saidis moRvaweobamdec

iyo fexmokidebuli. TviT bavSv abu saids abu-l-yasem biSr iasinis xanayahSi

poeziisa da musikis zegavlenam SeaZlebina "RmerTTan saubari".

abu saidma sistemurad moawesriga xanayahi da yoveldRiur

saaRmsareblo praqtikaSi sabolood misaRebi gaxada poeziis, musikisa da

cekvis gamoyenebis tradicia.

man gadamwyveti roli Seasrula arareligiuri Sinaarsis leqsis

religiuri mizniT gamoyenebis tradiciis damkvidrebaSi. leqsma sparuli

enis mTeli lirizmiTa da siRrmiT Secvala arsebuli religiuri teqstebi,

zogjer ki daemata maT. am movlenas t. grahami “xorasnul inovacias”

uwodebs. (grahami 1999:110)

Tumca is, rac abu saidis xanayahSi xdeboda uprecedento movlena iyo

sufizmis istoriaSi. asrar al-TouhidSi vkiTxulobT: “aq movida kaci

meihenidan. Tavs sufis uwodebs. awyobs sufiur Sekrebebs. is poezias

kiTxulobs minbaridan. is ar ganmartavs yurans. is ar yveba hadisebs. is

fufunebaSi cxovrebas qadagebs. is mReris da misi axalgazrda mimdevrebi

cekvaven, miirTmeven Semwvar wiwilas da tkbileuls, da amis Semdeg is

acxadebs, rom asketia. ase ar iqcevian asketebi, es ar aris sufiebis rwmena.

is izidavs xalxs, isini gzas ascdebian". (ibn munavari 1899:68)

es citata damsmenis werili gaxlavT, mahmud Raznelisadmi miwerili.

amgvarad, Seixis sama' kicxvis Zlieri sababi gaxda. "man isic gabeda, rom

Riad mReroda da cekvavda meCeTSi. amave dros, sul ar awuxebda Tavis

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mimdevrebs savaldebulo religiuri ritualebis SesrulebiT. Ees xom

sakmao sababi iyo imisaTvis, rom misi drois samarTaldamcvelebs misi

sikvdiliT dasja moeTxovaT". (dabaSi 1999:173)

abu saidis sama’s sxva mizeziTac kicxavdnen: vinme ostati imami,

romelic almacerad uyurebda musikalur rituals, da “xanayahis

axlomaxlo mimavali, mocekvave Seixisa da misi mrevlis Sesaxeb fiqrobda:

religiuri wesis Tanaxmad, misi mowmeoba, vinc Tavisi Tavis garSemo

brunavs, ar miiReba da misi simarTle arafris tolia. meore dRes, sadRac

mimavali abu saidi gzajvaredinze Sexvedria mas da ukiTxavs, - ginaxavs

odesme, rom Cven mowmeTa rigebSi vsxedvarT da Cvenebebs viZleviT?” (ibn

munavari 1999:91)

fiqrobdnen, rom xalxisaTvis saSiSi iyo amgvari sama’, radgan leqsebi,

romlebsac abu saidi warmoTqvamda, ara iyo religiuri xasiaTis. es poezia

ar Trgunavda adamianebs, aramed gasagebi iyo maTTvis sixaruliT avsebda

maT gulebs. moZRvari usazRvro Tayvaniscemis sagani gaxda da es misi

liturRia mmarTveli wreebisTvis ufro iyo saSiSi, vidre xalxisaTvis.

abu saidis periodis xorasanSi sufizmis gansxvavebuli mimdinareoba

Camoyalibda, romelic Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli iyo baRdadis

sufizmisagan. es iyo ufro demokratiuli, asketuri rigorizmisagan

Tavisufali axali mimdinareoba, maSin roca baRdadeli sufiebi sifxizlesa

da religiuri kanonebis morCilebas uqadagebdnen morwmuneebs.

Tumca baRdadis skolis yvelaze ufro gavleniani warmomadgenlebi –

abu-l-yasem junaidi da mansur halaji warmoSobiT sparselebi iyvnen da

imdroindeli kulturuli baRdadi iseve daxvewilad metyvelebda

sparsulad, rogorc xorasani, xorasnis sufizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro

metad sparsuli iyo. (grahami 1999:108) da am "axali religiis" unikaluri

xasiaTi mZlavrad gamovlinda Seix abu said abu-l-xeiris pirovnebasa da

mis moRvaweobaSi xanayahis institutis Camoyalibebis rTul procesSi.

herman landolti SeniSnavs, rom: "iranulma geniam xSir SemTxvevaSi

icis, Tu rogor ganmartos mistikurad poeturi qmnilebebi, romelTa

ganyenebuli analizi sruliad sxva SuqSi warmogviCens maT. es xelovnebaa,

romelic Zveli sufiuri praqtikidan iRebs saTaves da ganviTarebas hpovebs

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sama’Si. sakmarisia, gavixsenoT abu saidis samagaliTo figura, rom

davinaxoT Semdegi: sparsuli sufizmi, rogorc aseTi, xorcieldeba

uciloblad sufiur praqtikaSi, im raRacis saSualebiT, rasac Cven veZaxiT

poetur suls, sulier Tavisuflebas, romlis kanonzomieri Sedegia

rigoristuli legalizmis sruli ararseboba." (landolti 1978:191-192)

saerTod, sama’ iwyeboda imiT, rom gaigebda Tu ara musikas mistikosi

eqstazSi vardeboda. sama imarTeboda xolme samaxanebSi. Ppirveli samaxanebi

gaCnda baRdadSi IX s. bolos. xSirad sama’s dros sufiebi tanze

tansacmels ixevdnen. rumis azriT sama’ es aris moZraoba, romelic Cndeba

sayvarlis xilvisgan, romelic TviTon eqstazis dros cekvavs Seyvarebulis

gulis ekranze, es aris “cekva sisxlSi”. mevlevianTa ordenSi, sadac sama-s

didi mniSvneloba hqonda, is tardeboda paraskeobiT SuadRis locvis

Semdeg. derviSebi icvamdnen TeTr usaxelo perangebs, grZelsaxeloebian

qurTukebs, qamars da Sav xeryes, romelsac cekvis dros ixsnidnen. Tavze

exuraT dolbandi da CaCi, siqqa, romelic am ordenis maxasiaTebeli iyo.

sama’s warmodgenas ziqris locvasTan erTad bevri sufiuri ordeni

Semdegnairad asrulebda: rituali iwyeboda Zalzed nazi melodiiT da

sruldeboda mRelvarebiTa da taSiskvriT. (duringi 1999:279)

sainteresoa agreTve, ra Teoriuli ganmarteba SeiZina RvTismsaxurebis

am formam. sama’s Sesaxeb arsebul teqstTa Soris informaciis mxriv

umdidresia “bavariy al-ilma” romelic ahmad Razalis, cnobili abu hamid

muhamed Razalis Zmas ekuTvnis:

1. sama’s dros suli zemoT aizideba da sxeulic mihyveba mas.

2. sama’s dros miRebuli sulieri sazrdo aZlierebs mimdevris guls

da sxvadasxva Sinagan niWs, radgan sicocxle da naTeli zegrZnobadi

samyarodan RvTiuri wyalobis meSveobiT gamsWvalaven suls.

3. suli ganeSoreba mgrZnobelobis fenomens da natifi realobisaken

miizideba, mieaxleba ra eqstazis mdgomareobas. is (suli) mogzaurobs

or realobaSi da SeerTebis (vasl) safexurs aRwevs.

4. rodesac RvTaebrivi saxeli (huva) meordeba misiT ganimsWvaleba

maZieblis arseba, Tavisufldeba suli da farda exdeba uSinaganes

realobebsa da WeSmaritebebs.

36

5. sama’ gulisxmobs garegnul moZraobasa da Sinagan uZraobas,

RvTismsaxurebis garegnuli da Sinagani aspeqtebi gadajaWvulia

erTmaneTTan.

6. sama’s Sinagani buneba mis mraval aRmaval gradaciaSi Seicavs

islamis xuTi egzoteruli sayrdenis Sinagan realobebs (rwmena,

locva, marxva, mowyalebis gacema da momlocveloba (haji).

sabolood xalxis krebuli aRwevs srulyofilebis safexurs sulis

TviTsrulyofis gzaze. (valei 1999:525_526)

sama’s ganviTarebis am etapze mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom sufiurma

ideologiam specifiuri literaturuli saxe am dros, swored abu saidis

moRvaweobis periodSi SeiZina.

sufiur Tvyrilobebze moZRvars momRerali (yavval) axlda, romelsac

leqsebis kiTxva SeeZlo. am leqsebs aRtacebaSi mohyavda msmeneli.

orTodoqsuli islamis mcvelni ki "eSmakeul TamaSobebs" uwodebdnen am

sufiur Sekrebebs.

Seixs naklebad aRelvebda "halali" iyo, Tu "harami" misi wveulubebi.

misi azriT sama’'kargia, Tu mas naTeli saxeebiT ismenen. abu saidma isic

ganWvrita, rom yoveli mimdevari Taviseburad asrulebda am rituals,

radgan yvelas sulSi sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobda kaTarzisis, “me”-sgan

ganTavisuflebis procesi.

rogorc Cans, abu saids adamianebze keTilad zemoqmedebis unari

gaaCnda. ibn munavaris Txrobis ena udaod hiperboluria msgavsi momentebis

gadmocemisas, Tumca, moZRvari, marTlac, gulTa mesaidumle gaxldaT. Mmisi

sama’, pirvel yovlisa gulebTan Sexebis, maTi ganwmendis, gaxsnis saSualeba

iyo. abu saidis mTeli sufiuri ideologia Tu praqtika mimarTuli iyo

“gaxsnisaken” “Seviwroebis” winaaRmdeg. Tavad Seixis guli ganTavisuflda

yovelgvari adamianuri borkilisagan, radgan mravalgzis ganiwminda igi.

sama’s dros guli yvelaze ufro gaxsnilia RvTiuri naTelis misaRebad. es

iyo samas abu saidiseuli gaazrebis safuZveli. rogorc abu saidi ambobs -

gulma sama’s dros gulwarmtacis surneli waiRo,

Cven saidumloTa samefo karavSi wagviyvana,

es abdaubda CurCuli Seni sulisTvis aris,

37

gvitacebs da kargia _ satrfos qveyanaSi mivyavarT. (abu saidi 1995:28)

cnobilia, rom sufis simbolo orfrTiani gulia: sama’s dros guli

ixsneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, frTebs isxams.

did moZRvars ekuTvnis cnobili gamonaTqvami samas Sesaxeb, rom

samasTvis guli unda iyos cocxali, xolo vnebebi (nafs _ qvena grZnobebi,

mdabali “me”) _ mkvdari.

abu saidiseuli sama’s specifikis gansazRvrisaTvis sainteresoa misi da

baba quhis saubari, gadmocemuli ibn munavaris mier “asrar al-Touhid”-Si:

baba quhi ekiTxeba moZRvars – iseTi ram SegamCnie, rac arc erT Cems

moZRvarTan ar SeminiSnavs: axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs gverdigverd

dasxam da damwyebTa qmedebebs iseTive TvaliT uyureb, rogorc ufrosTa

[qmedebebs] . . . da kidev is, rom uflebas aZlev axalgazrdebs icekvon sama’s

dros . . . Cems moZRvrebs arasodes gaukeTebiaT msgavsi ram. _ damwyebi da

gamocdili . . . CemTvis ar arsebobs damwyebis cneba _ pasuxobs abu saidi _

vinc Seudgeba am gzas, rac unda axalgazrda iyos is, asakovnebma unda

gaiTvaliswinon erTi ram: man iqneb erT dReSi miiRos is, rac maT

samocdaaTma weliwadmac ver SesZina. ratom cekvaven axalgazrdebi sama’s

dros? _ maTi sulebi survilTagan Tavisufali ar aris, marTlac maTze

SesaZloa vnebebma iuflon, romlebic daimorCileben maT yovel kidurs.

roca taSs Semokraven, xelebSi moaqceven TavianT survilebs, roca fexebs

abakuneben, vneba neldeba maT fexebSi. rodesac cekvisas Seicnoben TavianT

arasrulyofilebas, Seicnoben TavianT mTavar nakls. amas rom gaivlian,

codvaTagan xsnas eZieben ufalSi. maTi vnebaTa cecxlis sama’Si Caqroba

umjobesia, vidre maTi mozRvavebuli energiis sxva raimeSi gafantva.

Seix abu abdulahs (igive baba quhi) uTqvams: moZRvari rom arasodes

menaxa, verasodes vnaxavdio sufis.” (ibn munavari 1953:222-224)

abu saidis TqmiT:

sufi imitom iqnevs xelebs sama’s dros,

rom am eSmakobiT Caaqros gulis cecxli,

icis gonierma, rom ZiZa Cvilis akvans

bavSvis Cumad yofnisTvis arwevs. (abu saidi 1995:31)

naTelia, rom abu saidi acnobierebs adamianis sinTezuri bunebis

38

specifikurobas. is ar iviwyebs, rom adamians sulis garda “aqvs sxeulic”,

romlis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba bevrad ganapirobebs adamianis guneba-

ganwyobilebas, gansazRvravs misi qcevis ragvarobas. swored amis gamo is ar

sTavazobs morwmuneebs traqtatebs sulis Sesaxeb, iSviaTad ganumartavs maT

ra aris dasaSvebi da akrZaluli, ar aSinebs jojoxeTis cecxliT – is

sTavazobs maT xsnis pirdapir gzas, romelic misTvis, rogorc Cans,

fizikur sijansaResac gulisxmobs. mogvianebiT aTari aRiarebs, rom sxeuli

ganuyofelia sulisagan, missive nawilia, mxolod maTi erTarsi qmnis

mTlianobas.

abu saidisTvis sama’s Sinagani arsi da daniSnuleba locvis identuria:

“rodesac abu saidi da misi krebuli sama’s cekvavda, imam muhamad yainis

uTqvams – namazis droa! Cven namazs vasrulebT – pasuxad miugia moZRvars.”

(Rani 1997:183). amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom abu saidis gamoCenasTan erTad

sama’s ritualma didi saxeli moixveWa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom

"sufizmma sayovelTao aRiareba musikisa da cekvis wyalobiT moipova, rac

masobriv kulturasTan bevrad axloa, vidre locva da metafizika". (ernsti

2002:233).

amgvarad, xanayahi didisa Tu pataras aRtacebulma, daudegarma rokvam

moicva, simkacre usazRvro sixaruliT Seicvala, RvTis sasjelis molodini

_ yovlismomcveli RvTiuri naTeliT. rogorc aRiniSna, abu sidisTvis sama‘

iyo gulTa gaxsnis saSualeba, sama’ miaaxlebda morwmunes RvTaebriv

realobas.

39

Tavi III. abu saidis mravalsaxeoba

mervSi Teologiuri kursis gavlisa da Rrma profesiuli da

sasuliero ganswavlis Semdeg abu saidi sufiur mrevls daubrunda.

abu saidis moRvaweoba IX-X ss. iranSi, TiTqmis, srulyofilad asaxuli

mis or biografiaSi, cxadhyofs, rom saukuneebis winaT adamians RvTaebriv

samyarosTan, mis winare samSoblosTan wminda moZRvrebi _ Seixebi da

firebi akavSirebdnen. cnobilia, rom sufiuri misticizmis kvleva

wmindanobis fenomenis Seswavlas efuZneba.

abu saidi is sulieri winamZRvari gaxda, romelic zesknelisaken

waruZRva muridebis sulebs, SeunarCuna maT swrafva RvTaebrivi

samyarosaken da am gzaze ukompromiso msvlelobis aucilebloba

SeagrZnobina maT. sulierad gauTviTcnobierebeli xalxi dabneulia maTi

cxovrebac sulieri evoluciis miRma STenili, TiTqos, umiznod

aRmocendeba, qaotiurad miedineba da kvlav dainTqmeba aryofnis

ufskrulSi.

xalxis nawili ocnebiT aris motyuebuli,

da samoTxis ferias da sasaxleebs eZiebs,

zogSi eWvi Cabudebula da zogi darwmunebulia,

Seni samyofelidan ki Sors, Sors moxvedrila yvela. (abu saidi 1995:33)

am leqsSi sxva araferia aRwerili, Tu ara sulieri codnis

ugulebelyofis Sedegad zemoxsenebuli CrdiloeTis dakargva. Seixis

daniSnulebac swored gzas acdenilTa RvTiur sawyisTan dabrunebaa:

“rodesac pirovneba am ganzomilebas kargavs, is damcirebulia da

daTmobaze midis siyalbesTan. xolo, rodesac mas urTierToba aqvs “pirad

sulier moZRvarTan” (Saix al-yaib”) pirovneba mimarTulia Tavisi

centrisken. misi sulieri winamZRvari da individualoba elipsis ori

centris msgavs mimarTebaSi arian erTmaneTTan.” (korbini 1979:6) abu saidis

sulis gamwmend sityvasa da saqmes mravali moTxroba mowmobs, razec

dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari.

zogadad ki, sainteresoa, ra adgili ukavia abu saids sulier

ierarqiaSi, ra dafarul ideas ganasaxierebs misi pirovneba, ra aZlevs mas

40

uflebas itvirTos sulieri winamZRvris urTulesi misia. zemoT aRwerili

xizrTan Sexvedra winareistoriul codnis gadacemas ganasaxierebs.

gadmocemis mixedviT, is, visac xizri gadascems am codnas, xeldasxmulTa

jaWvis erT-erTi rgoli xdeba. es Sexvedrebi qmnis sulieri codnis

gadacemis jaWvs. mistikur wreebSi arsebobda, agreTve, codnis gadacemis

sqema, e. w. sagvareulo xe _ "pedigri". (xismatulini 2001:177) amgvarad, abu

saidi acxadebs, rom is saidumlo codnis gadacemis jaWvSi erT-erTi

rgolia, - maradisobis mociquli da pirvelqmnadi samyaros TviTmxilveli.

abu saidi acnobierebs da Tavmdablobis gareSe uwodebs Tavs RmerTis

rCeuls:

vidre zecis TaRs aRmarTavdnen

da es zeciuri sasaxle moiWiqeboda,

Cven usaxlkarod maradisobis sawyisSi tkbilad gveZina,

Cvens gareSe dagvadges Seni siyvarulis niSani. (abu saidi 1995:32)

$ 1. saswaulmoqmedi Seixi

Tanamedrove pragmatuli sazogadoeba daJinebiT cdilobs “mecnieruli”

axsna mouZebnos saswaulqmedebas. Tu esa Tu is movlena ar aixsneba

materialuri samyaros kanonebiT, mainc uarvyofT masSi zebunebrivi Zalis

monawileobas da vimedovnebT, rom mas am principiT axsnian momavalSi.

karl ernstis Tanaxmad, “evropis inteleqtualur wreebSi

ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan moyolebuli aRaravis swams saswaulebis...

Tanamedrove universitetebSi erT-erT mTavar zrunvis sagnad nebismieri

religiuri orTodoqsiisgan inteleqtualuri damoukideblobis SenarCuneba

miiCneva... sakiTxisadmi mecnieruli midgoma pragmatuli warmatebiT

dagvirgvinda, warmoiSva axali ideologia _ scientizmi. Sedegad, religiis

SeswavliT dakavebulma mecnierebma uaryves istoriebi, romlebic

saswaulebis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben da maT malemrwmenTa gamonagoni uwodes.”

(ernsti 2002:100)

islamSi saswaulebi orgvaria: muslimi RvTismetyvelebi gamowvlilviT

ganixilavdnen saswaulTa Teorias da yofdnen maT wmindanTa mier Cadenil

41

saswaulebad _ (qaramaT - qarizmatuli qmedebebi) da mociqulTa mier

Cadenil saswaulebad (mujizaT). saswaulis Cadenis unari aris damowmeba

imisa, rom adamiani wmindania da gaaCnia erTaderTi WeSmariti codna da

kavSiri aqvs RmerTTan.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom qristiani wmindanebi saswaulebs Cadiodnen

adamianTa dasaxmareblad, maTi sneulebebis gansakurnavad, xolo muslimi

wmindanebisTvis saswauli ufro miniSneba iyo imaze, rom maT mier arCeuli

gza marTali gza iyo. qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad udidesi

saswaulia adamianis gacocxleba _ mkvdreTiT aRdgena, yvela sxva saswauli

mcire da umniSvneloa mkvdreTiT aRdgenasTan SedarebiT, imdenad, rom

WeSmarit saswaulad mxolod adamianis gacocxleba miiCneva, rac TavisTavad

ukavSirdeba qristes RvTaebriv fenomens da es mosazrebac qristes

Tayvaniscemis erT-erTi pirobaa. Tumca religiaTa dapirispirebis

sanacvlod, marTebuli iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc qristianuli, aseve,

islamuri misticizmis umTavresi araTu saswauli, aramed RerZia adamianis

sunTqvisa da gulis gawmenda, sulieri “aRdgoma” da maradisobis sulTan

ziareba.

abu saidis biografiebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, saswaulTa

zemoTmotanili zogadi klasifikacia nawilobriv Seesabameba sinamdviles.

heqaiaTebSi iSviaTad Tu SevxvdebiT mis mier vinmes gankurnebis ambavs,

Tumca aseTi cnobebic moipoveba (iSi nilis Tvalebis gankurnebis ambavi).

marTalia, saswauli rwmenas aRvivebs urwmunoTa gulebSi da mas

ganixilaven, rogorc, wmindanobis damamtkicebel Tvisebas, sufi

mistikosebis damokidebuleba saswaulebis Cadenis mimarT mkveTrad

negatiuria: “bevrad advilia saswaulebi Caidino da am gziT xalxis masebis

interesi gamoiwvio, vidre sirTuleebiT aRsavse sulieri swavleba ganagrZo

da gamudmebiT ebrZolo Seni mdabali “me”-s mier dagebul xlarTebs.

sulierad ganviTarebul mistikosebs sZulT moCvenebiTi saswaulqmedeba. es

ukanaskneli “daxlis mistikosebis” da aTasnairi fsevdomistikosebis saqmea.

WeSmariti mistikosebi TavianT Seuwynareblobas amgvari qmedebebis mimarT

gamoxataven gamonaTqvamSi, romelic mociquls miewereba: “saswaulebi _

mamakacebis Tviuria.” es naTqvami indoeTSi, an musulmanuri samyaros

42

aRmosavleT nawilSi warmoiSva. masSi igulisxmeba is, rom saswaulebi

adamians da RmerTs Soris xdeba. rogorc qmari erideba colTan siaxloves,

rodesac is uwminduria, aseve RmerTi uars acxadebs mistikur SeerTebaze

masTan, vinc saswaulqmedebiT aris dakavebuli.” (Simeli 2000:170)

zogadad, wmindanis mier saswaulis Cadena imis maniSnebelia, rom es

adamiani namdvilad wmindania da misi qmedebebi harmoniulad emTxveva

zebunebriv Zalebs. "wmindanis siaxlove RmerTTan araCveulebrivi Sinagani

Zalis saxiT vlindeba _ es aris "baraqa", romlis meoxebiTac saswaulebis

(qaramaT) Cadena xdeba SesaZlebeli. es Zala iseT araCveulebriv unarebs

gulisxmobs, rogoric aris sxvaTa azrebis amokiTxva, sneulTa gankurneba,

mkvdreTiT aRdgena, stiqiebis marTva, cxovelebis marTva, haerSi

gadaadgileba, wyalze siaruli da erTdroulad or sxvadasxva adgilas

yofna." (ernsti 2000:100)

abu saidis saswaulebi zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad aris

qaramaT-ebi. mis mier Cadenil saswaulebs “halaT va soxananSi” mesame Tavi

eTmoba. am Tavis saxelwodebaa “misi saswaulebis garegnuli gamovlinebis

Sesaxeb”.

pirvel moTxrobaSi mociqulisa da xalifa omaris, igive ali al-

mumninis ambavia gadmocemuli. kaci, romelic mociqulma al-mumninis

saxmobad gagzavna, xedavs, rom mis saxlSi aravinaa, xolo saxlidan

wisqvilis xma ismis. Semdeg gaocebuli uyveba am ambavs mociquls. is ki

amgvarad ganmartavs momxdaris arss: "ar ici, rom RmerTs angelozebi hyavs?

isini Cemi jiSisa da modgmis (al-i man va ummaT-i man) mfarvelebad da

qomagebad warmougzavnia maRal RmerTs dedamiwaze. Cvens jiSsa da modgmas

RmerTis winaSe keTilSobilebiT daumsaxurebia is, rom angelozebi Cvens

samsaxurad da dasaxmareblad warmogvigzavna ufalma. aris xalxi, vinc

kicxavs saswaulebs da daujereblad miaCnia isini, Tumca sunas mimdevrebs,

gonebisa da SariaTis erTgulebs swamT saswaulebis.” (luTfolahi 1899:27-28)

amgvarad, vidre luTfolahi uSualod abu saidis saswaulebs

mogviTxrobdes, mkiTxvelis rwmenas zebunebrivi movlenebisadmi mociqulis

sityvebiT ganamtkicebs. is saswaulTa safuZvels ara demonurad, an

gamogonilad, aramed angelozTa saqmed miiCnevs. misi azriT, maTi saTanado

43

aRqma SeuZlebelia, vidre adamianebis sulieri samyaro mouwesrigebelia

Sinaganad. luTfolahs mTeli Teoria aqvs Camoyalibebuli saswaulebis

Secnobis Sesaxeb. “aris xalxi, vis gonebasac mtkicebulebaTa simravliT

araferi Seemateba, maT sulebs TviTgvema da asketoba mousvenrobisgan ver

ixsnis da mSvid sunTqvas ver mianiWebs, verc maT gulebs moaSorebs eWvis

Jangs da mSfoTvare fiqrebs. WeSmaritebis xalxs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli

wesi aqvT _ mecnierebas mecnierebad aRiareben da gonebas _ gonebad. sulis

sinatifeebs da misi Suqisa da kvalis mosavals sulis siwmindiT moimkian.

vidre ganwmendil mkerdSi sulis siwrfelesa da gonebis siwrfeles ar

Sekreben, saswaulebs ver Seicnoben." (luTfolahi 1899:28-29)

miuxedavad imisa, rom abu saids saswaulebi did Rvawlad ar miaCnda,

misi biografiebi mogviTxroben mis mier zebunebrivi Zalebis daxmarebiT

Cadenili qmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara saswaulebi.

saswaulis Cadenisas, bunebrivia, yovelTvis arsebobda vinme, romelic

xdeboda saswaulis Cadenis TviTmxilveli. erT-erTi aseTi TviTmxilveli

halaT o soxananis' mixedviT iyo TviT ibn sina, romelic mimoweris Semdeg

estumra abu saids. man Seixis yvela qmedebas mouZebna logikuri axsna.

Tumca, aRiara, rom verafriT ver amoxsna gonebiT, is, rac ixila:

"yvelafers axsna movuZebne sibrZniT; mis mistikur mdgomareobebs (halaT),

gamonaTqvamebs (mayalaT) da miRweul mistikur sadgurebs (mayamaT), garda

ramdenime movlenisa: davinaxe, kedelze lursmani iWedeboda, qva urtyamda

da xeli arsad Canda; roca dabnelda, sanTeli ise ainTo, aravin yofila iq,

dasabanad wyali davisxi, is doqi carieli davtove da ise gaivso, rom

aravin mikarebia. es ver amovxseni. uZluri aRmovCndi maT amoxsnaSi.”

(luTfolahi 1899:69)

v. Jukovski werda, rom "axlac ki abu saidis oTxtaepian leqsebs

keTilismyofel da saswaulmoqmed Zalas miaweren: maT kiTxuloben

adamianebi imdenjer, ramdenic gansazRvrulia, icaven sxvadasxva wesebs,

[amas akeTeben] imisaTvis, rom SeumsubuqdeT codvebi, movides wvima, iyvnen

daculni gvelisa da morielis nakbenisagan, ascdeT SimSili, Sexvdnen

sayvarels, ausruldeT Canafiqri da sxva." (Jukovski 1901:1)

abu saidis Zlieri keTilismyofeli gavlena sikvdilis Semdegac

44

vrceldeboda adamianebze. is, TiTqos, ganagrZobda movlenaTa marTvas. abu

saidis vaJi abu Taheri alf arslanis (Tu nizam al-mulqis) karze sando

kacis saxels moipovebs. rodesac sulTani eWvs Seitans misi codnis

siRrmeSi, abu Taheri misi moTxovniT im erTaderT suras faTihas

warmoTqvams mmarTvelis winaSe, romlis daswavlac mamam aiZula bavSvobaSi.

es ucnauri winaswarganWvreta Tu damTxveva gadaarCens mas da xasiaTs

gamousworebs ugunebod myof sulTans.

saswaulebs miekuTvneba agreTve locvis keTili zemoqmedeba, romelic

yvela _ sulier, fsiqikur, fizikur da materialur sferoebSi igrZnoba.

locvaTa Soris uZlieresia yuranis pirveli sura, romelsac ewodeba

"gamxsneli" (faTiha).

saswaulmoqmedia, agreTve, adgili, sadac sufi wmindania dakrZaluli,

sulierebasTan yvelaze ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. wmindanTa

samarxebze morwmuneebi sulier winsvlas eZieben da samarxebi erTgvar

saswaulmoqmed adgilebad aris miCneuli. abu saidi Tavisi moZRvris abu-l-

fadlis saflavis mosalocad wasvlas urCevda mowafeebs, romelTac qaabas

monaxuleba hqondaT ganzraxuli. abu saidis saflavze misuli erT-erTi

morwmune ki yoveldRiurad xedavda, rogor mofrindeboda TeTri mtredi –

”abu saidis mier Cadenil wminda qmedebaTa miwieri gansxeuleba” da

moikalaTebda xolme samarxis SigniT. (xujviri 2004:234)

umarTebulo iqneba, abu saidis mier Cadenili saswaulebi da misi

gulTamxilaobis saocari unari mxolod sxvaTa winaSe Tavis marTlebad da

maTze gavlenis moxdenis saSualebad miviCnioT da, amgvarad, davamciroT

misi moRvaweobis es mniSvnelovani elementi.

abu saidis Sexeduleba, rogorc yvela, ise am sakiTxSi iyo mkafio,

marTebuli da WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebuli. “Seixs uTxres: mavani wylis

zedapirze dadis, upasuxa: advilia, bayayi da ixvic dacuraven wylis

zedapirze. uTxres: mavani haerSi dafrinavs, Tqva: yvavi da buzic dafrinaven

haerSi. uTxres: mavani erTi qalaqidan meoreSi erT wamSi gadaadgildeba:

eSmakic erT wamSi gadaiqrolebs aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT. aseT raRac-

raRaceebs fasi ara aqvs. kaci is aris, vinc xalxSia, maT Soris dajdeba da

daiZinebs, qebas aRavlens da samarTals daamyarebs, xalxs Seereva da erTi

45

wamiTac ar daiviwyebs RmerTs” _ miugo Seixma. (ibn munavari 1899:35)

es gamonaTqvami erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobilia abu saidis

gamonaTqvamebs Soris da uzustesad asaxavs didi moZRvris sulier kredos:

yovelTvis, yvelgan, yvelasTan da yvela saqmeSi,

gulis Tvali idumal satrfosken geWiros. (abu saidi 1995:45)

rogorc a. Simeli aRniSnavs, “mogvianebiT naySbandias ordenis

mistikosebma Semdegnairad gansazRvres amgvari ideali _ xalvaT dar

anjuman (ganmartoeba sazogadoebaSi) _ “RmerTTan Serwyma xalxSi”. (Simeli

2000:192)

rodesac Seixs hkiTxes: ra saswauli Caudenia mavan sufis, man

Secbunebulma upasuxa: nuTu udidesi saswauli ar aris, is, rom yasabi,

yasbis Svili mistikur gzas daadga, esaubreba xizrs da masTan dalocvis

miRebis msurveli uamravi adamiani moedineba. (ibn munavari 1899:288)

$ 2. gulTamxilavi Seixi

wmindanTa cxovrebis amsaxvel TxzulebebSi didi adgili eTmoba ama

Tu im wmindanis saswaulebrivi unaris aRweras _ amoikiTxon fiqrebi

adamianTa gonebaSi. "firasa", “kardiognosia” aris sulieri moZRvris unari

amoicno adamianTa sulebi.

abu saidis orive biografia vrclad mogviTxrobs misi am

araCveulebrivi unaris Sesaxeb. didi Seixi Tavis niWs ZiriTadad imisaTvis

iyenebda, rom adamianebs sakuTari naklovanebebis danaxvaSi daxmareboda,

zogjer ki, “ubralod”, fuladi saxsrebis gaRebas uadvilebda mdidar

vaWrebs, visTvisac esoden mniSvnelovani iyo aseT gavlenian moZRvarTan

urTierToba da misi mxardaWera.

halaT o soxananis erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piri gaxlavT vinme hasan

movabadi, niSaburis mkvidri, romelic iyo abu saidis davalebebis uSualo

Semsrulebeli, Seixis vaJTan, abu TaherTan erTad. hasan movabadi halaT o

soxananis mraval ambavs mogviTxrobs. is am ambebis monawilea da, rogorc

Cans, realuri pirovneba unda yofiliyo.

hasani igonebs abu saidis niSaburSi Camosvlis ambavs: “pirvelad,

46

rodesac Seixi niSaburSi Camovida da mejlisebis gamarTva daiwyo, qalaqSi

xma gavarda: erTi sufi firi mosula, mejlisebs awyobs da adamianTa

saidumloebani uwyis. am sufiebis mimarT gulSi mtroba gamaCnda. vambobdi,

sufim mecnierebis (ilm) ara icis ra, mejliss awyobs, romlis drosac

aravis miecema faruli codna maRali RmerTis Sesaxeb.

misi [abu saidis] ambavi mTel qalaqs moedo da xalxSi mimdevrebic

gauCnda. erT dRes, misi gamocdis mizniT mivedi masTan mejlisze, misi

taxtis axlos davjeqi. Zvirfasi kaba mecva da tabaristanuli naWris Calma

mexura. guli uaryofiT/undoblobiT (inqar) mqonda savse. rodesac Seixma

laparaki daiwyo da me misi sityva movismine, gavocdi da saxtad davrCi,

mejlisis dasasrulamde gons ver movedi. mejlisi rom dasrulda, Seixma

erTi derviSisTvis Calma iTxova. gulSi gavivle, Cems Calmas mivcem-meTqi.

Tan gavifiqre, es Calma amulidan gamomigzavnes saCuqrad da aTi dinari

Rirs. Seixma Txovna gaimeora. kvlav gavifiqre, mivce-meTqi da kvlav ar

miveci. Cems gverdiT firi ijda. Seixma mas mimarTa da Tqva: CalmisaTvis

orjer aRar gavimeoreb, Sens gverdiT rom kaci zis, orjer Tqva, Calmas

mivcemo derviSs, Tan Tqva, aTi dinari Rirs, amulidan gamomigzavneso. es

rom gavigone, avdeqi, fexze vemTxvie Seixs, Calma da mTeli samosi miveci.

agreTve, yvelaferi rac gamaCnda saaSkaraoze gamovitane da miveci da

mTeli cxovreba Seixisa da misi vaJebis msaxurebaSi davrCi.” (luTfolahi

1899:34)

amgvarad, Seixma momavali erTguli msaxuri pirveli SexvedrisTanave

ganwminda nivTieris siyvarulisgan, rac sulis pirveli mteria RmerTis

gzaze SedgomilTaTvis.

hasani mogviTxrobs: “erTi mdidari vaWari, saxelad abu omru, didi

Seixis yvela neba-survilis Semsrulebeli yofila. erT dRes Seixma

Svidjer gagzavna hasani bazarSi, am vaWris duqanSi, xan ras iTxovda da xan

_ ras. rodesac mosaRamovda da mze Casasvlelad emzadeboda, kidev

gaugzavnia. hasani mis duqans miuaxlovda, dainaxa, rom is kars ketavda.

hasans Sercxva masTan miaxloeba. vaWarma Tvali mohkra, uxmo da gamohkiTxa,

Tu ra surda amjerad Seixs. sufiebis msaxurma moaxsena, rom Zalzed

swuxda masTan mravaljer mosvlis gamo da gadasca, rac daebarebina Seixs

47

(es iyo vardis wyali (gulab), aloe (‘ud) da qafuri (qafur). abu omrum

gaxsna duqani da msaxurma yvelaferi gaamzada hasanisTvis. Semdeg

usazRvrod madlier hasans vaWarma raRac sargeblis momtani saqme

SesTavaza. “radgan aseTi ridi gaqvs Cemi,” xval modi da esa da es

gavakeToTo, razec igi dauyovnebliv da didi sixaruliT daTanxmda mas.

sufiebis msaxuri mogviTxrobs:

“didad gavixare. Seixs veaxle da vardis wyali, aloe da qafuri

mivarTvi. Seixma Semomxeda da miTxra: hoi, hasan, gadi gareT da Seni

Sinagani [samyaro] (andarun-e xod) amsoflis siyvarulisagan ganwminde, raTa

kvlav sufiebTan yofnis ufleba mogce! gareT gavedi, vtirodi, saxe miwaSi

Cavrge da davifice. davbrundi da im Rames Seixs CemTvis xma ar gaucia.

meore dRes, mejlisis dros, abu saids erTxelac ar Seuxedavs abu

omrusTvis, Tumca, saubrisas, mas mimarTavda xolme. _ hasan, ra mouvida

Seixs, dRes zedac ar miyurebs, _ SemomCivla vaWarma. ar vici _ vuTxari mas

da guSindeli ambavi movuyevi. is miuaxlovda Seixis taxts, emTxvia mas

(taxts) da mimarTa Seixs: _ Zvirfaso, abu omrus cxovreba Sens Tvalwinaa.

dRes Seni mzera ar meRirsa, [miTxari] ra davaSave da rogor gamovisyido

danaSauli. _ imisaTvis, rom gagagebino, ra fasi aqvs Cems wyalobas” aTasi

dinaris motanaa saWiro _ auxsna Seixma abu omrus. abu omru wavida da ori

fulis tomara (surra) moarTva Seixs. TiToeul maTganSi xuTasi dinari

ido.” (luTfolahi 1899:40-41)

orive biografia iranis imdroindeli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Zalzed

saintereso cnobebs iZleva. am cocxali, mSvenieri patara moTxrobebiT

vecnobiT TiTqmis yvela fenis adamianebs _ glexs, vaWars, xelosans, xojas,

vezirsa da sulTans.

vaWari pirmoTneobs gavlenian SeixTan _ “Zvirfaso, dRes Seni mzera ar

meRirsa,” mimarTavs is abu saids. Seixis maxvili da swrafi gonebac

mzadyofnaSia _ is moiTxovs Tavisi wyalobis fass _ 1000 dinars. am fuliT

man Semdeg mdidruli sufris gaSla brZana, romelTanac dapatiJebul iqna

aTasi kaci. sainteresoa, rom Seixi arc cdilobs monaniebis cecxliT

ganwmindos vaWari abu omrus suli. iqneb, ubralod, imitom, rom is, ar aris

rCeuli.

48

abu saidma amaoebis motrfialeni Caaxeda sarkeSi. erT-erTi maTgani

hasan movabadis msgavsad vinme xajegaq sangani iyo. ibn munavari aseT ambavs

mogviTxrobs:

“xajegaq sangani Cvens Seixs ewvia. is daxvewili axalgazrda iyo da

didebuli samosi emosa. Seixi sadRac iyo miwveuli da gzas gaudga.

xajegaqic maT eaxla. Seixi, Cveulebisamebr, ukan mihyveboda krebuls. Seixis

win mimavali xajegaqi Tavis Tavs dascqeroda. xoja! _ SeuZaxa Seixma, win nu

midixar! xajegaqi CamorCa mas. ase gaiares ramdenime nabiji da Seixma kvlav

mimarTa _ xoja! ukan nu mogvdev! xajegaqi marjvena mxares amoudga Seixs. _

xoja, marjvniv nu dadixar! ganagrZobda Seixi. axalgazrda exla marcxniv

daudga ase misdevda moZRvars. _ xoja, marcxniv nu dadixar! kidev gaigona

misi xma. xajegaqs guli gauwvrilda da uTxra mas: Seixo! saiT viaro? _ hoi,

xojav! Tavs ganeSore da simarTliT iare! da Seixma es beiTi warmoTqva:

vidre Sens TavTan xar, am sityvasTan ra saqme gaqvs,

es sicocxlis wyaroa, romelic Sors aris adamisgan.

xajegaqs yvirili aRmoxda, fexebSi Cauvarda moZRvars. is meqasa da

medinas mosalocad gaemgzavra da didebulebs ganerida.” (ibn munavari

1899:217)

am ambavs zedmiwevniT miesadageba Seixis es SesaniSnavi gamonaTqvami: ”am

saqmis bolos ver ixilav, vidre Seni Tavidan xojas ar gaaZeveb.” (ibn

munavari 1899:327)

abu saidma icoda, rom es ar iyo advilad misaRwevi ram. ufro metic,

egos uaryofiTi mxaris, mdabali “me”-sgan ganTavisufleba srulyofilebis

tolfasi iyo. amaze misi Semdegi gamonaTqvamic metyvelebs: “mTis Tmis

ReriT mozidva ufro advilia, vidre Tavis daTmoba.” (ibn munavari 1899:278)

moZRvari gansakuTrebuli daJinebiT cdilobda nivTieri samyaros

amaoeba saCino gaexada kacTaTvis.

gulTamxilaoba saswaulebrivi unaria, Tumca saswaulebis Cadena da am

gziT adamianTa Soris saxelis moxveWa damamcirebeli iyo WeSmariti

sufiebisTvis. arc abu saids miaCnda did Rvawlad saswaulebrivi qmedebebiT

xalxis gancvifreba. da, mainc, biografebi mogviTxroben mis mier Cadenili

saswaulebis Sesaxeb. didi Seixis zebunebrivi unarebi mimarTuli iyo

49

bevrad ufro amaRlebuli miznisaken _ is kaTarzisisaken uZRoda dacemul

sulebs. adamianebis sulieri aRdgena _ gacocxleba ki saswaulTa

saswaulia, rogorc erTi mistikosi werda, sjobs mkvdreTiT aRadgino erTi

guli, vidre aTas gvams daubruno sicocxle. al-tustaris azriT, ki,

udidesi saswauli adamianis ukuRmarTi xasiaTis gamosworebaa.

abu saidis gulTamxilaobis ambebis erT TavSi moqceva da wertilis

dasma SeuZlebelia. rogorc iTqva, Seixis am niWze orive biografiis,

TiTqmis, yoveli furceli metyvelebs.

