Prepared By:- Mrs. Nupur Naithani. Oxford B.Ed. College, MumbaiUNIT-6CRISIS INTERVENTIONVictims of Abuse Abuse counseling offers victims the chance to talk face-to-face in a safe, non-judgmental environment. Practitioners aim to help the client come to terms with their emotional issues and realize their ability totake controlof their lives. Strong emphasis is placed on personal empowerment.Definition of Abuse

Abuse is a general term used to describe themaltreatmentof an individual by another person. physical, verbal, or emotional maltreatmentcan leave psychological wounds that are harder to heal than bodily injuries. Intense, often negative feelings may plague the survivor, and he or she may struggle to cope and lead a happy, peaceful life. Distressing memories, anxiety,blocks to intimacy, and trust issues are common, althoughmany people are able to overcome or minimize challenges like these.The three most common forms of abuse are emotional, physical and sexual. It can affect anyone, male or female, old or young.Physical abuse usually involves one person causing an injury to another through slapping, hitting, kicking or by the use of an object/weapon.Emotional abuse is another widespread but seldom-reported type of abuse. It includes behavior such as verbal criticism, disapproval or intimidation intended to diminish an individual's feelings of self-confidence and self-worth.

All types of abuse are painful and can cause psychological distress, and it is not uncommon for a victim of abuse to experience more than one type of abuse. For example, someone who wassexually abusedmay have beenemotionally abusedconcurrently. Abuse can occur within anyrelationship construct, whether familial, professional, or social, and it can also occur between strangers.Many forms of abuse are in factabuses of power, in which a person repeatedly attempts to control or manipulate the behavior of another person. Emotional or psychological abuse can include a chronic pattern of criticism, coercion, humiliation, accusation, or threats to ones physical safety, and childhood neglect is also a form of psychological abuse.While abuse in any form can have a negative impact on an individuals life, significant emotional or psychological problems do not necessarily result from every case of abuse. The severity of psychological repercussions can vary depending on many factors, such as how well the victim was associated with the abuser and whether the abuse was recognized or dismissed by the friends and family of the abused.Children who have been sexually, psychologically, orphysically abusedoften experience emotional problems that can affect their academic performance and social skills. As adults, survivors of abuse may experience difficulty maintaining healthy relationships and productivityat work.Survivors of abuse, who are atheightenedrisk for developing mental health issues likedepression, are likely toencounter one or more of the following psychological issues: Anxiety: People who have experienced abuse may be afraid of people or situations that remind them of their abuse experiences. They may be scared to be alone, frightened of strangers, or fearful of sexual intimacy, depending on the nature of the abuse they experienced. Disrupted sleep, compulsive behaviors, panic attacks, and other indications of anxiety are somewhat common in survivors of abuse. Anger: Survivors of abuse may feel intense anger at their abusers, at those who knew of the abuse and failed to intervene, and even at themselves for being abused, particularly when they believe they could or should have stopped it. Anger is a natural and normal response to being abused, and survivors can learn to manage their anger in a constructive manner that will facilitate healing. Dissociation: A lack of feeling, numbness, confusion, and out-of-body experiences mayoccur during or after abuse to help the victim avoid the pain and fear associated with abuse. In rare cases, memories of abuse may be repressed, so that the victim does not have any conscious memory of the abuse. Mood Issues: Depression, irritability, and mood swings affect many survivors ofabuse. Posttraumatic Stress (PTSD): Nightmares, hyper vigilance,flashbacks and other symptoms of PTSD may occur. Survivors are likely to avoid certain settings and situations that remind them of the abuse. Shame: Guilt and shame are often experienced when a survivor believes that he or she deserved the abuse, was responsible for it, or failed to stop it. Challenging these beliefs in therapy can help a person transform these feelings. Self-Destructive Behavior: Sometimes survivors will self-medicate, with drugs or alcohol for example, or engage in self-harm, such as burning or cutting themselves. Other times, people may seek out scenarios in which the abuse is repeated, neglect their personal health and hygiene, or sabotage any potential for success. These behaviors are often representative of low self-esteem, which is a common symptom of abuse. Trust Issues: Learning to trust others after abuse has occurred can be challenging, particularly with regards to intimacy.Psychotherapy for Abuse Survivors Therapy can help a person express and process difficult emotions associated with the abuse, developself-compassionand self-care strategies for managing moments when he or she feelsemotionally overwhelmed, and learn to trust again. Bottom of Form Many therapeutic approaches are suitable for treating a person who has experienced abuse, from narrativetoeye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In addition, therapy may employmindfulnesstechniques, such as meditation, or experiential techniques that incorporate art, journaling etc. Group therapyhas demonstrated effectiveness in providing social support to help abuse survivorscope with and transform their feelings of shame, guilt, and alienation from others as they interact and bond with other people who have lived through similar experiences. For those who fear the vulnerability and exposure they may experience in a group setting, working one-on-one with a therapist can be a more intimate and personalized experience.All victims of abuse are crisis cases with shock, disbelief and denial. all of them therefore should be handled sympathetically with warmth and understanding. The counselor must first assess The gravity of the abuse and assault Extent of damage done to the person and family The duration of the abuse Arrange for the medical help to avert the danger of threat to survival and suicide Help to built a support system around the victim and orient the supporters of likely disorganized changes of behaviors, personality and emotions Use prolonged emotional counseling for catharsis, to help victim deal with emotions of trauma, guilt, regret and disbelief Briefing the victim exercises to reduce the negative impact of trauma, rebuild self esteem and autonomy Help in developing new and healthy coping styles Open the new social world by making new relations, developing hobbies, creatively express ones emotions. and not keep them suppressed In cases of victims, role of family and friends is of maximum importance as they can understand the extent of damage to the psyche of victim. The counselor role is also, do family counseling top sensitize them how to handle the victim and how to reintegrate the person back to normal relations. Counselor can use cognitive behavior therapy help victim to realize that abuse was not his fault. Long term stress management can be done with the help of yoga and meditation.

Disabled

Disabilityis the consequence of an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these. A disability may be present from birth, or occur during a person's lifetime.According to the World Health Organization Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human beingPersons with Disability Act 1995 defined as a person suffering from not less than forty per cent of any disability as certified by a medical authority. The disabilities identified are, blindness, low vision, cerebral palsy, leprosy, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, mental illness and mental retardation as well as multiple disabilities.

Persons with disabilities need guidance and counseling to enable them to be productive participants in society. However, such counseling must be broadly planned and organized to cater for the varied interests of all involved.Develop efficient time competence in students with special needs. Promote capacity for psychological independence in students with special needs. Empower students with special needs to take reasonable initiative to actualize themselves. Make available to them the kind of counseling services that will re-educate their way of judging themselves and others. Develop and improve awareness of their own self and feelings. Promote their ability to express their feelings in spontaneous manner. Empower them to develop confidence and positive regard for themselves in relation to their ability. Develop their acceptance of self despite their deficiencies. Make available to affected students relevant counseling services that will promote cognitive behavioral changes in their approach to life. Create their awareness and positive acceptance of life. Develop meaningful contactful relationships with other human beings. B. Proposed Programme Content/Services To achieve the above stated objectives, the following services, theories and techniques should be incorporated in the programme to enable students to understand themselves, adjust realistically to life and its problems and to become productive and happy members of the society. Orientation services Cognitive behaviour modification Stress and trauma management Self-planning Vocational guidance and counselling Behaviour modification Assertiveness training Social skills training Career day celebrations Psycho-educational counseling