lNTERNAT】ONALASSOCIAT10NOFMAR）TIMEUNIVERS7TIES

PROCEEDrNGSOFJNAUGURALGENERALASSEMBLY

26・29JUNE2000，lSTANBUL，TURKEY

ACADEMICEDUCATIONFORMARINEENGINEERING

ATADVANCEDMARITIMEUNIVERSITIES

T．Nakazawa

KobeUniversltyOfMerchantileMarine，JAPAN

Abstract

AbasicconceptofmarineenglneerSisthat

‘‘marine englneerS have to be able to make

judgements at the time ofincidentsin the

englne rOOm With providing logiCal

explanationstoJuStifytheirchoices”．Byuslng

lhebasicconcept，therelationshipbelWeenthe

Jevelofeducation fbrmarine englneerlng at

advanced maritirne universities／facullies and

thelevelofminimumrequlrementSaCCreditedwith the revised STCW95is discussed．

Consideration toimprove education and

research for marine englneerlngln the near

futureisintroducedinthispaper．TheauthorWOuld alsolike【O PrOPOSe，ftom this

COmparative study，What the education and

research fbr marine englneerlng at advanced

maritimeuniversitiesshouldbe．

1．1ntroduction

According to the Webster’s English

Dictionary（1），Hmarineenglneerlngisdefinedas

a branch of englneerlng that dealswith the

COnStruCtionandoperationofthepowerplant

and othermechanicalequlpmentOfseagolngCra仇，docks，and harborinstallations”．Thus，

marineenglneerlnglSnOtaSimplediscipline

anditsstruCtureis anintegratedenglneerlng

associated with mechanical，Civi1，electrical，

Chemicalenglneerlng，etC．

On the olher hand，the main o切ective of

englneerJnglS，generallyspeaking，tOfindthe

〟〟U血♂〟騨J・dJGg〃emJJg∫抑占ケ

20

OPtlmum SOlution of practical problems by

applying scientific knowledgc and

mathematicalanalysis．ThemajorfullCtionsol、

englneerlngCOnSistofResearch，Dcvelopment，

Design，Construction，Production，OperaLion

andManagement．Inaddition，englneerlnghas

toshowthereasonwhythesolulionisthebest，

FromthestandpointlhatrnarineenglneerlnglS

a branch of englneerlng，itis reasonable10

SuppOrt that these englneerlng funcLions can

alsobeappliedtOmarineenglneerlng・

Marine englneerS On board ship，Who arc

definedas‘‘EngineerOfficers”in Regulatioll

ul of STCW convention，arC basically

responsiblefbrsafbandefficientopcrationas

Well as operation complying with

enviTOnmとntal prolection．Their lasks，

therefore，arein awide range varylng from

WaLchkeeplng tO management Of boLh

machineryandcrewsoftheenginedepartmentOntheship．Additionally，theimr）Ortantnature

Ofmarine englneerSis that marine englneCrS

makejudgements at the time ofaccidents or

incidentsintheenglnerOOmandtoprovidcthc

logiCalexplanations to justify their choices・Thesedefinitionswillbeuseful10COnSiderthe