$ 3. mkacri moZRvari.

niSabureli didgvarovani qalbatonis iSi nilis gankurneba moxda im

mizniT, rom mas Seixis Zlevamosileba da RvTiur ZalebTan wilnayaroba

ewama. rogorc cnobilia, iSi nilim mkrexeloba daswama abu saids da im

Rames is Tvalebis saSinelma tkivilma Seawuxa. tkivilma, TiTqmis, erTi Tve

gastana. luTfolahi mogviTxrobs: "mTel niSaburs Tvalis wamali mihqonda

masTan. bevri uwamla Tvalebs, magram ukeTesoba ar daetyo. Tu vinme

mkurnali iyo, yvelam inaxula igi, Tumca, veravin SeZlo misi gankurneba.

dRedaRam yviroda Tvalebis tkivilisgan. erT Rames saSineli garegnobis

moxuci esizmra. Tu gsurs Tvalebi dagiamdes, meiheneli Seixis

keTilganwyoba moipove da misi Zvirfasi guli moige, urCia moxucma. meore

dRes iSi adga, qisaSi aTasi dinari Cado da ZiZas misca. daabara, rodesac

Seixi mejliss daasrulebs da Tavisufali iqneba, es miarTvi da araferi

uTxra. Seixs erTi muridi hyavda. yovel dRe xmel pursa da kbilebis

saCiCqn joxs miarTmevda xolme mas. im dResac, mejlisis damTavrebisas

yvela gareT gavida da im sufim Cveuli ZRveni miarTva Seixs. Seixma puri

SeWama da, rodesac ZiZa Sevida masTan, kbilebs iCiCqnida. qisa daudo da

gareT apirebda gasvlas, rodesac Seixma uxmo mas da uTxra: es saCiCqni

qalbatons miarTvi da uTxari, wyalSi Cados da mere im wyliT saxe

daibanos. gareT mxedveli Tvalebi mourCeba, uaryofa gulidan moiSoros da

SigniT mxedveli Tvalebic ganekurneba.

rodesac madlieri iSi nili Seixs eaxla da ciliswamebis danaSauli

50

moinania, abu saidma ase damoZRvra igi: ”ganudeqi wuTisofels, am xalxs

emsaxure, raTa Zvirfasi gaxde orive qveynisTvis. Seixis wyalobiT is

niSaburis mTeli mosaxleobis misabaZi gaxda.” (luTfolahi 1899:36)

aTari mogviTxrobs erTi keTilSobili warmoSobis axalgazrda kacis

Sesaxeb, romelic abu saidis mejliss daeswro. moZRvris saubarma Zlieri

gavlena moaxdina masze. is sinanulma Seipyro da inana Tavisi ugzo-ukvlo,

umizno cxovrebis gamo. yvelaferi, rac gaaCnda moZRvars Caabara. Seixma

axalgazrdas ramdenime weliwadis manZilze mZime Sroma miusaja.

garkveuli drois manZilze xalxi upativcemulod epyroboda, gamudmebiT

amcirebda mas. muridebs nabrZanebi hqondaT araviTari yuradReba ar

mieqciaT misTvis. bolos abu saidma sruliad gandevna is mowafeTagan da

xanayahSi gamoCenac aukrZala.

rodesac mas sazogadoebis keTilganwyobis yvela imedi gaucruvda,

meCeTs Seafara Tavi. ganerTxo miwaze da tiroda: ”o, RmerTo! Sen xedav da

uwyi, rom miusafari var. Tumca, ar gamaCnia tkivili, garda tkivilisa,

romelsac ganvicdi Sens gamo da Sen xar Cemi erTaderTi TavSesafari.

didxans mwared tirilis Semdeg uecrad iseTi mdgomareoba daeufla,

rasac didi xania natrobda.

swored maSin xanayahSi abu saidma ubrZana mowafeebs, wasuliyvnen da

moeZebnaT kaci, romelic gandevnes xanayadan. isini wavidnen da maleve

ipoves is mtirali. roca man moZRvari ixila, hkiTxa mas: ratom SemamTxvie

esodeni damcireba? moZRvarma miugo: ”aqamde Sen dakarge imedi yoveli

qmnulis. erTi farda darCa Sensa da RmerTs Soris _ es farda me var. axla

esec CamogaSore. aRsdeq da gixaroden!” (aTari 1905:807)

moZRvarma zustad icoda, konkretuli pirovnebis sulSi ra gamoiwvevda

kaTarziss. keTilSobil axalgazrdas iseT sulier sargebels, marTlac,

sxva ara moutanda ra, Tu ara Tavis damdableba da imis Segneba, rom is

uaryves adamianebma da yvelaze ufro damcirebuli iyo maT Soris _ aman

sabolood daakargvina mas yovelgvari amqveyniuri siamis SegrZnebis unari.

man abu saidis ucnauri Terapiis Sedegad usaSvelo tkivili igrZno. mas

aexila “Sinagani Tvalebi” da Seicno samyaros amaoeba. Sedegad, monaniebis

eqstazSi, maradiul faseulobasTan _ RmerTTan siaxlovis survilic

51

gauCnda.

wadi, eZie tkivili, radgan Seni avadmyofoba udardelobaa,

tkivilia, romelsac aranairi wamali ara aqvs. (abu saidi 1899:20)

gulTamxilavma Seixmac ar daayovna da waruZRva ganwmendil murids

RmerTisaken.

abu saidi mtrebis mimarTac ar yofila SurisZiebis grZnobiT

Sepyrobili: "erTxel niSaburis bazarSi, romelsac adniqubanis bazari

erqva, erTi mTvrali moxuci milaslasebda. axalgazrdam mas zurgSi

Caartya. moxucma es beiTi uTxra:

xeli aRapyari da mTvrals daartyi,

damSvenebuli xar amgvari xeliT.

Seixma es beiTi gaigona da axalgazrdas ukan mihyva. bazarSi virebi

moeyvanaT gasayidad. am axalgazrdas moxucis win unda gaevlo. am dros

virma wixli amoartya mas da gverdi Caumtvria. [axalgazrda] daeca. Seixma

iqve sejade (xaliCa locvisaTvis) gaSala, muxli moiyara da RmerTs

mimarTa: RmerTo, codvisa wil sisastikes ar iwoneb, hoi samarTliano,

WeSmaritebis gulisaTvis, Seiwyale codvilni saqmiT." (luTfolahi 1899:75-

76)

Seixi mkacria sastiki mmarTvelebis winaSe da uars acxadebs maT

miRebaze (ibrahim inalis ambavi). "visac SeuZlia yvelasTan dajdes, yvelas

sityvas daugdos yuri, yvelasTan erTad Wamos da daiZinos, nu eli misgan

sikeTes, aseTi kacis suli eSmakis xelSia" _ ambobs abu saidi. es sityvebi,

TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba zemoTmotanil citatas: “kaci is aris, vinc xalxSi

dajdeba. . .” Tumca, am “gaugebrobas” naTels hfens misive robai:

arc erTi lukma ar SeWamo sasamarTlos aRmasruleblis sufridan,

Tu Sens sicocxles sulis simSvide axlavs, ar Wamo,

Tu Seni sulisTvis TafliviT iqneba,

[icode, rom] is moxuci qalebis gulis sisxlia, ar Wamo. (abu saidi 1995:47)

52

$ 4. Semwynarebeli Seixi

rogorc abu saidi acxadebs, "ar aris amqveynad araferi, garda qarisa

Cvens xelSi." da mainc, misi cxovrebis meore naxevarSi didi Seixi aRar

uaryofs samyaros da aRar mieltvis gandegilobas. mas brZenkacisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli oqros Sualedi ukavia warmavlobas da maradisobas Soris

dausabamo WidilSi. Tumca, WeSmariti arseboba sufizmSi RmerTis arsebobaa,

simravle erTianobis polaruli mxarea da Tanaarsebobs erTTan.

aqedan gamomdinare, abu saidi, zogjer, Semwynarebelia iseTi qmedebebis

mimarT, romlebic miuRebelia sufizmis principebis Tanaxmad.

Seixi zogjer Tavs aridebs muridebis kicxvas: "roca abu saidi tusidan

dabrunda, mas acnobes, rom misi erT-erTi mowafe said hamza ormoci

dReRame uweso cxovrebiT cxovrobda. yoveldRe nabaxusevi iyo da msaxur

gogo biWebsac asmevda Rvinos, rom tanT gaxdilebi da mTvralebi iyvnen mis

sasaxleSi. _ saocrebav! _ miugo Seixma _ aseT sasaxles naklebi codva

rogor Sehferis! sxva araferi uTqvams da arc gaukicxavs. rodesac said

hamzam gaigo, rom Seixi dabrunebuliyo, meore dRes eaxla mas. seixi

yovelwams gamorCeuli pativiscemiT epyroboda mas da sityva ar dauZravs

misi ambis Sesaxeb." (ibn munavari 1899:222)

rogorc vxedavT, Seixi momabezrebeli didaqtikosi ar gaxlavT, is

kargad icnobs adamianis fsiqologiis sinatifeebs da icis, rom zogjer

sjobs, ubralod, araferi Tqvas. Tanac, misive TqmiT, "raindoba (javanmardi)

is aris, kacs misive WuWys TvalebTan rom ar miutan." (ibn munavari 1899:223)

Seixis risxvas ar iwvevs sicocxlis aranairi gamovlineba _ TviT

azartuli moTamaSec ki: "niSaburSi yofnisas, abu saidma erT dRes

sasaflaosaken gaseirneba moindoma. Seixebis samarxebs rom miaRwia, xalxis

krebuli dainaxa, romlebic Rvinos svamdnen da ukravdnen. sufiebi

aRSfoTdnen, maTi gasamarTleba da wameba ganizraxes. Seixi win aRudga maT.

roca moqeifeTa krebuls miuaxlovda, Tqva: RmerTo! rogorc amqveynad

mxiarulobT, imqveynadac ise mxiarulad yofiliyaviT!" isini wamodgnen,

fexebSi Cauvardnen Seixs, Rvino daRvares, sazandarebi daamtvries da Seixis

winaSe fici dasdes, [rom miatovebdnen cxovrebis amgvar wess]. Seixis erTma

53

Sexedvam keTilSobil kacebad aqcia isini" _ mogviTxrobs ibn munavari. (ibn

munavari 1899:250)

moZRvarma, TiTqos, Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqva Seixebis saflavebze

TavaSvebuli drostareba. Seixs maTTvis araferi uTqvams gansakuTrebuli.

ibn munavars Tu davujerebT, misi siaxlove da mzera, lamis, RmerTs

miaaxlebda gzaabneul sulebs.

Seixi kidev ufro Semwynarebeli Cans im ambavSi, romelic Semdeg

heqaiaTSia moTxrobili: "erTxel niSaburis bazarSi axalgazrdebi

modiodnen jgufad. erTi axalgazrda zurgze Sesmuli mohyavdaT, roca

Seixs miuaxlovdnen, man ikiTxa, Tu vin iyo es gamorCeuli kaci. _

yomarbazebis amira ariso,_ miiRo pasuxad. amirobas rogor miaRwie? _

hkiTxa mas Seixma. _ hoi, Seixo, simarTliT vTamaSob da sufTad vTamaSob!"

Seixs am sityvebis gagonebisas yvirili aRmoxda da Tqva: "simarTliT

iTamaSe da sufTad iTamaSe da iyavi amira!" (ibn munavari 1899:231-232)

es yofierebis mTlianobis mimarT yvelaze ufro uSualo da yvelaze

ufro sufiuri damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebaa _ mistikosis xedva

srulyofilia da ara nawilobrivi, amitom is xedavs, rom ar arsebobs

nakli samyaroSi.

abu saids axsovs, rom es qveyana da simravle masSi erTis sisavsisagan

gadmodinebis Sedegia, simravle fardaa kacsa da RmerTs Soris:

samyaro eZebe, erTguleba ara aqvs sayvarelo,

yovel wuTs aTasi tvinia misgan dabneuli,

icode, rom RmerTi mtrobs mas,

Tu WeSmaritebis mteri ara xar, ratom giyvars igi. (abu saidi 1995:15)

da mainc, abu saidi ar gaurboda arc amqveyanas da arc amqveyniur

siameebs. is samyaros idumalTmetyvelis TvaliT, anu Sinagani mzeriT

umzerda, yovel “arsebulSi” RmerTis anarekls, RvTaebriobis

gamoxatulebasa da anabeWds xedavda. is gansxvavdeboda im Seixebisgan,

romlebic erTianobis samyaros ideiT Sepyrobilni cxovroben da Tvali

gamudmebiT am samyarosken uWiravT, uyuradReboni arian qmnadi realobis

mimarT.

sikvdilis win sazarel xilvaSi wuTisofeli usayvedurebs mas, rom is

54

arasodes yofila yuradRebiani mis mimarT: "Seixi yoveldRe, vidre namazis

kiTxvas daiwyebda, xalxSi gadioda xolme. erT dRes pirveli namazis dro

gavida da Seixi aravis unaxavs gareT gamosuli. mis saxmobad kaci wavida,

raTa eTqva misTvis, rom namazis dro gadioda. xalxma dainaxa, rom Seixi

saxlis SesasvlelSi idga iseT mxares, rom misi saubrisagan araferi

esmodaT/sargebels ver iRebdnen. pirveli namazis drom Caiara da meore

namazma moaRwia, rodesac Seixi gareT gamovida. oflis wveTebs daecvara

misi Subli, risxviT ukrToda saxe. Seixs gamohkiTxes pirveli namazis

gacdenis mizezi, radgan mas arasodes daurRvevia wesi da arasodes

gacdenila misi namazi. Seixma Tqva: wuTisofeli iyo mosuli, kalTaze

meWideboda da mkicxavda: amqveynad cxovrob, xangrZlivi sicocxle mogeca,

arasodes yofilxar yuradRebiani Cems mimarT, arasodes mqonia Seni

wyalobis pativi. Seni sikvdilis dro da Seni gardacvalebis Jami

moaxlovda. Zala movikribe, raTa gavTavisuflebuliyavi misgan..."

(luTfolahi 1899:72)

amgvarad, abu saidi xilul samyaroSi, cocxali adamianebis gverdiT

cxovrobda, awuxebda maTi xorcieli da, ufro, metad, sulieri gasaWiri.

amave dros, "arasodes yofila yuradRebiani wuTisoflis mimarT" da

Sinagani mzera mudam, korbinis TqmiT, "miRmieri CrdiloeTisaken" hqonda

mipyrobili (korbini 1979:2)

es samyaros miwieri da RvTaebrivi aspeqtebis aRqmis, idealuri sinTezia.

erTaderTi gamosavalia im dilemidan, romelic arasodes moasvenebs

adamians gandegilobaSi da adamians, romelic materialuri samyaros

arsebobiT Semofarglula.

$ 5. xelgaSlili Seixi

umZimesma asketurma gamocdilebam abu saids gauqro ltolva amqveyniuri

simdidrisa da fufunebis mimarT. es yvelaferi misTvis, ubralod, arafrad

iqca. “erTxel, abanoSi sufiuri xalaTi da Zvirfasi Calma mparsavs aCuqa,

raTa sapatarZlosTvis mosarTavi daemzadebina, TviTon ki SiSveli darCa”

(ibn munavari 1899:143-144)

55

am dros moZRvari, albaT, naklebad iRvwoda romelime mayamis

miRwevisaTvis. mis saocar xelgaSlilobasa da keTilSobilebaze araerTi

“heqaiaTi” mogviTxrobs.

“Seixi erT dRes niSaburis bazarSi miabijebda. monebiT movaWris

duqnidan (naxasxane) Cangis xma Semoesma. gasayidad gamoyvanili mxevali

Cangze ukravda da mReroda:

dRes am bazarSi Cemnairi satrfo ar aris

momiyvanes bazarSi da Cemi myidveli ar aris

is, vinc myidvelia, misken guli ar mimiwevs,

da mas, viskenac guli mimiwevs, Cemi yidva ar SeuZlia.

Seixma pirbade axada mas, Camojda da brZana, es mxevali masTan mieyvanaT.

. . . visken migiwevs guli? _ CaeZia moZRvari mxevals. mavanisken _ dausaxela

mxevalma. momgvareTo, brZana Seixma. mihgvares. Seixma gaanTavisufla is da

im axalgazrda kacs miaTxova. . . Seixma uxmo erT-erT murids da ubrZana

mxevlis patronisTvis aTasi dinari moetana”. (luTfolahi 1899:75)

Seixi ara marto adamianebze, aramed cxovelebzec zrunavda: ”erT dRes

meCeTSi rom locvisaTvis mouwodebs, im kacs ubrZana, ZaRlebis

momvlelebisTvis mieca is oqros moneta, romelic mas (abu saids) meCeTSi

Semosulma Turqma uboZa. man icoda, rom ZaRlebis momvlelebi gasaWirSi

imyofebodnen. Seixi cxovelebis mimarTac TanagrZnobiT iyo gamsWvaluli da

ZaRlebis sakvebis Sovnis fiqriT qalaqSi daxetialobda.” (ibn munavari

1899:119-120)

abu saidi mwvaleblobaSi amxiles dasmenis weriliT, romelic sulTan

mahmud Raznels gaugzavnes yadi saedma da abu baqr ishayma. isini wuxdnen,

rom abu saidis mier gaSlili sufrebi zedmetad mdidruli iyo.

hasan movabadisa da mdidari vaWris ambavi ase gagrZelda: moZRvarma

aTasi dinariT sufris gaSla ubrZana sufiebs. misi survilis Tanaxmad

sufiebma xma gaavrceles qalaqSi, rom visac surda, yvelas SeeZlo

mosuliyo am sufrasTan. amgvari wveulebebi erT mizans emsaxureboda:

”moiwvieT yvela, raTa iyos madli amqveynad da moispos mtroba imqveyanaSi”.

Seixma ubrZana hasans: wadi buSnaqanSi. es sofeli niSaburidan erT

farsangSi mdebareobs. hasanma am soflidan aTasze meti kaci gamoiyvana.

56

rogorc aRiniSna, didgvarovani da ubralo xalxi gverdigverd ijda am

sufrasTan. Seixi Tavisi xeliT usxamda maT vardis wyals da uwvavda

aloes.

xalxi miirTmevda da aTasi sanTeli iwvoda. sufrasTan erTi kaci ijda,

romelic sufiebis mowinaaRmdege iyo da fiqrobda: ra mflangvelobaa,

rasac es kaci akeTebs. Tu yvelaferi sworia, es sanTlebi dRisiT-mzisiT

xom namdvilad mflangvelobaa, xolo mflangveloba dauSvebelia SariaTis

mixedviT. Seixi am kacTan mivida da ase mimarTa: axalgazrdav, gulidan

amoiRe winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi, WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzaze asi aTasi

dinaric rom daixarjos, es mflangveloba ar iqneba. (luTfolahi 1899:41)

axalgazrda kacs yvirili aRmoxda, Seixs emTxvia da patieba SesTxova mas.

es ambavic sxva heqaiaTebis msgavi finaliT dasrulda. es sufra,

SesaZloa, udidesi sufra iyo sufizmis istoriaSi.

abu saidis moRvaweobas droTa ganmavlobaSi daekarga asketuri

simkacris elferi. man, TiTqos RmerTisaken “umokles da uadviles gzas”

miagno. misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “mravali safarveli aixada mis winaSe

da naTelma gausxivosna gulmkerdi.”

$ 6. mxiaruli moZRvari

abu saidi cnobilia, rogorc mxiaruli moZRvari. misi iumori

sruliad miwieria: "erT dRes gubis piras erTi kaci dainaxa, romelic

yviroda: hei, gouhar (margaliti), gamodi! saxlidan qali gamovida _ moxuci,

Savi, nayvavilari saxiTa da didi kbilebiT, mokled, Sesazari TvisebebiT

aRsaweri. Seixi da misi krebuli am qals miaCerda: amgvar zRvas ukeTesi

margaliti rogor eqnebodao, _ Cailaparaka Seixma." (ibn munavari 1899:243)

Seixi sruli simSvidiT xvdeba cnobebs Tavisi muridebis Secodebebis

Sesaxeb. is gulgrilad aCvenebs Tavs damsmenebs: "Seixs uTxres: erTi Seni

muridi gzaze gdia mTvrali. _ madloba allahs, rom gzaze gdia da gzidan

ar gadavardnila [gzas ar ascdenia], miugo Seixma." (luTfolahi 1899:75)

abu saidi msubuqi ironiiT pasuxobs adamianebs, rodesac isini ver

acnobiereben sufizmis WeSmarit arss.

57

"Seixis mejlisze erTi kaci wamodga da xalxisgan raRacas iTxovda.

erTi Raribi kaci varo, acxadebda. Seixma Tqva: ase ar unda geTqva, unda

Tqva: erTi maTxovari kaci var. siRaribe saidumloa didebuli RmerTis

saidumloTa Soris". (ibn muanavari 1899:282)

an:

"abu saidTan kaci mivida, sTxovda codnas RmerTis saidumloebis

Sesaxeb. Seixma brZana, misTvis erTi daluquli yuTi miecaT, romelSic erTi

Tagvi Caasmevina idumal. _ fici dade, rom ar gaxsni am yuTs, uTxra mas

Seixma. saxlSi misuli kaci cieb-cxelebam aitana, netav ra devso am yuTSi.

odnav axada yuTs saxuravi - Tagvi umal gamovarda da miimala. kacma Seixs

usayvedura: me Sengan maRali RmerTis saidumlo viTxove da Sen Tagvi rad

gamatane? Seixma miugo: hoi, derviSo, erTi Tagvi mogeci yuTiT, is ver

daicavi, RmerTis saidumlo rom giTxra, rogor daicav?" (ibn munavari

1899:213)

biografiebSi moTxrobili, TiTqmis, yvela ambavi anegdoturi xasiaTisaa

- abu saidis iumorSi misi sulieri naTeli vlindeba, maSin, rodesac, misi

mistikuri lirika misi sulis mwuxarebas ufro asaxavs.

58

Tavi IV. abu saidi, misi winamorbedebi da Tanamedroveni

1. avicena. avicena (igive abu ali ibn sina) sparsuli literaturis

istoriisTvis ar aris mxolod epizodi, SemTxveviTi movlena. miuxedavad

imisa, rom is arabulad werda, sparsuli klasikuri literaturis

Camoyalibeba, iseTad, rogoric aris, Sinagan kavSirSia mis filosofiur

naazrevTan: “avicena miwisqveSa cecxlis uxilavi keraa, romelic

cecxlovani mwvervalebis mTel mTagrexils kvebavs. avicenas, rogorc

elinisturi swavlebis gamavrceleblis roli udidesia. Tu Cven gvsurs

gavigoT, ra amoZravebda sparsul literaturas da ar vapirebT

SemovifargloT sparseli poetebis Sesaxeb bibliografiuli cnobebis

SegrovebiT, Tu Cven gvsurs ara marto davadginoT faqtebi, aramed

ganvmartoT kidevac isini, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT avicenas.”

(bertelsi 1938:94)

al-Razali gaafTrebul brZolas eweoda avicenas ideuri moRvaweobis

winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans, avicena safrTxes warmoadgenda sufizmis

konservatoruli frTisaTvis, radgan is neoplatonur ideebs avrcelebda

sufiur wreebSi. avicena pirveli ar yofila, vinc berZnuli filosofiis

gavrceleba scada islamis niadagze. swored man gaavrcela is yvelaze

farTod musulmanur samyaroSi. is ar yofila baRdadis akademiis

oficialuri maswavlebeli, Tumca Tavisi “progreuli ideebis nakadiT”

didi kvali datova arabul-sparsuli azrovnebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi.

“misma naazrevma Tavi iCina ara mecnierul filosofiur traqtatebSi, aramed

poeziaSi, gansakuTrebiT iranul poeziaSi.” (nucubiZe 1966:241)

e. bertelsi adasturebs S. nucubiZis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom avicenas

Sexedulebebi airekla sparseli poetebis _ xaiamis, sanais, auhaddin

qirmanis, aTaris, rumis SemoqmedebaSi. misi nakvalevi daiZebneba sparsul

literaturaSi mTeli rva saukunis manZilze. (bertelsi 1938:82)

e. bertelsis Tanaxmad, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi poetebma daamuSaves

da ganaviTares misi Temebi da naazrevi: mogzauroba fizikur da sulier

samyaroSi, adamianis sulis Sedareba galiaSi datyvevebul frinvelTan,

tragikul mdgomareobaSi myofi suli (duSa), romelic sulisa (dux) da

59

sxeulis polusebs Soris meryeobs da megzuris daxmarebiT sulisaken (dux)

miemarTeba. (bertelsi 1938:80-83]

mkvlevari zemoxsenebul poetebs Soris ar asaxelebs abu saids. Tumca,

biografiebze dayrdnobiT gvaqvs safuZveli msgavsi gavlena abu saidis

poeziazec vivaraudoT. magaliTisTvis, abu saidis krebulSi ukve gvxvdeba

is mistikuri frinveli, romelic aTaris, sanais, hafezis da momdevno

saukuneebis sxva poetebis Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani elementia:

RvTis kacebi sxva samyarodan arian,

zecis frinvelebi sxva budidan arian,

Sen nu uyureb maT am TvaliT, radgan isini

orive samyarodan Tavisuflebi arian da sxva adgilis [mkvidrni] arian.

[29; 33]

ibn sinas werilebs saidumlo werilebs uwodebdnen, Tumca, ”abu alis

saidumlo moZRvreba TavisTavad arafer saidumlos ar Seicavda. saidumlo

aq iyo mxolod is, rac oficialur Sexedulebebs ar eTanxmeboda. es

Sexedulebani vrceldeboda saidumlod imdenad, ramdenadac maTi

gavrceleba xdeboda oficialuri islamisgan gandgomilTa Soris. abu alis

(avicenas) ideebi gadadioda sufistur wreebSi, sadac igi ukidures frTas

aZlierebda. amave saidumlos STabeWdilebas aZlierebda is garemocvac, rom

abu-alis mistikuri Sexedulebani vrceldeboda werilebis saSualebiT: es

Cveuleba miRebuli iyo neoplatonistur wreebSi da igi gadmoiRo

areopagitikis avtormac da SerCa yvelas, vinc mis gzas mihyveboda. abu alis

darCa ramdenime aseTi werili.” (nucubiZe 1966:238-239)

misi swavlebis gasaidumloebas Tavisi mizezebi hqonda da misi codnac

mxolod rCeulTaTvis iyo misawvdomi. is ukrZalavda Tavis mowafeebs

saaSkaraoze gamoetanaT da yvelasaTvis gaemxilaT misi swavleba: “me

amovxseni maTi saidumlobani, raTa Cems uaxloes mowafeebs gadavce isini.

vukrZalav Cems megobrebs da Cems mowafeebs, romelTac miiRes Cemi codna,

gadascen igi xalxs, romelic umwifaria da religiis winaaRmdegi,

vukrZalav maTTvis Cemi swavlebis wakiTxvas da misi sadme arasaimedo

adgilas Senaxvas,”_ werda ibn sina dasasrulSi wignisa “sulis Sesaxeb”.

(bertelsi 1938:79)

60

abu saidi ambobs:

vai, rom am wva-dagvaSi kaci ar aris,

am grZel gzaze Tanamgzavri kaci ar aris,

Cemi gulis siRrmeSi bevri idumali margalitia,

magram, ra vuyoT, rom sando [erTi] kaci ar aris. (abu saidi 1995:20)

es leqsi, TiTqos, ganmartavs avicenas naTqvams. saidumlos gamJRavneba

safrTxes warmoadgenda da am safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen is mistikosebi,

romelTac ar daicves TavianTi mistikuri wiaRsvlebi “ucxoTagan”.

avicena saidumlo werilebiT gadascemda codnas megobrebs da erT-erTi

aseTi werili mas abu saidisTvisac miuweria. maTi urTierTobis

gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa is, rom orive maTgans Tavisi drois

marTlmorwmune Teologebma brZola gamoucxades, rogorc oficialuri

islamis mtrebs.

werilebSi mocemulia msjeloba da ganmartebani sakiTxebze, romlebic

Tavisuflad moazrovneTa viwro wres aRelvebda. es werilebi vrceldeboda

sufi poetebis im wreebSi, romelTac yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdines

iranul-arabul literaturaze.

l. luisonis Tanaxmad, sparseli sufiebis gonebagaxsnilma

damokidebulebam sxvadasxva sakiTxisadmi da maTma gulwrfelma sulierma

Ziebam (Tahyiy) ganapiroba is, rom filosofosebma gaiziares maTi

Sexedulebebi.

filosofosebma kavSiri daamyares sulieri mecnierebis moRvaweebTan da

aRiares sulebis samyaro, ideaTa samyaro, Tumca am aRiarebam ver uCvena maT

saboloo gza xsnisa.

es aris kacobriobis azrovnebis istoriaSi is iSviaTi momenti, rodesac

droebiT mainc, wydeba mistikisa da filosofiis cnobili dapirispireba da

grZnobiTi aRqmisa da gonismieri Semecnebis gamijvna.

movitanT fragmentebs abu saidisa da avicenas werilebidan, romlebic

arabul enazea dawerili:

"es werili miswera Seixma abu ali ibn sinam saxelovan imams Seix abu

said ibn abu-l-xeirs, gaanaTlos alahma maTi sulebi da gaanaTos maTi

saflavebi, rogorc pasuxi mis werilze:

61

saxeliTa alahisa mowyalisa mwyaloblisa, movida zemoT moxseniebuli

Seixis werili, romelSic moTxrobili iyo is, rac gaakeTa misTvis alahma,

ra wyaloba gamoavlina mis mimarT, moTxrobili iyo, rogor SeiZina alahTan

kavSiri, anu islami, rogor mihyveboda alahis Zlier rwmenas, mihyveboda mis

gzas, masTan miaxloebisaken, misi xilvisaken miemarTeboda, uaryo ra Tavisi

Tavi, uarhyo codnis mtveri, uarhyo am miwisadmi mgznebare ltolva...

wavikiTxe da gavige, davfiqrdi da davxvewe, ganvaxorciele Cems TavSi da

davadgine. da daviwye alahisadmi madlobis miZRvniT, romelic gonebis

momniWebelia da samarTlianobis wyaroa da madloba Sevwire imisaTvis, rac

damakisra da vTxove damxmareboda dasasrulsa da dasawyisSi da

ganemtkicebina Cemi yofna mis mier momzadebul gzaze da imaSi, rom ar

gadamexvia [am gzidan] da gaveZlierebine marTal gzaze siarulSi da

gaezarda is codna, romelic man momca, rogorc uSualo winamZRolma."

Semdeg abu ali saubrobs im adamianebze, romlebsac amqveyniuri

keTildReoba anaRvlebT, romelnic itanjebian da siamovnebiT aRivsebian,

swuxan tkivilebis, fulis, survilebis gamo, mudmivad surT siamovnebis

miReba: "maTi azrebi nawildeba tkivilsa da uimedobas Soris, xolo isini,

vinc erTobas eziarnen da gulwrfelobiT danawevrebidan sisruleSi

gadavidnen, meryeobas gaSordnen da gandegilobaSi daides bina, isini

maradiulad tkbebian WeSmaritebiT da keTili rwmeniT, sityviT, TiTqos, civ

wyals ewafebian, romelic sasargeblo da samkurnalo iyo. sityviT

ikvebebian, romelic sasargeblo da sasiamovno sakvebi iyo. da vTxov maRal

RmerTs, mogvaSoros Tvalebidan bindi, gulebidan sisastike da wargviZRves

ise, rogorc migviZRoda da gviwyalobos, riTic gvwyalobda, Rimilsa da

simkacres Soris marjvniv dagvamtkicos. datovos Cven win kvali da iyos

Cveni winamZRoli imisken, saiTac miviswrafiT. aRmoCnda, rom rasac eZebda,

Cemgan unda miiRos pasuxi da gansja Cemi gulidan da simarTle Cemi

sityvebidan. TiTqos, mxedvelma brmas sTxova winamZroloba da msmenelma

uvicisagan Seityo. gana CemisTana unda mimarTavdes darigebiT mas, vinc

marTlmorwmune da keTilgonieri xelmZRvanelia. misces am gzam mas

gadarCena da is survili, romlis Sesrulebasac eswrafvis da amasTan

erTad iyos alahi misi pirveli da ukanaskneli fiqri da yvela misi azris

62

da qmedebis Sinaarsi, raTa misi Tvali misi xilviT datkbes da misi

arseboba mis xelSi iyos..."

SemorCenilia abu saidis pasuxis mxolod mcire nawilia, romelic ibn

sinas gardacvalebamde erTi an ori wliT adre gaugzavnia misTvis abu

saids: "swavlulo, Segewia alahi, rogorc saWiro iyo da giwyaloba

maradiuli bedniereba, romelic gindoda. me marTlac WeSmaritebis swor

gzaze var, Tumca gulmodginebis gzaze myofTa azrTa dablobi

sxvadasxvagvaria. yvela mZebnels Tavisi gza aqvs. iqneb gamiRos alahma

WeSmaritebis da wyalobis kari Seswavlis da codnis saSualebiT. Sen

marTlac codniT miaRwie gamorCeulobas da am gzis xalxTan msjelobiT.

Sen Sematyobine me, ra miiRe da CemTvis naTeli gaxda, ra Seiswavle da ras

daeTanxme. me vici, rom meryeoba gandegilobis mdgomareobis dasawyisia.

vinc ganudgeba [qveyanas], is mtveria da es advilia. Znelia moemzado,

RmerTmani, da me warmateba maqvs da garkveulwilad winaswar var

momzadebuli." (luTfolahi 1899:65-66)

amgvarad, werilebidan Cans, rom abu saidi da ibn sina mxarSi udganan

erTmaneTs samyaros arsis Secnobis saqmeSi. abu saidi aRiarebs, rom maTi

gzebi gansxvavebulia. Tumca, rogorc erTi, iseve meore maTgani "bedma

bednierTa jgufSi moaxvedra da ubedurTa fenidan gamoacalkeva da xeli

Seuwyo misi qonebis gamravlebas, ramac gawminda is gonieri im samyofelSi,

sadac misaxvdomi da gaSvebuli Tanaswori xdeba, rodesac dadgeba

garkveuli dro."

aq, ra Tqma unda, saubaria sulier (sufizmSi) Tu gonebriv

(filosofiaSi) simdidreze, romelic gaumravldeba mas, vinc WeSmaritebis

gzaze damdgara, vinc daucxromlad eZiebs RmerTs: "vinc gaaxara alahi,

Seicno igi, vinc ar daicva alahi, man daiviwya is (alahi)." (luTfolahi

1899:69)

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am werilebSi araferia saidumlo. ori didi

moRvawe erTmaneTs uziarebs fiqrebs WeSmaritebis gzis Sesaxeb. orive

maTgani gulwrfelia TavianT SexedulebebSi da damokidebulebaSi

RmerTTan da rwmenasTan. mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu konkretulad ra

principebSi eTanxmebian isini erTmaneTs, aramed, is, rom progresulad

63

moazrovne mistikosi da Tavisi drois udidesi filosofosi aRiareben

erTmaneTis gzis WeSmaritebas, anu, mistikosi xedavs, rom RmerTis wvdoma

mxolod mistikosis saqme ar aris da mecniersac xelewifeba swavlis

gamravlebisa da kamaTis saSualebiT miemTxvios RvTaebrivs. abu saidi

swers ibn sinas: "iqneb gamiRos alahma WeSmaritebis da wyalobis kari

swavlis da codnis saSualebiT. Sen gamorCeulobas codniT da am gzis

xalxTan msjelobis saSualebiT miaRwie." (luTfolahi 1899:65)

am mimoweris Semdeg ibn sina estumra abu saids. "ibn sina Cavida meihenSi,

SefarviT Sevida Seixis mejlisze da kuTxeSi dajda, radgan veravin icno

igi. rodesac Seixs eqstazi daeufla, warmoTqva: nuTu ibn sina dRes Cvens

mejliszea imisaTvis, rom Cemi sityva sibrZnis kanonSi Caweros? zecis

mcodne zecis mxedvelTan movida..." erTad gatarebuli erTi kviris Semdeg

mistikosma ase daaxasiaTa swavluli: man icis is, rasac me vWvret. ibn sinam

xotba Seasxa moZRvars: "Rirsi da swori xar muhamedis, alahis mociqulis,

rom aravin yofiliyo aRzevebuli, Sen iqnebodi mis magivrad. (luTfolahi

1899:69)

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ibn sina Tavad eZiebs urTierTobas

sufiebTan. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom is daJinebiT daeZebda abu-l hasan

xarayanisTan Sexvedras. (bertelsi 1965:272)

werilebSi mistikosisa da filosofosis didi survili - mistikisa da

filosofiis meoxebiT xsnis gzis moZiebis mcdeloba ikveTeba.

2. mansur al-halaji. baRdadi IX s. bolosa da X s. dasyisSi mRelvare

adgili gaxldaT, rogorc politikosebisTvis da mwerlebisTvis,

tradicionalistebisTvis, filosofosebisTvis da yvela saxis vaWrebisTvis,

aseve da ufro metad _ mistikosebisTvis”. (masoni 1999:65)

am garemoSi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile marTebdaT morwmuneebs, raTa

uvneblad gaevloT gza RmerTisaken.

X-XI saukuneebSi sufizmi Camoyalibebis rTul process ganicdida. is

jer ar iyo islamis wiaRSi farTod gavrcelebuli religiur-filosofiuri

mimdinareoba, radac SemdgomSi, XIII-XIV ss. Camoyalibda. (aRmosavleTis

literatura 1970:94) Tumca, cnobili sufiebi momdevno saukuneebSic

xdebodnen islamuri inkviziciis da mmarTvelTa sisastikis msxverplni.

64

abu saidi gadaurCa mowameobriv sikvdils mxolod misive sifrTxilis,

gamWriaxobis da adamianTa gulebze saswaulebrivi zemoqmedebis unaris

wyalobiT.

sxvagvarad warimarTa baRdadis sufiuri skolis cnobili

warmomadgenlis mansur al-halajis bedi. misi pirovnuli Tvisebebis, misi

tragediis ganviTarebisa da kulminaciis analizi saSualebas mogvcems

naTlad davinaxoT, Tu raoden didi iyo am ori mistikosis sulieri

siaxlove; da ramdenad msgavsi Tu gansxvavebuli iyo viTareba X s.

dasawyisis baRdadsa da X-XI ss. xorasanSi.

halaji Trobis, eqstazis da gacxadebuli siyvarulis momxre gaxldaT.

misTvis siyvaruli safrTxeSia, vidre is damalulia; siyvarulisTvis

ukeTesia, Tu Worebi cecxliviT gaavrceleben mas, radgan usargebloa misi

qvis qveS malva.

baRdadis skolis Tavkaci junaidis azriT ki, RvTiuri idumaleba

gamouTqmeli iyo. junaidma kargad icoda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo mistikuri

cdis gamoaSkaraveba, rom saSiSi iyo saqveynod laparaki mistikur

saidumloebebze im xalxTan, vinc ar iyo garkveuli sufiuri rwmenis

aspeqtebSi. igi grZnobda, rom safrTxe moeloda ara marto calkeul

pirovnebas, aramed masTan erTad morwmuneTa mTel saZmos.

albaT, es iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc junaidma uari Tqva

halajTan Sexvedraze. man SemoiRo iSaraTis xelovneba (azris gadmocema

qaragmulad, daSifrulad).

mTavari braldeba da misi dasjis uSualo mizezi gaxda misi cnobili

gamonaTqvami “analhay” _ “me var RmerTi, WeSmariteba” halajma uRrmesi

meditaciis dros warmoTqva. misi azriT, nebismieri fiqri, Tund RmerTTan

ganSorebaze, iyo farda, romelic RmerTs aSorebda adamians. mistikuri

mijnuris mizani TviT gamudmebuli gamwmendi procesi iyo, mis mier

uSualod gancdili. yvela dabrkoleba uCinardeboda am dros. sityvebiT

“analhay” gaxmovanebulia mistikuri mdgomareoba fana‘. fana‘s saqveynod

gaxmovaneba gaxda halajis dasjis uSualo mizezi, radgan “is, vinc

sajarod esaubreba RmerTs, eWvqveS ayenebs imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi

wyobilebis samarTlianobas _ protests ucxadebs socialur da religiur

65

danawevrebas, Tundac ekonomiur uTanasworobas.” (masoni 1999:68) halajis

gamonaTqvamis msgavsi ram sxva suf mistikosebsac warmouTqvamT, Tumca es

ar gamxdara maTi sikvdilis dasjis winapiroba.

meore xmamaRali ganacxadi, mZime braldebad wayenebuli msajulTa mier,

iyo is, rom braldebuls aucileblad ar miaCnda hajis ritualis

(momlocveloba) Sesruleba. muslimi Tundac erTxel cxovrebaSi unda

ewvios meqas. Tumca, klasikuri moZRvrebi cdilobdnen xalxis yuradReba

miemarTaT “saxlis RmerTze” “RmerTis saxlis” magivrad (nurbaxSi

1999:XXXVI). halajis azriT, hajis rituali saxlSic SeeZlo Seesrulebina

morwmunes. amiT halajma, viTom, uaryo religiuri kanoni (SariaTi). Tumca

man Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze samjer moiloca meqa. rogorc cnobilia,

pirvelad man meqaSi erTi weliwadi dahyo. am drois manZilze is mkacr

asketur gamocdebs uwyobda Tavis Tavs. swored am momlocvelobis Semdeg

warmoTqva man “analhay”.

halaji mxecurad mokles. mZvinvare brbom qvebiT Caqola “damnaSave”.

vidre enas amoaZrobdnen, man Sendobis sityvebi warmoTqva. “ra ufleba aqvs

am matylismCeCavs (al-halaj sityvasityviT niSnavs matylismCeCavs)

ilaparakos RmerTis saxeliT! _ wamoiyvira moxucma qalma. _ mijnurisaTvis

sakmarisia Tavi daimdablos misi erTaderTobis winaSe _ warmoTqva

ukanaskneli sityvebi halajma da mas ena amoaWres, Semdeg Tavi mokveTes.

meore dRes misi danawevrebuli sxeuli dawves da ferfli tigross

gaatanes.

maSin, rodesac brbo qvebiT qolavda halajs, misma megobarma abu

baqr Siblim, junaidis mimdevarma, romelic cnobili iyo imiT, rom

“TamaSobda” SeSlils, vardi esrola mas, ris gamoc halajs uwodeben

“megobris mier mokluls.” abu saidi ambobs:

mowameobis gzaze rom irjeba wminda mebrZoli,

siyvaruliT ganawamebi uvici masze brZenia,

gankiTxvis dRes ganasxvaveben erTimeorisgan,

radgan is mtris moklulia, es ki - megobris mokluli. (abu saidi 1995:16)

halajis saocari da sabediswero naTqvami analhay ar yofila carieli

sityvebi warmoSobili arafrisagan. maTi safuZveli, SeiZleba iTqvas, ,

66

sulieri mdgomareoba iyo, rodesac RmerTTan ganSorebis ukuni RvTaebrivma

naTelma Secvala mistikosis sulSi. abu saidis leqsTa krebulSi halajis

sulieri gabrwyinebis amsaxveli robaiebi gvxvdeba, sadac poeti xan

pirdapir axsenebs halajs, xan qmnis aluzias halajis mowameobriv

sikvdilTan:

mansur halajma, im zRvis veSapma,

romelmac sxeulis bambas sulis marcvali moacila,

im dRes, roca “me var WeSmariteba” warmoTqva,

mansuri sad iyo? RmerTi iyo, RmerTi. (abu saidi 1995:1)

im wamSi, roca sarkeSi mze gaibrwyinebs,

sarkem ana-l Sams (me var mze) rom ar Tqvas, ra qnas. (abu saidi 1995:35)

aTari abu saids uwodebs mistikoss, romelmac halajis sulieri

tkivilebi gaiTavisa. sufiur wreebSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki,

Tavad aTarSi halajis sulierma naTelma gaibrwyina (zarinqubi 1998:270).

naTelia, rom abu saidi aviTarebs halajiseul panTeistur Sexedulebas

samyarosa da RmerTis Sesaxeb da misi mistikuri swavleba warmoadgens im

Sualedur rgols, romelic qmnis erTgvar sulier “pedigris”: halaji – abu

saidi – aTari.

3. abu saidis daRupvis mosurneebi. halajis tragedia Semzaravi

magaliTia imisa, Tu ra sastikad idevnebodnen sufiebi, romlebic Tundac

mxolod formalurad gadauxvevdnen orTodoqsaluri islamis gzidan.

sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad emuqreboda safrTxe abu saidis moRvaweobas,

dadioda Tu ara didi Seixi islamuri inkviziciis bneli ufskrulis piras.

rogorc hamid dabaSi SeniSnavs, abu saidi “misi drois yvelaze

cnobili da saxelmoxveWili sufi iyo. is daufaravad mReroda da cekvavda

meCeTSi, amave dros ar awuxebda Tavis mimdevrebs savaldebulo religiuri

ritualebis SesrulebiT. es ukve sababi iyo imisaTvis, rom misi drois

samarTaldamcvelebs SeemuSavebinaT gegma misi sikvdiliT dasjisaTvis.

eqstremaluri iyo ara marto misi saqcieli, aramed xSirad misi eqstazis

formac.” (dabaSi 1995:173)

yovlad ugunuri Tayvaniscema xalxis mxridan male aseve usazRvro

siZulviliT Seicvala: “meCeTidan xma moisma, romelmac yuranis leqsi

67

warmoTqva: nuTu Tqveni RmerTi sakmarisi ar aris TqvenTvis? naTelma

gamisxivosna gulmkerdi da meti safarveli aixada Cems winaSe. yvelam, vinc

pativs mcemda, uarmyo me. maT yadisac ki mimarTes da brals mdebdnen

uRmerTobaSi. isini ificebdnen, rom miwa, sadac am kacs daudgams fexi,

dawyevlilia da araferi gaizrdebao masze. yvelaferi iqamde garTulda,

rom erT dRes, rodesac meCeTSi vijeqi, qalebi gadmodgnen banze da Tavze

sibinZure damayares. xma Camesma: vidre es giJi Cvens meCeTSia, Cven ver

vilocebT! maSin warmovTqvi es leqsi:

vidre lomi viyavi, Cemi nanadirevi jiqi iyo,

vimarjvebdi yvelaferze, razec vinadirebdi,

rodesac Sens siyvaruls davuaxlovdi [Cavexute],

koWlma melam gamomaTria sorodan. (abu saidi 1995:21)

baRdadsa Tu niSaburSi xalxi meryevi iyo, ugunuri da sastiki. Tumca

socialur-politikuri viTareba am qalaqebSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda

erTmaneTisgan. xorasani bevrad ufro xelsayreli garemo gaxldaT

Tavisufali, novatoruli moRvaweobisTvis. xorasani iyo aiarebis (arab,

sityva, niSnavs mdabals, uvargiss; sityva uvaSirdeba mebrZolTa jgufs IX-

XII ss. iransa da eraySi. asocirdeba, agreTve, sufiuri raindobis

institutTan, asrar al-TouhidSi aiari aris Saragzis yaCaRi, Tavad abu

saidi xmarobs termins sulieri raindis mniSvnelobiT), velur bunebaSi

gaWrilTa da Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa samSoblo, sadac Tavisufali

sulis xalxs SeeZlo navsayudeli mieca iseTi religiuri

gaerTianebisaTvis, rogoric iyo sufiuri Temi.

rogorc Cans, Seixebis nawili mas daupirispirda ara religiis

Taviseburi gaazrebis da xasiaTis gamo, aramed imitom, rom maT eSinodaT

misi sityvis gavlenisa da didebulebis. es xom misken izidavda muridebs.

rogorc abu saidze ambobdnen, is frinveli mofrinda, romelic sakenks

aaclis cxvirwin. swored amis gamo ver eguebodnen isini abu saidis

dRiTidRe mzard popularobas da kicxavdnen mas, rom zogjer Salis kaba

emosa, zogjer – abreSumis – codvilTa samosi; erT dRes namazis aTas

riqaTs asrulebda, xan _ arc savaldebulo namazs da arc

arasavaldebulos. amgvari saqcieli xom wminda wylis uRmerToba iyo.

68

luTfolahi mogviTxrobs, rom didi Seixis daRupvis mosurneebma,

kerZod, abu ishayma da yadi (mosamarTle) saedma, Raznel sulTan mahmudTan

daasmines igi (es gaxlavT yvelaze ufro xSirad citirebuli nawyveti

asrar al-Touhididan): ” [niSaburSi] erTi sufi Seixi gamoCnda, awyobs

mejlisebs, romelTa msvlelobisas is ar ganmartavs yurans da ar

kiTxulobs hadisebs. sul beiTebs warmoTqvams. misi da misi muridebis

sakvebi Semwvari wiwila (murR-i birian) da tkbileulia (luzina). es ar

aris asketebis gza da wesi. xalxis nakadi miedineba misken da misi mizeziT

isini [marTal] gzas ascdnen. sulTanma sapasuxo werilSi moswera:

SeikribeT, dasxediT da gaarkvieT viTareba. gaakeTeT is, rasac am

saqmisaTvis SariaTis kanoni miiCnevs aucileblad. am werilma xuTSabaTs,

meore namazis dros moaRwia. qaramitebma (qaramia - mkacri asketizmis

mqadagebeli mebrZoli sulis mimdinareoba islamSi, daarsebuli muhamed ibn

qaramis mier xorasanSi, kerZod, niSaburSi IX saukuneSi) da hanafitebma

didad gaixares. gadawyvites, Seixi, misi mimdevrebi da sufiebi SeekribaT da

CamoexrCoT gzajvaredinze. “tradiciis mimdevrebi (ahl-e hadis) da

muridebis mTeli krebuli dardisagan itanjeboda da veravin bedavda es

ambavi SeixisaTvis gaemxila.” (luTfolahi 1899:30-31)

abu baqr ishayi qaramias ordenis Tavkaci iyo niSaburSi, mosamarTle

saedi – samarTlis hanafituri skolis winamZRoli. mosamarTle saedi

xSirad eswreboda abu saidis mejlisebs da mkacrad akritikebda mas. maT

mkrexelobad miaCndaT abu saidis mier meCeTSi sufrebis gaSla: “uxarodeT

maT da Wamon dRes Semwvari Tavebi, xval maT Tavebs yvavebi dakortnian” –

ambobs mosamarTle saidi; “cximiT gaipoxon dRes TavianTi muclebi, xval

saxrCobelebis boZebs gapoxaven egeni cximiT”, dasZens abu ishayi (ibn

munavari 1999:87). abu saidma Tavi kvlav gulTamxilaobis wyalobiT

gadairCina da amasTanave gadaarCina Tavisi sufiuri saZmo. abu ishays

man gaugzavna yayis (Txeli, tkbili kveri) da nuSis tomrebi, romelTa

danaxvamac Wamis survili gauRviZa mas marxvisas. “mciredi mtrobac ar

SemiZlia mqondes masTan, vinc didebuli RmerTis monaTa azrebs

kiTxulobs”, mimarTa man mosamarTle saeds. mosamarTle, romelmac

uaryofiT aRsavse qadageba daasrula meCeTSi, mkvaxe SeniSvnis micemas

69

apirebda abu saidisTvis religiuri ritualis arasrulad Sesrulebis gamo,

abu saidma ubralod “iribad gaxeda” mas: “SiSisagan lamis gavqvavdi.

momeCvena, TiTqos is mimino iyo, me ki beRura da es-esaa nefleTebad unda

veqcie. bevric vecade, magram xma veRar amoviRe. dRes miCvena man, rom aqvs

Zala da aRmatebulia Cemze” (ibn munavari 1999:88). sikvdilis SiSiT

nirwamxdari sulieri saZmos wevrebi ki ase daamSvida moZRvarma: Tqven

TrTiT da da fiqrobT, rom joxebs gadagamtvreven. aRmosavleTiT Tu

dasavleTiT aravin yofila halaTSi (xanmokle mistikuri mdgomareobebi)

mansur halajis badali, mas gadaamtvries joxebi. joxebs aiiarebs

gadaamtvreven, mxdalebs ki ara. Semdeg man am dubeiTis Sesruleba sTxova

momRerals (yavval):

gamodi brZolis velze SeWurvili,

nurafers miawer Sens Tavs, Cven mogvande yvelaferi,

dae, dro iyos Tund wyali, Tund cecxli,

icxovre mxiarulad, sikeTiT garemoculma. (abu saidi 1995:33)

am leqsma aRafrTovana mimdevrebi, hali daeuflaT, ihramebi (ihrami

specialuri samosi, romelsac icvamen garkveuli sulieri mdgomareobis

dauflebis dros, Cveulebriv hajis ritualis Sesrulebisas) Caicves,

morCili varo, gahyvirodnen da Semdeg samosi SemoiZarcves.

meore dRes mosamarTle saedma da misi momxreebis sinanuliT aRsavse

krebulma patieba SesTxova moZRvars. mosamarTle abu saidis mgznebare

Tayvanismcemeli gamxdara da ganuwyvetliv asxamda xotbas “niSaburis

mTvaris mSvenebas” (abu saids). sinamdvileSi niSaburis mTvares Tavad mas

uwodebdnen sikeTis gamo da moZRvarmac kvlav dubeiTi miuZRvna mas:

Sen Tqvi, rom me var niSaburis qalaqis mTvare,

niSaburis mTvarev, niSaburi _ Sen,

is, rac Senia _ Sen da is, rac Cemia, isic Sen,

ar gvetyvi, risTvis aris es mtroba?

rodesac abu saidma es warmoTqva, yadi saidi ganerTxo mis ferxTiT

da tiriliT SesTxova patieba. misma garemocvamac datova mrude gza, kamaTi

da crurwmena da aRdgnen mxiaruli gulebiT. amis Semdgom veravin bedavda

niSaburSi sufiebis avad xsenebas”. (luTfolahi 1899:30-31)

70

es SemTxveva abu saidis amouxsnel pirovnul Zlierebas avlens: abu

saidi pativiscemis Rirsia, radgan is ara marto didi Seixi da didi

mistikosia, aramed, ubralod, didi adamiania – misi pirovnuli Zlierebac

mistikuria, is upirispirdeba ganuzomel fizikur Zalas: “abu ishay qarami 20

000 mimdevarTan erTad, mosamarTle saidi 30 000 momxresTan erTad da

sulTani 100 000iani laSqriTa da 75 000 saomari spiloTi aRimarTa Sens

winaaRmdeg, raTa gagtexon Sen, xolo Sen 10 mani yayiTa da 10 mani qiSmiSiT

daamarcxe isini, daamsxvrie maTi marcxena da marjvena frTa, agreTve,

Suaguli. “exla Sen ici, Sen - Seni rwmena, xolo me – Cemi rwmena (yurani

109:6), (ibn munavari 1899:89). abu saidma gamWriaxobisa da moxerxebulobis

wyalobiT daamSvida "amboxebulni" niSaburSi. mas mSobliur meihenSic

ebrZodnen. “meihenis gamgebelma xoja hamviem saraxsidan vinme swavluli

Camoiyvana, raTa mas abu saidis jibriT mejlisebi gaemarTa. erT dRes es

swavluli mis wveulebas daeswro. im dRes viRacam hkiTxa Seixs: _ ramden

xanSi mepatieba safenze mokluli rwyilis sisxli, rom am safenze Semdeg

namazi Sevasruloo. Seixma upasuxa: _ rwyilis sisxlis imami xoja imamia, _

iq damswre kacze aniSna da Tqva: _ aseTi sakiTxebi mas hkiTxeT, me misi

(mociqulis) hadisebi gamomkiTxeTo!” (ibn munavari 1899:235)

rogorc vnaxeT, safrTxe realuri iyo da rom ara didi Seixis Zlieri

neba, misi urTierToba sxvadasxva saxis moqiSpesTan yovelTvis ase

mSvidobianad ar dasruldeboda. gadmogvcemen, rom vinme abu-l-husein Tuni

abu saids swyevlida da misi xanayahis midamoebidan arsad uSvebda, xolo

yadi saifi, saraxsis yadebs Soris gamorCeulad qvelmoqmedi da

pativdebuli, mavansa da mavans [Tanxas] aZlevda da abu saidis mosaklavad

aqezebda.

popularul sufiebs safrTxes uqmnidnen mowafeTa simravles

daxarbebuli moZRvrebi da halajma sabediswero Secdoma dauSva maTTan

urTierTobaSi. misgan gansxvavebiT abu saidma angareba da mtroba moqnili

taqtikiT moigeria.

Temur-lengis mmarTvelobis periodSi politikaSi marTlac Caureveli

sufizmis cnobili Teoretikosi da nimaTulahis ordenis fuZemdebeli Sah

nimaTulah vali daasmines SuriT Sepyrobilma sasuliero pirebma, agreTve,

71

cnobili sufi moZRvari said ali hamadanis Sesaxeb gaafrTxiles Temur-

lengi, viTom is politikur Zalauflebaze acxadebda pretenzias. am saocar

moZRvars uZleveli da sastiki mmarTvelisTvis uTqvams:

maSin, rodesac Seni samflobelo

CineTidan Sirazamdea gadaWimuli,

Cemi [samflobelo] is sferoa,

romelsac sazRvari ar gaaCnia.

sikvdiliT dasajes cnobili mistikosi al-suhravardi, romelsac

“megobris xeliT mokluls uwodeben, rac suhravardis saxels halajiseuli

qarizmiT hmosavs”. (netoni 1999:247)

luTfolahi gvamcnobs, rom boRra-xanma sufiebis mokvla ganizraxa.

“firi, saxelad Sabui da erTi derviSi Turqmenebs gadaeyarnen udabnoSi.

maT isriT ganugmires mkerdi firs, romelic mswrafl aResrula. sul

sisxlSi iyo misi samosi da TeTri wveri. SeSinebuli xalxi ver bedavda

masTan miaxloebas. abu saidma Seityo Tu ara firis mokvlis ambavi, xoja

hamvies Seatyobina. Aisini da sxva sufiebi mividnen iq, sadac firi esvena.

Seixi wyals apkurebda wamebul firs, mkerdze xels usvamda da mwared

moTqvamda” (luTfolahi 1999:21-22)

politikuri Zalauflebis mxridan agresia safrTxes uqmnida sufiur

moZraobas, SiSs Tesavda mimdevarTa gulebSi. abu saidma farisevlobaSi

amxila mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli Cinovnikebi, saCino gaxada maTi sulieri

uZlureba.

abu saids ekuTvnis gamonaTqvami, rom “erT gulSi ori satrfos adgili

ar aris”, romlis qarTuli ekvivalentia “aravis xelewifebis orTa ufalTa

moneba.”

72

Tavi V. abu saidis mistikuri filosofia

sufiuri misticizmi. mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sityva

sufis etimologiis sakiTxis garSemo. fiqroben, rom es sityva modis

sityvisagan safa, rac niSnavs wmindas (ganwmendili uxeSobisgan, xanJobisgan,

dogmatizmisgan, egoizmisa da fanatizmisgan, kasturi, aRmsareblobis,

rasobrivi, nacionaluri an religiuri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisgan) (inaiaT

xani 1914: sufiebi), (raverti 1868:10)

mkvlevarTa nawili acxadebs, rom suf warmoSobilia sityvisgan suffah

(arab. daxuruli veranda): mociqulis uaxloesi megobrebi ikribebodnen misi

saxlis aivanze. imasac ki amtkiceben, rom es sityva warmoiSva berZnuli

sofiadan (sibrZne).

azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, dRes cnobilia, rom sityvis

etimologia ukavSirdeba matylis grZel mosasxams, romelsac adreuli

asketebi miwaze dasaZinebladac ki iyenebdnen.

mecnierebi aRiareben, rom sufizmi aris sinTezuri movlena da masSi

daiZebneba Zveli iranuli da induri religiebis kvali, elinisturi

filosofiis da qristianobis elementebi. mkvlevarTa didi nawili ki

amtkicebs, rom sufizmi avtoqtonuri islamuri movlenaa.

sufizmze neoplatonizmis gavlenas sparsuli literaturis istoriis

didi mkvlevari eduard braunic adasturebs. misi azriT, “islamis sufizmsa

da aleqsandrias neoplatonizms Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs”. (brauni

1956:522) d. kobiZis azriT, mkvlevarebi “sufizmSi aRniSnaven neoplatonizmis

Zlier gavlenasTan erTad qristianobisa da budizmis gavlenasac.” (kobiZe

1975:87)

mistikuri motivebi yvela did religiaSi daiZebneba da am religiebis

erT saerTo arss warmoaCens. “misticizmSi” igulisxmeba raRac idumali,

miuRweveli Cveulebrivi an inteleqtualuri gziT. sityvebSi mistikosi da

misteria erTi fesvia (“idumaleba”), rac berZnuli zmnidan momdinareobs da

niSnavs Tvalis daxuWvas, misteriaTa sferoSi gadasvlas. misticizms

uwodebdnen did sulier dinebas, romelic yvela religiaSi gaedineba.

iranelma mistikosma poetebma da Teologebma udidesi wvlili Seitanes

73

sufizmis ganviTarebaSi da, aqedan, msoflio azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi,

saerTod. sufizmSi umZlavresad gamovlinda sparsuli goni. sufizmma

muslimuri samyaros yvela kuTxeSi hpova ganviTareba, Tumca, literaturaSi

zenits im qveynebSi miaRwia, romlebzec sparsuli kulturis gavlena

vrceldeboda.

sufizmi yovelTvis Zalzed danawevrebuli iyo ideurad. sparsuli

poeziis cnobili qarTveli mkvlevari v. kotetiSvili gamohyofda sufizmis

or ZiriTad mimdinareobas: al-Razalis orTodoqsalur ideologiasTan

daaxloebul sufizms da ukidures sufizms, romlis ideologad gvevlineba

ibn al-arabi (1165-1240). (kotetiSvili 1977:23)

abu saidi sufizmis uaRresad inovaciuri frTis warmomadgeneli iyo.

novatorul, erTi SexedviT, tradiciebis damgmob moZraobas safrTxe rom

ar Seeqmna orTodoqsuli islamisaTvis, al-Razali ar Seecdeboda am

moZraobis daqvemdebarebas islamis oficialuri ideologiisTvis.

evropelTa Soris, romlebic iranSi, indoeTSi da avRaneTSi

moRvaweobdnen da yovelmxriv akvirdebodnen am qveynebis sazogadoebriv

cxovrebas da maT sulier miswrafebebs, arsebobda arcTu usafuZvlo

mosazreba, rom “evropeli Tavisuflad moazrovne an Tanamedrove

filosofosi, TiTqos, Taviseburi sufia, romelic erSi moRvaweobs da ar

ganudgeba mas.” (xismatulini 2001:36) Tavisufleba, sulier planSi Tu

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gagebuli, abu saidis cxovrebis kredo iyo: “_ ra

aris monoba?_ hkiTxa derviSma abu saids, RmerTma Tavisufali Segqmna, iyavi

Tavisufali! _ miugo moZRvarma.” (luTfolahi 1899:54)

abu saidis moRvaweobis periodisTvis ori ZiriTadi sufiuri

mimdinareoba arsebobda _ baRdadis da xorasnis.

ZiriTad gansxvavebad baRdadis sufizmsa da xorasnis sufizms Soris

SeiZleba is miviCnioT, rom erTni sifxizles da gonebis Zalas miiCnevdnen

WeSmaritebis wvdomis erTaderT saSualebad, xolo meoreni _ grZnobas

miiCnevdnen gonebaze aRmatebulad. baRdadis sufizmis warmomadgenlebi

mkacrad icavdnen orTodoqsaluri islamis kanonebs, aniWebdnen ra did

mniSvnelobas imis gansazRvras, akrZaluli iyo Tu dasaSvebi esa Tu is

qmedeba da gamonaTqvami. am skolis wevrTa didi umravlesoba sifxizles

74

(“meore sifxizle”) aniWebda upiratesobas, wvdomis erTaderT saSualebad

isini gonebas aRiarebdnen. am skolis Tavkaci junaidi sifxizlesa da

sifrTxiles miemxro. sifxizles is ufro maRal mdgomareobad miiCnevda.

Tumca, baRdadSic arsebobdnen iseTi gaxelebuli, ficxi sufiebi,

rogoric iyo nuri, Sibli da mansur halaji. agreTve, xorasnis sufiur

skolaSi moRvaweobdnen mkacri Teologebi, visTvisac upirvelesi movaleoba

da umoklesi gza RmerTisaken religiuri kanonebis dacva iyo (abu-l-yasem

yuSairi, sulami).

xorasans sparsuli sufizmis samSoblo SeiZleba vuwodoT, imdenad

didia iranis am kuTxeSi dabadebulTa Rvawli sufizmis Camoyalibebasa da

gavrcelebaSi.

xorasnis mistikosebis umetesoba RmerTis wvdomis umokles gzad

mistikur “simTvrales” aRiarebda. xorasnis cnobili mistikosebi iyvnen

baiazid bisTami, abu-l-hasan xarayani, abu-l-yasem yuSairi, abd al-rahman

sulami.

22.. yyooffiieerreebbiiss mmTTlliiaannoobbiiss SSeeccnnoobbiiss ggzzeebbii.. aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss rroobbaaiieebbSSii

ggaannxxiilluulliiaa ssuuffiizzmmiiss yyvveellaa pprroobblleemmuurrii ssaakkiiTTxxii.. mmiiuuxxeeddaavvaadd aammiissaa,,

SSeeuuZZlleebbeelliiaa bbiiooggrraaffiieebbiissaa TTuu lliirriikkiiss ssaaffuuZZvveellzzee mmiivviiRRooTT aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss

TTaannmmiimmddeevvrruullii,, llooggiikkuurraadd SSeekkaavvSSiirreebbuullii ffiilloossooffiiaa.. lliirriikkiiss nniimmuuSSeebbiiss

((aasseevvee,, bbiiooggrraaffiieebbiiddaann cciittiirreebbuullii ppaassaaJJeebbiiss)) mmeeSSvveeoobbiiTT nnaaTTeellii eeffiinneebbaa

ssuuffiizzmmiiss ccaallkkeeuull aassppeeqqtteebbss.. aammiittoomm,, ssuuffiiuurr ffiilloossooffiiaass mmiiss lleeqqsseebbSSii

ggaannvviixxiillaavvTT mmcciirree qqvveeTTaavveebbaadd ddaa aarr SSeevveeccddeebbiiTT mmaaTT SSoorriiss ““xxeelloovvnnuurrii””

kkaavvSSiirriiss ddaammyyaarreebbaass..

mmiissttiikkuurrii ffiilloossooffiiiiss ssaayyrrddeennii aarriiss ““gguulliiTT xxeeddvvaa””,, yyooffiieerreebbiiss ssrruullii

aaRRqqmmaa,, rraacc mmiissttiikkoossTTaa ssuulliieerrii ssiimmSSvviiddiiss mmiizzeezziiaa.. mmaaTT mmiiaaCCnniiaaTT,, rroomm ggoonneebbaa

““yyooffiieerreebbiiss mmTTlliiaannoobbiiss”” ((vvaahhddaaTT--ee vvoojjuudd)) aaRRqqmmiissaaTTvviiss ssrruulliiaadd

ggaammoouussaaddeeggaarriiaa,, rraaddggaann ggoonneebbaa ssaammyyaarrooSSii aabbssoolluuttuurrii ssiillaammaazziissaa ddaa

ssiimmaarrTTlliiss nnaaccvvllaadd xxeeddaavvss wwiinnaaaaRRmmddeeggoobbaaTTaa uuwwyyvveett jjaaWWvvss,, kkaannoonnzzoommiieerreebbiiss

aarraarrsseebboobbaass –– ssaammyyaarrooss aarrssiiss ssaaiidduummlloobbaaTTaa ZZiieebbiissaass,, iiss SSeeddeeggii,, rraassaacc

iiZZlleevvaa ggoonneebbaa aarriiss eeWWvvii,, zznneeoobbrriivvii ddeeggrraaddaacciiaa,, ssuulliieerr RRiirreebbuulleebbaaTTaa

ggaannaaddgguurreebbaa.. aammiittoomm ssuuffiieebbii ““yyooffiieerreebbiiss mmTTlliiaannoobbiiss”” SSeeccnnoobbaass aasskkeettuurrii

vvaarrjjiiSSeebbiiss,, llooccvviiss ddaa mmeeddiittaacciiiiss ggzziiTT ccddiilloobbddnneenn.. eess yyvveellaaffeerrii kkii

75

eemmssaaxxuurreebbaa uummTTaavvrreessss:: gguulliiss ggaawwmmeennddaass vvnneebbeebbiissaa ddaa ssaaccTTuurriissaaggaann..

““yyooffiieerreebbiiss mmTTlliiaannoobbaass”” ““TTrroobbiiss”” mmoommxxrree mmiissttiikkoosseebbii RRvviinniiss ffiiaalliiss

((ffiiaallaa//gguullii iixx.. ““xxaammrriiiiaaTT””)) mmeeSSvveeoobbiiTT aaRRiiqqvvaammeenn::

sskkoollaaSSii qqmmeeddeebbiiss iiaarraaRRss ggaaZZlleevveenn,,

RRvviinniiss dduuqqaannSSii __ ppiirrvveellaadd nneettaarreebbaass.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::3344))

samyaroSi Tu aris zeca, Tu aris mTvare an mze,

simTvralis Rvinidan dalie Rvino,

Tavisufali xar qveyniurisgan da qveyana Sens garda araferia,

yoveli adgilis gareT xar da samyaro savsea SeniT. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::11)

aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss mmiixxeeddvviiTT WWeeSSmmaarriittii rreeaalloobbaa aarriiss ssaarrkkiiss mmiiRRmmaa aarrsseebbuullii

RRmmeerrTTii//llaammaazzmmaannii,, rroommeelliicc aarriiss uuzzaaddoodd mmSSvveenniieerrii::

aammbboobbeenn,, gguullii rrwwmmeenniiss ssaarrkkeeaa ssaaooccaarrii,,

TTaavvkkeerrZZaa llaammaazzmmaanneebbiiss ssaaxxiiss ssiiSSoorreeaa ssaaooccaarrii,,

ssaarrkkeeSSii llaammaazzmmaanneebbiiss ssaaxxee kkii aarr aarriiss ssaaooccaarrii,,

TTvviiTToonn llaammaazzmmaannii ddaa TTvviiTToonn ssaarrkkeeaa ssaaooccaarrii.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::6633))

aaqq aabbuu ssaaiiddii ssccddeebbaa rreeaalloobbiiss hhoorriizzoonnttss ddaa ssWWvvrreettss RRvvTTaaeebbrriivv

bbrrwwyyiinnvvaalleebbaass,, rraacc aaggrreeTTvvee eerrTTeerrTTii mmiissttiikkuurrii mmddggoommaarreeoobbaaaa ((mmuuSSaahhaaddaa

TTvviiTTxxiillvvaa,, WWvvrreettaa)).. mmiissii aaRRqqmmiiss mmiixxeeddvviiTT,, mmaatteerriiaa,, rroommeelliicc aarriiss rreeaalloobbiiss

mmxxoolloodd aannaarreekkllii//CCrrddiillii,, aarr aarriiss ssaaooccaarrii,, rraaddggaann wwaarrmmaavvaalliiaa ddaa aarriiss iiss,,

rraassaacc CCvveennii ffiizziikkuurrii mmzzeerraa aaRRiiqqvvaammss..

mmiissttiikkoosseebbii aaRRiiaarreebbeenn,, rroomm ggoonneebbaass aaqqvvss ggaarrkkvveeuullii SSeessaaZZlleebblloobbeebbii

ssaammyyaarrooss ssaaiidduummllooeebbaaTTaa aaRRssaaqqmmeellaadd.. TTuummccaa,, iiss mmaaiinncc uuZZlluurriiaa uummTTaavvrreessiiss

SSeessaaccnnoobbaadd.. ssuuffiizzmmiiss mmiixxeeddvviiTT ggoonneebbiiss ffuunnqqcciiiiss ddaassaaddggeennaadd mmoovviiSSvveelliieebbTT

aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss eerrTTii rroobbaaiissaaTTvviiss ddaawweerriill ssuuffiiuurr ttrraaqqttaattss ssaaxxeellwwooddeebbiiTT

““ttrraaqqttaattii SSaavvTTvvaallaa llaammaazzmmaanniiss ((hhuurriiss)) SSeessaaxxeebb”” ((rriissaallaa--ჲჲee hhoouurraaiiჲჲee)),,

rroommlliiss aavvttoorriiaa ccnnoobbiillii ssuuffiiuurrii oorrddeenniiss nniimmaaTTuullaahhiiss ddaammaaaarrsseebbeellii SSaahh

nniimmaaTTuullaahh vvaallii ((gg.. 11443311)).. ttrraaqqttaattiiss ddaawweerriiss zzuussttii TTaarriiRRii uuccnnoobbiiaa..

mmaassSSii ggaannxxiilluulliiaa SSeemmddeeggii rroobbaaii::

SSaavvTTvvaalleebbaannii rriiggSSii CCaammwwkkrriivvddnneenn,, rraaTTaa uuccqqiirroonn ssaattrrffooss,,

aannggeelloozzmmaa ((rriizzvvaann)) ggaaoocceebbiissggaann xxeelleebbii SSeemmoohhkkrraa,,

SSaavvii xxaallii aammoobbeeWWddaa oorriivvee RRaawwvvzzee,,

kkllaannWWeebbiiss SSiiSSiissggaann xxeellii ssttaacceess yyuurraannss wwmmiinnddaanneebbmmaa..

76

SSaavvTTvvaalleebbaa mmzzeeTTuunnaaxxaavvii,, hhuurrii -- ssaammooTTxxiiss mmkkvviiddrriiaa.. ssuuffiiuurr ppooeezziiaaSSii

““hhuurriieebbii ssiimmbboolluurraadd ggaannaassaaxxiieerreebbeenn ssuulleebbss,, rroommeellTTaacc SSeesswweevvTT uunnaarrii

iixxiilloonn ddiiddeebbuullii RRmmeerrTTiiss mmSSvveenniieerreebbaa””.. ((JJuukkoovvsskkii 11990011::114488))

ssaammooTTxxiiss kkaarriibbWWiiss mmccvveellii aannggeelloozzii,, ““rriizzvvaannii aarriiss ggoonneebbiiss ssiimmbboolloo..

ssuulliiwwmmiinnddiiss mmiieerr ddaammttkkiicceebbuullii ggoonneebbaa oorrggvvaarriiaa.. aarriiss ggoonneebbaa,, rroommeelliicc

aallaappaarraakkeebbss sswwaavvlluullTTaa ddaa mmeeccnniieerrTTaa eennaass.. ddaa aarriiss ggoonneebbaa,, rroommeelliicc

mmaarrggaalliittiiaa bbrrwwyyiinnvvaallee,, rroommeelliicc RRmmeerrTTmmaa SSeeqqmmnnaa aaddaammiiaanniiss ttvviinnSSii ddaa mmiissggaann

nnaaTTddeebbaa gguullii.. ggoonneebbiiss SSuuqqiiTT gguullii SSeeiiccnnoobbss iidduummaalleebbeebbss,, rroommeelliicc eeqqvvssiiaa::

11.. nnaaffssiiss iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aall--nnaaffss))

22.. gguulliiss iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aall--yyaallbb))

33.. ssuulliiss iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aall--rruuhh))

44.. ssaaiidduummllooss iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aass--sseerr))

55.. uuxxiillaavviiss iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aall--xxaaffii))

66.. iidduummaalleebbaaTTaa iidduummaalleebbaa ((RRaaiibb aall--RRooiiuubb))

TTuummccaa ssxxvvaa ssaaiidduummlloobbeebbii WWvvrreettiiss ggzziiTT xxddeebbaa ssaaCCiinnoo ddaaJJiinneebbuullii

mmaaZZiieebblliissTTvviiss.. ssiibbrrZZnnee ZZaallaaaa gguullSSii,, rraaddggaann mmxxeeddvveelloobbaa ssaaggaannTTaa ggaarreeggnnoobbaass

SSeeggvvaaccnnoobbiinneebbss...... ((JJuukkoovvsskkii 11990011::114499))

ttrraaqqttaattiiss aavvttoorriiss mmiieerr zzeemmooTT CCaammooTTvvlliillii eeqqvvssii ssaaiidduummlloo iiggiivveeaa,, rraacc

ccnnoobbiillii ssuuffiiuurrii llaaTTaaiiff--ee--ssiiTTTTaa ((mmxx.. llaaTTiiffee –– eeqqvvssii ssiinnaattiiffee)),, aaddaammiiaanniiss

““mmee””--ss eeqqvvssii ffssiiqqoo--ssppiirriittuuaalluurrii ssxxeeuullii,, ggrrZZnnoobbaaddiissaa TTuu zzeeggrrZZnnoobbaaddiiss

aaRRqqmmiiss ““oorrggaannoo””.. ssaaiinntteerreessooaa,, rroomm mmaaTT aaddaammiiaanniiss oorrggaanniizzmmSSii kkoonnkkrreettuullii

aaddggiilleebbii aaqqvvTT ““mmiiCCeenniillii””,, mmaaggaalliiTTaadd,, llaattiiffaa--ჲჲee nnaaffss WWiippiiss ooddnnaavv qqvveemmooTT

mmddeebbaarreeoobbss ddaa aa.. SS.. ((llaaTTaaiiffff--ii--ssiiTTTTaa 22000077::11))

SSaahh nniimmaaTTuullaahh vvaallii,, rrooggoorrcc CCaannss,, aabbuu ssaaiiddzzee uuffrroo mmeettaadd aaffaasseebbss

ggoonneebbiiss ZZaallaass,, TTuummccaa iissiicc aaRRiiaarreebbss,, rroomm iiss uuZZlluurriiaa TTaavviissiivvee aarrssiiss,, aannuu

mmiizzeezzTTaa mmiizzeezziiss SSeeccnnoobbaaSSii:: ““ggoonneebbaa,, rroommeelliicc bbrrZZeennTTaa eennaass aallaappaarraakkeebbss,,

aarriiss ssuulliiss mmeeccnniieerreebbaa,, rroommeelliicc ssaaggaannTTaa SSeemmccnnoobbeelliiaa,, TTuummccaa TTaavviissii aarrssiiss

SSeeccnnoobbaa aarr ZZaalluuZZss...... yyoovveellTTvviiss,, rrooddeessaacc eerrTTii RRmmeerrTTiiss wwyyaalloobbiiTTaa ddaa

mmuuhhaammeeddiiss SSaarriiaaTTiiss mmttkkiiccee mmoorrCCiilleebbTT,, xxaannggrrZZlliivvii aasskkeettuurrii pprraaqqttiikkiiTT

bbrrZZeennii TTaavviiss aarrssss SSeeiiccnnoobbss,, mmaaSSiinnvvee sswwaavvlluulleebbii aammaass uuwwooddeebbeenn ggoonneebbaass,,

xxoolloo eess aarriiss,, rrooggoorrcc ddiiddeebbuullii uuffaallii uuwwooddeebbss mmaass -- nnaaffss--ii muTma’inna”

((JJuukkoovvsskkii 11990011::114499))

77

sufizmis mistikosebi dawvrilebiT aanalizeben gulis ganwmendis

fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs da yovelgvari zedmetis moSorebis meoxebiT

eZieben umniSvnelovaness – es mravalgzisi gulis gawmenda aris sufizmis

umTavresi principi, romelsac uwodeben ixlas (sixalase/gulwrfeloba).

abu saidi ambobs: ”gulSi, romelSic ar aris RmerTis saidumlo, ar aris

sixalase (ixlas). masSi araferia siwmindisagan... da mainc, ra aris sixalase,

hkiTxes moZRvars: - es saidumloa RmerTis saidumloTa Soris

damkvidrebuli monis gulSi da RmerTis wminda mzera am saidumlosken aris

mipyrobili. am saidumlos didebuli RmerTis mzera Seeweva.” (luTfolahi

1899:50) aq abu saidi kvlav migvaniSnebs, rom gulis ganwmenda SeuZlebelia

ormxrivi nebis (ltolvisa da mizidulobis) arsebobis gareSe.

Tvals gavaxel da sul Sens silamazes vxedav,

Cemi sxeuli iqceva gulad, rodesac SenTan var idumal. (luTfolahi

1899:20)

kargad is aris, vinc erTi kekluci mzerisTvis gaswira suli msxverplad,

arc SeerTebis icoda raime, arc - ganSorebis. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:122)

ixlass abu saidi upirispirebs Sirqs, rogorc simravles: ”umoqmedoba

uRmerTobaa (qofr), xolo qmedeba da xedva - mravalRmerTianoba (Sirq),

radgan Sen xar da is aris, oria da es aris Sirqi...” (luTfolahi 1899:20)

garegnuli RvTismosaoba Tavisi arsiT ewinaaRmdegeba malamaTias

principebs da aris zedmeti, erT-erTi fardaa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.

aqedan gamomdinare, Sirq-ia, agreTve, kanonebis dacva da RvTismosaoba,

radgan mistikosisTvis damRupvelia Tavisi keTilSobilebis gacnobiereba.

ixlasi aris sulis simSvide, ganzraxvebisa da survilebis arqona:

ambavi movida megobrisgan, mSvidad akeTe saqme, es aris SariaTi,

gulidan siyvaruli gamoavline da abezari moiSore gzidan, es aris

TariyaTi.

ixlasis ganmartebaa abu saidis Semdegi gamonaTqvami:

“simSvide/sijansaRe (salamaT) nebis arqonaSia da gansjis gzisagan

daSorebaSi da kidev imaSi, rom uZlurebaSi sasaflaos mkvidrT Tavs

gautoleb.” (luTfolahi 1899:50)

yyvveellaaffeerrii ssuuffiizzmmSSii eemmssaaxxuurreebbaa ssuunnTTqqvviiss ggaannwwmmeennddaass.. aabbuu ssaaiiddiissTTvviiss

78

aammqqvveeyynniiuurrii ccxxoovvrreebbiiss SSeeddeeggii aarriiss mmxxoollooddddaammxxoolloodd eerrTTii ssuunnTTqqvvaa.. ssiittyyvvaa

nnaaffssss mmiiss lliirriikkaaSSii aaqqvvss ssuunnTTqqvviiss mmnniiSSvvnneelloobbaa::

aaddaammiiaanniiss ccxxoovvrreebbiiss kkaappiittaallii eerrTTii ssuunnTTqqvvaaaa,,

iiss eerrTTii ssuunnTTvvaa eerrTTii ssuulliiss mmeeggoobbrriissTTvviiss aarriiss,,

ssuulliiss mmeeggoobbaarrTTaann TTuu eerrTTii wwaammiiTT ddaajjddeebbii,,

ccxxoovvrreebbiiss ssiiccooccxxlliiss SSeeddeeggii iiss eerrTTii wwaammiiaa.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::1122))

ggaannwwmmeennddiillii gguulliiddaann RRmmeerrTTiissaaddmmii aaRRvvlleenniill llooccvvaass mmiihhyyaavvss mmoorrwwmmuunnee

RRvvTTaaeebbrriivv ssaammyyaarrooSSii.. iimmiissaaTTvviiss,, rroomm mmiissttiikkoossii SSeeuueerrTTddeess RRvvTTaaeebbrriivv

eerrTTiiaannoobbaass,, aann uunniivveerrssaalluurr ssuullss,, rroommeelliicc yyooffiieerreebbaass aaeerrTTiiaanneebbss,, mmiissii

ssuunnTTqqvvaa uunnddaa iiyyooss wwmmiinnddaa::

gguullSSii TTuu ssuull SSiirrqqiiaa,, rraa aazzrrii aaqqvvss ssaaxxiiss mmttvveerrSSii CCaarrggvvaass ((llooccvvaass))

bbiinnZZuurrii ssuunnTTqqvviissaass rraa aazzrrii aaqqvvss ssuuffTTaa ttaannssaaccmmeellss,,

ccooddvvaa SSxxaammiiaa ddaa mmoonnaanniieebbaa TTrriiaaqqii,,

SSxxaammii rroomm ssuullSSii SSeeaaRRwweevvss,, rraa ssaarrggeebbeellii aaqqvvss TTrriiaaqqss.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::4400))

mmooggvviiaanneebbiiTT hhaaffeezzii aammbboobbss::

jjeerr ggaanniiwwmmiinnddee ddaa mmxxoolloodd SSeemmddeegg

mmiiaappyyaarrii mmzzeerraa mmaass,, rraacc wwmmiinnddaaaa.. ((hhaaffeezzii 11998811::447799))

aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss mmiixxeeddvviiTT ssuulliiss ggaannRRmmrrTTooeebbaa,, nnaaffssiiss wwvvrrTTnnaa,, vvaarrddiiss mmooppoovveebbaa

ddaa ssuunnTTqqvviiss ggaannwwmmeennddaa iiddeennttuurrii ddaattvviirrTTvviiss mmqqoonnee ccnneebbeebbiiaa:: ””kkeeTTiilliiaa,, vviissaacc

ssuuffTTaa aammoossuunnTTqqvvaa aaqqvvss,, ddaa eess aammoossuunnTTqqvvaa vvnneebbaaTTaa wwiinnaaaaRRmmddeegg aarriiss

mmiimmaarrTTuullii.. iiqq,, ssaaddaacc iimmaarrjjvveebbss vvnneebbaa,, iiqq aammoossuunnTTqqvvaa kkii aarraa,, kkvvaammlliiaa,, ttaanniiss

RRuummeelliiddaann aammoommaavvaallii.. rrooddeessaacc ddaauuZZlluurrddeebbaa vvnneebbaa ddaa mmaasszzee iissllaammiiss ssxxiivvii

ggaaiimmaarrjjvveebbss,, mmxxoolloodd mmaaSSiinn aammoovvaa ttaanneebbiiddaann wwmmiinnddaa aammoossuunnTTqqvvaa,, wwaallkkoottSSii

ddiilliiss ssiiooss mmssggaavvssii.. ddaa yyvveellaa ssnneeuullii,, vviissaacc eess ssiioo ddaauubbeerraavvss,, ddaammSSvviiddddeebbaa

ddaa iiss ggaaxxddeebbaa mmiissii ggaannkkuurrnneebbiiss mmiizzeezzii..”” ((iibbnn mmuunnaavvaarrii 11999999::220011))

ddrrooiiss aammqqvveeyynniiuurr ggaaggeebbaass mmiissttiikkoosseebbii mmaarraaddiissoobbaass uuppiirriissppiirreebbeenn.. iisseevvee,,

rrooggoorrcc ssaammyyaarroo aarriiss ddaaSSlliillii ssiimmrraavvlleedd eerrTTiissaaggaann RRvvTTaaeebbrriivvii

ggaaddmmooddiinneebbiiss SSeeddeeggaadd,, ddrroocc aarriiss ddaannaawweevvrreebbuullii uussaassrruulloodd ddaa aamm

eerrTTeeuulleebbss aaddaammiiaannuurr eennaazzee vvuuwwooddeebbTT ssaauukkuunneess,, wweelliiwwaaddss ddaa aa.. SS..

““rraammddeennaaddaacc ddrroo qqmmnnaadd ssaammyyaarrooSSii ggaaffaannttuullaadd aarrsseebboobbss,, iimm bbrrwwyyiinnvvaalleebbaaSSii

SSeemmWWiiddrroobbuullaadd iiyyoo CCaatteeuullii..”” ((JJuukkoovvsskkii 11990011::114488)) aammiittoomm,, ssuuffiissTTvviiss ffiizziikkuurrii

ddrrooiiss iisseeTTii ““ddiiddii”” mmoonnaakkvveeTTiicc kkii,, rrooggoorriicc aarriiss aaddaammiiaanniiss mmTTeellii ccxxoovvrreebbaa

mmaarraaddiissoobbiiss uummcciirreessii nnaawwiillaakkiiaa..

79

aammqqvveeyynniiss ssiiaammoovvnneebbaass ddaaeewwaaffee mmTTeellii ccxxoovvrreebbaa,,

SSeennss ssaattrrffoossTTaann eerrTTaadd mmooiissvveennee mmTTeellii ccxxoovvrreebbaa,,

ssiiccooccxxlliiss bboollooss ggaaeemmggzzaavvrreebbaa iimmqqvveeyynnaadd,,

eerrTTii ssiizzmmaarriiaa,, rraacc ggiinnaaxxaavvss mmTTeellii ccxxoovvrreebbaa.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::4466))

metafizikuri “momentis” simboloa quze _ doqi. abu saidis TqmiT,

masSi wyali zogjer tkbilia, zogjer ki mware – is migvaniSnebs, rom

keTilisa da borotis maradiuli brZola, adamianuri netarebisa Tu

tanjvis monacvleoba warmavalia, misi dro mxolod wamia Semadgeneli

“uJamo Jamis”.

aammssoofflliiss ssiizzmmaarrTTaann aannaallooggiiaa ggaavvrrcceelleebbuulliiaa ssppaarrssuull ppooeezziiaaSSii::

ssiizzmmaarrii,, rroommeellssaacc ggaaRRvviiZZeebbuullii aaddaammiiaanniiss mmeexxssiieerreebbaa aaRRiiddggeennss,, TTiiTTqqooss,,

ggrrZZeellddeebbaa wwuuTTeebbiissaa ddaa ssaaaaTTeebbiiss ggaannmmaavvlloobbaaSSiicc kkii,, ssiinnaammddvviilleeSSii kkii mmiissii

xxaannggrrZZlliivvoobbaa ssuull rraammddeenniimmee wwaammiiaa.. aamm mmcciirree ssiizzmmrriiss mmssggaavvssaadd ddiiddii ssiizzmmaarriiaa

aammqqvveeyynnaadd aaddaammiiaanniiss mmoovvlliinneebbaa..

ddrrooiiss ddaakkaarrggvvaaSSii ssuuffii gguulliissxxmmoobbss mmiiwwiieerrii iinntteerreesseebbiiTT ccxxoovvrreebbaass::

bbeeddnniieerreebbiiss ccooddnnaa ddaaiiddee xxeelliissgguullzzee

ddaa eess ZZvviirrffaassii ccxxoovvrreebbaa aarr ggaaaattaarroo ddaannaakkaarrggeebbiiTT,,

yyoovveellTTvviiss,, yyvveellggaann,, yyvveellaassTTaann ddaa yyvveellaa ssaaqqmmeeSSii,,

gguulliiss TTvvaallii ssaattrrffoosskkeenn ggeeWWiirrooss iidduummaall.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999955::4455))

yyuuSSaaiirriiss TTaannaaxxmmaadd,, ddrroo xxmmaallss hhggaavvss –– yyoovveellii mmoommeennttii CCaammooaacciilleebbss

aaddaammiiaanniiss ccxxoovvrreebbaass rraaRRaacc mmcciirree nnaawwiillss::

yovel Cavlil dRes

Tan miaqvs Cemi nawili,

mcire danakargs dautovebs Cems guls

da wava.” (selzi 2005:3)

sikvdils mistikosebi ganixilaven, rogorc, dadebiT movlenas –

xorcieli sikvdili sulieri ukvdavebis dasawyisia. amitom maT ar gaaCniaT

sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli SiSi:

xojav, saflavze fiqri mwuxarebas iwvevs,

gulSi cecxli da Tvalze nami Cndeba,

asi dro uZRveni amqveyniur saqmes,

erTi dro – saflavze fiqrebs. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:43)

sikvdili, rogorc xmlis erTi Zlieri moqneva, Camoacilebs adamians

80

miwierebas, anTavisuflebs mas mZime tvirTisgan. abu saidi sikvdilis win

sTxovs muridebs mis cxedarTan (janaze) yuranis aias nacvlad waikiTxon es

leqsi:

amqveynad ra moxdeboda ukeTesi,

megobari megobarTan wavida, satrfo - satrfosTan,

is, sul wuxili iyo, es ki sixarulia,

is sul laparaki iyo, es ki saqmea. (ibn munavari 1999:228)

sufiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, adamiani RmerTis madlieri (Suqr -

madliereba) unda iyos, rogorc sixarulis Jams, aseve gasaWirSi. halaT o

soxananSi glexis ambavia moTxrobili: erT glexs miwaTmoqmedebma

axaldakrefili kitri miarTves. glexma saxlikacebi gadaTvala da yvelas

TiTo-TiTo kitri dauriga, msaxursac, romelic iqve damdgariyo erTi kitri

miawoda. glexs araferi darCa. msaxuri siamovnebiT Wamda. batons mada

aReZra da msaxurs uTxra, cota momecio. msaxuri miuaxlovda, moutexa

kitri da misca. glexma gasinja da kitri Zalian mware eCvena.

_ aseT mware kitrs ase tkbilad rogor Wam?

_ amdeni welia batonis xelidan tkbils vWam da erT mwares SeiZleba

Tavi avarido?”_miugo msaxurma.

aqve abu saidi ambobs:

megobrisgan yvelafris gamo ratom unda vitanjoT,

siyvaruli xom aseTia, xan sixaruli, xan tkivili,

Tu daamcirebs Rirseuls, damcireba ar moutans zians,

roca kvlav miualersebs, is tanjvis daRi gacivdeba.

asi sekeTe erTi cudis gamo ar SeiZleba daviwyebul iqnes,

eklisagan xurmas xom ver SeWam,

is mrisxanea, Sen mouxade bodiSi,

yoveldRe axal satrfos xom ver iSovi.” (luTfolahi 1899:45-46)

abu saidis swavlebis Tanaxmad, sufizmis erT-erTi mTavari elementia

sohbaTi (urTierToba, saubari). abu saidis praqtikul Tu Teoriul

mistikaSi umTavresia adamianuri urTierTobebi: "saubari da mtroba

urTierTobaSi gaCnda" _ ambobs abu saidi.

sohbaTi aRiarebulia mistikuri gzis gavlis yvelaze ufro mZlavr da

swraf meTodad.

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abu saids da cnobil mistikoss abu muhamed juveinisac odnavi SuRli

hqoniaT erTmaneTSi. abu saidisTvis ucxo iyo mtris cneba da yovel

xelsayrel SemTxvevas adamianebTan keTilganwyobili urTierTobis

dasamyareblad iyenebda: abanoSi myofi abu saidi ekiTxeba mis

“mowinaaRmdeges”:

_ xoja! am simSvides da mosvenebas ra iwvevs?

_ xalxi daRlilia, cxel wyals isxamen da mSviddebian, miugo Seixma

juveinim,

_ ukeTac iTqmis, Tqva Cvenma Seixma,

_ adamianebi abanoSi modian - sufTavdebian, ibanen, msubuqdebian da

mSviddebian,

_ ukeTac iTqmis, iyo pasuxi,

_ meti araferi vici, iqneb Seixma Tqvas, _ Sewuxda juveini,

_ me mgonia, [am simSvides iwvevs is,] rom ori mowinaaRmdege erTmaneTs

xvdeba da isvenebs. Seixi abu muhamedi atirda da Tqva: is rac Seixma icis,

xalxs ar esmis." (ibn munavari 1899:218)

es praqtikuli sohbaTis magaliTia, rac didi Seixis cxovrebis wesi iyo

da ara mSrali Teoria. sohbaTis magaliTia abu saidis mTeli moRvaweoba:

is yoveldRe meCeTSi an Tavisi saxlis zRurblidan (karTan amaRlebul

adilze edga skami) uqadagebda mimdevrebis mravalricxovan krebuls,

urTierToba hqonda yovel maTganTan da gulTamxilaobis saocari unaris

wyalobiT, ugulisyurod ar tovebda maT sulebSi “mdabali me”-s mcire

CurCulsac ki. ibn munavari mogviTxrobs, rom: ”Seixi yoveldRe qadagebda

mejlisze (majles mi gofT), yvelas, visac gulSi raime SekiTxva

gauCndeboda, moZRvari misken ibrunebda pirs da qaragmulad upasuxebda, an

beiTs etyoda, an heqaiaTs (moTxroba) mouyveboda xolme, ise, rom

msmenelisTvis naTeli xdeboda yovelive da naTqvamis arss swvdeboda

umal.” (ibn munavari 1899:75)

saidumlos dacva sufis erT-erTi mTavari movaleobaa da mistikosTa

udidesi nawili kicxavs maT, vinc ver daicva RmerTis moZRvreba.

im kacis gulSi, visac ar SeuZlia saidumlos dafarva,

TiTqos, cocxalia, magram suli ara aqvs. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:20)

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halaT o soxananSi vkiTxulobT saintereso ganyenebul msjelobas

RmerTsa da adamians Soris arsebul saidumlos Sesaxeb. abu saids

ekiTxebian: "_ ra aris sixalase? _ gulwrfeloba/sixalase saidumloa

RmerTis saidumloTa Soris, romelsac bina monis gulSi udevs da RmerTs

mzera am saidumlosken aqvs mipyrobili. am saidumlos RmerTis wminda

mzera Seeweva. es Sewevna icavs saidumlos. monoTeisti rom monoTeistia, es

saidumloa da es saidumlo sinatifea RmerTis sinatifeTa Soris. es

sinatife saCino xdeba RmerTis sibrZniTa da wyalobiT da ara monis saqmiTa

da moRvaweobiT. Tavdapirvelad vedreba, glova, erTguleba da mwuxareba

Cndeba adamianis gulSi. [RmerTi] Sexedavs am gasaWirs da mwuxarebas da

isini sibrZned da natif wyalobad iqcevian. es aris RmerTis saidumlo.

vinc sixalasiT cxovrobs, arasodes mokvdeba, is samefodan samefoSi

gadasaxldeba.

erTi RmerTis Tayvanismcemlis (monoTeistis) satrfo aris misi wminda

saidumlo. es maradiuli saidumloa. RmerTis mzera uryevia. yvelas, visac

es saidumlo gaaCnia, marad cocxalia da visac is ar gaaCnia cxovelia.

gansxvaveba didia cocxalsa da cxovels Soris. Tu ar iZaleb cxovelze is

dagimorCilebs da gaimarjvebs Senze." (luTfolahi 1899:51-52)

amgvarad, saidumloa intimuri urTierToba RmerTsa da adamianis guls

Soris, romlis saqveynod gamJRavnebac dauSvebelia. saidumloa RmerTis

saxeliT gasaWiris atana da Tavis damdableba, anu yvelaferi is, rasac

mijnuris gulSi udevs bina, rac abu saidma mravali wlis manZilze

gamoiara.

abu saidis sulieri ganviTareba, TiTqos, Tavad sufizmis Sinagani

winsvlis msgavsad warimarTa: mkacri asketuri gamocdilebisgan abu

saids, iseve, rogorc, sufizms “SeuiaraRebeli” TvalisaTvis dasanaxi

aRaraferi SemorCa sabolood. Tumca, is aRiarebda, rom verafers

miaRwevda xangrZlivi TviTgvemis – marxvis, RameTa Tenebis, asketuri

varjiSebisa da locvis gareSe.

anti-asketurma (anti-zuhdi) Sexedulebebma islamSi, am religiis

Casaxvis adreul etapzeve iCina Tavi. da, saerTod, misticizmi islamis

wiaRSi xSirad mkacri asketizmis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

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malamaTias moZraobam gansakuTrebiT myarad moikida fexi xorasanSi.

garegnuli siwminde meorexarisxovani faqtori iyo WeSmariti

morwmunisaTvis. “sufi is ar aris, vinc derviSis kabas Caicvams da hgonia,

rom yvela saqme moiSora, dadgamen lurji saRebavis qvevrs da amboben:

kidev erTxel Cade kaba am qvevrSi, rom ufro galurjdeso. da maT swamT,

rom sufioba es lurji kabaa (moraya’)” _ aseTi iyo abu saidis

damokidebuleba garegnuli siwmindis mimarT.

ibn munavari mogviTxrobs: “Seixma is kaba Caicva, romelic erayidan

Camoutanes. katam, romelic mudam sufiebis Soriaxlos trialebda, daafsa

mis kabas. Seixma Tqva: ganvizraxe sufiur kabaSi gamowyoba da xalxSi

gamosvla. am katam Cems sufiobas daafsa.” (ibn munavari 1899:228-227) aqedan

gamomdinare, xerye sulis Sesabamisi Sinagani mdgomareobis gareSe

mxolod naWeria, romelsac aranairi sulieri datvirTva ar gaaCnia.

WeSmariti sufi yvelaze did saSiSroebad rwmenis xibls miiCnevs.

“RvTismosaobis xiblisagan daxsnas mistikosis suls kicxvis Zala

SeaZlebinebs" (aTari 1905:331-335). WeSmariti sufi sruliad ugrZnobia qebis

mimarT. ufro metic, mas surs ixilos xalxis negatiuri ganwyoba mis

mimarT:

vidre ar inaneb Sens arsebobas,

ver moxvdebi mistikosTa da mTvralTa wreSi,

Tu uRmerTo ar gaxdebi xalxis TvalSi,

mijnurTa rwmenis mixedviT ver gaxdebi muslimi. (abu saidi 1996:117)

xan mlocvel askets meZaxian,

xan moxetiales, Rvinismsmels da mTvrals,

vai, Cemo patiosnad ganvlilo cxovrebav,

Tu iseTi vgonivar, rogorc var. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:36)

abu saidis damokidebulebas garegnuli RvTismosaobis mimarT

araorazrovnad gamoxatavs Semdegi leqsi:

ambavi movida megobrisgan, mSvidad akeTe saqme, es aris SariaTi,

gulidan siyvaruli gamoavline da abezari moiSore gzidan, es aris TariyaTi.

abu-l yasem yuSairim da abu saidma “erT dRes bazarSi gaiares. dainaxes,

moxarSuli Warxali iyideboda, TeTri da faqizi. Warxalma orive didebul

kacs mada aRuZra. Seixma igema Warxali, moewona da naWeri ostats gauwoda.

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abu-l-yasemma ifiqra: me niSaburis imami var, Suagul bazarSi Warxali

rogor vWamoo. xanayahSi dabrundnen. Seixma sufris Semdeg, dapirebisamebr,

sama gamarTa. mas gansakuTrebuli sulieri mdgomareoba (halaT-e azim)

daeufla. abu-l-yasems gulSi gauara, rac me miswavlia da TariyaTis gzaze

tanjva ganmicdia, aseTi mdgomareoba mainc ar meRirsao. Seixma Tavi aswia

da uTxra: maSin, rodesac me bazarSi Warxals vWamdi, Sen mdabal vnebaTa

kerps scemdi da ambobdi: me niSaburis imami var, bazarSi Warxali rogor

vWamoo, ar ici, rom arc erT kerpTayvanismcemels ar eRirseba aseTi

mdgomareoba? abu-l-yasems yvirili aRmoxda, fexebSi Cauvarda Seixs da

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gulwrfelad eZiebda Seixis siaxloves."

(luTfolahi 1899:69-70)

malamaTia praqtikuli sufizmis RerZia; malamaTias mimdevari sufi

moZRvrebi erTmaneTs upirispireben ara dasaSvebs da akrZaluls

(halal/haram), aramed garegnuls da Sinagans (zahir/baTin). abu saidi ambobs:

farToa brZolis veli – mebrZoli ki aravinaa,

amqveynis kacni, Sen rom ggonia, iseTni ar arian,

garegnulad wmindanebs gvanan,

Sinaganad ki muslimobis sunic ar udiT. (abu saidi 1996:116)

malamaTi mistikosebi moCvenebiT wmindanebTan dapirispirebisas

erTgvar absurdamdec ki midiodnen: isini sixaruliT iRebdnen mdidrebs

da eridebodnen Raribebis gankiTxvas xalxis dasanaxad. abu saidi,

cnobili, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze ufro eqstremaluri sufi, Sinagan

wonasworobas inarCunebs sufiuri eTikis esoden mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi.

malamaTias sxva moZRrebisgan gansxvavebiT, is, (Tumca sulTaniviT

ganisvenebs abreSumis baliSebze) swored xalxis Tvalwin uaryofs

ibrahim inals da mxarSi udgas derviSs Sromis mZime valdebulebebis

Sesrulebisas xanayahSi.

cnobilia, rom sparsuli sufizmi malamaTias da yalandariaTis

elementebis erTgvari sinTezia. javad nurbaxSi aRniSnavs, rom “yalandaris

motivi, sinamdvileSi sparsuli sufizmis Zveli niSanTvisebaa, rac

asocirdeba abu said abu-l-xeirTan da ahmad RazalisTan. am mistikosebs

“SiSveli Rirseba urCevniaT moCvenebiT RvTismosaobas. isini eZieben gulis

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siwrfeles RmerTis winaSe, mSvidad iReben xalxis kicxvas da ganzrax

malaven TavianT RvTismosaobas.” (nurbaxSi 1999:167) ansaris yalandarnameSi

aris aseTi moTxroba yalandaris Sesaxeb; "ucxo mgzavri midis madraseSi da

kicxavs ymawvilebs (maT Soris aris Tavad ansaric) imis gamo, rom isini

Sepyrobilni arian ambiciiT gaxdnen didi swavlulebi, nacvlad imisa, rom

pativi scen "ufrosebs" (suf Seixebs), romlebic sulier sazrdos aZleven

maT." (bruini 1999:77-78)

biografiuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom abu saidma gansakuTrebuli

sulieri gabrwyinebis Semdeg damarxa yvela Tavisi wigni da amonawerebi

wignebidan (ibn munavari 1999:68), sruliad gasagebia yalandariaTis

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

madraseSi Tumca mondomebiT ewafebi codnas,

da mejlisze warmoTqmuli qadagebis simxurvale, Tumca, aganTebs,

siyvarulis skolaSi mTeli am Seni codniT,

pirs daaReb, rogorc damwyebi mowafe. (abu saidi 1996:117)

swavlis survili Tumca keTilSobiluria Tavisi arsiT, magram

sufiuri rwmenis Tanaxmad TiTqmis uRmerTobis tolfasia, radgan

aucileblad ukavSirdeba egos. amitom aris yalandariaTis uSualo

simbolo xarabaTi – alegoriulad gagebuli, rogorc yovelgvari

pirovnulis nangrevi.

codva da Sendoba. codva sufi mistikosebisa da sufizmis

Teoretikosebis ganxilvis erT-erTi umTavresi Temaa.

sufi poetebi dawvrilebiT ganixilaven codvis mizezs da mas adamianis

ara-angelozur bunebas ukavSireben. maTive azriT, monaniebis tanjvasa da

RvTaebriv wiaRSi dabrunebis survils masSi RvTaebis wveTmargalitis

arseboba ganapirobebs.

abu saidi saubrobs adamianis bunebis or aspeqtze:

angeloziviT morCili var,

zogjer cxoveliviT Zilsa da WamaSi gadis Cemi cxovreba,

zogjer pirutyviviT mZvinvarebis xasiaTze var,

RmerTo didebulo, es ra areulobaa! (abu saidi 1995:8)

Tu samarTals daamyareb, amqveynis batkans giwodeben,

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Tu sastiki iqnebi, - modaraje ZaRls. (abu saidi 1995:36)

abu saidis Tanaxmad, adamianSi aris angelozis sawyisi – morCilebaSi

gamoxatuli; cxovelis (heivan) sawyisi – mxolod Wamisa da Zilis surviliT

gamovlenili; sawyisi, romelic mZvinvarebaSi vlindeba, pirutyvs (bahima;

bahaჲem) miewereba. aq miniSnebaa imaze, rom adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi

yoveli qmnadis Tvisebaa Tavmoyrili, radgan adamiani aris qmnadobis

gvirgvini. Zilisa da Wamis siyvaruliT adamiani, SesaZloa, Rors emsgavseba,

mrisxanebiT loms, cbierebiT melas da a. S.

adamianSi es ori sawyisi saocar da saSiS SesaZleblobebs warmoSobs:

adamiani SeiZleba iyos yvela cxovelze mdabali, xarbi da sastiki;

sulierad ganviTarebuli adamianis Zliereba, sulieri ZalisxmeviT

mopovebuli Sinagani naTeli bevrad aRemateba angelozisas. angelozs ar

elis cduneba; ze-adamiani mzad aris macdurTan Sesaxvedrad, imisaTvis, rom

uarhyos igi.

abu saidi ambobs: “yvela, visac es saidumlo [satrfo] gaaCnia, marad

cocxalia (haii) da visac ara - cxovelia/pirutyvia (haivan). didia

gansxvaveba cocxalsa da cxovels Soris. Tu masze ar iZaleb, is

dagimorCilebs da gaimarjvebs Senze.” (luTfolahi 1899:52)

adamianis sulis cxovelur aspeqts, romelsac gamudmebiT ebrZvis

mgzavri (saliq), sufizmSi nafss uwodeben, xolo RvTaebriv sawyiss – guls.

nafsi aqezebs adamianis cnobierebas ar daemorCilos ufals da is,

zogadad, aris yovelgvari cTunebisa da gansacdelis saTave. “sayuradReboa

is faqti, rom nafsi yuranSi arc erTxel ar aris gamoyenebuli

angelozebTan mimarTebaSi.” (nafsi 1999:1).

yuranis mixedviT nafsi samgvaria: ammara bi-l-su: “da, namdvilad,

adamianis suli (nafsi) aRZravs borotebas” (yurani (1) 12;50); lavvama:

(kicxviT aRsavse): “vficav suls, kicxviT aRsavses” (yurani (1) 75;1); muTma-inna:

“hoi, mSvido sulo, daubrundi Sens ufals” (yurani (1) 89;27) vnebebis

morCili nafsi unda iqces Tavisi saqcielis mkicxav nafsad, raTa

sabolood moipovos simSvide.

sufizms xSirad ganmartaven Semdegnairad: sufizmi aris gulis gawmenda

da nafsis moTviniereba.

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nafsi (mdabali suli, vnebaTa/instinqTa suli – “mdabali me”)

mravalnair sacTurs “CasCurCulebs” adamians da mas abu saidis

SemoqmedebaSic sxvadasxva saxe aqvs miRebuli (upativcemuloba, siamaye,

kmayofileba, sixarbe da sxv.).

nafs ammara abu saidis leqsebSi metaforulad gamoxatulia sxvadasxva

vnebebis saxiT:

TviTkmayofileba, fufunebis siyvaruli:

zurgs giTbobs ciyvisa da siasamuris bewvi,

erTia Seni gemosTvis tkbili da mware,

siyvarulis mxridan xma xmaze modis da yru xar,

silamazis mxridan arza arzaze modis da brma xar. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:46)

fufunebaSi cxovrebiT tkboba abrmavebs adamianis sulier Tvalebs da

ugrZnobs xdis mas RmerTis miniSnebebis mimarT.

siamaye:

nu iamayeb imis gamo, rom erTi furceli wagikiTxavs,

im dRis geSinodes, roca furceli gadaiSleba. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:26)

upativcemuloba:

frTxilad, zurgi ar aqcio mis pativiscemas,

radgan is naz vardTan erTad uxeS ekalsac axarebs,

frTxilad, ar CayvinTo didsulovnebis zRvaSi,

radgan mas mravali mwyurvali mouklavs zRvis napirTan. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:22)

udardeloba, tkivilis arqona:

nu miCveneb im tkivils, romelic ar aris Sens sulSi,

wadi aqedan, es vilaieTi saSeno ar aris,

uWkuobis gamo Zvirfaseulobis mflobelebTan

im margalitze ikvexnidi, Sens madanSi rom ar aris. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:21)

“vilaieTi arabuli (vli) sityvaa da aRniSnavs megobrobas, Tanadgomas,

Zalauflebas. sufiur simbolur metyvelebaSi am sityviT aRniSnaven

“mistikur gamocdilebas/mdgomareobas” (gamouTqmeli 2006:5).

tkivili sufis gulSi RmerTisgan/satrfosgan ganSorebiT aris

gamowveuli:

arasodes yofila tanjva, rogoric satrfosTan ganSorebaa,

tkivili, uaresi, vidre ganSorebaa, ar arsebobs. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:20)

88

bunebrivia, vinc ver grZnobs satrfosTan ganSorebis autanlobas, is

nafs ammaras tyveobaSia da araferi esaqmeba sufiebTan:

wadi, eZebe tkivili, radgan Seni avadmyofoba udardelobaa,

tkivilia, romelsac wamali ara aqvs. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:20)

nu imegobreb maTTan, visac ara aqvT tkivili,

meSinia, ar daiviwyo Cemi siyvaruli. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:40)

nafsis simbolod miiCneven agreTve sisxls, sxeuls, kacs da sxv. abu

saidTan vxvdebiT ZaRls, rogorc nafsis metaforas da pirdapir miniSnebas

“Tu nafsis ZaRlis brZanebis morCili xar, SvelisTvalebani ganiltvian

Sengan. . .” (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:34)

imisaTvis, rom mdabali suli (nafs ammara) gadaiqces mSvid sulad

(nafs muTma’inna), mistikoss marTebs Tavisi saqcielis gaanalizeba,

sinanuli da glova Cadenil codvaTa gamo:

codvis nilosSi CaZirulia Cveni samosi,

Cveni krebuli ugvano saqmeTa nakrebia. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:4)

didebulebis sasaxleSi, hoi, Semndobo (bodiSis mimRebo) ,

mimixvdi, rom movsulvar mgloviare da ubeduri. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:47)

ganSorebaSi simtkice mmarTebs da ar aris,

sulis simSvidisTvis glova mmarTebs da ar aris,

sawuTros gamarTleba unda hqondes, da ara aqvs,

satrfosTan Sexvedra unda mqondes, da ara maqvs. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:21)

rogorc vnaxeT, saubaric zedmetia nafsis ganadgurebaze. sulis

TviTsrulyofis gza (TariyaTi) aris nafsis ganviTareba-gardaqmna, iqamde,

vidre mistikosis suli ar momzaddeba ufalTan dasabruneblad.

frTxilad, ar CayvinTo didsulovnebis zRvaSi,

radgan mas mravali mwyurvali mouklavs zRvis napiras. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:22)

Tu ZaRli, magaliTad, zRvaSi Cava,

zRva ar dabinZurdeba, ZaRli ki daixrCveba. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:40)

mistikosTa Soris gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, adamianma ZaRli,

romelic nafsis alegoriaa, ki ar unda moklas, aramed gawvrTnas, radgan,

gamoucdeli myvinTavisTvis pirvelqmnilis wiaRSi SeRweva WeSmaritebis

saZieblad saxifaToa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sufiebi saocari gulisyuriT ekidebian sulis

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ganwmendis sakiTxs, maT ar miaCniaT sasjeli codvis aucilebel Sedegad.

mistikosTa warmodgena codvasa da Sendobaze ewinaaRmdegeba orTodoqsuli

islamis dogmatikas: sufiebi naklebs fiqroben jojoxeTis tanjva-wamebaze.

cnobilia, rom abu saidi mejlisis dros yuranis kiTxvisas tovebda

usiamo, sastik ambebs, sadac jojoxeTis tanjva da adamianebis dasja iyo

aRwerili; amis nacvlad is uRrmavdeboda didebul da sixarulismomgvrel

pasaJebs. erT-erTma derviSma gaaprotesta Seixis amgvari Tavneboba da aseT

wakiTxvas yuranis kiTxvis parodireba uwoda. moZRvarma Semdegi dubeiTiT

upasuxa:

meriqifev, moita Rvino da, Sen, mutribo, daukari qnarze,

raTa davlio Rvino, radgan Cveni Trobis droa,

Rvino aris da dirhemi aris da titisRawviani satrfoc [aq] aris,

dardi ar aris da Tu aris – mtris gulis xvedria.

“Cven - mxolod keTili cnobebi da wyaloba, tanjvas sxvebTan hqondes

saqme, ra vuyoT, rom nakls gviqeqaveno”- biografi gvarwmunebs, Seixma

rodesac es sityvebi warmoTqva, “raRac daemarTa derviSis gulso.” (ibn

munavari 1953:216)

amgvarad, abu saidi sakiTxs sruliad sxvagvarad ganixilavs – codvas

Tan sdevs Sendoba, rogorc absolutis keTili nebis gamoxatuleba

adamianis codvili bunebis mimarT.

dabrundi, dabrundi, vinc ar unda iyo, dabrundi,

gind urwmuno, zoroastreli da kerpTayvanismcemeli iyo, dabrundi,

es Cveni sasaxle uimedobis sasaxle ar aris,

gind asjer gqondes fici gatexili, dabrundi. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:4)

Sengan sul wyaloba modis da Cemgan – sul danaSauli,

me araferi var yvelaferi Sen xar. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:47)

miuxedavad imisa, rom abu saidi Sendobasa da wyalobas moelis

uflisgan, is ar ganixilavs codviT dacemas, rogorc dasaSvebs. Tumca, is

aRiarebs, rom codva adamianis bunebis Tvisebaa, xolo wyaloba RmerTis

arsia. abu saidi monaniebis simZimes ganicdis da mxolod amis Semdeg

moelis Sendobas. “adamianis mier misi zraxvebis siwrfelis gamocda aris

misi mwuxarebis mizezi.” (savi 1989:88)

sainteresoa, codvisa da Sendobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb omar xaiamisa da abu

90

saidis Sexedulebebis Sedareba. xaiami ambobs:

xaiam, ratom glovob codvaTa gamo?

naRvels an didi, an mcire sargebeli ra aqvs?

visac ar Seucodia, maT ara aqvT Sendoba,

Sendoba codvisTvis gaCnda, ra ganaRvlebs? (xaiami 1981:222)

xaiamTan Sendoba aRiqmeba axali Secodebis gamarTlebad da, erTgvarad,

mis gamomwvevadac ki. abu saidi saubrobs RmerTis unarze miutevos

codvils, Tundac mas asjer hqondes gatexili fici. codvisa da Sendobis

abu saidiseuli gaazreba kidev ufro naTlad ikiTxeba sxva robaiSic:

RmerTo, Seni wyalobisgan nu kidegvqmni,

ramdenic ar unda iyos Cveni codva da danaSauli,

Seni arsi mdidaria da Cven – uqonelni,

uqonels Sengan pirs nu gvibruneb. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:2)

xaiamis Sexedulebas codvasa da Sendobaze ironiis elferi dahkravs;

abu saidic acxadebs, rom codvis arsebobas wyalobis arseboba

ganapirobebs:

tkivilisa da tanjvis gareSe, wamlis imedi ar aris,

danaSaulisa da codvis gareSe wyalobis imedi ar aris. (aabbuu ssaaiiddii 1995:20)

Tumca, misi azriT, codva da Sendoba orive RmerTisagan momdinareobs.

radgan “me” mxolod iluziaa, Touhidis miRwevis Sedegad mistikosi

“acnobierebs” (Tumca, RmerTSi ganzavebul individs cnobiereba, faqtiurad,

ar gaaCnia), rom misi neba ar arsebobs, ar arsebobs Tavad is. “adams

sWirdeba RmerTi ufro metad, ramdenadac is acnobierebs, rom is araferia.

misi ararsebobis Secnoba ganasxvavebs adams angelozisgan.” (Citiki 1999:354)

rogorc vxedavT, abu saids sufizmis sxva mistikosTa msgavsad

adamianis codva-ucodvilebis mizezad RmerTi miaCnia, rogorc pirvelmizezi

da mamoZravebeli Zala. abu saidic acnobierebs Tavis ararsebobas: “me

araferi var, yvelaferi Sen xar”. amdenad, codvebis monaniebas ararsebobis

Segneba axlavs - es aris TariyaTis pirveli mayami Toubah (monanieba).

radgan RmerTma Seqmna adami, Tavad nafs ammara bi-l-su xom manve

moaTavsa adamis sulSi: ”rodesac RmerTma Seqmna guli siwmindis Suqis

meSveobiT, manve moaTavsa uwminduri suli mis gverdiT, rogorc sanagve”

(samani 1989:288) RmerTis nebaa, adamianma mravali safarvelis miRma ipovos

91

igi. swored nafsis gawvrTna, rasac RvTaebriv sawyisTan dabruneba mosdevs

Sedegad, aris adamianis RvTaebrivi daniSnuleba, v. Citikis TqmiT, “adamis

nakli aris Rirseba, romelic mas gadaarCens” (Citiki 1999:355).

sufizmis Teoretikosebisa da mistikosebis mixedviT, adamis codviT

dacema da iblisis/SaiTanis mier misi Zleva, ar momxdara RmerTis nebarTvis

gareSe. “sufi avtorebis winaSe dgeba kiTxva: RmerTis aseTi

yovlisSemZleobis fonze hqonda Tu ara ibliss Tavisufali neba? zogi

maTgani am kiTxvas uaryofiTad pasuxobs: “gankiTxvis dRes – ambobs abu

saidi – samsjavros winaSe warmdgar ibliss uTxres: Tayvani eci adams, Tu

ginda, rom ganTavisuflde. devebi ayvirdnen, Tayvani eci, gvixseni am

tanjvisagan. iblisi atirda da Tqva: Cemi neba rom yofiliyo, xom pirvel

dResve vcemdi Tayvans”. (aleqsiZe 2001:50)

es dacema moxda imisaTvis, rom “xval, adami dabrundeba samoTxeSi

SvilebTan erTad, xalxis simravlis gamo yvirili aRmoxdeba samoTxis

yovel kuTxes.” (samani 1989:91-92)

codvis mimarT sufiebis amgvari damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

TiTqos, “sruliad dasaSvebi xdeba dacema, xolo uvicoba dausjelobis

pirobad iqceva” (Siuoni 2007:10). Tumca v. Citiki marTebulad ganmartavs, rom

“is, rac adamianma unda iswavlos am yvelafrisgan, aris adamianis naklovani

buneba, rac mSvenivrad icis ufalma, da aravin ar unda dakargos misi

wyalobis imedi. amasTanave, adamianebma unda mibaZon angelozebs da

arasodes iamayon keTil saqmeTa gamo, radgan sikeTis danaxva Sens TavSi

niSnavs, rom Seni xedva arasworia, rameTu yoveli RmerTisagan

momdinareobs.” (Citiki 1999:356) abu saidis TqmiT:

Tu Seni saqme sikeTea, es Seni sibrZnis gamo ar aris,

Tu – siavea, arc es aris Seni danaSauli,

morCileba da kmayofileba wesad gaixade,

radgan amqveynis av-kargi Sens mowonebaze ar aris. (abu saidi 1995:20)

aq kvlav saubaria adamianisa da RmerTis urTierTmizidulobis

arsebobaze. naTelia, rom arc nafsis gawvrTna da zedmiwevniT

maRalzneobriv arsebad gadaqceva, arc SimSili, uZiloba da asketuri

varjiSebi ar aris piroba imisaTvis, rom morwmunem ixilos dausabamo

92

naTeli, Tu Tavad ufalma ar scno is rCeulad. “misticizmSi zneobrioba

win uZRvis suls absolutis sazRvrebisaken, ufro metic, aZlevs mas muxts

masSi SesaRwevad, magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wminda Tavisuflebas am

ZalisxmeviT ar xelewifeba amis gakeTeba Tu ar arsebobs Sesabamisi

Zalisxmeva Tavad absolutidan momdinare.” (reseJaki 1899:252)

mistikosebs surT RmerTis dadebiT aspeqtebze gaamaxvilon yuradReba:

RmerTi mwyalobelia, da ara damsjeli. abu saidis lirikaSi RmerTis yvela

epiTeti dadebiT datvirTvas atarebs, magaliTad, RmerTi aris “uangaro

buneba, sakvebis mimcemi, misi arsi mdidaria, is mwyalobelia da, bolos, is

aris “aRTqmis damdebic da aRTqmis gamtexic”.

is, rac ganapirobebs adamianSi boroteba-sikeTis simZlavres pirveladve

gansazRvrulia, gangebis nawilia da “mqejnavi sulis” borgva da sulis

simSvidis mopoveba iluziaa. moulanas TqmiT:

lomni varT, magram

droSis frTebze vmZlavrobT

da vmardobT,

gviberavs qari

da Cvenc vSfoTavT,

da es varT marto. (rumi 1977:355)

zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, abu saidis lirikaSi codva ganisazRvreba,

rogorc “ugvano saqme”, ris gamoc mistikosi “mgloviare da ubeduria”. abu

saidiseuli codvisa da Sendobis sakiTxis safuZvelia is, rom RmerTi aris

umaRlesi sikeTe, romelic sabolood Seiwynarebs yvelas, vinc monaniebis

gziT moisurvebs daubrundes mis wiaRs.

universaluri religia. said husein nasri aRniSnavs, rom "sufizmSi,

Tumca, mZlavrobs islamis egzoteruli codna, magram aqve gaazrebuli da

Sewynarebulia yvela religia." (nasri 1972:123-151) rwmenis sakiTxebSi

formalobaTa uaryofa, garegnuli formebisa da ritualebisadmi

indiferentuli damokidebuleba islamuri misticizmis warmomadgenelTa

didi nawilis erT-erTi saerTo niSan-Tvisebaa, rac aaeerrTTiiaanneebbss SSiinnaaggaannaadd

mmrraavvaallffeerroovvaann ssuuffiizzmmss..

93

nikolsonis azriT, “islamis mistikosebi bevrad ufro ganebivrebulni

iyvnen sityvis TavisuflebiT, vidre maTi qristiani Zmebi, romlebic

gamoirCeodnen erTgulebiT Suasaukuneebis kaTolikuri eklesiis mimarT”

(nikolsoni 1914:90). gabedul mistikosTa Soris mkvlevari gamoarCevs abu

saids, romlis mierac “omis ase Riad gamocxadeba muhamedis religiisaTvis,

marTlac, gamonaklisia.” (nikolsoni, iqve)

abu saidi uaryofs konkretuli religiis ideas. es igivea misTvis, rac

crurwmena. WeSmariti rwmenis arss is ase gansazRvravs: “mwveli cecxli,

romlis saxelic siyvarulia”; “siyvarulis rwmena”; morwmune aris “is, vinc

bedma mijnurTa modgmaSi Cawera” da sxv.

is mwveli cecxli, romlis saxelic siyvarulia,

rwmenisa da urwmunoebis naxatSi mwvel cieb-cxelebas gavs,

sarwmunoeba sxva aris da siyvarulis rwmena sxvaa,

siyvarulis mociquli arc sparsia da arc arabi. (abu saidi 1995:10]

RmerTi aris yvelgan, sadac siyvarulis saxlia, gind meCeTi iyos da

gind cecxlTayvanismcemlebis taZari da gind sinagoga; siyvarulis

religiaSi rwmena da urwmunoeba ar aris: vidre rwmena urwmunoebad ar

gadaiqceva da urwmunoeba – rwmenad, yalandarobis saqme ar mowesrigdeba

da erTi monac ver gaxdeba WeSmariti muslimi _ aseTia abu saidis

warmodgenaSi religiisa da, kerZod, islamis arsi. (ibn munavari 1899:297)

mijnuro, darwmunebiT icode, rom muslimi ar iyo,

siyvarulis religiaSi rwmena da urwmunoeba ar iyo.

siyvarulSi guli, goneba, tani da suli ar iyo,

yvela, visac es ar hqonda, uvici ar iyo.

abu saidi swerda ibn sinas, rom "gulmodginebis gzaze myofTa dablobi

sxvadasxvagvaria. yvela mZebnels Tavisi gza aqvs". (luTfolah 1899:69)

Seni gza, ra gziTac ar unda eZebon, kargia

SenTan SeerTeba, romel mxaresac unda eZebon is, kargia,

Seni saxe, ra TvaliTac unda Sexedon mSvenieria,

Seni saxeli, ra enazec unda warmoTqvan, kargia. (abu saidi 1995:13)

am Sexedulebas iziarebs didi sufi poeti moulanac, romelic

aRniSnavs, rom yyvveellaa rreelliiggiiaaSSii llooccvviiss rriittuuaallii ssxxvvaaddaassxxvvaaaa,, mmaaSSiinn,,

rrooddeessaacc rrwwmmeennaa yyvveellggaann eerrTTiiaa:: mmiissii SSiinnaaggaannii mmnniiSSvvnneelloobbaa,, mmiissii yyiibbllaa ddaa

94

ssxxvv.. yyvveellggaann eerrTTiiaa..

vfiqrobT, Znelia egzoteruli dogmatizmis usafuZvlobis ukeTesi

formulireba, vidre es robaia:

wavedi qristianisa da ebraelis eklesiaSi,

vnaxe, rom sul Sens xsenebaSi iyvnen,

SenTan SeerTebis fiqrSi garTulma kerpTayvanismcemelTa taZarSi Seviare,

kerpebisaTvis aRvlenil locvaSi Seni ziqr-is butbuti ismoda. (abu saidi

1995:37)

“RmrTivSemosvis” safexurebi. RmerTisaken mimaval, mistikur gzaze

sufizmis Teoretikosebi ganasxvaveben, xanmokle naTelxilvis

mdgomareobebs (hal) da sadgurebs (mayam).

yvelaferi mistikur gzaze, TviT sadgurebic ki, aris uRmerToba,

radgan sadguris miRweva da gacnobiereba imisa rom xar morCili, gaqvs

imedi, xar codvili Tu keTilSobili aucileblad dakavSirebulia ego-

sTan, anu, es yvelaferi aris cru zmaneba.

mistikosisTvis ar arsebobs Touhidis Secnobis sxva gza, garda

safexurebis gavlisa. mayami aris sulis ufro xangrZlivi SeCereba, anu,

sadguri romelsac suli xangrZlivi mzadebis Sedegad miaRwevs da maTi

erToblioba aris sulis TviTsrulyofis jaWvi.

sufizmis mkvlevarebi aRiareben mayamebis stoikur warmomavlobas

(ernsti 1999:436) cnobilia, rom stoikuri filosofiis mixedviT Rirsebas

Seadgenda oTxi ram: sibrZne, samarTali, gabeduleba da zomiereba –

TiToeul maTgans ki sxvadasxva Rirseba xdida srulyofils.

TariyaTis sulieri sadgurebis raodenoba mistikosebTan da sufizmis

mkvlevarebTan sxvadasxvaa. e. bertelsis mixedviT, arsebobda TariyaTis

Svidi safexuri (mayam) – Taubah (monanieba), vara (sifrTxile), zuhd

(TavSekaveba), fayr (siRatake), sabr (moTmineba), Tavaqul (imedi), rida

(kmayofileba) (bertelsi 1965:36-37). mecnieri hals miakuTvnebs iseT mistikur

mdgomareobebs, rogoric aris mahabba (siyvaruli), iaja (simSvide, roca

axsendebaT, rom RmerTi mowyalea), iayyin (darwmuneba) da sxv.

sufizmis cnobili Teoretikosi muhamed tusi (g. 1273-74) “ausaf al-

aSraf”-Si (“keTilSobilTa Tvisebebi”) (tusi 1991) amomwuravad ganixilavs

95

RvTaebrivi TvisebebiT sulis Semosvis etapebs. sulis TviTsrulyofis gzas

is hyofs oTx safexurad da TiToeuli safexuri Tavis mxriv Seicavs eqvs

safexurs. mansur halajs mayamebis rTuli sistema aqvs, romlis mixedviTac,

Sinagani gamocdilebis momentebi moiTxovs qmedebebsa da Tvisebebs: mag.,

vinc acxadebs pretenzias codnaze (ilm), saWiroebs mosmenas (sama). mas aqvs

ToTxmeti mayami.

zogjer calke gamoyofen siyvarulis sadgurebs.

abu saids miaweren 40 mayams (mayamaT-e arba’in). mayamebis es “sia”

mogvianebiT aris Seqmnili da J. baueringis azriT, savaraudod ain al-

yudaT hamadanis unda ekuTvnodes (baueringi 1996-2008:380).

SevecdebiT, gamovavlinoT mistikuri sadgurebi da naTelxilvis

mdgomareobebi abu saidis leqsebis mixedviT.

mayamebis ganxilvamde mokled warmovaCenT halis raobas

abu saidi cnobilia mistikuri eqstazis miRwevis gansakuTrebuli

unariT. halis simbolo aris zunar (qamari - mistikuri xeldasxmis erT-

erTi atributi): rodesac cnobil mistikoss baiazid bisTamis mistikuri

eqstazi daeufleboda, is welze Semoirtyamda zunars; mas samocdaaTi

zunari hqonia. abu saidi ambobda, rom samyaro aRfrTovanebulia baiazidiT,

is ki mxolod RvTaebriv xedavs. abu saidisTvis hal aris sulieri

gabrwyineba, romelic ewyalobeba morwmunes, rogorc jildo WirTa Tmenisa

da mravaljeradi “aras TqmisaTvis”:

Tu Cemi gulis siyvaruls myidveli gamouCnda,

erT iseT saqmes movawyob, rom farda Camoscildes am saqmes,

TavSekavebis xaliCas ise davbertyav,

rom TiToeuli Zafidan aTasi zonari Camovardes. (abu saidi 1995:26)

hali mistikosebs euflebodaT meditaciis, locvis, momlocvelobis

Semdeg. abu saids mistikuri eqstazi ipyrobda sama’s Sesrulebis Sedegad.

xolo mis mimdevrebs eqstazs Seixis sityva hgvrida.

RmerTisaken gzis Zieba aucileblad gulisxmobs SariaTis (religiuri

kanonis sruli Sesruleba) dacvas, TariyaTis (sulis TviTsrulyofis gza)

safexurebriv gavlas da hayiyaTis (realuri, WeSmariti arseboba) Secnobas.

abu saidis religiur cnobierebas misi uSualo gamocdileba ayalibebs da

96

individualuri cnobierebis dakargvis Semdeg is amgvarad gansazRvravs

rwmenis am sam “elements”: “SariaTi, TariyaTi da hayiyaTi sadgurebis

saxelebia. SariaTi sul uaryofa da damtkiceba iyo, yalibsa da formaSi

Camosxmuli. TariyaTi iyo sruli gaqroba, xolo hayiyaTi sul saocrebaa.”

(luTfolahi 1899:52) “SariaTi garegnuli mxarea da gulisxmobs mizezTa

mimarT yuradRebas, hayiyaTi ki mizezTa mizezis (musabb-i bulassabb -

RmerTi) mzeraa... umecrebis nisli da uaryofis Jangi ar moscildeba

adamianis cxovrebis saxes, vidre orive WeSmaritebas srulyofilad ar

gamoivlis” (luTfolahi 1899:48)

mistikosi, romelmac Seicno WeSmariteba, zedmetad miiCnevs yovelgvar

Zalisxmevas am gzaze. Tumca, abu saidi yovelTvis aRiarebda, rom, SariaTis

dacvis, marxvis, uZilo Rameebisa da mZime TviTgvemis gareSe is ver

miaRwevda im mistikur mdgomareobas, rodesac mdidruli sufrebi da

abreSumis baliSebi veRarafers avnebda misi gulis simSvides.

Toubahi (monanieba/ficis dadeba). am mayamis fsiqologiuri sirTuleebi

vrclad ganxilulia TavSi “codva da Sendoba”.

rida (morCileba/kmayofileba. sawyis etapze muridis erTaderTi

sasurveli sulieri mdgomareoba aris morCileba.

erTaderTi, rac sulis TviTsrulyofis bilikze Semdgar adepts

evaleba, es aris morCileba, maSinac ki, Tu mas srul uazrobad da

arasworadac ki miaCnia moZRvris brZaneba. morCileba (rida) erT-erTi

mayamia sulis TviTsrulyofis gzaze da misi mistikuri interpretacia

aseTia: mistikosi bedis ukuRmarTobis mimarT araTu gulgrilia, aramed is

kmayofilebiT iRebs yovelgvar usamarTlobas:

morCileba da kmayofileba dairge wesad,

radgan amqveynis av-kargi Sens mowonebaze ar aris. (abu saidi 1995:20)

zecis Carxis erTgvarad trials nu eZeb,

Soreul droSi sulTanis samarTlianobas nu eZeb,

xuTiode dRe iqnebi qveynad,

nurc erTi muslimis gulis tanjvas nu eZeb. (abu saidi 1995:5)

abu saidis azriT, RmerTi kmayofilia adamianiT, Tu adamiani

kmayofilia RmerTiT. (ibn munavari 1999:204)

97

bertelsi aRniSnavs, rom “zogierTi Teoretikosis Tanaxmad aq

mTavrdeba TariyaTi da iwyeba hayiyaTi.” (bertelsi 1965:370)

zohdi (TavSekaveba): abu saidi ambobs:

aasskkeettii,, vviinncc RRvvTTiiss ssaaxxeelliiTT gguullss ggaanniiwwmmiinnddaavvss,,

iittyyvvii,, rroomm yyvveellaass wwiill ssaammyyaarrooss mmiiiiTTvvlliiss.. (abu saidi 1995:2277))

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sufiuri metyvelebis qaragmulobas, momdevno

leqsSi aRwerilia srulyofili zahidis sulieri mdgomareoba: mis winaSe

erTaderTi mizania: satrfo; mas samoTxis survilic ki aRar gaaCnia:

satrfov, satrfov, satrfov, satrfov,

Sengan wyenas imitom vitan, rom Seni saxe mSvenieria,

xalxi ambobs: samoTxe ginda Tu satrfo,

hoi, uvicno, samoTxe mSvenieria satrfosTan erTad. (abu saidi 1995:15)

mis gzas Sedgomilni samoTxes ar natroben,

ar TavkerZoben da sakuTar Tavebs ar scemen Tayvans. (abu saidi 1995:35)

namdvili zahidi arafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom aicilos jojoxeTi:

siyvaruliT gaxelebulisTvis erTia ganSoreba da SeerTeba,

vinc gascilda Tavs, raa misTvis gind jojoxeTi, gind samoTxe. (abu saidi

1995:22)

sabri (moTmineba) gulisxmobs RmerTis mxridan movlenili

yovelgvari gansacdelis atanas da gasaWiris madlierebiT miRebas:

megobrisagan rad vitanjoT yvelafris gamo,

siyvaruli xom aseTia, xan sixaruls gvgvris, xan – tkivils.

(luTfolahi 1899:45)

Cveulebrivi adamianebisa da asketebis moTminebisgan gansxvavebiT

mistikuri moTmineba gulisxmobs Semdegs: Tavsdatexili ubedureba

mistikosis TvalSi aris RmerTis mier misi sxvebisgan gamorCeuloba.

hey-e iayini. RvTaebrivi cecxlis uSualo xilvas uwodeben “ain-e iayin”

(ueWvelobis Tvali), xolo masSi ganadgurebas ise, rom araferi darCes

cecxlis garda – hey-e iayin (ueWveli WeSmariteba) (tusi 1991:38).

abu saidi elodeba, rodis iqneba RmerTis neba, rom mas gaefantos

yvela eWvi da miaRwios mayams ain-e iayin – mistikosis ltolvas xom

RmerTis mxridan miziduloba ganapirobebs:

98

kargi is iqneba, misi naTeli ueWvelobis dilas rom gamiTenebs,

damixsnis eWvis sibnelisagan [zolumaTisgan]. (abu saidi 1996:120)

vidre adamianis pirovnulobis Segneba ar gaqreba, mas ar SeuZlia am

mistikur safexurs miaRwios da misi ueWveli codna iqneba naklovani,

radgan is iqneba mxolod mxedveli. abu saidi ambobs:

satrfosac uxmob da Tavic ginda SeinarCuno?

kidevac ginda, magram es SeuZlebelia. (abu saidi 1995:26)

hey-e iayinis mopovebis saukeTeso alegoriaa sanTeli da pepela.

im mayamebis mixedviT, romlebic miewereba abu saids, ma’rifaTi

(codna/gnozisi) aris 25-e mayami. (damadi 2008) es aris mistikosis

gansakuTrebuli unari, romlis ganviTarebac SeuZlebelia mxolod

asketuri varjiSebiT an zneobrivi sijansaRis miRwevis meSveobiT. abu

saidi Secnobis erTaderT gzad siyvaruls miiCnevs.

tusis mixedviT Tavad ma’rifaTs mravali safexuri aqvs. aRvwerT im

mdgomareobebs, romlebic daiZebneba abu saidTan: “arian mistikosebi, visac

gaugoniaT, rom arsebobs erTi, dausabamo xiluli samyaros miRma; maT

uwodeben mimbaZvelebs (moyaled) isini maT emsgavsebian, vinc

mtkicebulebis gareSe imeoreben avtoritetul pirTa naTqvams.” (tusi

1991:38). abu saidi arc Tu keTilganwyobilia fsevdo-sufiebis mimarT:

yovelTvis, rodesac dainaxav or-sam gzaabneuls,

xifaTi gzaze keTilSobil kacebad ver aqcevs maT,

ori sami mimbaZvelis uazro mimbaZveloba

saxels ufuWebs vaJkacTa gzas. (abu saidi 1995:3)

visTvisac fana keklucobaa da siRaribe mosarTavia,

misTvis arc ueWvelobis (iayin) aRmoCenaa, arc sibrZne (ma’rifaT) da arc

sarwmunoeba. (abu saidi 1995:15)

halaT o soxananSi gadmocemulia abu saidis msjeloba Secnobis

safexurebis Sesaxeb: “xalxi, romelic mimbaZvelobis safexurze gaCerebula,

WeSmaritebis marTali gzidan kideqmnilia. am arsis simarTles [Secnobas]

gansjisa da Ziebis gziT TavianTi gonebisagan ar moipoveben da hgoniaT,

rom araferia garegnulis miRma da morevSi iZirebian. xolo gansjisa da

99

Ziebis xalxis mimarT daugrZelebiaT mkicxavi enebi. isini iyvnen mxedvelni

(sahib-e basar), xedva ki amao cxovrebas miekuTvneba.” (luTfolahi 1899:48)

Semdeg safexurze imyofebian isini, vinc “xedaven raRac kvamls, da

ician rom am kvamlis mizezi aris sadRac, miRma.” (tusi 1991:38-39)

mistikosebi maT uwodeben mWvretelT (ahl-e nazar).

mxedvelebsa da [samyaros saidumloebaTa] gamxsnelebs

arasodes miuwvdebodaT Seni Secnobis kalTaze xeli. (abu saidi 1995:39)

samyaros saidumlos, arsebobis WeSmarit mizezs Seicnobs mxolod is,

vinc uars ityvis arsebobaze da Seerwymis erTs. amgvarad, ma’rifaTis bolo

safexurze imyofeba is mistikosi, romelic wyvets arsebobas. abu saidis

leqsebSi xSirad aris aRwerili swored es mistikuri mdgomareoba:

mistikosi, romelsac sibrZnis codna aqvs,

Tavisgan Tavisufalia da RmerTis megzuria,

uaryavi Tavi da aRiare WeSmariteba,

es aris “ara ars RmerTi garda alahisa”-s azri. (abu saidi 1995:17)

vidre kacs siyvarulis maxvili Tavs ar gaagdebinebs,,

siyvarulisa da mijnurobis gzas ver daadgeba,,

satrfosac uxmob da Tavic ginda SeinarCuno?

kidevac ginda, magram es SeuZlebelia. (abu saidi 1995:40)

ma’rifaTis simbolo mistikur metyvelebaSi aris cecxli:

raRac kvamli movida CemTan, cecxli daminTo,

im sanTlidan, romelic misi farvanas mzea. (abu saidi 1995:17)

amdenad, abu saids dauSveblad miaCnia gaucnobierebeli rwmena, anu

Teoriuli rwmena, romelic ar aris damyarebuli, RvTaebriobaSi ganzavebis

uSualo gamocdilebaze.

Tavaquli (mindoba). mistikosi aRar cdilobs amoicnos miwieri

movlenebis kanonzomiereba, is RmerTis nebas endoba:

amqveyanas movaSoreb Cems guls, Tu mibrZaneb,

morCili var Seni brZanebis, Tu metyvi raa sargebeli, anda ziani,

davjdebi cecxlSi, Tu metyvi,

sicocxles davtoveb [sulidan amovZvrebi], Tuki mibrZaneb. (abu saidi

1996:118)

100

mindobis gamovlinebaa agreTve codvisa da Sendobis sufiuri gaazreba.

fayri (siRaribe). siRaribis gageba adreuli sufiebisTvis amqveyniuri

keTildReobis daTmobas, eklebiTa da fesvebiT kvebas niSnavda, Tumca

mogvianebiT mistikuri filosofiis ganviTarebasa da garTulebasTan erTad,

siRaribem (iseve, rogorc sufizmis sxva elementebma) sxvagvari datvirTva

SeiZina. fufunebaSi cxovreba ar aris uRmerToba, Tu mistikoss “mzera

misken uWiravs malulad” da ar etrfis Tavis qonebas; arc siRaribea

Rirseba, Tu Raribi gamdidrebaze ocnebobs. abu saidis TqmiT,

adamianTa tanjvis mizezi upiratesobisa da metis moxveWaa,

simSvide da usafrTxoeba derviSobaSia,

amqveynis mimarT airCie xelmokleoba,

Tu sibrZne da codna ucxo ar aris SenTvis. (abu saidi 1995:19)

didi mistikosis maister ekhartis TqmiT, “suliT Raribia is, visac

araferi surs, araferi uwyis da araferi gaaCnia.” (ekharti 1912:1)

mistikuri siRaribe aRniSnavs simravlis mimarT ugulisyurobas, miwieri

interesebisgan ganTavisuflebas da RmerTisaken Tavisuflad, tvirTis

gareSe svlas. sufiuri simbolo, romelic TvalnaTliv gamoxatavs am

mistikuri sadguris arss, aris kviparosi (sarv/sarv-e azad):

baRSi Sevdivar, magondeba Seni ubani,

vards vumzer da magondeba Seni saxe,

kviparosis CrdilSi rom Camovjde wamiT,

misi tani Sens naz, alersian sxeuls magonebs. (abu saidi 1995:43)

kviparosi Sinaarsobrivad datvirTul simbolod iqca. misi azri

ukavSirdeba sufizmis ZiriTad debulebebs: “sufizmis RerZia: araferi

arsebobs garda RmerTis, adamianis suli aris misi arsebis gadmodineba da,

Tumca, daSorebulia droebiT zeciur sawyiss, sabolood SeuerTdeba mas.

umaRlesi netareba es SeerTebaa da adamianis keTildReoba damokidebulia

maradisobis sulTan SeerTebaze. am SeerTebis gulisTvis Rirs yvela

kavSiris (Taaluq) gawyveta garegnul nivTebTan da cxovrebaSi Tavisufali

svla kavSirebis (interesebis) gareSe, iseve, rogorc mcuravi zRvaSi

Tavisuflad dasrialebs samosis gareSe; rogorc kviparosi, romelsac, sxva

xeebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar amZimebs nayofis simZime” (Citiki 1989:130-132)

ccnnoobbiillii mmiissttiikkoossiiss aabbdduullaahh aannssaarriiss TTqqmmiiTT:: ““aaddaammiiaannTTaa uummrraavvlleessoobbaa

101

aammbboobbss:: ““eerrTTii””,, mmaaSSiinn,, rrooddeessaacc iissiinnii ddaakkaavvSSiirreebbuullnnii aarriiaann aassii aaTTaass

rraammeessTTaann.. rrooccaa ssuuffiieebbii aammbboobbeenn ““eerrTTii””,, iissiinnii TTaavvss aaRRwweevveenn ssaakkuuTTaarr TTaavvss..

sufi araferze fiqrobs RmerTis garda:

RmerTo, gaxseni kvanZi Cems sazarel saqmeSi,

Semiwyale Cemi uZluri gonebis gamo yvela saqmeSi,

Seni sasaxlis garda rodis vyofilvar romelime sasaxleSi,

am kars nu momaSoreb, hoi, yovladmowyalev. (abu saidi 1995:45)

mistikuri siRaribis ideis amqveyniuri gansxeulebaa derviSi -

mmaarraaddiissoobbiiss mmoocciiqquullii.. ddeerrvviiSSeebbii aakkaavvSSiirreebbeenn aaddaammiiaannss mmaarraaddiissoobbaassTTaann..

””uuffrroo mmSSvviiddiiaa iiss,, vviinncc uuffrroo ddeerrvviiSSiiaa”” -- aammbboobbss aabbuu ssaaiiddii.. ssiimmSSvviiddee

ssuulliieerrii ssiiRRaarriibbiiss mmoossaavvaalliiaa –– ddeerrvviiSSii aarraaffeerrss fflloobbss ddaa ssiimmbboolluurraadd

ggaannaassaaxxiieerreebbss gguullss,, rroommeelliicc aarr aarriiss mmiijjaaWWvvuullii aarraaffeerrzzee,, aarrcc qqmmnnaaddiiaa..

amitom, derviSebi maRali misiis Semsruleblebi arian am miwaze,

RvTaebrivi samyarodan movlenilni, imisaTvis, rom gza gaukvalon

RmerTisaken adamianebs. isini saidumlo sibrZnes floben da dakarguli

aqvT individualobis adamianuri gageba. maTTan siaxlovisas morwmunes

uCndeba gaucnobierebeli Zlieri survili ganiwmindos guli imisaTvis, rom

mieaxlos RvTaebrivs. amgvarad isini erTgvari Suamavlebi arian Semoqmedsa

da adamians Soris:

derviSebi arian da rac ki ramea, isini arian,

satrfos rigSi wina rigSi arian,

gsurs spilenZi oqrod aqcio,

maTTan iyavi, alqimia isini arian. (abu saidi 1995:35)

isini Seagulianeben, aqezeben adamians daJinebiT eZios gza xsnisa:

derviSis gulis kvnesa safxekelas (suhan) gavs,

TviTon Tu ar Wris, mWrels xom aqezebs. (abu saidi 1995:34)

ddeerrvviiSSoobbaaSSii vvlliinnddeebbaa ssuulliieerrii ssiiRRaarriibbiiss SSiinnaaggaannii aarrssii::

ddeerrvviiSSoobbaaSSii nnuu iiffiiqqrreebb bbeevvrrssaa ddaa mmcciirreezzee,,

SSeennss eerrTT TTmmiiss RReerrssaacc nnuu ddaaiigguullvveebb SSeennss ssaakkuuTTrreebbaadd.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999966::112222))

TTuu ddeerrvviiSSii xxaarr,, nnuurraaffeerrss ddaaiissaakkuuTTrreebb,,

aarraaffeerrii ggiixxaarrooddeess,, aarraaffrriiss ggaammoo iinnaaRRvvlloo.. ((aabbuu ssaaiiddii 11999966::112211))

TTuu rraammddeennaadd mmnniiSSvvnneelloovvaanniiaa ddeerrvviiSSoobbiiss ffeennoommeennii aabbuu ssaaiiddiissTTvviiss,, aammaazzee

102

mmiissii SSeemmddeeggii ssiittyyvveebbii mmeettyyvveelleebbss:: ””ddeerrvviiSSeebbii aarr aarriiaann iissiinnii ((iiSSaann)),, rraaddggaannaacc,,

iissiinnii rroomm iissiinnii iiyyvvnneenn,, iissiinnii aarr iiqqnneebbooddnneenn ddeerrvviiSSeebbii,, mmaaTTii ssaaxxeellii aarriiss mmaaTTii

TTvviisseebbaa ((ssiiffaaTT)) –– yyvveellaamm,, vviinncc RRmmeerrTTiissaakkeenn ggzzaass eeZZiieebbss,, ddeerrvviiSSeebbii uunnddaa

ggaannvvlloonn,, rraaddggaann [[ddeerrvviiSSeebbii]] mmiissii kkaarriibbWWee aarriiaann..”” ((lluuTTffoollaahhii 11889999::5555)) aabbuu

ssaaiiddii gguulliissxxmmoobbss,, rroomm ddeerrvviiSSeebbii aarr aarriiaann mmiiwwiieerrii aarrsseebbaannii,, aarraammeedd

wwaarrmmooaaddggeenneenn mmxxoolloodd RRvvTTaaeebbrriivvii TTvviisseebbiiss mmiiwwiieerr ggaammoovvlliinneebbaass..

abu-l-hasan xarayani ambobs: derviSoba zRvaa, romelsac sami wyaro

kvebavs _ TavSekaveba (farhiz), didsulovneba (saxavaT) da is, rom isini ar

saWiroeben qmnadobas, anu imas, rac maRalma RmerTma Seqmna" (xarayani

1994:42-46)

sufis Tu derviSobis elementis warmoSobas mravali anTropologi

iranul samyaros ukavSirebs da iranuli "rwmenis sistemis" erT-erT

elementad miiCnevs." (loefleri 1988:Sesavali)

riadaTi (TviT-disciplina/asketizmi) sityvasityviT aRniSnavs cxenis an

viris moTvinierebas ise, rom daemorCilos patronis brZanebebs. es mayami

sufizmSi adamianis cxoveluri instiqtebis gawvrTnis etapia da azrobrivad

ukavSirdeba nafss. abu saidTan nafsis alegoriaa ZaRli; is saubrobs

adamianis mtaceblur bunebaze (bahime), romelic aris nafs ammara bi’l sus

Semadgeneli. (ix. Tavi “codva da Sendoba”)

mmiissttiikkoossss iippyyrroobbss uueeccaarrii SSiiSSii xxaauuffii ((uueeccaarrii eellddaa)) CCaaddeenniill ccooddvvaaTTaa

ggaammoo,, aaccnnoobbiieerreebbss TTaavviiss uuZZlluurreebbaass ddaa uueefflleebbaa uuiimmeeddoobbaa,, rraacc ppiirrvveell

yyoovvlliissaa uukkaavvSSiirrddeebbaa mmiissttiikkuurr ssaattrrffoossTTaann SSeexxvveeddrriiss vveerrmmiiRRwweevviiss SSiiSSss::

iissaarrii ggaammooiirrttyyooccnnaa SSeennii wwaarrbbeebbiiss qqooxxiiss SSvviillddiiddaann,,

gguullmmaa SSeewwyyvviittaa ooccnneebbaa SSeexxvveeddrriiss ssxxiivvzzee,,

TTaannddaaTTaann mmooSSoorrddaa CCeemmss gguullss ddaa mmeettyyooddaa ssiinnaazziiTT,,

CCvveenn aarr ddaavvssxxddeebbiiTT SSeenniissTTaanneebbiiss ggvveerrddiiTT.. (abu saidi 1995:77))

rraajjaa ((iimmeeddii//ssaassooeebbaa)) aarriiss mmddggoommaarreeoobbaa,, rrooddeessaacc mmiissttiikkoossss aaxxsseennddeebbaa,,

rroomm RRmmeerrTTii aarriiss mmoowwyyaallee,, mmaass eeuufflleebbaa ssiimmSSvviiddee,, uuCCnnddeebbaa iimmeeddii::

RRmmeerrTToo,, ggaaxxsseennii kkvvaannZZii CCeemmss ssaazzaarroo ssaaqqmmeeSSii,,

SSeemmiiwwyyaallee CCeemmii uuZZlluurrii ggoonneebbiiss ggaammoo yyvveellaa ssaaqqmmeeSSii,,

SSeennii ssaassaaxxlliiss ((zzRRuurrbblliiss)) ggaarrddaa,, rrooddiiss vvyyooffiillvvaarr ssxxvvaa ssaassaaxxlleeSSii,,

nnuu mmoommaaSSoorreebb aamm kkaarrss,, yyoovvllaaddmmoowwyyaalleevv.. ((abu saidi 1995:3355))

mmaahhaabbbbaa ((ssiiyyvvaarruullii)).. ssuuffiizzmmiiss ZZiirriiTTaaddii pprriinncciippii aarriiss iiss,, rroomm uummaaRRlleess

103

rreeaalloobbaass vveerr aaRRiiqqvvaammss aaddaammiiaannuurrii llooggiikkaa.. RRmmeerrTTii ssiiyyvvaarruulliiss ggzziiTT uunnddaa

SSeevviiccnnooTT::

yofierebis saidumlo nedli da umi darCeba,

da is keTilSobili margaliti gauxvreteli darCeba,

yvelas, visac gonebis argumentiT raime uTqvams,

is mTavari darCa uTqmeli. (abu saidi 1995:32)

TTvviiTT ssrruullyyooffiillaadd zznneeoobbrriivvii aaddaammiiaanniicc kkii mmookklleebbuulliiaa RRvvTTaaeebbrriivvii

bbrrwwyyiinnvvaalleebbiiss xxiillvviiss bbeeddnniieerreebbaass,, TTuu mmaass aarr ggaaaaCCnniiaa ssiiyyvvaarruullii::

Seni dardis nadavli gaxda Cemi guli da goneba,

Seni dardi Cemi gulis maRazia gaxda,

is Sifri, romelic ucnobia wmindanebisTvis,

Seni siyvaruli misi saSualebiT elaparakeba Cems gulis yurs. (abu saidi

1995:4)

Seni silamazis sarke mSvenierebis saxiT,

moTminebis aTasi gemisaTvis morevia,

yvela sarke, romelic Seni silamazis gareSe iyo,

sibrZne uwodebs mas udabnos matyuara miraJs. (abu saidi 1995:5)

rrooddeessaacc bbaaiiaazziidd bbiissTTaammiiss hhkkiiTTxxeess ssuuffiizzmmiiss mmnniiSSvvnneelloobbaa,, mmaann uuppaassuuxxaa::

TTiiTTqqooss,, vviiRRaacc wwaabboorrZZiikkddaa gguulliiss eerrTT kkuuTTxxeeSSii ddaammaarrxxuull ssaaggaannZZuurrzzee ddaa iimm

ssaaggaannZZuurrSSii aaRRmmooaaCCiinnaa ZZvviirrffaassii qqvvaa,, rroommeellssaacc hhqqvviiaa ““ssiiyyvvaarruullii””.. mmxxoolloodd iiss

aarriiss ssuuffii,, vviinncc iippoovvaa eess ggaannZZii..

ssuuffiieebbiiss ggaannyyeenneebbuullii mmssjjeelloobbaa ffuuWWii iiqqnneebbooddaa mmaaTTii ccxxoovvrreebbiiss

uummTTaavvrreessii pprriinncciippii rroomm aarr yyooffiilliiyyoo mmooyyvvaassiiss mmssaaxxuurreebbaa,, SSeemmwwyynnaarreebblloobbaa,,

ssiikkeeTTee ddaa ssiiyyvvaarruullii aaddaammiiaanneebbiiss mmiimmaarrTT.. aabbuu ssaaiiddiissTTvviiss mmttrriiss ssiiyyvvaarruulliicc

aarr yyooffiillaa uuccxxoo::

ggiiJJii gguullii aaqqvvss,, vviissaacc eess CCvveevvaa aaqqvvss,,

uuyyvvaarrss iiss,, vviinncc eemmtteerreebbaa mmiiss ssiiccooccxxlleess//ssuullss.. (abu saidi 1995:1166))

mmiissii ssiittyyvvaa ddaa qqmmeeddeebbaa aarr eewwiinnaaaaRRmmddeeggeebbaa eerrTTmmaanneeTTss:: ccnnoobbiilliiaa,, rroomm

ddiiddii SSeeiixxii mmeeggoobbrroobbddaa mmaaTTTTaann,, vviinncc vveerraagguullaadd ddaaggeeggmmaa mmiissii CCaammooxxrrCCoobbaa ddaa

mmaaTTii ssuulleebbiiss ggaaddaarrCCeennaazzee zzrruunnaavvddaa..

aammddeennaadd,, ssuuffiiss ssaabboolloooo mmiizzaannii mmiiiiRRwweevvaa ssuulliiss hhoorriizzoonnttaalluurrii ddaa

vveerrttiikkaalluurrii ggaannzzoommiilleebbeebbiiss ((aaddaammiiaannuurrii ddaa RRvvTTaaeebbrriivvii ssiiyyvvaarruulliiss))

SSeennaarrCCuunneebbiiss iiddeeaalluurrii ssiinnTTeezziiTT..

104

sasiyvarulo sevda mijnurobis aucilebeli “atributia” da abu saidis

lirikaSic TvalSisacemia mwuxarebis TemasTan dakavSirebuli leqsebis

simravle:

guli Tavis mtkice pirobaze dgas,

suli Senze mwuxarebaSi Tavis samsaxurSi dgas,

gulidan orive samyarosaken aRiZra ltolva,

vai! Senze mwuxareba mtkiced aris dafuZnebuli. (abu saidi 1995:1133))

xan ganSorebis cecxlze vbrunav mwvadiviT,

xan mwuxarebis zRvaSi vcurav gzaabneuli, rogorc meduza, (abu saidi 1995:5)

abu saidi mistikuri mijnuria da misi oxvra satrfosTan ganSorebis

gamo aris sulieri ltolvis gamomxatveli. mwuxarebas ar gaurbis

mistikosi – RvTaebrivi siyvaruli, romlis gamoc mis guls sisxli sdis,

RmerTis udidesi wyalobaa:

gulo, siyvarulis dardi CemTvis da SenTvis aris Seqmnili,

miende mas, is Cemi da Seni jildoa,

Sen tkivili ar gigemia, Torem [gecodineboda, rom]

megobris naRvelis erTi wami Cemi da Seni sisxlis fasia. (abu saidi 1995:10)

RmerTo, rac Sens garda Cvens gulSi dardia

waiRe, radgan umosavlo xar Cveni mosavlisagan,

gmadlobT, radgan Sennairi megzuri gvyavs,

radgan im dakargulTa ricxvs vekuTvniT, romelTa sadgomi mwuxarebaa.

(abu saidi 1995:9)

amgvarad, mistikuri mwuxareba aris sasiyvarulo sevda. mwuxareba

(bala) mistikuri mijnuris ganwyobaa, misi marad Tanamdevi amqveynad. es aris

sevda, romlis mizezic aris adamianis arseboba, sicocxle materialur

samyaroSi da pirveladi RvTaebrivi wiaRidan – samSoblodan misi Sors

yofna. mistikosebi etrfian sevdas da tkivils:

mijnurs mwuxarebis gareSe erTi dRec ar ZaluZs yofna,

satrfosa da binis gareSe rom iyos, dardi ar aris,

kargad is aris, vinc erT kekluc gamoxedvaSi gaiRo suli msxverplad,

arc ganSorebis icoda rame, arc – SeerTebis. (abu saidi 1995:18)

105

hafezis XIX s. mTargmneli da mkvlevari gertrud louTian beli

adamianis mistikuri sevdis arss ase ganmartavs: “Seqmna adami da ubrZana

ufalma: me var ufali RmerTi Seni (alasTu birabbiqum)! diax, upasuxa kacma.

arabuli sityva bala - Tanxmoba, agreTve, sevdas aRniSnavs da amboben, rom

Cveni upirvelesi mama Rrmad acnobierebda, Tu ra saSineli wyaloba iyo

sicocxle, romelic mas ufalma uboZa da es SeTanxmeba man mwuxarebis

beWdiT dabeWda. amgvarad, upirvelesi dRidan sicocxle da sevda Tan

sdevda erTurTs, RmerTsa da adamians Soris pirveli didi SeTanxmebis

ZaliT samudamod SekavSirebuli.” (beli 1897:VIII)

is, visac es sevda ar udevs gulSi, mas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

RvTaebrivi wveTmargalitic ar gaaCnia, mas araferi uxmobs da “bednieria”

materialur samyaroSi.

abu saidTan vxvdebiT naklebad cnobil mistikuri sadgurs bastis,

romlis miRwevisas mistikoss eufleba yovlismomcveli aRtaceba,

srulyofili sixaruli da simsubuqe. abu saidTan sulis amgvari

mdgomareoba vardis mopovebas ukavSirdeba:

dilis siom vardi moitana imedis vardnaridan,

Tu suliwmindam Camoagdo TeTri bumbuli,

an iqneb dilis siom moiqrola mzis mxridan,

iqneb es satrfos werilia, keTili cnoba rom moitana. (abu saidi 1995:42)

Touhidi (RvTaebrivi SeerTeba). ssaayyuurraaddRReebbooaa,, rroomm aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss

bbiiooggrraaffiiaass eewwooddeebbaa ““RRmmeerrTTTTaann SSeerrwwyymmiiss ssaaiidduummllooeebbaannii”” ((aassrraarr aall--

TToouuhhiiddii)).. aamm mmxxrriivv mmiissii lliirriikkaacc vvrrcceell mmaassaallaass iiZZlleevvaa.. lleeqqsseebbiiss

ssaaffuuZZvveellzzee SSeevveeccddeebbiiTT ggaammoovvaarrkkvviiooTT,, rraa aarriiss mmTTaavvaarrii ddaa aauucciilleebbeellii

iimmiissaaTTvviiss,, rroomm mmiissttiikkoossmmaa mmiiaaRRwwiiooss ssaannaattrreell mmiizzaannss ddaa rraa mmiiiiCCnneevvaa aamm ggzzaazzee

ddaabbrrkkoolleebbaadd..

TTaauuhhiiddii uummnniiSSvvnneelloovvaanneessii mmaayyaammiiaa,, rraaddggaann mmiissttiikkuurrii mmiijjnnuurriiss mmiizzaannii

RRmmeerrTTTTaann SSeerrwwyymmaaaa,, ssuuffiiuurrii eenniiTT rroomm vvTTqqvvaaTT,, ffaarrddiiss CCaammoogglleejjaa ddaa

mmiissttiikkuurr ssaattrrffoossTTaann SSeeeerrTTeebbaa..

vviiddrree uuSSuuaalloodd aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss TTaauuhhiiddss ggaannvviixxiillaavvTT,, SSeevveeccddeebbiiTT

wwaarrmmoovvaaCCiinnooTT,, rraass gguulliissxxmmoobbeenn ssuuffii mmiissttiikkoosseebbii ““RRvvTTaaeebbrriivv SSeeeerrTTeebbaaSSii””..

nurisTvis RmerTTan SeerTeba niSnavs yvelaferTan daSorebas, da

106

yvelaferTan daSoreba _ RmerTTan SeerTebas. sufiebisTvis

RmerTTan/satrfosTan daSoreba mtkivneulia: sari al-sayaTisTvis

jojoxeTSi ar arsebobs satanjveli ufro mtkivneuli da Znelad

gadasatani, vidre fardis miRma yofnis tkivili. ibn aTas ekuTvnis

gamonaTqvami, rom gza RmerTisaken megobrul siyvarulze gadis.

mistikosTa naazrevis metad zogadi suraTis mixedviT, Touhidis

“elementebia”: mwuxareba RmerTisgan Sors yofnis gamo; materialur

samyarosTan da miwier interesebTan daSoreba, rac RmerTsa da adamians

Soris fardis Camoglejis tolfasia; RmerTisaken adamiani moyvasis

siyvaruls mihyavs; eqstatiuri mdgomareoba – “simTvrale” (grZnobisa da

gonebis dapirispireba); umTavresi pirobaa “me”-s sruli uaryofa/gaqroba.

aqedan gamomdinare, zemoTaRwerili mayamebi emsaxureba Touhidis miRwevas.

Touhidi aris aRiareba imisa, rom araferi arsebobs, arc RvTaebrivi,

arc qmnadi, garda erTi RmerTis:

Tavisufali xar qveyniurisgan da qveyana Sens garda araferia,

yoveli adgilis gareT xar da yoveli adgili savsea SeniT. (abu saidi

1995:11)

radgan ar aris [yvelafrisgan, rac aris] araferi, garda qarisa xelSi,

radgan aris [yvelafrisgan rac ar aris]nakli da ziani,

ifiqre, rom yvelaferi, rac aris samyaroSi _ ar aris,

ifiqre, rom yvelaferi, rac ar aris samyaroSi _ aris. (abu saidi 1995:8)

adamiani, iseve, rogorc mTeli nivTieri samyaro, misi wamieri

gamovlinebaa. amitom mistikosisTvis amqveyniuri cxovrebis yoveli wami

aris WeSmariti realobisgan daSoreba:

arasodes yofila tanjva, satrfosTan siSoris msgavsi,

da arc tkivili uaresi vidre ganSoreba, ar arsebula. (abu saidi 1995:20)

es arseboba-ararsebobis filosofia gonebisaTvis miuwvdomelia da

auxsneli - adamianuri siyvarulis msgavsad RvTaebrivi siyvarulic

zegrZnobadia. imisaTvis, rom adamianis gonebas “Seecno” gamouTqmeli, abu

saidma RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gadmosacemad sasiyvarulo ena airCia, rogorc

idumalis gamoTqmis erTaderTi “Sesaferisi” saSualeba:

Senma majnunma mTa barisgan ver gaarCia,

107

Seni siyvaruliT gagiJebulma Tavi da bolo ver gaarCia,

yvelam, vinc gza ipova Senamde, Tavi dakarga,

man vinc Segicno, sakuTari Tavis cnoba dakarga. (abu saidi 1995:6)

Tavis dakargvas da Touhidis uSualo gancdas mravalwliani “Sroma” da

bevri mayamis miRweva uZRvis win, siCqare da cru mistikuri mdgomareoba

ayovnebs mgzavrs Touhidisaken mimaval bilikze:

TTuummccaa gguullii ZZaalliiaann CCqqaarroobbddaa aamm uuddaabbnnooSSii,,

eerrTTii bbeewwvviissooddeennaa vveerraaffeerrii SSeeiiccnnoo,, mmrraavvaallii TTmmaa kkii ddaaCCeexxaa,,

TTuummccaa,, CCeemmii gguulliiddaann aaTTaassii mmzzee aammoobbrrwwyyiinnddaa

ssaabboolloooodd ssuull eerrTTii mmttkkaavveellii ggzzaacc vveerr ggaaiiaarraa ssrruullyyooffiissaakkeenn.. (abu saidi

1995:2233))

guSin biWuna miwis gasacreliT xelSi

orive xels irtyavda da saxes ikawravda,

ambobda moTqmiT - vaglax,

meeqvsedic ki ver movipoveT da saceric gatyda. (abu saidi 1995:8)

axalgazrdobis periodis asketurma praqtikam abu saids misca

srulyofili codna orive samyaros (materialuri da sulieri), SeerTebis

da ganSorebis Sesaxeb. mmaann iicciiss,, rroomm ""uuffrroo aaddvviilliiaa mmTTaa TTmmiiss RReerriiTT

mmooiizziiddoo,, vviiddrree ssaakkuuTTaarr TTaavvss ddaaaaRRwwiioo TTaavvii.."" ((iibbnn mmuunnaavvaarrii 11889999::227788))

amave dros RvTaebrivi SeerTeba aris adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba:

“rogorc talRebi uCinardebian zRvaSi da wvimis wveTebi ganzavdebian

okeaneSi, Cveni inteleqtismieri aRqmis miuxedavad, rom isini arian calke

arsebulni, talRebi da wvimis wveTebi, sinamdvileSi, ar arseboben

TavisTavad.” (amuli 1989:II) mistikuri filosofiis safuZveli adamianis

RvTaebriv samyarosTan wilnayarobis aRiarebaa. “yoveli adamiani

Tanaarsebobs pirvelwyarosTan, yoveli Cvengani Tanaarsebobs RmerTTan,

Tumca, mxolod ramdenime Cvenganma uwyis es.” (d’adamo 2004:141)

amitom mistikosi erTaderT rames SesTxovs RmerTs: daexmaros mas “me”-

sgan gaTavisuflebaSi:

Tu taZris (samikitnos) karTan dagvsxam Cven da

qaabasken gzaze gvarbenineb Cven,

es yvelaferi Cveni arsebobis aucileblobaa,

kargi is aris, rom Cveni Tavisagan gagvaTavisuflo. (abu saidi 1995:2)

108

grZlad saTqmeli mokled unda iTqvas

da avis STamagonebel satrfos unda erido,

satrfosaken mimaval gzaze unda mokvde

da maSin unda acnobo satrfos (Seni miaxloebis ambavi). (abu saidi 1995:28)

aabbuu ssaaiiddii aammbboobbss:: ssaaddaacc SSeennii ““mmee””--ss ccrruu zzmmaanneebbaa ggaaCCnnddeebbaa,, iiqq aarriiss

jjoojjooxxeeTTii.. ssaaddaacc aarr xxaarr,, iiqq aarriiss ssaammooTTxxee;; eerrTTii nnaabbiijjiiaa mmoonnaassaa ddaa RRmmeerrTTss

SSoorriiss ddaa eess nnaabbiijjii iiss aarriiss,, rroomm eerrTTii nnaabbiijjii SSeennii TTaavviiddaann ggaarreeTT ggaaddaaddggaa,,

rraaTTaa RRmmeerrTTss mmiiaaRRwwiioo..

ssuuffiieebbiiss TTvvaallTTaaxxeeddvviiTT,, vviiddrree ““SSeenn”” ““SSeenn”” xxaarr,, SSeenn vveerr SSeeiiccnnoobb RRmmeerrTTss::

uuddiiddeessii ppiirrbbaaddee SSeennssaa ddaa RRmmeerrTTss SSoorriiss xxaarr ““SSeenn””.. mmxxoolloodd RRvvTTiiuurrii

ssiiyyvvaarruulliiss cceeccxxllii aaqqrroobbss aamm eeggoocceennttrriizzmmss.. RRvvTTiiuurrii ssiiyyvvaarruullii CCnnddeebbaa

ssppoonnttaannuurraadd,, mmaass vveerr iisswwaavvllii..

fiqri or samyaroze, samoTxesa da jojoxeTze fardaa, romelic

RmerTis xilvaSi xels uSlis adamians. TToouuhhiiddii vveerr mmiiiiRRwweevvaa,, TTuu ssaabboolloooodd

aarr ggaannaaddgguurrddeebbaa ""mmee""::

RmerTo, didsulovnebiT gagviRe kari,

gza, romelSic Svelaa, giCvene,

ar gvWirdeba es ori qveyana, wyaloba hyavi,

Seni xsovnis garda, Tu ram aris, waiRe Cveni gulebidan. (abu saidi 1995:2)

amgvarad, "kacTa cixe kacTa arsebobaa". (ibn munavari 1899:222) erTaderTi

gza xsnisa Tavis sruli msxverplSewirvaa.

gulmxiaruli is aris, vinc wamebisas ar oxravda,

aravis axedebda Tavis samyaroSi,

rogorc sanTeli, gulis wvisagan mTlianad gadna,

da kalTidan ali xeliT ar moiSora. (abu saidi 1995:29]

"Seni fiqri da survili gaaqre, rom RmerTs miaRwio" _ urCevs abu saidi

mimdevrebs. (ibn munavari 1899:299) Touhidis miRweva Semdeg robaiSi aris

aRwerili:

Cemi sxeuli sul cremlad iqca da Cemi Tvali tiris,

Sens siyvarulSi usxeulod unda icxovro,

Cemgan ar darCa kvalic, es siyvaruli saidan aris,

me rom mTlad satrfod viqeci, sad aris mijnuri. (abu saidi 1995:18)

109

fana’ (gaqroba/ganzaveba). fana’ zogi mistikosis mixedviT, bolo, an

bolos wina safexuria (bolo aris baya). es saxelwodeba IX s. bolodan

xdeba sufizmis termini, radgan swored fana’ sufiuri mimdinareobebis

umravlesobis mier aRiarebulia, rogorc TariyaTis _ sulis

TviTsrulyofis gzas Semdgari mgzavris saboloo mizani.” (bertelsi 1965:32)

es sadguri imdenad mWidro kavSirSia TouhidTan, rom mas uwodeben

fana’s TouhidSi. baiazid bisTamis daskvniT, fsiqiuri mdgomareoba, rodesac

RvTis siyvaruliT “mTvral” individs eufleba RmerTTan erTianobis sruli

SegrZneba, iwvevs adamianis yovelgvari pirovnulis gaqrobas (fana), mis

Serwymas RmerTTan. abu-l-hasan xarayani meditaciaSi miaRwevs im

mdgomareobas, rodesac Caesmis RmerTis xma da mixvdeba, rom gascda

qmnadobas: "me viyvire; RmerTo! aq var! Seni msaxuri!" da, bolos, halajis

sabediswero: “ana-l hay” – “me var ufali, WeSmariteba” aris fana’s

saukeTeso formula.

mistikuri mogzaurobis am etapze qreba yovelgvari fiqri,

mtkicebuleba an uaryofa. fanas srulyofilad aRwers abu saidi WaSi

varjiSis Semdeg: “roca Sen xar da is [RmerTi] aris, orni xarT da es aris

warmarToba/mravalRmerTianoba (Sirq). Seni Tavi am ors ganaSore. me fanas

Sevtrfodi. naTeli gamoCnda, [mivxvdi] rom es ukunia – me arafers vakeTeb.

didebulma da Zlierma RmerTma miCvena: is Sen ar yofilxar da arc es xar

Sen, is iyo Cemi wyaloba da es Cemi sibrZnea”. (luTfolahi 1899:20)

yovlismxedveli viyavi, roca maxvili gamixda Tvali,

davinaxe, rom yvelaferi Sen xar, yvelaferi sxva – araferia. (167)

abu saidis lirikis usayvarlesi Temaa “gaqroba”, misi leqsebis didi

nawili, TiTqos fana’s miRwevis Semdeg aris warmoTqmuli. kvlavdakvlav

vgebulobT, rom iluziaa yoveli mayami, uadgiloa yoveli miniSneba:

SenSi naTeli an faruli araferia,

arc ueWveli, an saeWvo, araferia,

xar arsi arsTa, qaragmebiT gamouTqmeli,

iq, sadac Sen xar, Seni kvali – araferia. (abu saidi 1995:25)

bertelsis azriT, fana’s “problema umwvavesia da misi amoxsnis

mcdeloba X s. dasawyisSi sufizmis pirvel wamebuls husein mansur halajs

110

sicocxlis fasad daujda. am sakiTxis problemuroba aseTia: ra mosdis

adamians, roca aRwevs fana’s? Tu individualuri “me” gaqreba, mas RvTiuri

“me” Secvlis, Tu ara? Touhidi “RmerTTan SeerTebis” saxiT mimdinareobs?

rogor xorcieldeba es “SeerTeba”? ”. (bertelsi 1965:33)

fana iyo Teoriuli da praqtikuli mistikis umTavresi Tema da

mgzavris saboloo mizanic. magaliTad, baiazid bisTamis ase esmoda es

“ganzaveba”: amiyvana man (e. i. RmerTma _ e. b.) erTxel da miTxra: o, abu

iazid, WeSmaritad, Cemma arsebam Seiyvara Seni xilva. mivuge: damamSvene Seni

erTobiT, Semmose Seni TvisebebiT da aRmiyvane Sens erTaderTobamde, rom

Senma arsebam, roca mixilavs, Tqvas: “Cven daginaxeT”. (bertelsi 1965:33)

baiazids ekuTvnis Semdegi gamonaTqvami: “didebuli var, didebuli da

aRmatebuli”.

J. baueringi uwodebs amas “droebiTi cnobierebis maradiulTan

SeerTebas” (baueringi 1999:218). mistikosebi xsnian fana-s, rogorc me-s

“gardacvalebas” RvTaebrivSi.

abu saidi axorcielebs RvTaebriv ganzavebas meditaciis Sedegad da es

ar aris erTi samyarodan meoreSi gadasvla – sxeulis datoveba da

astralSi mogzauroba; agreTve, individis ganzaveba RvTaebrivSi ar niSnavs

individualobis saboloo dakargvas: abu saidi xdeba “RmrTivSemosili” da

misi RvTaebrivobiT gamsWvaluli individualoba xdeba maradisobis mkvidri.

logikuria, rom sufizmSi TariyaT-is bolo safexuri aris baya

(maradisoba). aamm yyvveellaaffrriiddaann ggaammoommddiinnaarree,, ssuuffiiuurrii mmiissttiicciizzmmiiss mmiixxeeddvviiTT,,

aaddaammiiaanniiss iinnddiivviidduuaalloobbiiss RRvvTTaaeebbrriivv rraalloobbaaSSii ssrruullii ggaannzzaavveebbiiss SSeemmddeegg aarr

xxddeebbaa mmiissii ggaaqqrroobbaa,, aarraammeedd ssuullss eenniiWWeebbaa mmaarraaddiiuullii uukkvvddaavveebbaa –– eess aarriiss

ffaannaass mmoommddeevvnnoo mmaayyaammii bbaayyaa ((uukkvvddaavveebbaa))..

eevvrrooppeellii ddaa aaRRmmoossaavvlleellii mmkkvvlleevvaarreebbii eerrTTxxmmaadd aaRRiiaarreebbeenn,, rroomm ffaannaa

iinndduurrii wwaarrmmooSSoobbiissaaaa,, xxoolloo ””mmiissii ssrruullyyooffaa ddaa SSeemmddggoommii ddaaxxvveewwaa

xxoorraassnneellii ssuuffiieebbiiss,, kkeerrZZoodd kkii,, bbiissTTaammiissaa ddaa aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss ssaaxxeelleebbss

uukkaavvSSiirrddeebbaa..”” ((RRaannii 11999977::115577))

SevecadeT, mistikuri mdgomareobebis gaanalizebis meSveobiT abu

saidis mistikuri “filosofiis” mravali aspeqti gamogvevlina –hali da

mayami es aris sulis TviTsrulyofis grZeli jaWvis calkeuli rgolebi,

111

romlebic mTlianobaSi qmnian sufizmis sinTezur “filosofias”. is, rasac

sufizmis teqnikuri ena uwodebs mayams, aris igive Tviseba (sefaT), anu

simravled daSlili RmerTis arsi (zaT): TiToeuli mayamis miRwevisas

mistikosi iZens, iTavisebs RmerTis Tvisebebs, anu etapobrivad axorcielebs

ganRmrToebas. es erTgvari evoluciis procesia, riTac yoveli adamiani

Tavis mxriv warmarTavs kacobriobis evoluciis did process.

amasTanave, arsebobad RmerTis arsebobis aRiarebis fonze (hame Tuii vo

digar hame hiC – yvelaferi Sen xar, danarCeni sul araferia) mayamebi

yvelaze ufro metad Seiswavlis adamianis fsiqologias, Tumca sulier

planSi, mainc eZiebs misi imedisa da uimedobis, SiSisa sixarulis mizezebs.

abu saidisTvis adamianis bunebis saukeTeso gamovlineba xorcieldeba

cxoveluri instiqtebis daTrgunvisa da RvTaebrivi Tvisebebis gaZlierebis

meSveobiT.

amgvarad, abu saidis liturgiis mTavari atributia adamianebze Zlieri

zemoqmedebis momxdeni qadageba (majles gofTan) da sama, romlis drosac

monawileTa sulebs eqstazi euflebaT da RvTaebriv realobebSi

mogzauroben; abu saidis cxovrebis pirveli naxevari Tu sakuTar gulSi

CaRrmavebaa, meore naxevari misi gulis gaxsnaa sxva adamianebisaTvis da

maTi gulebis ganwmendas emsaxureba. misTvis umTavresia Sinagani sixalase

garegnulis siwmindis sapirispirod. rogorc mTliani sufizmis, aseve misi,

rTuli mistikuri filosofia erT martiv formulamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT:

abu saidis sufizmi gulis siwrfelea.

abu saidisTvis mniSvnelovania uSualo sulieri gamocdileba.

misi meditaciis Sedegi ar aris erTi samyarodan meoreSi gadasvla;

mistikosi axorcielebs RvTaebriv ganzavebas da erTaderTi WeSmariti

realobis Secnobas. mTlianobaSi, abu saidis kredos gansazRvraven, rogorc

panTeistur sufizms, romlis ganmartebasac warmoadgens abu saidis

slogani hame usT (is yvelaferia). (zahneri 1960:8) j. uiliamsis azriT,

gviandeli sufi poetebi, aTaridan moyolebuli, ukve daJinebiT gamoxataven

panTeistur ideebs TavianT leqsebSi. (uiliamsi 1962:158). aqedan, sikvdili

abu saidisTvis satrfosTan dabruneba da sulis Zveli samosis - gvelis

perangis gamocvlis dasawyisia.

112

Tavi VI. abu saidis lirika

$ 1. vin aris abu saidi _ avtori, Tu mTqmeli

im poeturi nimuSebis warmoSobis gamo, romelsac abu saids

miakuTvneben, mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo. misi saxeliT

cnobili robaiebis pirveli gamomcemeli herman eTe darwmunebuli iyo, rom

maTi avtori, swored, abu saidi gaxldaT. (bertelsi 1965:56)

im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tu vin Seasrula gadamwyveti roli sparsul

literaturaSi sufizmis Casaxvis saqmeSi, mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa

sxvadsxvaobaa. d. kobiZe aRniSnavs: “Tu rodis gaCnda sufizmi sparsul

literaturaSi, an rogori iyo misi pirveli saxeoba, jer Seswavlili ar

aris. sufizmis pirveli mkvlevrebi sparsul enaze sufiuri poeziis

gamovlinebas abu said ben abul xeiris saxels ukavSireben. magram baba

quhis divanis Seswavla cxadyofs im garemoebas, rom sufiuri poeziis

saTaveebi XI saukuneze didi xniT adre SeiniSneba.” (kobiZe 1981:88]

e. bertelsi pirveli sufiuri divanis avtorad abu abd-al-lah ali ibn

muhamad Sirazis, igive baba quhis asaxelebs: “misi divani uZvelesia Cvenamde

moRweulTa Soris.”. misi divanidan vgebulobT, rom baba quhis

srulyofilad hqonda aTvisebuli misi drois saRvTismetyvelo swavleba.

mTeli Semdegdroindeli terminologia TiTqmis srulad gvxvdeba masTan.

Tu am garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT, mis divans gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba adreuli sufizmis kvlevisaTvis.” (bertelsi 1965:57)

e. bertelsi abu saidis rols sufiuri poeziis danergvaSi

meorexarisxovnad miiCnevs: “am leqsebis pirvel gamomcemels did iranists

h. eTes eWvi ar epareboda, rom maTi avtori abu saidi iyo. Tumca, mas Semdeg

rac v. a. Jukovskis mier gamocemulma abu saidis biografiebma dRis sinaTle

ixila, am dasknis utyuaroba saeWvo gaxda. biografi, abu saidis

SviliSvilis sityvebze dayrdnobiT, kategoriulad uaryofs mis avtorobas

da mxolod erT beiTsa da erT oTxtaepian leqss miawers mis saxels.”

(bertelsi 1965:56)

abu saidis biografiaSi vkiTxulobT, rom Seixs erTi derviSisTvis

113

(vinme abu hamza al-TurabisTvis _ “miwieri abu hamza”) gasagzavni werilis

meore mxares dauweria erTi beiTi:

mtvrad rom iqeci, me Seni mtvris mtvrad viqeci,

rodesac Seni mtvris mtvrad viqeci, ganviwminde.

Semdeg muridebisaTvis uTqvams: me arasodes damiweria leqsebi.

is, rac Cemgan gesmiT, Rirseul kacTa bageTagan momismenia, maTi

umetesoba ki abu-l-yasem biSr iasins ekuTvniso. (luTfolahi 1899:54)

halaT o soxananis Tanaxmad abu saids erTi robai Seuqmnia. udabnoSi

xetialis Semdeg, sadac man TviTgvemis simZime ganicada, es beiTi

warmouTqvams qadagebisas:

mTel dablobze erTi ekali ar aris,

rom CemTan da Cems cxovrebasTan ar hqondes saqme, (luTfolahi 1899:22]

Seni mSvenebis wyalobisa da sinazisaTvis

asi aTasi suli rom mogce, sircxvili ar aris. (ibn munavari 1899:36)

Semdeg robaiSi mcire cvlilebaa. mesame striqoni Semdegnairad ikiTxeba:

SenTan SeerTebis wyalobisa da alersisaTvis.

krebulSi leqsis ramdenime saxesxvaoba gvxvdeba:

xaveranis mTel velebSi, rac ekalia,

daWrili satrfos sisxliT aris mosvrili

yvelgan, sadac feriis saxisa da vardis Rawviania,

CemTvis yvelgan Sesaferia, Zneli saqmea. (abu saidi 1995:19)

kidiT kedemde xaveranis mindorze erTi qva ar aris,

romelzec gulis da Tvalis sisxlis feri ar eCneodes,

arc erTi adgili da farsangi ar aris,

sadac ar iqnebodes Camomjdari Seni dardiT gulgawvrilebuli. (abu

saidi 1995:21)

said nafisi varaudobs, rom es robaiebi pirveli zemoT motanili

robais mibaZviT SeuqmniaT mogvianebiT.

viciT, rom biSr iasinma aswavla mas Semdegi robai:

dideba, rom kvlav vynosav Rvinis surnels,

simRerebi da [sufiebis] haihui mesmis,

Cemi gulis kunWulidan RmerTis saidumlo yovel wams,

WeSmaritebas RaRadebs, me ki lerwmidan momdis misi [WeSmaritebis] xma.

114

(abu saidi 1995:66)

mistikuri leqsebi abu saids, SesaZloa, biSr iasinisa da sxva

firebisgan hqonda mosmenili. TiTqos, ar arsebobs eWvis safuZveli da abu

saidis kalams, marTlac, araferi Seuqmnia.

SeuZlebelia, ar daveTanxmoT mkvlevarTa im nawils, romlisTvisac

daujerebelia TviT Seixis sityvebi. t. grahamis TqmiT, “abu saidis

gancxadeba misi Tavmdablobisa da raindobis (javanmardi) gamomJRavneba

ufroa, vidre mSrali simarTle. es aris mis mier Tavis gaigiveba adreul

moZRvarTan, romlis meoxebiTac man RmerTi aRmoaCina Tavis TavSi. marTlac,

gviandeli biografiis avtori ibn munavari imave konteqstSi ar imeorebs

luTfolahis mier citirebul abu saidis gamonaTqvams avtorobis uaryofis

Sesaxeb; avtorma (ibn munavarma) albaT saeWvod, an saerTod mcdarad miiCnia

is da misi adgili ufro sufiur msjelobas dauTmo: “adamianebi fiqroben,

rom moZRvris mier warmoTqmuli leqsebi misi Seqmnilia, Tumca es ase ar

aris, radgan is imdenad iyo ganzavebuli RmerTSi, rom dakarguli hqonda

unari esaubra Tavisi saxeliT.” (ibn munavari 1899:95)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sufi moZRvrebis saubrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

qaragmulobas t. grahamis mosazrebas sruli axsna da gamarTleba

moeZebneba, radgan Seixis am sityvebs mistikuri safuZveli gaaCnia: vidre

sufi RmerTTan Serwymis umaRles safexurs miaRwevs, is Seerwymis Seixs da

mociquls, anu Tavis srul identifikacias axdens maTTan. Tanac, arsebobda

mistikuri sadguri “gaqroba/ganzaveba SeixSi” (fana fi-S-Seix).

mkvlevarTa nawili cdilobs robaiebis stilisa da Janris mixedviT

daadginos maTi avtoris vinaoba. “Tu davuSvebT, rom es robaiebi marTlac

ar ekuTvnis abu saids da mas isini Tavisi moZRvrebisagan gaugonia, es

leqsebi Tavidanve mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. nafisis azriT, misi

gamocemis Semadgeneli 726 robaidan 172 sxva poetebs ekuTvnis, maT Soris

omar xaiams (55). . . rCeba 500-ze meti uavtoro robai. es ar niSnavs, rom maTi

avtori namdvilad abu saidia, Tumca kiTxva upasuxod rCeba. eWvgareSea

mxolod is, rom robaiebi, romlebic abu saids miewereba am Janris sufiuri

lirikis pirveli nimuSebia, warmodgenili sakmaod mozrdili krebulis

saxiT” (elvel-sutoni 1975:645)

115

xaiamis da abu saidis lirikas bevri ram ganasxvavebs. abu saidis

lirikaSi ar igrZnoba nihilisti poetisTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT. “xaiamisTvis wuTisofeli aris is

yvelaferi, rac gaaCnda da rac SeeZlo Tan Caetana aryofnis ufskrulSi.

abu saidis robaiebis mixedviT wuTisofeli gamocdis adgilia, samyaro

mxolod preludiaa, safexuria, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani, rodesac is

mzad iqneba amisaTvis, miaRwevs WeSmariti realobis sinatifeebs, igive

RvTaebriv erTobas, Serwymas.” (grahami 1999:103)

krebulSi aris leqsebi, romlebic wuTisoflis mimarT uimedo

damokidebulas gamoxataven. poeti wuxs imis gamo, rac xdeba amqveynad dRes.

mkiTxveli ver grZnobs im naTel impulss, romelic sulis ukvdavebaSi

darwmunebulma Semoqmedma unda gadasces mas:

vai, rom am tkiviliTa da naRveliT savse sawuTroSi,

vai, rom am samyaroSi naRveli izrdeba,

yoveldRe satrfosTan ganSorebis mowme unda gaxde,

yovelwams megobars unda daSorde. (abu saidi 1995:27)

radgan Seni sicocxlis Sedegi wamieri da matyuaraa,

mis gamo nu moTqvam, radgan yovel wams wvalebaa,

nu iqnebi qedmaRali, rameTu Cemi da Seni safuZveli

erTi mtvris nawilaki, naperwkali, niavi da namis wveTia. (abu saidi 1995:19)

Tumca, es leqsebi, aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba gaiSifros mistikuri

swavlebis safuZvelze.

xaiamis da abu saidis kredos mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani samyaros

racionaluri da grZnobadi aRqmaa. abu saidi brZeni mistikosia, xaiami

mudmivi eWviT Sepyrobili filosofosi.

am ori poetis ideur dapirispirebas mohyva is, rom abu saids miaweres

robai, romelSic is pasuxiT mimarTavs xaiams. Tumca, cnobilia, rom xaiamis

dabadebisa (d. 1048) da abu saidis gardacvalebis (g. 1049) weliwadi

erTmaneTs, TiTqmis, emTxveva; sxva versiis Tanaxmad abu saidis

gardacvalebis wels (1049) xaiami unda yofiliyo 8-9 wlis bavSvi. amitom,

avtorebi wignisa “omar xaiami”, r. alievi da m. osmanovi marTebulad

aRniSnaven, rom maTi filosofiur-mistiuri Sepaeqreba namdvilad

116

gamonagonia. es SeTxzuli dialogi avlens orive poetis msoflmxedvelobis

umTavres moments. mkvlevarebi iyeneben xaiamisa da abu saidis SekamaTebas,

raTa ukeT gamoavlinon xaiamis poeziis aramistikuri xasiaTi: “sainteresoa

legenda, romelsac gadmogvcems XV s. avtori Tabrizi TxzulebaSi “dah

fasl” (“aTi Tavi”). is wers, rom omar xaiams abu said meihenelisTvis

gaugzavnia Semdegi oTxtaepiani leqsi:

is, vinc Seqmna miwa da zecis mbrunavi TaRi,

amdeni dardi mwuxare guls rad Caabara?

amdeni lalis msgavsi bage da muSkisebri zilfi

miwis dols (-wiaRs) da mtvris zardaxSas rad Caabara? (xaiami)

abu saidsac pasuxad robai gamougzavnia misTvis:

xaiam, raa sxeuli Seni, - karvis msgavsia,

sulTani sulia, misi sadgomi sasaxlea maradisobis,

sikvdilis fareSi Semdegi sadgomisken gamgzavrebisas

amoZirkvavs karavs, rogorc ki fexze wamodgeba sulTani. (abu saidi 1995:8)

mkvlevarebs eWvi ar eparebaT, rom pirveli robai xaiams ekuTvnis, xolo

meore robai, maTi azriT, “moxetialeTa” ricxvs miekuTvneba. (alievi,

osmanovi 1959:33) said nafisi aRniSnavs, rom es leqsi xaiamis saxeliTac

aris cnobili, Tumca, misi varaudiT is ufro abu saids unda ekuTvnodes da

“SemdgomSi pirveli misras pirveli sityva SeunacvlebiaT sityviT “xaiam”

(nafisi 1995:8)

saeWvoa, rom poeziis am did moyvaruls, romelmac mistikuri

alegoriuli xasiaTis robaiebis pirveli didi krebuli Semounaxa sparsuli

literaturis istorias, Tavadac ar miuZRodes wvlili, Tundac, maTi

nawilis SeqmnaSi.

said nafisi sufiuri robais Seqmnas swored abu saidis saxels

ukavSirebs. misi azriT, man Secvala da Camoayaliba robai, rogorc sufiuri

msoflmxedvelobis gamoxatvis saSualeba.

amgvarad, abu saidis avtorobis damtkiceba an sruli uaryofa

SeuZlebelia: t. grahami am sityvebs Tavmdablobis, sulieri raindobis

(javanmardis) gamoxatulebad miiCnevs, elvel-sutoni cdilobs gamokveTos

abu saidis poeturi stili da am gziT daadginos, Tu romeli robai

ekuTvnis mis kalams. said nafisi sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom

117

asea Tu ise, abu saidi pirveli sufi moZRvaria, romelmac sufiuri

ideologia robais sada eniT miitana msmenelis yuramde.

abu saidi ar aris pirveli sufiuri leqsis avtori, is pirveli

orazrovani leqsis avtoria, rac sparsuli poeziis umTavres niSanTvisebad

iqca momdevno saukuneebis manZilze. am orazrovnebam, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

apogeas hafezis poeziaSi miaRwia.

leqsebSi gadmocemulia abu saidis sulieri kredo: abu saidis

cnobierebisa (biografiul Txzulebebze dayrdnobiT gamovlenili) da

robaiebis avtoris cnobierebis sruli identuroba eWvgareSea.

$$ 22.. aabbuu ssaaiiddiiss ffiilloossooffiiuurrii lleeqqsseebbiiss TTeemmaattiikkaa

abu saidis divans 730 robai Seadgens. robaiebis umravlesoba sufiuria:

erTi nawili Seufaravad gadmogvcems avtoris religiur-filosofiur

doqtrinas; filosofiur-didaqtikuri leqsebic ideurad sufizmis

koncefciebs eyrdnoba. SinaarsiT satrfialo robaiebSi simbolo-kliSeebis

gamoyeneba an avtoris miniSneba gvaZlevs saSualebas alegoriulad

ganvmartoT amgvari leqsebi.

bbiiooggrraaffiieebbiiddaann vvggeebbuulloobbTT,, rroomm abu saidi sxvadasxva konteqstSi,

ZiriTadad, rCeva-darigebis sanacvlod iyenebda robais, zogjer misi

xmamaRali fiqrebi eqspromtuli leqsis formas iZenda. misi biografiebis

wyalobiT, zogjer imasac vgebulobT, Tu sad mousmenia mas esa Tu is

robai (mag., mxevalis simRera bazarSi); an eqspromtad miuZRvnia mavanisTvis

(yadi saedisaTvis naTqvami ori robai).

amjerad yuradRebas mivapyrobT abu saidis aramistikur leqsebs.

zogierT maTgans SegviZlia filosofiuri vuwodoT: mistikuri leqsebis

simravleSi aqa-iq vpoulobT hedonistur motivs (?), Civils sawuTros

warmavlobisa da siberis gamo, adamianur amboxs usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg.

vxvdebiT bunebis suraTebs, xotbis Sesxmas.

abu saidTan da mis poeziasTan dakavSirebiT Znelia vixmaroT termini

hedonizmi, radgan am mxiaruli moZRvris sicocxliT tkbobas malamaTias

antizohduri principebi udevs safuZvlad da ara hedonizmi:

118

amqveyniur netarebas daewafe mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,

ganisvene satrfosTan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,

cxovrebis bolos unda mokvde/gaemgzavro,

sizmari aris, rac ginaxavs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. (abu saidi 1995:46)

leqsis pirveli ori beiTi “wamis daWeris” aSkara asociacias

warmoSobs mkiTxvelSi. radgan zmna rahlaT qardan niSnavs gamgzavrebas da

metaforulad – sikvdils, “cxovreba sizmaria” SeiZleba sufiur sentenciad

miviCnioT da sikvdili xilvebis samyarodan realobaSi dabrunebad.

Tumca, sruliad amqveyniuria xandazmuli poetis mwuxareba gardasuli

axalgazrdobis gamo:

movxucdiT, Tumca roca siyvarulis daukravs sazi,

modis dro mxiarulebis da sikeklucis,

Seni lamazi zilfisagan qamands vesvriT

cxovrebis kisers, raTa ukan davabrunoT igi. (abu saidi 1995:43)

abu saidis faruli amboxi da antipaTia sastiki mmarTvelebis

winaaRmdeg areklilia mis robaiebSi. Seurigebeli poeti pirdapir emuqreba

Sahs da pirdeba sazRaurs adamianebis ubedurebis gamo:

SahinSaho, kacis locvis gagonebis geSinodes,

ganTiadze gulis wvisa da oxvrisa geSinodes,

laSqarsa da spaTa SenTa simravles nu daeyrdnobi,

saZirkvelis gamomTxreli niaRvaris geSinodes. (abu saidi 1995:50)

uneburad gvaxsendeba vaJa fSavelas “bilwT ar Sevekvri zaviTa”,

rodesac vkiTxulobT:

mosamarTlis sufraze rom devs, nu gatex im lukmas,

Tuki sulisaTvis sulieri simSvide ginda, nu gatex lukmas,

Tu Sens mdabal suls Taflad eCveneba,

[icode, rom] es moxuci qalebis gulis sisxlia, nu gatex lukmas. (abu

saidi 1995:47)

bunebis aRwera. bunebis aRwera abu saidTan, ZiriTadad, emsaxureba sxva

mizans, da ara Tavad bunebis suraTis Seqmnas:

ramdeni kalapoti da sadinaric aris TaTabos mTaze,

ramdeni msxalic abia xexils,

ramdeni varskvlavic aris laJvardovan caze,

119

imdeni salami gadaeci Cems satrfos. (abu saidi 1995:37)

gvxvdeba calkeuli striqonebi, mag.: ganTiadma Camoixsna pirsaburavi

gverdidan; gazafxuli movida da suli moiRo nayofad; dardisagan mTas

gavande saidumlo - kvnesis xma aRmoxda yovel qvas.

naTelia, rom bunebis suraTebis aRsawerad gamoyenebul Sedarebebsa da

metaforebSi, rogorc wesi, ar igulisxmeba Tavad buneba.

xotba Tu dacinva. abu saids realuri pirovnebis saxotbod

warmouTqvams mxolod erTi leqsi, romelsac iumoristuli elferi

dahkravs. leqsi eZRvneba abu saidis mkvlelobis damgegmavs, hanafituri

iuridiuli skolis Tavkacs niSaburSi, mosamarTle saeds. mas Semdeg rac

abu saidma gulTamxilaobis unaris wyalobiT Tayvanismcemlebad aqcia

mtrebi, yadi saeds niSaburis mTvare uwodebia misTvis. niSaburis mTvares

Tavad yadi saeds uwodebdnen da abu saidma aseTi leqsi uZRvna

mosamarTles:

Sen miTxari, rom niSaburis sasaxlis mTvare var,

hoi, niSaburis mTvarev, niSaburi – Sen,

is rac Senia – Sen da rac Cvenia, isic – Sen,

ar metyvi, ra saWiroa mtroba. (abu saidi 1995:1)

rogorc vxedavT, leqsSi iumori ufro Warbobs, vidre xotbis Sesxma.

gamovlinda, rom abu saidis lirikaSi, Tumca, Zalze mcire raodenobiT,

mainc vxvdebiT ara marto mistikur-didaqtikur motivs: sevdas siberis gamo,

axalgazrdobis dabrunebis survils, daumorCilebeli sulis amboxs,

bunebis suraTebs da iseT paradoqsul Janrs, rogoric aris xotba-dacinva.

$ 3. robaiebis leqsika

sayofacxovrebo leqsika: sanTeli, sarke, savarcxeli, saceri, Samfuri,

werili, rgoli, fargali, aRviri, uzangi, doqi, fiala, krialosani, moneta,

nardi, kamaTeli, kari, Wa, taxti, sawoli, gemi, zRurbli, webo, sakvebi,

qababi, tkbileuli, mosavali, kapitali, saxli, samikitno, beReli, sasaxle,

maRazia, karavi, sasaklao, samzareulo, boseli, samosi, pirsaburavi, qamari,

120

kabis kalTa, wamali, mina, sufra, SalaSini, culi, xerxi, safxekela/qlibi,

atlasi, abreSumi, Sali.

religiuri leqsika: RmerTi, angelozi, namazi (locva), SariaTi,

RvTismosaoba, wminda, WeSmariteba, absoluturi WeSmariteba, arsi da

Tvisebebi, gankiTxvis dRe, locva, rid wān (samoTxis karibWis mcveli

angelozi), urwmuno, kerpTayvanismcemeli, mogvi, wmindanebi, khirqa (sufiuri

jvalo), maradisobis sasaxle, derviSi, khānaqāh (sufiuri TavSesafari),

qawwāl (aq: momRerali, mReris sufiur Sekrebebze), asketi, qibla (qaabas

mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli niSani), mih rāb (niSa meCeTSi, sadac moTavsebulia

qibla, Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba: oTaxi saxlSi), fanā‘ (gaqroba, mistikuri

safexuri), faqr (siRaribe), zonari (qristianis yelsabmeli), qalandār (igive

derviSi), ma’rifat (Secnoba), mistikosi, wminda mowame, meCeTi, sinagoga,

eklesia, Tauhid-i (RvTaebrivi erTianoba), sijāda (salocavi noxi),

winaremaradisoba, qristiani, wilāyat (aq: wmindanoba); hūr (samoTxis mkvidri

feria).

mcenareebi: vardi, iasamani, kviparosi/saro, tita, nargizi, TaTabo,

msxali.

Zvirfasi qvebi: margaliti (gawhar, durr, jawhar), almasi, lali,

zurmuxti.

cxovelebi: lomi, jiqi, melia, spilo, Sveli; xbo, Zroxa, ZaRli, cxeni;

gveli, salamandra; veSapi, Tevzi, meduza; gnoli, bulbuli; oboba, koRo.

adamianis sxeulis nawilebi: tani (tan), sxeuli (jasm), tani/aRnagoba (qad),

saxe, Tvali, warbi, wamwami, Rawvi, yuri, bage, zilfi, mkerdi, xeli, fexi,

guli, RviZli.

buneba da bunebrivi movlenebi: miwa, mTa, haeri, zeca, zecis zeniti,

veli, yana, wyaro (chishma), nakaduli (jū-ī), udabnos miraJi, zRva, morevi,

talRa, wvima, niaRvari.

eTnosis aRmniSvneli leqsika: arabi, sparsi, frangi, rusi, Cineli.

geografiuli saxelebi: irani, CineTi; qa’aba, niSaburi, sinas mTa, md.

nilosi, md. jeihuni.

sabrZolo leqsika: omi, Svildi, xmali, xanjali, isari, maxvili.

121

ciuri sxeulebi: mze (khūr, khūrshīd, āftāb, mihr), mTvare, varskvlavi,

Camovardnili meteori, pleadebi.

emociis gamomxatveli leqsika: afsūs, ay darīghā, dādā dādā, dardā ki –(vaglax;

vai, rom)

mmarTvelebi, profesiuli saqmianoba: keisari, xayani, Sahi, sulTani,

mefe; xoja, muxtasibi, yadi; mxatvari, nardis moTamaSe, mutribi, meriqife.

miTologiuri da religiuri personaJebi: mose, faraoni, nimrudi, ieso,

noe, iobi, solomoni, leili da majnuni, iosebi da zuleixa.

istoriul pirTa sakuTari saxelebi yuranidan: muhamedi (570-632) –

islamis damaarsebeli, religiuri mqadagebeli da politikuri moRvawe.

yuranis mixedviT allahis ukanaskneli mociquli. ali (599-661) - meoTxe

da ukanaskneli marTlmorwmune xalifa (656 wlidan), mociqul muhamedis

biZaSvili da siZe, erT-erTi pirveli, vinc miiRo islami, erTi im aTTagan,

romelsac muhamedma aRuTqva samoTxe. iyo muhamadis yvela laSqrobis

monawile, uaRresad RvTismosavi da islamis saqmis erTguli. is adreuli

islamis erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli figuraa, sunitebisTvis erT-erTi

marTmorwmune xalifaa, RvTismosaobis, keTilSobilebisa da simamacis

nimuSi. SiitebisTvis muhamadis axlobeli (vali), muhamadis

xelisuflebisa da muhamadis alahTan kavSiris pirdapiri memkvidre.”

(islami 1999:22); hasani - alis da muhammadis qaliSvilis fatimas ufrosi

vaJi, Siitebis meore imami. hasans sikvdilis Semdgom miaweres

saswaulqmedebis unari da mowameTa said-ad Seracxes;

huseini - alis da fatimas umcrosi vaJi, SiitTa mesame imami. is da misi

TanamebrZolebi daiRupnen xalifasTan uTanasworo brZolaSi. Siitebma is

“udides mowamed” aRiares. zahra – fatima zahra, muhamedis qaliSvili,

romelic man colad SerTo alis.

$ 4. abu saidis robaiebis poetikuri analizi

a. sazomi, riTmuli Taviseburebani

abu saidi, ZiriTadad, iyenebs samterfian sazoms “rajazs”:

/ / /

122

abu saidis robaiebis didi nawilis ZiriTadi struqturuli sqema aris

aaba (axali) tipis:

Kāmil zi yaki hunar ad u s dah bīnad

hama jā ma’āyib-iNāqis khūd bīnad

Khalq āyna’ī chashm ū dil-i yakdigarand

Dar āyna nīk nīk ū bad bad bīnad. (abu saidi 1996:43)

srulyofili erT RirsebaSi aTs da ass xedavs,

naklovani yvelgan Tavis nakls xedavs,

xalxi erTmaneTis Tvalisa da gulis sarkea,

sarkeSi kargi - kargs, cudi cuds xedavs.

arcTu mcire raodenobiT (daaxloebiT 1/5) gvxvdeba, agreTve, aaaa

(Zveli) struqturis leqsebi:

Khwahī chū Khalīl Ka’aba kunī

W’ān-rā ba namāz ā’ut ābādu t kunī

Rūzī dū hazār banda āzād kunī

Bah ir-ī shādz’ān nabuwad tā khāt kunī. (abu saidi 1996:114)

gsurs, abraamiviT saZirkveli Cauyaro qaabas,

da daasaxlo locviTa da RvTismosaobiT,

dReSi aTasi mona aazato,

am yvelafers, sjobs gamxiarulde.

robaiebSi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT Warbobs garegani riTma, anu

boloriTma. Tumca, garegan riTmebTan erTad leqsebi mdidaria

ganmeorebebiT striqonebs SigniT - SidariTmebiT:

Chūn bā tū buwam majāz-i man jumla namāz

Chūn bī tū buwam namāz-i man jumla majāz. (abu saidi 1995:48)

roca SenTan var, Tu ram dasaSvebia CemTvis, sul locvaa,

roca uSenod var, Cemi locva sul dasaSvebia.

Tanadroulad gvxvdeba TavriTma da SidariTma:

Bar ātish agar nishānīam binishīnam

Bar dīda agar nishānamat nanishīnī (abu saidi 1996:115)

cecxlSi Tu damsvav, davjdebi,

Tvalze rom dagisva, ar dajdebi.

Zāhir kī ba-dast-i mā’st shustīm tamām

123

in kīBāt ba-dast-i tu’st ān-rā tū bishūī (abu saidi 1996:116)

garegnoba, rac Cvens xelTaa ganvibaneT sul,

Sinagani ki Sens xelTaa, is Sen ganwminde.

TavriTma da boloriTma:

ā’ut-i khūdGar t naqsh kunam bar nānī

W’ān nān am pīsh-i sagī bar khwānībinih

W’ān sag sālī gurusna dar zindānī

Az nang bar ān nān nanihad dandānī (abu saidi 1996:112)

Cemi RvTismosaobiT puri rom movxato,

da is puri ZaRls win davudo sufraze,

da is ZaRli erTi wlis mSieri iyos gamomwyvdeuli,

sircxvilisagan im purs kbils ar daakarebs.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc pirvel da meore, aseve mesame da meoTxe

misrebs akavSirebs erTdroulad TavriTma, SidariTmebi da boloriTma:

Dardī dārīm u sīna-yi biryānī

‘Ishqī darīm u dīda-yi giryanī

‘Ishqī wu chi ‘Ishq ‘Ishqī ‘ālim sūzī

Dard-i wu chi dard dard-i bīdarmānī (abu saidi 1996:112)

tkivili gvaqvs da mkerdi gvaqvs damwvari,

siyvaruli gvaqvs da Tvali – mtirali,

siyvaruli da ra siyvaruli, siyvaruli qveynisdamwveli,

tkivili da ra tkivili, tkivili – uwamlo. (abu saidi 1996:112)

iSviaTad gariTmulia erTi misris bolo da momdevno misris dasawyisi:

Afsūs kī ‘umr raft bar ūdabīh

arāmHam luqma h u ham nafs ālūda

Farmūda-yi nā-karda pashīmānam kard

Afsūs zi karda-hā-yi nā-farmūda (abu saidi 1996:101)

vai, sicocxlem ganvlo amaod,

lukma aramia da suli Sebilwuli,

monanuli var nabrZanebis arqmnisa gamo,

vaglax, rom mravlad Camidenia arnabrZanebi.

abu saidTan Zalzed mcire raodenobiT daiZebneba identuri fonetikuri

Semadgenlobis mqone sariTmo sityvebi (garda redifis). riTma ZiriTadad

agebulia mTavar sariTmo aso-elementsa da gaxmovaneba-elementze, rac

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akavSirebs fonetikurad, morfologiurad da semantikurad gansxvavebul

sityvebs, mag.: khargāh (karavi)/ sahargāh (ganTiadi)/ hamān rāh (swored is, igive

gza); pargār (fargali) /dushwār (rTuli) afgār (gawamebuli); hastī (arseboba)/

parastī (Tayvaniscema)/ mastī (simTvrale); gūnāgūn-and (sxvadasxvagvarni arian)/

chūn nūn-and (mogrexilni arian, rogorc aso nuni -ن)/ majnūn-and (SeSlilebi

arian)/ bīrūn-and (kideqmnilni arian). sariTmo sityvebi xSirad gansazRvraven

an aRweren erTsadaimave obieqts an azrobrivad dakavSirebulni arian

masTan, rac qmnis striqonebis vertikalur erTianobas, warmoaCens leqsis

mTavar ideas:

ad-i khūrshīd-parastānAy maqs rū’iyat

Mīhrāb-i jahānyān kham-i abrū’iyat

Sarmāya-yi ān-at‘aysh-i tang-dastān dah

Sar-rishta-yi dil-hā-yi parishān mū’iyat (abu saidi 1996:29)

mzisTayvanismcemelTa mizani Seni saxea,

amqveynis mcxovrebTa mihrab-i Seni warbis rkalia,

xelmokleTa sixarulis kapitali Seni bagea,

Sewuxebul gulTa Zafi Seni Tmaa.

riTmas zogjer qmnis nacvalsaxeluri enklitika. I piris mxolobiTi

ricxvis nacvalsaxeli -am (Cemi; me, rogorc obieqti) iSviaTad gvxvdeba da

bolo striqonSi masTan gariTmulia zmnis I piris forma, sadac -am piris

niSania da ara nacvalsaxeli:

ā-yi az jumla dard-i bī-darmān-am

W’az jumla-yi sūz-i dāgh-i bī-pāyān-am

Sūzanda-tar ān-ast ki chūn mardum chashm

Dar chashm-i man-ī wu dīdan-at na-tawānam (abu saidi 1996:75)

yovel Cems uwamlo tkivilTa Soris,

yovel Cems usasrulod mwvel iarebs Soris

yvelaze ufro mwvelia is, romelic, rogorc xalxs Tvali,

TvalSi myevxar da Seni danaxva ar SemiZlia.

II piris mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxeli -at (Seni) gvxvdeba eqvs

robaiSi, maT Soris erTSi is zmnasa da arsebiT saxelTan erTad qmnis

redifs - mīdār dil-at (gqondes guli), xolo danarCen leqsebSi -at erTvis

sariTmo sityvas da aRniSnavs kuTvnilebas:

125

Yār āmad u guft khasta mīdār dil-at

Dāiyym bā umīd basta mīdār dil-at (abu saidi 1996:28)

satrfo movida da miTxra: daRlili gqondes [Seni] guli,

mudam imedTan Sekruli gqondes [Seni] guli.

Day zulf-i ‘ambīr-bīz-i ‘ambar-sā’iyat

araf-iAz t banāgūsh-i saman-sīmā’iyat (abu saidi 1996:28)

guSin Seni ambris mfrqveveli zilfi ambrisebri,

Seni iasamnis saxis yuris Ziridan. . .

III piris mx. ricxvis nacvalsaxeli -ash:

Az qad-i buland-i yār u zulf-i past-ash

W’az nargis-i bī-khamār bī-may mast-ash (abu saidi 1996:61)

satrfos tanis simaRlisa da misi zilfebis sigrZisagan

misi nargisebisgan, romelnic meRvinisa da Rvinis gareSe arian mTvralni.

riTmad nacvalsaxeluri enklitikis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebis

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, TiTqmis, ar gvxvdeba.

xSirad sityvebi gariTmulia zmna hastan-is Semoklebuli e. w.

enklitikuri formis meSveobiT: khatā-st (Secdomaa)/ bālā-st (aris zeda/maRla

myofi)/ khudā-st (RmerTia). amgvarad gariTmulia aTi robai (aq ar igulisxmeba

redifi, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari).

mcire raodenobiT vxvdebiT, agreTve, identuri fonetikuri struqturis

sariTmo sityvebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian semantikurad da, amgvarad,

qmnian omonimur riTmas:

Man dūsh du’ā kardam u bād āmīnā

Tā ba shawad ān dū chashm-i bādāmīnā (abu saidi 1995:4)

guSin viloce, de iyos ase, amin,

rom keTili gaxdes is ori nuSiseburi Tvali.

Dar ‘ālim agar mah u khūr-ast

Az bāda-yi mastī tū paymāna khūr-ast (abu saidi 1995:11)

Tuki amqveynad mTvare da mzea,

fialidan Seni simTvralis Rvinis msmelia.

iSviaTia, agreTve, tavtologiuri riTma:

Ay dūst ay dūst ay dūst ay dūst

Jawr-i tū az’ān kasham tā ru’iy tū nī kūst

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Mardum gūyand bihisht khwāhī yā dūst

Ay bī khabarān bihisht bā dūst nīkūst. (abu saidi 1995:15)

satrfov, satrfov, satrfov, satrfov,

Seni javri mWirs, radgan Seni saxe mSvenieria,

meubnebian, samoTxe gsurs, Tu satrfo?

hoi, uvicno, samoTxe satrfosTan erTad mSvenieria.

abu sa’idTan sariTmo sityvebad yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba

zmnebi, xolo maT Soris yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia zmna būdan-is

sxvadasxva gramatikuli formebi.

redifi. redifi aRmosavluri poetikis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa da

robaiSi misi SerCevis sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. robaiSi, sadac

mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi sadaa da azri Rrma, “semantikuri

redifi” exmareba avtors leqsis dedaazris, ganwyobilebis xazgasmaSi. abu

saidi upiratesobas aniWebs redifian riTmas.

emociis gamomxatveli sityvebis, locvis formulis gameoreba misrebis

bolos gansakuTrebul semantikur datvirTvas sZens maT.

Wāfarīādā zi ‘ishq wāfarīādā

Kāram ba-yak arafa-iy nigār uftādā

Gar dād-i man shikasta dādā dādā

Gar na man u ‘ishq har chi bādā bādā. (abu saidi 1996:2)

vgodeb siyvarulis gamo, vgodeb,

Cemi saqme lamazmanis erTma TvalisCakvram daaqcia,

Tu Cemi wyaloba daimsxvreva, vaglax, vaglax,

Tu ara – me da Cemi siyvaruli – rac aris aris.

glovasaviT Caismis bolo ori misras daboloeba. sityvebs dād

(vai/vaglax) da bād (netav iyos - zmna būdan-is natvriTi kilo)

keTilxmovanebisTvis darTuli aqvs alifi.

Man dūsh du’ā kardam u bād āmīnā

Tā ba shawad ān dū chashm-i bādāmīnā (abu saidi 1995:4)

guSin viloce, de iyos ase, amin,

rom keTili gaxdes is ori nuSiseburi Tvali.

abu saidi redifad iyenebs damoukidebel sityvebsa da sityvaTa

jgufebs, kiTxviT sityvebs, yvelaze xSirad ki zmnis sxvadasxva gramatikul

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kategoriebs, Tandebul rā-s.

agreTve, xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sariTmo sityvis Semdeg redifi

erTi damoukidebeli sityvaa, anu am SemTxvevaSi redifi “moklea”:

arsebiTi saxeli:

Ay shīr-i sar-afrāz-i zabar-dast-i khudā

Ay tīr-i shihāb-i thāqib-i shust-i khudā. (abu saidi 1996:3)

hoi, RmerTis amayo Zliero lomo,

hoi, RmerTis Svildidan mbrwyinav varskvlavad nasrolo isaro.

zmnizeda:

Dil juz rah-i 'ishq napūyyad hargiz

Jān juz sukhan-i 'ishq nagūyyad hargiz. (abu saidi 1996:58)

guli, siyvarulis gzis garda, arafers daeZebs arasdros,

suli, siyvarulis sityvis garda, arafers ambobs arasdros.

kiTxviTi sityva:

Wasl-i tu kujā wu man mahjūr kujā

Durdāna kujā wu hawsala-yi mūr kujā

Har chand zi sūkhtan nadāram bākī

Parwāna kujā wu ātish-i tūr kujā.(abu saidi 1995:1)

sad SenTan SeerTeba da sad me, mitovebuli,

sad margaliti da sad WianWvelas gamZleoba,

Tumc, dawvis SiSi ar gamaCnia,

sad pepela da sad sinas mTis cecxli.

nacvalsaxelebi.

redifad gvxvdeba nacvalsaxelebi man (me), tu (Sen), ū (is), mā (Cven).

“mokle” da “gaSlil” redifebSi maTi gamoyenebis saerTo raodenoba daaxl.

40-a:

Zad shu'la bā dil ātish-i pinhānī man

Z'andāza gudhasht mahnat-i jān-ī man.(abu saidi 1996:92)

daminTo cecxli naperwkalma gulSi faruli,

Cemi sulis gansacdeli zRvars gadascilda.

Ay āyna-rā dāda jalā' sūrat-i tu

Yak āyna kas nadīd bī sūrat-i tu (abu saidi 1996:94)

sarkes Senma saxem gaabrwyina,

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aravis unaxavs arc erTi sarke Seni saxis gareSe.

arqauli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli khwīsh redifia erT robaiSi:

Ātish badū dast-i khwīsh bar kharman-i khwīsh

Chūn khūd zadam chi nālam az dushman-i khwīsh (abu saidi 1996:62)

Cemiv orive xeliT Cemi ambari

cecxls rom miveci, ratomRa vtiri Cemi mtris gamo.

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli hama (yvela, yoveli, sul) redifis

funqcias asrulebs oTx robaiSi:

Dunyā talabān zi hirs mastand hama

Mūsā kūsh u fir'awn parast-and hama. (abu saidi 1996:102)

amsoflis msurvelni sul angarebiT arian mTvralni,

moses mkvlelebi da faraonis Tayvanismcemelni arian yvela.

aris ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac sariTmo sityvebs mosdevs redifad

hama-sa da sxva sityvebis – mag., uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelisa hīch (araferi)

da arsebiTi saxelis kombinacia, anu gvaqvs “gaSlili” redifi: hama kas

(yoveli kaci), hama hīch (yvelaferi/sul araferia), bāshī hama 'umr (iyavi

mTeli cxovreba), hama tu (sul Sen), az hama bah (yvelaferze ukeTesi).

Ay dar tu 'ayān-hā wu nihān-hā hama hīch

Pandār-i yaqīn-hā wu gamān-hā hama hīch (abu saidi 1996:29)

hoi, SenSi naTeli da faruli sul araferia

fiqri ueWvelobis gamo an eWvebi sul ar arsebobs.

Ay wāqif-i asrār-i damīr-i hama kas

Dar hālat-i 'ajaz dastgīr-i hama kas. (abu saidi 1996:60)

hoi, yoveli kacis gulis saidumloebaTa mcnobelo,

uZlurebis Jams mSvelelo yoveli kacis.

Lidhat-i jahān chashīda bāshī hama 'umr

Bā yār-i khūd ārāmīda bāshī hama 'umr. (abu saidi 1996:54)

amqveyniur siames dawafebuli iyavi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,

satrfosTan mosvenebuli iyavi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.

zmna. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, zmnuri redifi yvelaze ufro xSiria abu

sa’idis robaiebSi: 730 robaidan 330 maTganis redifi zmnis sxvadasxva

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formaa (martivi, prefiqsuli, rTuli zmnebi, mimReobebi).

redifad yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba martivi zmna sxvadasxva pirsa

da droSi: āwardam (movitane), mī dūzdam (viparavdi), mī dānam (vici) mī rīkht

(afrqvevda), yāfta-and (upoviaT) da a. S.

aris ramdenime (3) SemTxveva, rodesac redifia zmnis udroo forma

(infinitivi) (āwardan, būdan):

Sahl-ast marā bar sar-i khanjar būdan

Yā bahr-i murād-i khwīsh bī sar būdan. (abu saidi 1996:87)

meadvileba xanjlis wverze yofna, raTa

Cemi survilisTvis Tavi davkargo.

iSviaTad redifia Sedgenili zmna āmad bīrūn (gamovida); bar gīram (avwev):

Tā gird-i rukh-i tu sumbul āmad bīrūn

S ad nāla zi man chūn bulbul āmad bīrūn (abu saidi 1996:92)

vidre Seni saxis garSemo sumbuli amovida,

asi glovis xma aRmomxda me bulbuliviT.

windebuli bīrūn (gareT) da Sedgenili zmnis zmnuri nawili

Sebrunebulia.

brZanebiTi kilos zmnebis ganmeoreba aZlierebs vedrebis intonacias:

Yārab tu zamāna rā dalīlī bifirist

Nimrūdān-rā pasha chū pīlī bifirist (abu saidi 1996:15)

RmerTo, sawuTros gamarTleba gamougzavne,

nimrudebs koRo spilos msgavsi gamougzavne.

Bāzā bāzā har ān-chi hasti bāzā

Gar kāfir u but-parastī bāzā (abu saidi 1995:4)

dabrundi, dabrundi, rogoric xar, dabrundi,

Tu urwmuno, cecxlTayvanismcemeli, kerpTayvanismcemeli xar, dabrundi.

gvxvdeba brZanebiTi kilos uaryofiTi formebi, romelic nawarmoebia

uaryofis arqauli prefiqsis ma-s meSveobiT, na prefiqsis nacvlad (ma-

gudhār (ar dauSva), ma-purs (ar ikiTxo), ma-tars (nu geSinia), ma-t alab (nu

moiTxov), ma-kun (ar gaakeTo), ma-jūī (nu eZeb), ma-dān (ar gegonos):

Yārab dar dil ba-ghayr az khūd jā ma-gudhār

Dar dīda-yi man gard-i tamanā ma-gudhār. (abu saidi 1996:54)

RmerTo gulSi uSeno adgils nu datoveb,

130

Cems TvalSi mudaris mtvers nu gamiCen.

redifad iSviaTad gvxvdeba rTuli zmna sruli saxiT:

Ay fadl-i tu dastgīr-i man dast-am gīr

Sīr āmada-am zi khwīsh dast-am gīr (abu saidi 1996:56)

hoi, Seni sibrZne, Cemo mxsnelo, momeci xeli,

momyirWebia Cemi Tavi, momeci xeli.

umetesad redifia mxolod rTuli zmnis zmnuri nawili, romelsac

damoukidebeli mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia:

Dar chang-i gham-i tu dil surūdī na-kunad

Pīsh-i tu faghān u nāla na-kunad (abu saidi 1996:41)

Senze dardiT Sepyrobili guli ar mReris,

Sens winaSe vai da moTqma usargebloa.

redifad zmnasTan darTuli nacvalsaxeluri enklitikis xmarebis

SemTxveva mxolod erTia: pur-khūn kunam-ash (sisxliT avaseb)

robaiebSi mravlad daiZebneba (daaxl. 70) zmna “yofnis” hastan-is

sxvadasxva droisa da piris gramatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic xSir

SemTxvevaSi gaSlili, anu or- an metsityviani redifis wevrebad

gvevlinebian:

Gūyand dil āyna-yi āiyyn 'ajab-ast

Dūrī rukh-i shāhid-ān khūd-bīn 'ajab-ast (abu saidi 1996:12)

amboben, rom guli rwmenis sarkea saocari,

TavkerZa lamaznanebis saxis siSorea saocari.

Tandebuli rā gvxvdeba redifad abu saidis 15 robaiSi:

Az zuhd agar mada dahī imān-rā

Martād kunī ba tark-i dīnī jān-rā

Tark-i dunyā na zuhd-i dunyā zīrāk

Nazdīk-i khirad zuhd na-khwānand ān-rā (abu saidi 1996:119)

asketobiT Tu daexmarebi rwmenas,

sarwmunoebisagan kideqmni suls,

amsoflis mitoveba ar aris asketoba

brZenni mas asketobas ar uwodeben.

sxva Tandebulis redifad xmarebis SemTxveva abu saidTan ar moiZebneba.

“gaSlili” redifi. rogorc vixileT, zogjer robais redifad sdevs

ori an meti sityvis erToblioba:

131

Dil kīst ki gūyam az barā-yi gham-i tust

Yā ān-ki harīm-i tan sarā-yi gham-i tust (abu saidi 1995:10)

guli ra aris, vambob, Seni dardisTvis aris,

an sxeulis akrZaluli adgilia, Seni dardis sasaxlea.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa redifi, romelic TavisTavad aris

garkveuli emociis Semcveli winadadeba. amgvari redifi kidev ufro

aZlierebs leqsSi gadmocemul gancdas, xSir SemTxvevaSi tragikuls:

Ay Haydar-I shahsawār waqt-i madad-ast

Ay zubda-yi hasht u chār waqt-i madad-ast. (abu saidi 1996:13)

hoi, heidar, mebrZolo raindo, daxmarebis droa,

rCeulo rvasa da oTxs Soris, daxmarebis droa.

Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli redifi xSirad ukavSirdeba leqsis mTavar

obieqts, ukeT avlens avtoris damokidebulebas mis mimarT:

Shab-hā dirāz ay darīghā bī tu

Tu khufta ba-nāz ay darīghā bī tu

Dūrī wu farāgh ay darīghā bī tu

Man dar tak u tāz ay darīghā bī tu (abu saidi 1996:97)

grZeli Rameebi, vaglax, uSenod,

Sen gZinavs nazad, vaglax, uSenod,

siSore da gayra, vaglax, uSenod,

amaod geZeb, vaglax, uSenod.

amgvarad, abu saidis robaiebis analizis Sedegad vlindeba maTi

poetikuri struqturis Taviseburebebi: robaiebis didi nawilis riTmuli

struqtura aris aaba tipis; robaiebis riTma aris garegani, amavdroulad

striqonebi mdidaria TavriTmebiTa da SidariTmebiT; semantikurad

gansxvavebuli erTgvari fonetikuri struqturis sariTmo sityvebi

(omonimebi) gvxvdeba Zalzed mcire raodenobiT, aseve iSviaTia

tavtologiebi. 730 robais did umravlesobas sdevs redifi; redifad

gamoiyeneba zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, zmnizeda, nacvalsaxelebi, Tandebuli rā.

redifebis didi nawili (330) zmnuria – redifis funqcias umetesad

martivi zmnis sxvadasxva gramatikuli kategoriebi asruleben, aris

ramdenime SemTxveva rodesac redifia zmnis udroo forma da Sedgenili

zmna; redifis funqcias zogjer asrulebs rTuli zmna sruli saxiT,

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umetesad – mxolod misi zmnuri nawili. gvxvdeba daaxloebiT 60 SemTxveva,

rodesac redifi zmna hastan-is sxvadasxva gramatikuli formaa.

Tandebuli rā-s redifad xmarebis SemTxveva mxolod 15-a, sxva

Tandebulebi redifad ar gvxvdeba.

vxvdebiT riTmis iseT saxeobebs, rogoric aris Tajnisi (sityvebi

msgavsia dawerilobiT an gamoTqmiT da gansxvavebulia azrobrivad)

nairsaxeobebs:

sruli::

Dar 'ālam gar falak agar mah u khūr-ast

Az bāda-yi mastī tu paymāna khūr-ast. (abu saidi 1995:11)

Tu samyaroSi zeca, mTvare da mzea,

simTvralis Rvinis fialidan iyavi msmeli.

grafikuli: sityvebis moxazuloba msgavsia, gansxvavebas qmnis

wertilebis raodenoba, Sesabamisad sityvebi azrobrivad gansxvavebulni

arian:

Rūzī dah jin u ins u ham yārān-rā ...(یارانرا)

Bar kasht-i umīd-i mā bidih bārān-rā (abu saidi 1995:3) .(بارانرا)

dRiuri sakvebi mieci jins, adamians, aseve satrfoebs...

Cveni imedis yanas mieci wvima.

Nimrūdān-rā pasha chū pīlī (پیلی) bifirist

Mūsā wu 'isā wu rūd-i Nīlī (نیلی) bifirist (abu saidi 1995:12)

koRo spilosaviT gamougzavne nimrudebs,

mose, ieso da nilosis mdinare gamogvigzavne.

gayofili:

Man dūsh du'ā kardam u bād āmīnā ,(باد أمینا)

Tā bah shawad ān dū chashm-i bādāmīnā .(بادامینا) (abu saidi 1995:4)

gusin viloce da amixdes, amin,

rom keTili gaxdes is ori nuSiseburi Tvali.

ganmeorebuli:

Gar chashm-i tu dar maqām-i nāz āyad bāz (ناز أید باز) (abu saidi 1996:49)

Tu Seni Tvali sikeklucis adgils daubrundeba.

kudiani:

Gar dād-i man shikasta dādā dādā (داد) ( ادادا داد ). (abu saidi 1995:1)

133

Tu Cemi wyaloba daiqca, vaglax, vaglax.

namatiani:

Dar dīda ba-jā-yi khwāb āb-ast (خواب أب است) marā. (abu saidi 1995:3)

TvalSi Zilis nacvlad wyali maqvs.

isja, parareluri riTma, gulisxmobs iseTi sityvebis gariTmvas,

romelTac msgavsi aqvT bolo marcvali, mag.: kīna/sīna ( سینھ/کینھ ); zogjer

maT erTnairi aqvT mxolod bolo fuZiseuli Tanxmovani ravi: rīsh/bīsh

( بیش/ریش ); gawonasworebulia, roca marcvalTa raodenoba igivea da

gaxmovaneba msgavsia: taqs īr/tadbīr/taqdīr ( تقدیر/تدبیر/تقصیر ).

muzaviji, wyvili sityvebi beiTis SigniT, romlebsac sariTmo marcvali

aerTianebs:

Dar dīda kār-i kas ar qarār mī-yābad hast

W'īn yār ki dar kinār mī-bāyad hast. (abu saidi 1995:17)

kacs saqmeSi simtkice marTebs da - aris,

da es satrfo ganapiras mjdomi unda iyos da - aris.

Cven mokled ganvixileT sparsuli riTmis Taviseburebani abu saidis

lirikaSi. moZiebuli nimuSebis arcTu didi raodenoba metyvelebs imaze,

rom poeti ar aris gatacebuli rTuli riTmuli struqturis agebiT, an

sityvebis TamaSiT, rac, saerTod naklebad axasiaTebs robais. Tumca,

leqsebis araCveulebriv JReradobas qmnis sisadavis miRma arsebuli

daxvewili riTmuli struqtura, gansakuTrebiT alif-ze agebuli riTmuli

sityvebis ganmeorebebi beiTebs SigniT.

b. poeturi xerxebi

abu saidis leqsebSi vxvdebiT didi raodenobiT epiTetebs, metaforebs,

Sedarebebs, simboloebs.

gvxvdeba didi raodenobiT epiTetebi, romlebic gansazRvraven

konkretul an abstraqtul saxels: jāma-yi pāk (sufTa samosi); nafs-i palīd

(binZuri suli); sīna-yi balā-parwar (ubedurebis gamomzrdeli mkerdi); sīna-yi bī-

kīna (uboroto mkerdi); chashm-i tar (sveli Tvali); chashm-i khudā-iyy-bīn

(uflismxedveli Tvali); saka-yi zarīn (oqros moneta); halqa-yi sīmīn (vercxlis

rkali); jigar-i rīsh (daWrili, naiarevi RviZli); kharqa-yi khūn-ālūd (sisxliani

jvalo); tan-i maskīn (dasustebuli sxeuli); nān-i rawā (nebadarTuli puri); gul-i

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pazhmurda (damWknari vardi); jān-i āgāh (mcnobeli suli); zamāna-yi pur-gham

(dardiT aRvsili sawuTro); sūz-i bī-pāyān ([sasiyvarulo] wva, romelsac bolo

ar uCans); fi‘l-i zisht (ugvano saqme); āb-i talkh (mware wyali); āb-i shīrīn (tkbili

wyali); nafs-i ālūda (“dasvrili”/binZuri suli); dil-i afrūkhta (anTebuli guli).

satrfos zilfebis keTilsurnelebis aRsawerad poeti iyenebs ambris

niSanTvisebas: zulf-i ‘ambar-bū (ambrissurneliani zilfi), ‘ambar-bīz

(ambrismfrqveveli), ‘ambar-sā (ambriseburi).

abu saidis lirikaSi epiTetebad ferTa saxelwodebebi iSviaTia, radgan

poeti upiratesobas aniWebs vizualur an funqciur Sedarebebs (mag.,

satrfos xali iseTi bnelia, rogorc mijnuris sulieri mdgomareoba da

sxv.). Tumca, epiTetebad gvxvdeba Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, lurji/

laJvardisferi da yviTeli ferebi: chihra-yi zard (yviTeli saxe); khāl-i sīyāh

(Savi xali); shāhpar-i sapīd (TeTri bumbuli); gul-i surkh (wiTeli vardi); charkh-i

kabūd (laJvardovani zeca/zecis Carxi).

mravlad gvxvdeba piris ganmsazRvreli epiTetebi: mā tashna-lab-ān-īm (Cven

bagemwyurvalebi varT); gumshuda-gān-īm (dakargulebi varT); shāhid-ān-i khūd-bīn

(TavkerZa lamazmanebi); nigār-i chardāh-sāla (ToTxmeti wlis lamazmani); banda-yi

bī-nawā (uZluri mona); mast-am (mTvrali var); yār-i tund-khū (mkvircxli

xasiaTis satrfo); h ur-nizhād (huriebis modgmis [satrfo]); yār-i bad-āmūz

(cudis STamagonebeli satrfo);. epiTeti zogjer gansazRvravs poetur

simbolos: nargis-i bīmār (avadmyofi nargisi); nakhl-i tar (nedli palma).

rogorc vxedavT epiTetebis didi nawili martivi sityvebisagan

Sedgenili zedsarTavebia. epiTetebad xSiria, agreTve, zmnuri mimReobebi.

Sedareba. poeti upiratesobas aniWebs Sedarebis rTul saxeobebs.

Tumca, gvxvdeba martivi absoluturi Sedarebebic: ‘idhār chūn lāla (titis

msgavsi Rawvi - mxedvelobiTi); pasha chū pīlī (spilosaviT koRo -

mxedvelobiTi); khalq chūn alif-and, gāhī chūn nūn-and (xalxi zogjer sworia

alifiviT, zogjer nuns gvanan – sparsuli anbanis pirveli aso alifi ا da

aso nuni ن - mxedvelobiTi); shamshīr būd abrū-yi ū (misi warbi xmali iyo -

mxedvelobiTi); dida ba-khūn-khūrdan chust chū shīr (Tvali sisxlissmaSi

moxerxebiT da siZlieriT lomis msgavsi - funqciuri);

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gvxvdeba SedarebaTa jaWvi, anu kompleqsuri Sedareba:

nu iqnebi culis msgavsi da sul Sensken nu Wri,

nurc randiviT (SalaSini) darCebi Seni Sromisgan wilis gareSe,

xerxisgan daiswavle, cxovrebiseul saqmeSi

erTi naxevari Sensken miizide da meore naxevari gafante. (abu saidi 1995:51)

(konkretuli Sedareba)

robaiebSi daiZebneba jaWvuri Sedarebebi, rodesac erTi SexedviT

SedarebaTa jaWvia, sinamdvileSi ki es Sedarebebi erTmaneTs ganmartaven da

azrobrivad damokidebulni arian erTmaneTze:

me TiTqos zurmuxti var da mteri gvelia,

Semomxedavs TvalebSi – dabrmavdeba. (abu saidi 1995:46) (funqciuri)

pirobiTi Sedareba. ori sagani Sedarebulia garkveuli pirobiT:

Tu samarTliani xar, qveynis batkans giwodeben,

Tu sastiki xar, mosamarTlis ZaRls. (abu saidi 1995:36) (funqciuri)

Sedareba emyareba analogiur qmedebas:

sufi imitom iqnevs xelebs,

rom gulis cecxli Caaqros am eSmakobiT,

icis Wkvianma, rom ZiZa Cvilis akvans

Cvilis simSvidisTvis arwevs. (abu saidi 1995:31) (konkretuli)

sufi da ZiZa Sedarebulia erTmaneTTan analogiuri qmedebis – xelebis

qnevisa da akvnis rwevis gamo, orive qmedebis Sedegic analogiuria -

cecxlis Caqroba/damSvideba.

metaforebi (qenaie) sruliad sxva saxeliT ixsenieben sagans, qmnian ra

Sesadarebeli sagnis vizualur xats an konceptualur analogias.

abu saidTan xSiria saxelobiTi metaforebi:

kamān-khāna-yi abrū (warbis Svildis qoxi/moSvilduli warbi); daryā-yi du

dīda (ori Tvalis zRva – cremli); khūn-i karm (vazis sisxli - Rvinis

metafora); ‘inān-i s abūrī (moTminebis aRviri); saman-sīma (iasamnis saxiani); lāla-

rukhā (titis Rawviani); barq-i balā (ubedurebis elva); nīl-ī mas ībat (ubedurebis

nilosi); asb-i ‘amal (qmedebis cxeni); chang-i gham (dardis klanWebi); bastar-i

gham (dardis sawoli); sīna-yi tīgh (maxvilis mkerdi); sīna-yi abr (Rrublis

mkerdi), shīr-i bārān (wvimis rZe); vxvdebiT Sedarebis sagnisa da Sedarebis

obieqtis urTierTcvlilebiTobas: la‘l-i lab (bagis lali) - lab-i la‘l (lalis

136

bage); tīr-i shihāb-i thāqib (isari-Camovardnili meteori); khwāb-ī bāshad ki dīda bāshī

hama ‘umr (sizmaria, rac ixile mTeli cxovreba).

zedsarTavuli metaforebi, anu metaforuli epiTetebi:

chashm-i khūn-khwār (sisxlismsmeli Tvali); chashm-i bādāmī (nuSiseburi

Tvalebi); dīda-yi bad-khwāh (avismsurveli Tvali); mah-rang (mTvarisferi [saxe]);

tīgh-i burahna (SiSveli maxvili); s ubh-i s adiq ul-qawl (”sityvis

erTguli”/gulwrfeli dila – gamoTqma metaforulad niSnavs dilis

gariJraJs); ishk-i gul-gūn (vardisferi/ cremli).

zmnuri metaforebi:

zi man kashīda damān dil-i tu (Cemgan eweva kalTas Seni guli); dānish bi-gurīkht

(codna gaiqca); shāna zad ān mah kham-i gīsū-rā (nawnavis xveuli daivarcxna im

mTvarem); firāq-ash rag-i jān bi-gushūd-at (masTan ganSorebam sicocxlis ZarRvi

gadagixsna); dil surūdī na-kunad (guli ar mReris); ghara ba ‘umr-ī ([amqveyniur]

cxovrebas eyrdnobi); h usn-i tu julūh kunad (Seni silamaze gaibrwyinebs); magar

dard-am ba gūsh-i tu rasīd (nuTu Cemma tkivilma Sens yuramde moaRwia); dar khidmat-

i tu sarf shuda ‘umr-i dirāz (Sens samsaxurSi gaixarja grZeli cxovreba); daryā-yi du

dīda mawj-i khūn mī-zad (ori Tvalis zRva sisxlis talRebs scemda).

xSirad abu sa’idTan metaforebi da maTi obieqtebi azrobrivad

naklebad Seesabamebian erTmaneTs – zogjer mkiTxvels eqmneba safuZvliani,

zogjer ki metad “susti” da saTuTi asociaciebi:

Zlieri asociacia: asb-i ‘amal (qmedebis cxeni); chang-i gham (dardis

klanWebi); barq-i balā (ubedurebis elva); bār-i gunāh (codvis tvirTi); sahrā-yi dil-

am (Cemi gulis udabno); dunyā zan-i pīrīst (samyaro dedaberia)

“susti” asociacia: bastar-i gham (dardis sawoli); wādī-yi harmān

(uimedobis xeoba).

poeti Tavisi sulieri mdgomareobis aRweris gasamZafreblad zogjer

mimarTavs gavrcobil metaforas, anu ambobs imas, risi Tqmac “ar aris

aucilebeli”:

mijnurebi varT da Cveni sulis wesi vnebaa,

Cven siyvarulis tkivils ganvicdiT vidre pirSi suli gvidgas,

dardi tkbileulia, tkivili – megobari, da mutribi – kvnesa,

Rvino xalxis Signeulobis sisxlia da Cemi Tvali meriqifea. (abu saidi

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1995:19)

aqac Sedarebis obieqtsa da Sesadarebel sagans Soris raime

konkretuli msgavseba ar arsebobs – dardi tkbileulia, radgan es aris

sasiyvarulo sevda; tkivili megobaria, radgan is sulis Tanamdevia da a. S.

amgvar metaforebsa da Sedarebis sagnebs Soris poeti amyarebs

konceptualur kavSirs. xSirad kavSiris arsi Tavad poetis mieraa

ganmartebuli:

Cemi gulis udabno Senma siyvarulma mlaSobad aqcia,

rom vinmes trfiali ar amovides masze. (abu saidi 1996:58)

gvxvdeba e. w. SefarviTi metafora, rodesac metaforebis simravlis

miRma amoucnobi xdeba Sedarebis obieqti:

axali welia, qveyanam sunTqva moiRo nayofad,

gazafxulisgan Cveni cxovrebis mosavali dardia da sxva araferi,

gazafxulis qaravnisgan xma ar movida,

vidre titam baRSi zanzalaki ar amoabruna. (abu saidi 1996:59)

Tu ara poetis naTqvami, rom “gazafxulisgan Cveni cxovrebis mosavali

dardia da sxva araferi”, xandazmulobis metaforad Znelad aRviqvamdiT

titis amobrunebul/WknobaSeparul zanzalaks, romelic gazafxulis

“dagvianebuli” qaravnis mosvlas amcnobs sevdian poets.

mecnierebi gamoyofen mkvdar da mZinare metaforebs. mkvdar metaforas

sruliad dakarguli aqvs pirvandeli mniSvneloba, xolo, mZinare metaforis

bukvaluri mniSvneloba mcireoden yuradRebas ipyrobs. miaCniaT, rom

mZinare da mkvdar metaforebs Soris principuli gansxvaveba ar aris. orive

maTgani aqtiuri metaforebisgan gansxvavebiT araliteraturuli

warmoSobisaa. abu saidis lirikaSi maTi simravlis miuxedavad Cven ar

SevudgebiT maT moZiebas da vrclad gaanalizebas, radgan isini ar

warmoadgenen poetur xerxebs, aramed mxolod lingvisturi Rirebuleba

gaaCniaT. magaliTisTvis, ganvixilavT oriodes:

mkvdari metafora: paywasta –misi sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba

“SeerTebuli” sruliad SeumCneveli rCeba, niSnavs “gamudmebiT”;

mZinare metafora: khūd-bīn ‘is, vinc Tavis Tavs uyurebs”, niSnavs

“TavkerZas”; dast-gīr-i hama kas - yvelas damxmare, sityvasityviT niSnavs “xelis

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momkidebeli”;

abu saidTan vxvdebiT metonimias, roca poeti sruliad konkretuli

movlenis miRma gulisxmobs zogads; anu am zogads, rac misi mTavari

saTqmelia, ambobs masTan asocirebuli sityvebis meSveobiT. rodesac es

konkretuli sityvebi im zogadis nawilia, amgvar metonimias ewodeba

sinekdoxa:

hoi, zurgs giTbobs ciyvi da siasamuri,

sul erTia Seni gemosTvis tkbili Tu mlaSe. (abu saidi 1995:46)

“ciyvisa da siasamuris qurqiT zurgis gaTboba” fufunebis atributebia

(fufuneba esec aris da bevri sxva ramec, fufuneba am SemTxvevaSi, aris

metonimi), fufunebiT TviTkmayofileba Sedegad adamianis srul

gulgrilobas badebs ara marto gemovnebiTi aRqmis, aramed keTili da

boroti saqmis mimarTac. ciyvi da siasamuri Tu sinekdoxaa, tkbili da

mlaSe metonimiaa, radgan aq avisa da kargis/sasiamovnosa da arasasiamovnos

asociaciur datvirTvas atarebs. gemo – am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aRviqvaT,

rogorc metafora adamianis mgrZnobelobisa zogadad da ara mxolod

sakvebis mimarT.

CvenTvis kargad cnobili poeturi xerxebis garda, abu saidis lirikaSi

gvxvdeba arabuli poetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi figurebi,

rogorebicaa:

muTanasibi, msgavsi Sinaarsis sityvebis erTad Tavmoyra erT beiTSi:

Tu samyaroSi zeca, mTvare da mzea,

simTvralis Rvinis fialidan iyavi msmeli. (abu saidi 1995:11)

muTadaddi - zogjer poeti qmnis movlenaTa aRwerisas Zlier

winaaRmdegobas, disonanss:

kvamli movida CemTan, cecxli momikida

im sanTlisgan, romlis farvanac mzea. (abu saidi 1995:17)

muTazzadi (zd fuZe – mtroba, winaaRmdegoba), dapirispireba:

es qveyana TiTqos oqros doqia,

xan Talxia masSi wyali, xanac tkbilia. (abu saidi 1995:15)

vxvdebiT, agreTve: tkbili da mlaSe, avi da kargi; zeniti da Ziri.

isTiara, sesxeba (igivea, rac metafora). poeti erTmaneTs ukavSirebs

139

erTmaneTisTvis sruliad ucxo sagnebs, cnebebsa da movlenebs: dardis

sawoli, borotebis mTa, moTminebis aRviri, zilfis bolos oboba da a.S.

TaSbihaTi, msgavseba, roca advilia Sesadarebelisa da Sedarebulis

Sebruneba: tita/Rawvi; xali/Rame; Tvali/nargizi; saxe/vardi da sxv.

xaSvi, azris Casma, roca mTavari saTqmeli ukve naTqvamia:

itire, rameTu ar esmiT Seni xma,

daiwvi, rameTu kvamli ar amodis Sengan. (abu saidi 1995:7)

amgvari CarTva iTvleba lamazad, radgan aq ar aris arasaWiro, zedmeti

sityvebis gameoreba.

Tafriq, ubralo dayofa – sad/sad:

sad SenTan SeerTeba da sad me mitovebuli,

sad margaliti da sad WianWvelas moTmineba. (abu saidi 1995:1)

andazebis CarTva beiTSi, am SemTxvevaSi, irsal al-masalain, ori

andazis:

grZlad saTqmeli mokled unda iTqvas

da avis STamagonebel satrfos unda erido. (abu saidi 1995:28)

yvelgan, sadac naxav oriode gzaabneuls,

[icode, rom] gzis ziani kacebad ver aqcevs maT,

oriode mimbaZvelis uazro mimbaZveloba

saxels utexavs raindTa gzas. (abu saidi 1995:3)

abu saidis leqsebSi didi raodenobiT epiTetia, romelTa didi nawili

Sedgenili sityvaa (gumshuda/dakarguli, tashna-lab/bagemwyurvali); SedarebiT

naklebia Sedarebebi: maT Soris ufro iSviaTia martivi, absoluturi

Sedarebebi (‘idhār chūn lāla/titis msgavsi Rawvi); poeti Sedarebas axdens,

ZiriTadad, raime konkretuli qmedebis an movlenis safuZvelze. abu

sa’idTan gvxvdeba rogorc konkretul-mgrZnobelobiTi, aseve funqciuri

Sedarebebi. Sedarebis obieqtebad ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia mcenareTa da

cxovelTa samyarodan aRebuli leqsika, agreTve, sabrZolo da

sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, anbanis asoebi, ciuri sxeulebi. iSviaTad vxvdebiT

metonomiisa da sinekdoxas nimuSebs.

leqsebSi daiZebneba arabuli poetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

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zemoTCamoTvlili figurebi.

mTlianobaSi, abu saidis lirikaSi poetur xerxebs Soris yvelaze

ufro gavrcelebulia metafora. damaxasiaTebelia gavrcobili, kompleqsuri

metaforuli saxeebi, roca poeti calkeuli metaforuli saxeebis

erTobliobiT qmnis rTul metaforul struqturas.

amgvarad poeti qmnis sityvier niadags imisaTvis, rom poeturi

metyvelebis saSualebiT mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi gamoiwvios asociaciuri

xilvebi – metaforebis meSveobiT is amzadebs poeturi azrovnebis

simbolur-enigmatur azrovnebad gardaqmnis safuZvels.

$ 5. abu saidis sufiuri simbolika

abu saidi, ise, rogorc bevri sxva sufi poeti uaryofs sufizmis

konfesionalur teqnikur enas. is irCevs poeziis sada enas da misi

qmnilebebis adamianuri da RvTiuri sibrZne gasagebi xdeba yvelasTvis,

Tundac, araferi hqondeT gagonili sufizmis Sesaxeb. mistikosma icis, rom

misi religiuri saZmos dogmaturi ena uZluria daikisros mistikuri

gamocdilebis aRmweri funqcia.

Tumca, enasa da mistikur gamocdilebas Soris kavSiri ar SeiZleba

sruliad uarvyoT: eqstazis dros mistikosi xedavs mxolod mas, erTs,

dausabamos. Semdeg ki “gadmoscems” gancdils sityvebis meSveobiT: adamiani

dumilis drosac ganicdis da fiqrobs sityvebiT. abu saidi ambobs, rom

“yoveli sityvis miRma saidumlos garegnuli mniSvnelobaa; sityvebi da

gamonaTqvamebi sarkes gvanan; maTSi mniSvnelobis/arsis silamaze SeiZleba

davinaxoT”. (luTfolahi 1899:48)

cnobilia, rom sparsul poezias rTuli alegoriuli azrovneba

axasiaTebs: sufizmis simboluri metyveleba - ramzgui gulisxmobs erTgvar

kliSes (satrfo/RmerTi, Rvino/RvTiuri sibrZne). misi meSveobiT sufi

poetebi pirvelqmnadi samyaros ideebs gadmogvcemen materialuri samyaros

sityvebiT. amasTanave sufiur poezias axasiaTebs enigmaturi metyveleba, rac

suls zecnobieris doneze ubiZgebs RvTaebrivi naTelisaken.

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a. Rvinis simbolika. abu saidi Rvinis simboluri saxis meSveobiT

sufiur lirikaSi sxvadasxva konteqstSi, sxvadasxva alegoriebTan erTad

sufizmis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs ganmartavs. leqsebSi “xamriaT”-is

(khamriyyat) simbolikis Sinagani mniSvneloba dapirispirebul wyvilTa

meSveobiT aris ganmartebuli.

D dapirispirebuli wyvilebia: qaaba/duqani; gadegili/loTi da misi

siyvaruli.

qaabaSi Tu Seni guli sxva ramisken aris mimarTuli,

religiuri rituali codvaa da qaaba duqani SenTvis,

xolo Tu Seni guli RmerTisken aris da Sen samikitnos mkvidri xar,

svi Rvino, raTa sabolood Sens sasikeTod wavides saqme. (abu saidi 1995:2)

qaabadan erTi gza aris miznamde rom midis,

samikitnodan erTi sxva gzaa,

magram samikitnos gza dasaxlebul adgilze gadis,

es is gzaa, romelzec fiala gadadis xelidan xelSi. 47 (7)

poeti yovelgvar formalobas RmerTTan SeerTebis (Tauhid) gzaze

dabrkolebad aRiarebs da gulwrfelobis uSualo simbolos - Rvinos

miiCnevs upiratesad. Rvino RvTaebrivi idumalebis transcendenturi wvdomis

saSualebaa. Rvino xsnis morwmunis guls RvTaebrivi naTelis misaRebad,

iseve, rogorc eqstatiuri mdgomareoba sama-s dros. samikitno xalxiT aris

savse. “samikitnos gza dasaxlebul adgilze gadis”, - anu gza RmerTisaken

xalxTan siaxlovea. es aris abu saidis rwmenisa da msoflxedvelobis

safuZveli. xalxTan urTierToba mianiWebs mistikoss RvTaebriv sibrZnes,

romelic xelidan xelSi gadadis samikitnoSi da ara locva ganmartoebiT –

locva daxurul sivrceSi warimarTeba; xalxTan urTierToba, qadageba,

rCevis micema, saubari - Ria, gaxsnil sivrceSi. “gaxsnas” “Seviwroebis”

sapirispirod abu saidi Touhidis miRwevis erT-erT pirobad aRiarebs.

am samyaros garda CvenTvis erTi sxva samyaroc aris,

jojoxeTisa da samoTxis garda erTi sxva adgilic aris.

loTi da misi siyvaruli Cveni kapitalia,

sufi momRerali da gandegili sxva droidan aris. 81

“loTi” mTvralia RvTaebrivi siyvaruliT, is Sinaganis (bātin)

mwvdomelia, momRerali/mTqmeli da gandegili RvTismosaobis garegnul

142

(z āhir) aspeqtebTan asocirdeba. radgan abu saidisTvis rwmenis arsi

siyvarulia, dabrkolebad aRiqmeba, agreTve, fiqri samoTxesa da jojoxeTze.

abu saidis leqsebSi “simTvralis” Temis simbolikas Seadgens Rvino (may,

bāda], Rvino-almasi, Rvino - vazis sisxli (khūn-i karm), fiala (kāsa/

sāghir/paymāna), jami (jām), wveTi/ylupi (jur‘a), samikitno (maykada), duqani (dīr),

samikitnos mkvidri/”xarabaTeli” (kharābatī), oqros doqi (kūza-yi zarīn).

Sen Tqvi, rom mavans aRar vaxsovar,

sxvisi trfobis RviniT aris gondakarguli,

grcxvenodes, jer kidev Seni karis mtverSi,

sisxlis sicxelisgan duRs Cemi guli. (abu saidi 1995:13)

RmerTo, cocxali arsebis sicocxlis mizezi gamomigzavne,

vazis sisxlisgan mravalferi wyaloba gamomigzavne. (abu saidi 1995:12)

mwuxareba Cemi ubedurebis gamozrdili mkerdis mijnuria,

sisxli gulSi Cemi sveli Tvalis survilia,

uyure metoqev, Tu Cveni metoqe xar gamodi,

radgan Cvens fialebSi Rvinis nacvlad almasia. (abu saidi 1995:9)

abu saidi mianiSnebs metoqes, rom mis fialaSi mistikuri Rvinoa, anu

almasi -- RvTiuri sibrZnis simbolo. metoqis simboluri saxis ganmarteba

aseTia: “metoqeebi” – maTSi igulisxmeba mgzavris derviSi-megobrebi, imave

gzis mgzavrebi, romlebic ugulisyurod ekidebian RmerTis xsenebasa da

Tayvaniscemis valdebulebebs da, amitom, ugrZnobni arian uflis faruli

miniSnebebis mimarT.” (nurbaxSi 2005)

sakuTari Tavisgan advilad ver moipoveb simSvides,

da am siyvarulis SarbaTsac marto ver moipoveb,

im Rvinidan, romelic ase swyuria suls, Zvirfaso,

erT wveTsac ver moipoveb, asi aTasi sulic rom misce. (abu saidi 1995:23)

samyaros saidumlos gamxsneli RvTaebrivi sibrZnis mopovebas “me”-sgan

ganTavisufleba uZRvis win. “maT visac ugemiaT erTobis Rvino, verafers xedaven mzis

garda” (gamouTqmeli 2006:21). poeti mianiSnebs sulieri megzuris daxmarebis

aucileblobaze, romlis gareSec ver miiRweva sulieri gasxivosneba.

143

sulieri bilikis gavlis sirTulis aRweris mcdeloba vlindeba

umciresisa da udidesis dapirispirebis meSveobiT: wveTi – asi aTasi suli.

Rvinis wveTis mopoveba, agreTve, mianiSnebs bilikis safexurebiT gavlas:

“ylupi simboloa sulier sadgurTa saidumloebis da mistiur

mdgomareobaTa mTlianobisa.” (nurbaxSi 2005:49)

zogadad, fiala aris codna RmerTis Sesaxeb (nurbaxSi 2005:48), fiala

(sāghir) simbolurad ganasaxierebs morwmunis guls, erTaderT adgils sadac

mas SeuZlia ixilos RmerTi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ganwmends mas

yovelgvari naklis, zedmeti fiqrisa Tu dardisagan.

imitom davlie Rvino, rom misi fialis sulia,

imitom davTveri, rom goneba masze SeSlilia,

raRac kvamli movida CemTan, cecxli daminTo,

im sanTlidan, romelic misi farvanas mzea. (abu saidi 1995:17)

abu saidis fialaSi RvTaebrivi sulia; masSi Rvinoa, romelsac

mistikuri mijnuri Sesvams da siyvarulis pirveladi cecxli ainTeba

SeSlili mijnuris sulSi.

sufiuri leqsikonebis ganmartebiT fialis (paymāna) meSveobiT xdeba

morwmune RvTaebrivTan wilnayari: fialaSi uxilavis naTeli sufevs,

romlis wyalobiTac sulierebas eziareba morwmune: anu, fiala mcnobelis

gulia, xolo “ganwmendili guli sarkes hgavs, ganwminde is siyvarulis

brwyinvalebiTa da gansacdeliT yvelafrisagan, garda RvTaebrivobisa, ise,

rom WeSmaritma mzem da maradiulma ganTiadma ibrwyinos masSi.”

samyaroSi gind aris zeca, gind aris mTvare da mze,

simTvralis Rvinidan dalie Rvino fialiT,

Tavisufali xar qveyniurisgan da qveyana Sens garda araferia,

yoveli adgilis gareT xar da yoveli adgili savsea SeniT. (abu saidi

1995:11)

leqsi srulyofilad gamoxatavs samyarosa da RmerTis miseul aRqmas,

is mis sicocxleSive ganxorcielebuli RmerTTan Serwymis – Touhid-is

dadasturebaa. am RvTaebriv sulier gabrwyinebas mistikosi fialiTa da

RviniT axorcielebs.

144

poeti qmnadobis/xiluli samyaros (ca, mTvare, mze) miRma RmerTis

adgils “gansazRvravs”, rac kvlav Rvinisa da fialis meSveobiT xdeba

SesaZlebeli. amgvarad, abu saidTan fiala ara marto mijnuris sasmisia,

aramed mistikosi swored misi meSveobiT xsnis samyarosa da RmerTis

raobisa da urTierTmimarTebis kvanZebs.

fiala-jami Sahnames gmiri mefis jemSidis saswaulebrivi jamTa jamia

(jam-i jam). is mistikuri gulis simboloa: Tu masSi Caixedav dainaxav

yvelafers, rac arsebobs. mas, agreTve, uwodeben samyaros mxedvels (jahān-

nimā/gītī-nimā). sufiur poeziaSi am simbolos sulieri xedvis (guliTxedvis)

gageba eniWeba, anu mis mpyrobels sulieri xedvis unari gaaCnia. es

metafora RmerTis gamocxadebisa da usasrulo yofierebis [Sesaxeb]

xilvaTa ganmasaxierebelia.

Tu asmarcvlian krialosans iTvli, kargia,

da Tu Rvinis jams ar uSveb xelidan, kargia,

Tqvi: ra vqna, ra mivarTva megobars saCuqrad,

uzrunveli modi, rasac moarTmev kargia. (abu saidi 1995:10)

doqis (kūza) SigTavsi - wyali, cxovrebis simboloa:

es qveyana oqros doqiviT aris,

zogjer mwarea masSi wyali da zogjer tkbili,

Sen ar motyuvde, radgan Cemi cxovreba aseTia,

rom es sikvdilis cxeni mudam Sekazmulia. (abu saidi 1995:15)

doqi, romelSic wyalia, TiTqos, naklebad ukavSirdeba xamriaT-is

Temas, Tumca, leqsikonebis Tanaxmad mas sxva sasmisebTan erTad

ganixilaven.

xarabaT (kharābāt - nangrevi) tradiciuli leqsikonebis Tanaxmad

samikitnos alegoriaa. samikitno is adgilia, sadac RvTaebriv sibrZnes –

Rvinos arigeben. satrfo, iseve, rogorc yvela mistikos poetTan, RmerTis

simboloa:

satrfo saxlSi ar unda ijdes,

radgan guls itacebs, pirs ki arvis uCvenebs,

satrfo samikitnos mkvidri da mutribi unda iyos,

SuaRamemde unda scemdes buks da naRaras. (abu saidi 1995:42)

145

samikitnoSi Seviare, rac hqondaT, yvelaferi moitanes,

anu, RviniT savse fiala moitanes,

misma Tvisebam Tavi dagvakargvina,

Cven gagvitanes da sxvebi Semoitanes. (abu saidi 1995:33)

xarabaTs Tavdapirvelad uaryofiTi datvirTva gaaCnda, rac samikitnos

ukavSirdeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi is sufiur terminad iqca da dadebiTi

muxti SeiZina - ahmad RazalisTan "yalandari xarabaTis quCidan" aris

adamiani, romelic siyvarulis moTxovnebs asrulebs), Semdeg ki _

alegoriuli gagebac - siyvarulis nangrevebi; aryofnis (fana-s nangrevebi).

aabbuu ssaaiiddTTaann xxaarraabbaaTTii aalleeggoorriiuullii tteerrmmiinniiaa ddaa aaRRnniiSSnnaavvss ssaammiikkiittnnooss,,

rroommeelliicc,, TTaavviiss mmxxrriivv ccnnoobbiillii ssuuffiiuurrii tteerrmmiinniiaa:: eess aarriiss aaddggiillii,, ssaaddaacc

aaddaammiiaanneebbss rrwwmmeennaa ddaa RRvvTTiiuurrii ssiibbrrZZnnee ggaaddaaeecceemmaaTT.. rrooddeessaacc aabbuu ssaaiiddss

hhkkiiTTxxeess:: aarriiss mmeeCCeeTTSSii RRmmeerrTTiiss xxaallxxii??”” ““aarriiss,,”” mmiiuuggoo mmaann __ ““mmeeCCeeTTSSiicc ddaa

nnaannggrreevveebbSSiicc.. ““ssaattrrffoo xxaarraabbaaTTii--ss mmkkvviiddrrii uunnddaa iiyyooss”” SSeeiiZZlleebbaa aasseecc iiqqnnaass

ggaannmmaarrtteebbuullii:: xxaarraabbaaTTii aarriiss eeggooss nnaannggrreevvii,, iiss mmWWiiddrroo kkaavvSSiirrSSiiaa

yyaallaannddaarriiaaTTiiss mmoottiivviiss RReerrZZTTaann,, rraacc gguulliissxxmmoobbss SSiiSSvveell RRiirrsseebbaass,,

ggaannaaTTlleebbiissaa ddaa yyoovveellggvvaarrii ““mmee””--ssTTaann aassoocciirreebbuullii wwiinnssvvlliiss ddaaggmmoobbaass..

ssaattrrffoo//RRmmeerrTTii yyoovveellggvvaarrii mmiiwwiieerrii iinntteerreessiissggaann ggaawwmmeennddiillii gguulliiss

mmkkvviiddrriiaa..

amgvarad, abu saidis “khamriyyat” simbolikis miRma amoikiTxeba adamianis

sulieri ltolva sulieri satrfosaken - RmerTisaken. rogorc vnaxeT,

Trobis motivi abu saidTan ar aris TviTSezRuduli da sufiuri mistikis

mravalferovan speqtrTan aris mWidrod dakavSirebuli.

b. sinaTlis simbolika

naTeli. RvTaebrivi naTelisaken adamianis sulis daucxromeli ltolva

savaraudod Aarc erTi xalxis miTologiisaTvis ar aris ucxo. sufiur misticizmSi

erTmaneTs Seerwya naTelTan dakavSirebuli iranuli, elinisturi da

ZvelaRmosavluri Sexedulebebi.

sufizmSi arseboba aris naTeli, xolo sibnele ararsebobas ukavSirdeba. radgan

arseboba aris RmerTi, aq, ra Tqma unda, saubaria mxolod metafizikur sinaTleze,

romliskenac miiltvis adamianis suli, rac igive “samSobloSi, Sin dabrunebaa”.

146

abu saidis lirikaSi naTelTan dakavSirebuli simboloebi mociquls

ukavSirdeba, romelic aris upirvelesi mnaTobi:

RmerTo, mociqulis Tvalis sxivis sawyisi xar,

xar heidaris jiSis sanTlis sawyisi,

Cems mdgomareobas wyalobis TvaliT Sexede,

msurs, ar davkargo Seni keTilganwyoba. (abu saidi 1995:44)

mistikosi RvTaebriv gabrwyinebas aRwers., anu RvTaebrivi naTelis

gadmodinebas mis sulSi. sanTeli sxivia RmerTis naTelidan, romelic

mgzavris gulSi gizgizebs; agreTve, miniSnebaa mistikuri naTelisa,

romelic inTeba mis gulSi, visac aqvs RvTaebrivi xilva da gaanaTebs mas.

aq kvlav miniSnebaa im RvTaebriv wveTmargalitze, romlis meoxebiTac

adamiani pirvelad naTelTan xdeba wilnayari. RvTiuri naTelis miReba

mxolod ganwmendil guls ZaluZs, rasac didi moTmineba da sulieri

Zalisxmeva esaWiroeba.

adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad grZnoben RmerTis arsebobas, metnaklebi

mgrZnobelobiT aRiqvamen RvTiur naTebas, Tumca, zogjer sruliad

ugrZnobni arian RvTaebrivi realobis mimarT:

Sens moTxovnaSi es samyaro gaavebula,

Sens winaSe derviSica da Zalauflebis mqonec SiSvelia,

yvela ismens Sens hadiss da yru aris yvela,

yvelas gverdiT xar, yvelas Tvalwin da brmaa yvela. (abu saidi 1995:46)

cnobilia, rom islamSi cecxls uaryofiTi energetika aqvs (“da ram

gacnobos Sen, raa yovlismlewveli?! cecxlia alahisa, anTebuli” (yurani

(2006) 104.5;104.6) abu saidTan is mijnuris gulis cecxlia, romelic gulis

gamwmendia. amdenad, cecxlis gamanadgurebeli sawyisi ufro marTebulia

gagebul iqnas, rogorc RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis simboloa, vidre

jojoxeTis cecxli. amave dros cecxli aris codna/gnozisis mistikuri

sadguris simbolo:

gulo, masTan ganSorebam sicocxlis ZarRvi gadagixsna,

nuravis uCveneb Sens sisxliT mosvril jvalos (xirya)

itire, radgan aravis esmis Seni xma,

daiwvi, radgan veravin xedavs Sens kvamls. (abu saidi 1995:7)

147

sad SenTan SeerTeba da sad me, mitovebuli,

sad margaliti da sad WianWvelas moTmineba,

Tumc dawvis SiSi ara maqvs, magram

sad pepela da sad sinas cecxli. (abu saidi 1995:1)

“ufali saCino gaxda aalebuli buCqis saxiT sinas mTaze – es iyo

keTilismyofeli cecxli. mogvianebiT poetebi wminda mTaze agizgizebul

cecxls titas adarebdnen, romelic Camohgavs cecxlis formas.” (Simeli

1992:12) sinas mTas rwmenis mTasac uwodebdnen.

cecxlis RvTaebrivi buneba poetisTvis eWvs ar iwvevs:

vardisgan Camovardnili furceli Cemi saxea,

Ramisgan gamoxlarTuli naskvi Cemi Tmaa,

asi muSkis tomara qars micemuli, Cemi surnelia

da cecxli, qveynad danTebuli, Cemi bunebaa. (abu saidi 1995:14)

salamandra, romelic cecxlSi bolomdis ar iwvis, Sinagani mniSvnelobiT

uaxlovdeba “folads cecxlSi”, rac cecxlis RvTiur aspeqts ukavSirdeba da

kargad cnobili simboloa qristianuli da induri gadmocemebis mixedviT”. (Simeli

1992:12)

siyvarulo, Sens tkivilebs kidev erTi Tavi sWirdeba,

Senze nadirobas Cemze Zlieri vinme sWirdeba,

me is Citi var, erT alze rom daqababdeba, Tavi manebe,

Sens cecxls salamandra sWirdeba. (abu saidi 1995;44)

abu saidi uaryofs RvTaebrivTan Serwymis Sedegad adamianuris SenarCunebas:

mistikuri SeerTeba sruliad ganazavebs adamians RvTaebriv cecxlSi. mistikur

mijnurs poeti Cits adarebs, romelic bolomde ganadgurdebda satrfosTan

SesaerTeblad.

naTelTan, kerZod ki, cecxlTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze cnobili simbolo

sparsul, arabul da Turqul poeziaSi sanTlisa da pepelas motivs. ratom aris

farvana da sanTeli mistikuri ltolvisa da satrfosadmi mizidulobis simbolo?

ra igulisxmeba misi miznisaken daJinebuli frenis miRma? mis frenas da msxverplad

Sewirvas erTaderTi mizani aqvs: “samyarom, xilulma da uxilavma, am frinvelis

gafrenis kvali ixilos”. (sajadi 2000:315)

imitom davlie Rvino, rom misi fialis sulia,

imitom davTveri, rom goneba masze SeSlilia,

148

raRac kvamli movida CemTan, cecxli daminTo,

im sanTlidan, romelic misi farvanas mzea. (abu saidi 1995:17)

simboluri sanTelis Suqi pirveladi naTelis nawilia, “es aris pirveladi

cecxli, romelic winaremaradisobis Wraqidan gadmosuli erTaderTobis SuquraSi

kiafobs”. (gamouTqmeli 2006: 2)

im dRes, roca siyvarulis cecxli ainTo,

mijnurma mwveli saqcieli daiswavla satrfosgan,

megobris mxridan gaCnda es wva-dagva,

sanTeli rom ar anTebuliyo, ar daiwveboda pepela. (abu saidi 1995:6)

aq poeti saubrobs absolutisaken (satrfo) adamianis (mijnuris)

ltolvisa da, piriqiT, absolutis mier adamianis mizidulobis ormxriv

“procesze”: arseboben RmerTis rCeulebi da mxolod isini eZieben RvTaebriv

sibrZnes, igive RvTaebriv cecxls, WeSmarit “arsebobas”. abu saidis

filosofia aqac eyrdnoba yurans: “xolo mas, visac alahi ar mianiWebs

naTels, mas ar eqneba naTeli” (yurani 24.40), “alahi waruZRveba, visac

inebebs, pirdapiri gziT” (yurani (2006) 24.46)

mze. mze aris upirvelesi materialuri mnaTobi da yvela sxva naTeli misgan

momdinareobs.

yvela saxlSi, romelSic Senma saxem daanTo sanTeli,

mze, TiTqos cotaoden sxivs iRebs nemsis yunwidan. (abu saidi 1995:2288))

mzis TayvanismcemelTa mizani Seni saxea,

amqveynis mcxovrebTa mihrabi Seni warbis rkalia

xelmokleTa sicocxlis wyaro Seni bageebia,

Sewuxebul gulTa gemo Seni Tmaa. (abu saidi 1995:24)

mze zecaSia da misi sinaTlis uvicobisgan

mzera mis sxivs aSterdeba Soridan. (abu saidi 1995:47)

Tumca, materialuri mzis naTeba sustia WeSmariti, sulieri mzis xelTuqmnel

naTelTan SedarebiT. umaRlesi sulieri mnaTobi aris mociquli da sxva mnaTobni

misi naTeliT sazrdooben misi meditaciis, kavSirebisa da umniSvnelovanesi adgilis

wyalobiT romelic mas qmnadobis sferoebSi ukavia. poeti varskvlavebTan SedarebiT

149

mzes aniWebs upiratesobas, radgan, is RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis gamovlinebaa, Tumca,

is, iseve rogorc sxva mnaTobebi, aris Camavali:

brahmano, im titissaxians eci Tayvani,

ToTxmeti wlis lamazmans eci Tayvani,

Tu RmerTis mxedveli Tvali ara gaqvs,

mzes eTayvane da, ara xbos Tanavarskvlaveds.

“CamavalTa” uaryofa abraamis ambavs ukavSirdeba, romelic kerpebis damsxvrevis

Semdeg ciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemasac gamoricxavs: “ixila caze varskvlavi da Tqva:

es aris Cemi ufali, rodesac varskvlavi Cavida, Tqva man: ar miyvars Camavalni”.

abraamma, varskvlavis msgavsad ixila amomavali da Camavali mTvare da mze, uaryo

maTi Tayvaniscema: “marTlmadidebeli var, da ara kerpTayvanismcemeli, Tqva man”

(Simeli 1992:16)

sinatifeTa mcnobelTaTvis Suqi RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis mosavlidan aris, mze

(khūrshīd) RvTis Suqisa da erTaderTobis arsis WeSmaritebaa. is, agreTve, aris

simbolo erTianobis (wahdat), xolo mTvare (mah) da mze (mihr) simravlis aRmniSvnelia.

is mTvare, romlis kapitalic erTguleba da silamazea,

silamazis zecis mwvervali misi umdablesi Ziria,

mzis saxes Sexede da Tu ar ZalgiZs,

im Sav zilfebs Sexede, romlebic misi mezobelia. (abu saidi 1995:16)

mistikosi pirveladi naTelis xilvas eswrafvis, romelsac moswyvita

amqveyniurma yofam. amitom eZleva misi suli mwuxarebas imis gamo, rom

“mamali yrua da Rame munji”, rom “es aris Rame, romelic aRar gauTendeba”.

poeti wuxs sulis sibneleSi CarCenis gamo, romlis gafantvac mxolod

mistikur naTebas ZaluZs.

mTvare. rogorc, aRiniSna, sufiur misticizmSi warmodgena naTelis

RvTaebrivi bunebis Sesaxeb elinistur filosofias da uZveles religiebs

eyrdnoba.

neoplatonuri swavlebis mixedviT samyaro RmerTis sisavsisgan

gadmodinebis (emanaciis) Sedegia. neoplatonizmis gavlenas sufizmze

sparsuli literaturis istoriis didi mkvlevari eduard braunic

adasturebs. misi azriT, “islamis sufizmsa da aleqsandrias neoplatonizms

Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs”. (brauni 1956:522) am gavlenas mkvlevarTa

150

nawili abu ali ibn sinas (avicenas) moRvaweobas miawers.

sufizmi “ikvebeba” didi aleqsandrieli filosofosis plotinis (205-270)

filosofiur-mistikuri ideebiT erTi, dausabamo naTelisa da samyaros

Sesaxeb. savaraudod, sufiur misticizmSi ukve arsebul mistikur

msoflmxedvelobas neoplatonizmma e. w. “yalibi” SesTavaza, rac

zedmiwevniT moergo aRmosalur xedvas.

mTvare lamazi saxis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli simbolo da xotbis

Sesasxmelad saukeTeso metaforaa sparsul poeziaSi:

am RamiT, rodesac SenTan Sexvedra meqneba, mTvarisa fero,

Ramis wveri moklea da sivrce viwroa CemTvis. (abu saidi 1995:20)

Sen Tqvi, me varo niSaburis sasaxlis mTvare,

hoi, mTvarev niSaburisa, niSaburi – Sen,

rac Sen xar, Senia da rac Cven varT egec Senive iyos,

ar gvetyvi, mtroba ra saWiroa? (abu saidi 1995:1)

saukuneTa manZilze mTvaris, an mzissaxiani satrfo da misi zilfebi

emanaciis mdgradi simboloebia.

guSin daivarcxna im mTvarem Tmis xveuli,

saxeze daifara ambrissuniani zilfebi,

am eSmakobiT Seimosa mSvenieri saxe,

raTa yvelam, vinc ar aris axlo megobari, ver icnos igi. (abu saidi 1995:3)

saxe ucvlelia, maradiuli da misi RvTaebrivi brwyinvaleba

damabrmavebeli, zilfebi marad cvalebadia da dalalebis zeaRmavali

cvalebadobiT TandaTanobiT uaxlovdeba maradiuls. amitom, adamianebs

uWirT RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebisTvis Tvalis gasworeba da RmerTi xiluli

samyaros gradaciebiT unda aRiqvan. rTulia visaubroT arsebobis Sesaxeb

plotinis filosofiis konteqstSi. ufro marTebulia, visaubroT cvalebad

gradaciebsa da ganWvretis safexurebze, romlebic im erTTan gvakavSirebs.”

abu saidisTvis arseboba aris RmerTi:

yovlismxedveli viyavi, roca maxvili gamixda Tvali,

davinaxe, rom yvelaferi Sen xar, yvela danarCeni araferia. (abu saidi

1995:25)

151

abu saidi saubrobs emanaciis gnostikur doqtrinaze, romlis

mixedviTac erTi TavisTavSi Seicavda oTx sawyiss, xolo mTlianobis

rRvevisa da daSlis Semdeg warmoiSva simravle samyaros saxiT. yoveli

arsebis sawyisi ki es oTxi elementia.

empedokles (V s. Zv. w. aR.) filosofiis am aspeqts Tanxvdeba abu saidis

koncefcia erTisa da mravalis Sesaxeb.

radgan Seni sicocxlis Sedegi wamieri da matyuaraa,

mis gamo nu moTqvam, radgan, yovel wams tanjvaa,

nu iqnebi qedmaRali, rameTu Cemi da Seni safuZveli

erTi mtvris nawilaki, naperwkali da names wveTia. (abu saidi 1995:19)

vidre es varskvlavebi akiafdeboda da cis kabadoni moiWiqeboda,

vidre es wyali, haeri, cecxli da miwa Seiqmneboda,

maSinac warmovTqvamdi erTianobis saidumloebebs,

Tumca, es forma, es simRera da es goneba maSin ar iyo. (abu saidi 1995:39)

vfiqrobT, aq zedmetia plotinis filosofiis siRrmeebis Zieba, Tumca,

aRvniSnavT, rom erTis simravled daSlis mizezi plotinisaTvis

inteleqtia, xolo sufiebisTvis es aris “siyvarulis Sinagani potencia”

(kotetiSvili 1981:24). didi mistikosi mecnieris r. Staineris sityvebiT,

emanacia (RvTaebrivi gadmodineba) aris msxverplad Sewirva suraT-xatis

gacocxlebisTvis. (Staineri 1994:18)

abu saidi erTi SexedviT martivi poeturi saxeebis meSveobiT

kacobriobis mistikuri azrovnebis – naTelis filosofiis Tvaluwvdenel

siRrmeebs swvdeba.

g. wylis simbolika. RmerTisa da adamianis erTianobas poeti-

mistikosebi sxvadasxva simboloebiT gamoxatavdnen. isini msjelobdnen

okeaneze, talRebze, zRvis qafze, wylis wveTze da a. S., romlebic yovel

wams sxvadasxva saxes iReben, magram arsi erTi aqvT – wyali.

abu saidis lirikaSi wyalTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli

simboloebi zRva, talRa, mdinare, wvima, Rrubeli, morevi, wyaro da

niaRvaria.

yvela, vinc fiqrobda RmerTsa da samyaros Soris msgavsebasa da

gansxvavebaze da undoda eCvenebina maTi fuZemdebluri erTianoba da

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droebiTi gancalkeveba, xmarobda okeanis/zRvis simbolos. zRva abu

saidisTvis, iseve, rogorc sxva sufi poetebisTvis, fsiqologiuri

TvalsazrisiT individis erTianobisadmi ltolvis da mTlianSi

TviTganadgurebis simboloa.

abu saidi zRvasTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze xSirad talRis simbolos

xmarobs. mas RvTiuri arsi warmoudgenia, rogorc uzarmazari okeane,

saidanac talRebiviT wamierad Cndebian raRac figurebi, raTa kvlav

gauCinardnen Tvaluwvdenel qvesknelSi. baiazid bisTamisTvis RmerTi

uRrmesi okeanea. abu saidTan zRvis siRrme WeSmaritebis arsia, romelic

farulia da miuwvdomeli, an, misawvdomi mxolod rCeulTaTvis. amitom,

talRa misi zedapiris qaragmaa, iseve rogorc dafaruli WeSmaritebisa:

rogorc warbi gascems saxis gamometyvelebas, talRac Seicavs usasrulosa

da maradiulis niSan-Tvisebebs. poeti araerTxel mianiSnebs, rom

WeSmaritebis Zieba, anu svla sulier bilikze rTulia. masze sulisTvis

bevri dabrkolebaa (morevi - gardāb) damRupveli cru xilvebis da sxvadasxva

cTunebebis saxiT.

mistikuri sizmrebis zRvaSi, sadac bevri WeSmaritebis Ziebaa,

masSi morevi maxesaviT aris da gemi sulia,

yoveli sadafis Rrmuli wyliT savse Tvalis gugaa,

yoveli talRa kacis warbze miniSnebaa. (abu saidi 1995:19)

talRa qaragmulad aRniSnavs absolutis gamovlinebas, romelic

yoveli amqveyniuri brwyinvalebis saxiT vlindeba. samyaroca da kacic

absolutis talRebia.

maradiuli arseba mRelvare [talRebiani] zRvaa,

amqveynis Svilebs am zRvisgan araferi unaxavT, talRis garda,

zRvis Signidan talRa saCino xdeba

zRvis zedapirze, zRva ki talRaSi dafarulia. (abu saidi 1995:69)

abu saidis lirikaSi RmerTi wyalobis okeane/zRvaa. amitom misi

wyalobis zRvaSi TviT Zalian codvili adamianis gemsac (suls) SeuZlia

gaiaros.

xalxis codva, Tumca, udabnoa, udabnoa,

Seni wyalobis winaSe erTi balaxis foTolia,

Tumca, Cveni codva gemia,

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araferia, radgan Seni wyaloba zRvaa, zRvaa. (abu saidi 1995:9)

abu saidi Tavis robaiebSi saubrobs didsulovnebis zRvasa da

didsulovnebis margalitze, da maT erTnair Tvisebebs aniWebs.

gulma Seni mebrZoli xasiaTi da Cvevebi miiRo,

sulma didsulovnebis margaliti (gawhar)ipova Sens ubanSi. (abu saidi

1995:23)

satrfos sityvis saidumlos ver vbedav, rom vTqva,

Zvirfasi margalitia (durr), ver vbedav, rom gavxvrito. (abu saidi 1995:22)

sufiuri terminebis leqsikonebSi “margaliti (durr) aris morCilebisa

da warsul qmedebaTa ganadgurebis, RmerTisaken gzaze daucxromeli Ziebis,

gzis dogmaTa Sesrulebisa da satrfosaken svlisas [mgzavris] arsebis

gaqrobis simbolo,” (sajadi 2000:381) xolo “margaliti (gawhar) metyvelebis

sulia, srulyofili adamianis WeSmariteba, mniSvnelobebi da Tvisebebia”

(sajadi 2000:679).

margaliti RvTiuri sibrZnis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli

simboloa. magaliTad, rumis Tanaxmad, okeane wmindanTa mecnierebaa, da misi

wyali Tavad margalitia (rumi 2000:17). xolo abu saidisTvis, rogorc

vnaxeT, margaliti RmerTis sityvis saidumloa. is, rac pirvelad iyo, aris

sityva da margalitic pirveladi RvTaebrivobis Tvaluwvdenel siRrmeTa

nayofia. adamiani absolutis usasrulobasa da idumalebas okeanes

amsgavsebs yvelaze metad.

mistikur mijnurTa xvedri tanjvisa da gansacdelis simravlea, maTi

cremlis niaRvarTan SedarebiT TviT zRvis usasrulobac wveTisodenad

eCveneba mistikoss.

cis kabadoni Cveni gatexili sicocxlis qamaria,

zRva Cveni mRvrie cremlis kvalia,

jojoxeTi Cveni amao tanjvis erTi naperwkalia,

samoTxe Cveni mSvidi drois erTi wamia. (abu saidi 1995:9)

abu saidis lirikaSi wyalTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi xati, wvima da

wvimis wveTia. wvima mis cnobierebaSi sasowarkveTili adamianis xsnisa da

imedis simboloa. poeti Rrubels dedis funqcias aniWebs, is Tavis

mwyurvale Svilebs rZis wvimas ugzavnis:

154

RmerTo, cocxali arsebis sicocxlis mizezi gamomigzavne,

vazis sisxlisgan mravalferi wyaloba gamomigzavne,

mcenaris Svilebis mwyurvali bageebisTvis,

Rrublis mkerdidan rZis wvima gamogzavne. (abu saidi 1995:12)

megobaro, wamali gamougzavne avadmyofebs,

dRiuri sazrdo mieci adamians, jins da, aseve, satrfoebs,

Cven sasowarkveTilebis velis mwyurvale bagianebi varT,

Cveni imedis yanas mieci wvima. (abu saidi 1995:3)

aRmosavleTSi wvimis Txovnas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, mizezi aqvs:

“iq, sadac xSiria gvalva, wvima, marTlac, wyalobaa. islamma moitana

tradicia, romelsac uwodeben istisqā-s – adamianebi locvaSi iTxoven wvimas;

arsebobs mravali gadmocema wmindanTa Sesaxeb, romlebic RmerTisagan

(zogjer ubralod, muqariT) gamoiTxoven wvimas.” (Simeli 1992:10)

zogadad, wvima abu saidis leqsebSi gaazrebulia, rogorc wyaloba.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, wvimis amgvari aRqma SemTxveviTi ar aris da arc am

leqsebis avtors SeiZleba ekuTvnodes. “iranisa da TurqeTis zogierT

kuTxeSi wvimas wyalobas uwodeben.” (Simeli 1992:10)

amave dros, wvima mcenareTa ayvaveba-aRdgenas ukavSirdeba da maTi

Wknobisagan mxsnelia; simbolurad poeti wvimas sasowarkveTisa da

uimedobisagan mxsnels uwodebs, rac, Taviseburad axloa wvimis, rogorc

sufiuri terminis ganmartebasTan: wvima miniSnebaa maRali RmerTis

sinatifesa da misgan momdinare wyalobaze; agreTve aRniSnavs wyalobis

gamravlebas, romelic mgzavris sulier mdgomareobebSi vlindeba, rogorc

mxiarulebisa da siRaribis Sedegi. wvima xiluli samyaros pirvelad arsTan

dabrunebis simbolodac aRiqmeba: gavrcelebuli iyo azri, rom wvima,

romelic okeanis/zRvis wiaRs ubrundeba kriala niJaraSi moTavsebul

margalitad gadaiqceva.

mdinare abu saidTan sulieri gacocxlebis simboloa. poeti

sasowarkveTis Jams iTxovs moses, mis xeljoxs da mdinare niloss, raTa

mtrisagan daixsnan igi. moses antipodi, ase vTqvaT, mteri, faraonia:

faraonis msgavsi yvela gaZlierda,

mose, xeljoxi da nilosis mdinare gamogzavne. (abu saidi 1995:12)

155

wyalTan dakavSirebiT poeti sicocxlis wyaros simbolosac xSirad

iyenebs. ukvdavebis momniWebeli wyaro satrfos bageebidan gadmodis, anu is

siyvarulis wyaroa, rac maradisobasTan aziarebs mijnurs. termini

ganmartebulia, rogorc “RvTaebrivi sibrZnis wyaro da safuZvelia” (sajadi

2000:364). gadmocemis mixedviT, “sicocxlis wyali zurmuxtis msgavsad

dedamiwis bnel siRrmeebSi moipoveba da mxolod xizrs, mociqulsa da

wmindans ZaluZs waruZRves misken maZiebels.” (Simeli 1992:8)

misi zilfis kavebis uRmerTobisgan rwmena ifrqveoda,

misi bageebis neqtrisgan ukvdavebis wyaro gadmodioda. (abu saidi 1995:7)

imden xans meZina nakadulis piras mwyurvals,

rom sanam Cems mdinareSi sicocxlis wyaro ar daSra. (abu saidi 1995:22)

abu saidis lirikaSi niaRvari, iseve, rogorc wylis danarCeni

saxesxvaobani, “ukvdavebis wyals afrqvevs”:

misi nedli palmidan nayofi wvimasaviT cvioda,

misi Rawvis furclidan vardi ifrqveoda sayeloze,

kaeSnisgan im norCi nergis ferxTiT,

niaRvari Tvalebidan ukvdavebis wyals afrqvevda. (abu saidi 1995:7)

wylis stiqiis erTaderTi “negatiuri” gageba SeiZleba amovikiTxoT

robaiSi, sadac zRva codvaTa simravles ukavSirdeba, Tumca, aqac, mistikosi

poetis azriT, am zRvis kapitani RmerTia.

Tumca Sens morCilebaSi codva da Secdomaa,

nu inaRvleb amis gamo, radgan Carxis trialis ubedurebaa,

Tu daiRale mozRvavebuli codvebis simravlisagan,

nu naRvlob, radgan am zRvis kapitani RmerTia. (abu saidi 1995:9)

abu saidis leqsebSi wyals dadebiTi alegoriuli Tu emociuri

datvirTva gaaCnia. wyali/sisvele dapirispirebulia simSralesTan: –

codvisa da sasowarkveTis udabnos, imedis gamomSral yanas, mcenareTa

mwyurvale bageebs macocxlebel Zalad wvima evlineba.

amdenad, wyali dapirispirebulia codvisa da sasowarkveTilebis

udabnosa da imedis gamomSral yanasTan, romelic mcenareTa mwyurvale

begeebs macocxlebel Zalad – wvimad evlineba.

156

d. satrfos saxis simbolika. sparsul poeziaSi satrfos ZiriTadad kerps (but)

uwodeben, romelic mijnuris Tayvaniscemis obieqtia. aq satrfo RmerTis xorcieli

xatia, romelic mokvdavTaTvis dafarulia swored Tavisi gausaZlisi brwyinvalebis

gamo.

silamaze azrs kargavs, Tu ar arsebobs misi mWvreteli. gavixsenoT

koncefcia RmerTis, rogorc dafaruli ganZis Sesaxeb, romelsac undoda,

rom gamxdariyo saCino imisTvis, rom adamianTa gulebSi siyvarulis cecxli

anTebuliyo.

satrfo da mijnuri warmoudgenelia erTmaneTis gareSe. mijnuris saqme

aris niyyāz (xvewna-mudara), rac abu saidis lirikis umTavresi elementia,

xolo satrfosi – nāz (keklucoba). am winaaRmdegobis miRma imaleba

siyvarulis erTianoba. siyvarulis orplanianobam, romelic mistiur

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi gaCnda, gamoiwvia is, rom mistikosebi iyenebdnen

miwieri siyvarulis simboloebs, xolo aramistikosi poetebi – mistikur

terminologias. es tendencia mogvianebiT ufro gaZlierda sparsul da

Turqul poeziaSi. mistikosebi ubralo sityvebsac ki mistikur

interpretacias aZlevdenen, rac kargad Cans abu saidis lirikaSic.

Tvali. mistikosi Tvalis meSveobiT aRiqvams RvTaebriv brwyinvalebas:

abu saidi mianiSnebs gulsa da Tvals Soris arsebul kavSirze: dardiani guli

sisxlis cremlebiT tiris da TvalTagan cremlad iRvreba – es metaforuli

gamonaTqvami xSiria abu saidis robaiebSi. “gulis Tvali” mistikoss marad RmerTisaken

aqvs mipyrobili, ise, rom aravin igebs amas: mudam, yvelgan, yvelasTan, yvela saqmeSi gulis

Tvali satrfosken geWiros idumal.

Tvali RmerTis Tandaswrebaze mianiSnebs, rac naTelia CvenTvis, agreTve, mis

unarebze. es Wvreta mxedvelobis unars (sifāt) ukavSirdeba. sufiuri terminologiis

mixedviT Tvali silamazea da, agreTve, RmerTis Wvretis Tvisebis simboloa.

adamians, rogorc maradisobidan droebiT samyofelSi Camosaxlebuls,

Tan axlavs, RmerTi, is ufro axloa adamianTan, vidre mas SeuZlia es

warmoidginos – RmerTi masSia, rogorc, vTqvaT, misive Tvali, Tumca, is

uxilavia (vidre mistikosi “RvTaebriv ganzavebas” ar ganaxorcielebs):

vkiTxe mas ganSorebis mizezi,

miTxra, aris erTi sababi, getyvi amas:

157

me Seni Tvali var, Tu ver mxedav ra gasakviria,

me Seni suli var, suls arvin xedavs. (abu saidi 1995:3)

avadmyofi da mTvrali Tvali, siSoris, ganSorebis, Tavis Tavze fiqris gamo

moklebulia mijnurTa gulis damdagveli satrfos silamazis xilvas; yvelaferi misi

kekluci Tvalis kvali da kuTvnilebaa:

radgan dadardianda Seni sastiki Tvalebi,

msurs, Cemma sulma zidos Seni dardi,

RmerTo, mbrunavi Tvalis Wrilobam

nu gaamwaros Seni avadmyofi nargisi (abu saidi 1995:1)

warbi. warbi miniSnebaa imaze, rom arsi (dhāt) miuwvdomelia adamianuri

aRqmisaTvis. warbi abu saidis lirikaSi “rkalTan” konteqstSi ixmareba.

warbis rkali (Mihrāb-i abrū) RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis gamovlinebaa, is

mimarTavs mijnuris mzeras satrfosaken (radganac warbi gascems saxis

gamometyvelebas, mas adareben Tvisebebs, romlebic arsis bunebas

gamoxataven)”. warbis alegorias sarkis msgavsi azrobrivi datvirTva

gaaCnia:

Seni arsis sarke, arsia yovelTa,

Seni Tvisebebis sarke, Tvisebaa yovelTa. (abu saidi 1995:51)

mzis TayvanismcemelTa mizani Seni saxea,

amqveynis mcxovrebTa mihrabi Seni warbis rkalia

xelmokleTa sicocxlis wyaro Seni bageebia,

Sewuxebul gulTa gemo Seni Tmaa. (abu saidi 1995:24)

zilfi. zilfi aRmosavlur misticizmSi RmerTis sidiadis

gamovlinebaa. zilfi fardas hgavs, romelic faravs RvTiur realobas.

sufizmSi zilfi simravlis simboloa da poetebi mianiSneben emanaciis

ideaze anu simarvlis miRma dafarul erTze. zilfs, rogorc am samyaros

aRmniSvnel termins (cvalebadi, aramdgradi, warmavali) da Tavad am

samyaros negatiuri datvirTva eniWeba: is Sinaarsobrivad

uRmerTobas/urwmunobas ukavSirdeba. zilfis kavebis uRmerToba Tavadve

aris zilfis ganmarteba da amgvaradvea axsnili sufiuri terminologiis

leqsikonSi: “zilfi aris urwmunoebis ukuneTis aRmniSvneli qaragma”

(sajadi 2000:442). abu saidi ki, romelic RvTaebriv idumalebas naziarebia,

158

Tvlis, rom am urwmunoebidan rwmena ifrqveva: “misi zilfis kavebis

uRmerTobisgan rwmena ifrqveoda.”

xali. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zilfi simravlis aRmniSvneli

simboloa. aseve xalic miniSnebaa erTianobaze, romelic simravlis sawyisi

da sasrulia. poeti xalis siSaves guldamwvari mijnuris “Sav dReSi

Cavardnas” adarebs:

Senma sxeulma siZnelis tvirTis qveS moRuna Cemi sxeuli,

Senma Tvalma nakaduliviT namiT aavso Cemi Tvalebi,

Senma xalma Cemi mdgomareoba dResaviT daaRama,

Senma zilfebma Cemi saqme Tavisi Tmis RerebiviT aburda. (abu saidi 1995:29)

Savi xali idumali samyaros simboloa. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

zilfebi simravlis aRmniSvneli terminia. mistikosi dabneulia simravlis

gamo - xiluli samyaros mravalferovneba safarvelia, romelic RvTaebrivi

realobisagan aSorebs sulier mgzavrs.

bage. sufizmSi bage RvTiuri sityvis da RvTiuri sulis simboloa.

satrfos bages abu saidi adarebs Saqarsa da Tafls. is xSirad xmarobs

epiTetebs “tkbilbagiani”, “tkbilmoubari”, “tkbilpiriani”. satrfos

bageebidan ukvdavebis wyaros erTi wveTic ki Tu miwas daecema, sawuTros

miwa nayofad suls gamoiRebs.

“bage-Saqari simboloa sadgurisa, romelsac mociqulebi angelozebis

meSveobiT miaRweven, xolo wmindanebi gulis ganwmendis meoxebiT”. (sajadi

2000:683) lalis bage sulis STabervisa da gacocxlebis simboloa.

is ambriszilfiani xar, romlis xveulSic mTvarea,

is tkbilmoubari xar, romlis SaqarSic neqtaria. (abu saidi 1995:12)

piri (dahān) miniSnebaa mosaubris Tvisebaze da RvTaebriv gamoRviZebas

aRniSnavs.

is Zafi, romelic gawolilia Sens bageTa lalze

da Seni piris sasmelidan cremliT sveldeba. (abu saidi 1995:41)

RmerTi/satrfo sulieri gacocxlebis, ufro metic, ukvdavebis

momniWebelia da mistikuri mijnuris maradiuli survili mis bageTagan

macocxlebeli wyaros Sesmaa.

misi zilfis kavebis uRmerTobisgan rwmena ifrqveoda,

misi bageebis sasmelidan ukvdavebis wyaro iRvreboda,

159

rogorc kekluci gnoli asi sinatifiT

midioda da misi nabijebis mtvrisgan sicocxle mimoibneoda. (abu saidi

1995:7)

miwas apkure wveTi Seni lalis bagidan,

rom sawuTros miwam suli moiRos nayofad. (abu saidi 1995:45)

Rawvi. satrfos Rawvis/saxis metafora vardi da titaa; saxe vardis

mfrqvevelia, an misi nayofi vardia:

vuTxari: titisRawviano mzeTunaxavo gulismpyrobelo,

sizmrad miCvene Seni saxe erTxel sayvarelo,

miTxra, nu gesizmreba Cems garda Sen saxe sxvisi,

Tu gsurs, rom gesizmro kvlav. (abu saidi 1995:1)

misi nedli palmidan nayofi cvioda wvimis wveTebiviT,

misi Rawvis furclebidan vardi ifrqveoda sayeloze. (abu saidi 1995:7)

Seni Rawvebis baRnaris nayofi vardia,

Seni lalis bagis nayofi ukvdavebaa. (abu saidi 1995:45)

Rawvi silamazis gabrwyinebis gamovlinebaa, rac samyaros didebuli

yofierebis mizezia da RmerTis saxelTa gamovlineba. lahijis Tanaxmad

“Rawvi miniSnebaa RmerTis wyalobis Tvisebaze, xolo zilfebi - misi

mrisxanebisa” (sajadi 2000:587)

vardi uZvelesi miTebis (induri, ZvelberZnuli) mniSvnelovani

elementia da RvTaebrivi bunebis gamovlinebis simboloa. qristianoba

mariam RvTisSobels ukavSirebs vards da vardnars, rogorc wminda da

dedobrivi aspeqtebis simbolur gamoxatulebas.

vardis simboluri xati erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mravlisTqmelia

sufizmSi. aRmosavleTSi, kerZod, iranSi, romelic vardis samSoblod

miiCneva, vardebs meditaciisa da locvisaTvis gaSenebul “saidumlo”

baRebSi zrdidnen (esbini 2005:2), “me”-sgan Tavis daRweva da sulis RvTaebriv

realobebSi mogzauroba xdeba Secnobis vardis mopovebisTvis. vardi

ganasaxierebs sufiuri mistikis kvintesencias – “martivi” erTis rTul

160

simravled daSlas; eklebi RvTaebrivi sibrZnis mopovebis sirTuleze

migvaniSnebs; vardis silamaze da surneli absoluturi silamazisa da

srulyofilebis yvelaze ufro uSualo, advilad aRsaqmeli gamovlinebaa;

vardi da eklebi RvTaebrivi da miwieri yofis saukeTeso “Sualeduri”

simboloa.

abu saidTan vardis Sesatyvisad ixmareba gul, da ara ward, romelsac

simboluri metyvelebaSi ukavSireben ritualuri locvebisa da asketuri

varjiSebis erTobliv rituals wird.

Cemi eklidan erTgulebis vardi izrdeba,

Cemi mxridan sixalase izrdeba,

Senze fiqrSi guSin Tavi muxlebze medo,

dRes vardi damxvda amosuli Cems gverdiT. (abu saidi 1995:44)

frTxilad, zurgi ar aqcio mis pativiscemas,

radgan is naz vardTan erTad uxeS ekalsac axarebs. (abu saidi 1995:22)

satrfo, anu centri, romliskenac gamudmebiT miiltvis mistikuri

mijnuri RvTaebriv walkotSia, romelic daxSulia adamis modgmisaTvis misi

iqidan gamoZevebis Semdeg: gadmocemis mixedviT, RmerTma adami samoTxeSi,

vardebis gasaxareblad moaTavsa (roi 1997:6)

Seni saxe, sulis walkotis norCo vardo,

nazi iyo, rogorc yoveli saRamo da dila. (abu saidi 1995:25)

wiTeli vardi vnebiani siyvarulis simboloa. adamianuri siyvaruli –

vneba (shawq), aris RvTaebrivi siyvarulis (mahabba) Taviseburi preludia -

“mivdiodi Seni vnebiani siyvaruliT (shawq) savse yofierebis vardnarSi”.

samasi wiTeli vardia Cemi satrfos Rawvebze,

avdeqi dasakrefad, vardebis krefa xom Cemi saqmea. (abu saidi 1995:14)

Tumca Tvals ar unaxavs Seni mSvenieri saxe,

erTi vardic ar mouwyvetia SenTan Sexvedris vardnaridan. (abu saidi

1995:43)

“vardi “wminda Suagulis” – gulis simboloa” (tompsoni 1989:1-3) da

sabolood vardebis krefa kvlav ukavSirdeba gulis siRrmeSi RvTaebrivi

naTelis mopovebas.

161

daskvna

abu saidis cxovrebis amsaxveli Txzulebebis analizidan irkveva, rom

misi cxovrebis axalgazrdobis (daaxl. 40 wlis asakamde) periodi

gulisxmobs gamudmebul “aras Tqmas” imaze, rasac sicocxle sTavazobs mas;

gardamtex momentad miCneulia misi didi xilva (meditacia WaSi), ris

Semdegac abu saidi iRebs sicocxles. es sulieri gabrwyineba gandevnili

ltolvebis Sedegad sxeulis dasustebis Sedegia, e. w. sublimacia.

abu saidis religiuri filosofiis principebis sakvlevad

umniSvnelovanesia “meore etapi”, rodesac misi mzera mimarTulia

Sinaganisadmi; roca asketuri varjiSebiTa da ritualebis SesrulebiT

“TviTSepyroba” mistikosma Seanacvla adamianebTan yoveldRiuri

urTierTobiT, qadagebiT da musikaluri ritualiT (sama’). abu saidis

damokidebulebaSi sama’s mimarT vlindeba, rom moZRvari ganixilavs

adamians, rogorc sulisa da xorcis ganuyofel mTlianobas.

abu saidma xanayahSi mcxovrebTaTvis umTavres wesad gansazRvra

Tavmdabloba da moyvasis msaxureba.

misi damokidebuleba saswaulqmedebis mimarT uaryofiTia, Tumca, mis

saxelsac ukavSirdeba saswaulebi: is cnobilia gaulTamxilaobis

saswaulebrivi unariT, rasac moZRvari adamianTa gulebis gansawmendad da

RmerTTan dasabruneblad iyenebs.

mistikuri mdgomareobebis (hali da mayami) gaanalizebis Sedegad

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sulis TviTsrulyofis safexurebi mTlianobaSi

qmnian abu saidis sufizmis sinTezur “filosofias”, warmoaCenen misi sulis

evoluciis istorias. mayamebi abu saidis msoflmxedvelobis is

mniSvnelovani sferoa, romelSic mistikosi did yuradRebas uTmobs

adamianis fsiqologiis niuansebs.

ganvixileT codvisa da Sendobis winaaRmdegobrivi Teoria: RmerTi,

rogorc mamoZravebeli Zala yoveli qmnulis, Tavadve aris “ficis damdebi

da ficis gamtexi”, amave dros abu saidi codvas gansazRvravs, rogorc

ugvano saqmes, romelsac Tan sdevs Sendoba, rogorc absolutis keTili

nebis gamoxatuleba adamianis codvili bunebis mimarT.

162

naTelia, rom abu saidisTvis “WeSmariti muslimi” aris is, vinc “arc

erTi muslimis tanjvas ar eZebs”, anu, is, visac gaaCnia keTilSobili,

ganwmendili guli, da ara is, vinc mravalgzis Seasrula haji. zogadad, abu

saidi ezoterul sibrZnes Wvrets yvela religiaSi (qristianobaSi,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobaSi, iudaizmSi).

naTelia, rom abu saidi aviTarebs halajiseul panTeistur

Sexedulebas samyarosa da RmerTis Sesaxeb da misi mistikuri swavleba

warmoadgens im Sualedur rgols, romelic qmnis erTgvar sulier

“pedigris”: halaji – abu saidi – aTari. gamovlinda ibn sinas garkveuli

gavlenac abu saidis lirikaze.

dRemde amouxsnel amocanad rCeba abu saidis avtorobis sakiTxi.

veTanxmebiT im mkvlevarTa mosazrebas, romelTac miaCniaT, rom divanis

didi nawili swored abu saidis "kalams" unda ekuTvnodes.

robaiebis poetikuri analizis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom maTi didi

nawilis riTmuli sqema aris aaba tipis; didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba aaaa

tipis riTmuli sqemis robaiebi. leqsebis ZiriTadi riTma aris boloriTma,

Tumca, leqsebi mdidaria TavriTmebiTa da SidariTmebiT.

riTmul sityvebad semantikurad gansxvavebuli erTgvari fonetikuri

struqturis sityvebi (omonimebi) gvxvdeba Zalzed mcire raodenobiT, aseve

iSviaTia tavtologiebi. 730 robais did umravlesobas sdevs redifi;

redifad gamoiyeneba zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, zmnizeda, nacvalsaxelebi,

Tandebuli ra.

redifebis didi nawili (330) zmnuria – redifis funqcias umetesad

martivi zmnis sxvadasxva gramatikuli kategoriebi asruleben, aris

ramdenime SemTxveva rodesac redifia zmnis udroo forma da Sedgenili

zmna; redifis funqcias zogjer asrulebs rTuli zmna sruli saxiT,

umetesad – mxolod misi zmnuri nawili. gvxvdeba daaxloebiT 60 SemTxveva,

rodesac redifi zmna hasTan-is sxvadasxva gramatikuli formaa. Tandebuli

ra-s redifad xmarebis SemTxveva mxolod 15-a, sxva Tandebulebi redifad ar

gvxvdeba.

abu saidTan sparsuli poetikis iseTi figurebic daiZebneba,

rogorebicaa: Tajnisi (gvxvdeba sruli, grafikuli, gayofili,

163

ganmeorebuli, kudiani da namatiani), muTazzadi, isja, muTadaddi, isTi’ara,

muzaviji, muTanasibi, TaSbihaTi, xaSvi, Tafriq, irsal al-masalain.

abu saidis leqsebSi didi raodenobiT epiTetia, romelTa didi nawili

Sedgenili sityvaa; SedarebiT naklebia Sedarebebi: maT Soris ufro

iSviaTia martivi, absoluturi Sedarebebi; poeti Sedarebas axdens,

ZiriTadad, raime konkretuli qmedebis an movlenis safuZvelze. abu saidTan

gvxvdeba rogorc konkretul-mgrZnobelobiTi, aseve funqciuri Sedarebebi.

Sedarebis obieqtebad ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia mcenareTa da cxovelTa

samyarodan aRebuli leqsika, agreTve, sabrZolo da sayofacxovrebo

sagnebi, anbanis asoebi, ciuri sxeulebi. iSviaTad vxvdebiT metonomiis

nimuSebs da sinekdoxas.

mTlianobaSi, abu saidis lirikaSi poetur xerxebs Soris yvelaze ufro

gavrcelebulia metafora. damaxasiaTebelia gavrcobili, kompleqsuri

metaforuli saxeebi, roca poeti calkeuli metaforuli saxeebis

erTobliobiT qmnis rTul metaforul struqturas.

robaiebis Tematika mravalferovania: didi raodenobiT vxvdebiT

sayofacxovrebo da religiur leqsikas, agreTve, bunebis, cxovelebis,

mcenareebis, Zvirfasi qvebis, ciuri sxeulebis aRmniSvnel sityvebs.

Cven gavaanalizeT abu saidis sufiuri terminebi: Rvinisa da sinaTlis

simbolika, satrfo da masTan dakavSirebuli terminebi, wylis simbolika.

ganvmarteT sufiuri termini-kliSeebi da, SeZlebisdagvarad, gamovikvlieT

abu saidis idumalTmetyvelebis Taviseburebani. leqsebSi xSiria aluziebi

yuranTan. Cans, agreTve, berZnuli filosofiuri azrovnebis kvali (kerZod,

emanaciis doqtrina). abu saidisTvis adamianis mier RmerTis Zieba

simbolurad gamoxatulia, rogorc: satrfosTan SeerTebis molodini;

satrfos bageTagan ukvdavebi wyaros Sesma: naTelisadmi ltolva, roca

mistikoss ipyrobs SiSi, rom mas “frTa ar motexon”; fialidan

iagundisferi Rvinis Sesma; zRvaSi CayvinTva da margalitis mopoveba; gemiT

zRvis usafrTxod gadacurva; vardebis krefa da sxv.

arsebuli masalis mixedviT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom abu saidis

lirikis saxe-simboloTa erTianoba qmnis did baziss Semdgomi saukuneebis

poetebisTvis. am simboloebma ufro rTuli da daxvewili formebi miiRes

164

mogvianebiT, rogorc poeturi, aseve, mistikuri metyvelebis TvalsazrisiT.

magaliTisTvis, sakmarisia aRvniSnoT frinvelis simbolo abu saidTan, rac

ibn sinas naazrevis anareklia mis poeziaSi da am simbolos azrobrivi

datvirTva aTarTan.

Cveni mizani ar yofila TiToueli simbolos ganviTarebis gradaciaTa

gamovlena da Seswavla, rac uTuod saintereso da mniSvnelovani kvlevis

sferoa. Tumca, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom abu saidis divanSi

moqceulia momdevno saukuneebis poetTa SemoqmedebaSi mocemuli saxe-

simboloTa mravalferovneba. ra Tqma unda abu saidi ar yofila pirveli,

vinc satrfialo Janris sparsuli leqsi RvTaebrivi daniSnulebiT

gamoiyena, magram is iyo pirveli moZRvari, vinc aseTi leqsis gamoyeneba

sabolood "daakanona" sufiuri saZmos yoveldRiur praqtikaSi.

165

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