OPtimum solution of marine englneerlng

education at advanced maritime

universities／faculties．

ぶe∫fo〝Jβ一件br抽g（；用岬j

ヱ・LeYelofEngineerlngEducation

2・l Engineerlngknowledge and academiCprOgramS

Befbre considering thelevel of marine

englneerlng education at advanced maritime

universities／fhculties，it will be useful to

discuss thelevel of englneerlng knowledge

uslngaCertain example・Lelussuppose that

thereisanenglneerlnglaworprlnCiplewhich

StudenlsofthemarineenglneerlngCOUrSeWill

be taught，SuCh as the　鮎stlaw ofthermodynamics or the　Kirchhoff’s current

law・Thelevelofenglneerlngknowledgecan

beclassifiedintofburcategoriesasfbllows；

El：ToknowtheprlnCiple

E2：Tounderstandthepnnciple

E3：ToapplytheprlnCiple

E4‥TofindanewprlnCiple

The knowledge on El means that【he

Sludents know only the name of the

englneerlngprlnCiple．lncontrast，thestudents

OnE2andE3canexplaintheprlnCipletotheir

Juniors since they understand the prlnCiple，

andsomeofthemcanapplytheprlnCipleto

SOIve their problems．Consequently，the

boundarybetweenE2andE3isnotsoclear．

ThestudentsonE4maybeabletofindanew

PrlnCiplebyuslngtheiradvancedenglneerlng

knowledge．Therefbre，a man On E4may be

Called as a researcher rather than a student

SirlCelhe man can seek an englneerlng

PrOblemthathehastosoIve．

On the other hand，aCademic programs of

englneerlr）gSChooIscanalsobeclassifiedinto

fburcategoriesasfbllows；

Al：HighschooIA2：BSc

A3：MSc

A4：PhD

ltisdifficulttodefinethelocationsofthese

boundaries between the above categories

because thelevel・Ofthe academic programs

JJ〟U／〟の唱〟用／G印だ相川∫∫gm的′

21

basicallydependson thepolicyofaschooLTheboundariesbetweentheseeategorieswill

beillustratedin afigureaftercombiningthe

levelofenglneerOfficers・

2．20perationalandManagementLeYels

Marilime universities and technical

institutions related to rnaritime affairs

normally have a marine eng】neerlng COurSe，

which one ofthe purposesis to obtain thc

englneer Officers’license fbr oceangolng

vessels．Therefbre，their academic programshave tObe reflectedin the revised STCW’95．

TograspwhatkindofenglneerOfricers thc

STCW，95really requlreS，WOrds usedin the

Standardofcompetencetables，AvlII／lalldA－

ⅠIU2（2），areCheckedindetails．ThisqultCeaSy

analylic work will glVe uS aPPrOpriatc

SuggeStions・

First，VerbsusedwithhighfrequencyinthcColumnl（Competence）are picked up andlistedinTablel fbrbothA－Ill／1and A－Ili／2．

Secondly，WOrdsusedwithhighfrequencylntheColumn2（Knowledge，understandingand

PrOficiency）areshowninFiguresland2as

barchartswith丘equencyintheperccntageoltotalnumberofthewords．

TbblelTbpthree・rankimgverbsinColumnloftablesA・ⅠIl／1andA－ⅠIl／2

RankingOperational M all三唱emenl

level level

（A－1ⅠⅣ1） （A－111／2）　 －

1 Use M omitor

2 Operate ColltrOl　 T

3 M aintain M ainlain

Astheresultsffomthiswork，thebLlowlngfactsareobtained，namely，COmPetenCefbrthc

OPerationallevelistoUse，tOOperatcand10

Maintainsomething，mOreOVer，theknowledge

OfensurlngthecompetenCeareCOnCernedwith

Systern，Equipment，Operation，Safe，elc・In

COntraSt，COmpetenCefbr【hemanagementlevel

is to Monitor，tO Control and to Maintain

SOmething，While the knowledgeofensurlng

gg∫∫fo′りβ－Ⅳ（〃・晶7gGrrJ叩j

thecompetenceareconcemqdwithOperation，bw／Convenlioq Mainlenance，　System，

Theory，etC・What needs to be emphasizedffom the resultsis that the knowledge with

theoreticalbackground may not always be

needed fbr the englneer OmCerS On the

Operationallevel．

Apart ffom the　minimum standard of

COmpetenCein STCW’95，1et usconsiderthe

knowledgerequiredfbrthemarineenglneerS

Who can make judgementS　wi（hloglCal

explanation．It may be acceptable that the

knowledgeofgivinglogicalexplanationforaCertainenglneenngincidentisnotsoeasyand

thelevelshouldbeoverthelevelofHtoknow

ⅥpLOきh中城

SySlem

Equipment

Operalion

Safe

mnsけUClioII

Machinery

Characterislics

theprlnCiple”・

Tbereisanopm10mtbatamarineenglneer

doesnotalwaysneedtheoreticalknowledgeif

hehasadequateexperience・Butifhemeetsan

incident，Whichhehasnotexperiencedsofar，

andhehasnotheoreticalknowledgeregarding

theincident，thenhewillbeinapanic．This

maybeanacceptablestoryregardingtheway

toHumanError．Theauthor，therefbre，WOuld

liketopolntOutthattheeducationfbrenglneerofficers at maritime universities has to be

higher than the　minimum standard of

COmpetenCeiTI STCW，95・The relationshipamong englneerlng knowledge，aCademic

PrOgramS and eJlglneer Ofncers，levelis

COnCeptuallyillustratedinFig・3・

0　　　　　　0．5　　　　　　1　　　　　1．5　　　　　　2　　　　　　2．5

Frequencyim％

Fig．lKeywordsseIectedn・OmCoIumn20ftableA－ⅠIl／1（Operationallevel）

明p旨已遥

Operalion

bw／Conv．

Mainlenancモ

Syslem

Th¢Ory

Sare

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－■′ tl

l

1

i

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0　　　　　　　0．5　　　　　　　1　　　　　　1．5　　　　　　　2　　　　　　　2．5

FrtquenCyin％

Fig．2Keywordsselected打OmColumn20rtableA・ⅠII／2（Managetnentlevel）

22

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3．Dilemmas

FromLhediscussioninthepreviouschapter，

a dilemmais comlng UP aS anOther subject．The dilemma results h・Om the difference

belween thcl¢Velof acadcmic programs at

maritime u！liversities arld theleVel fbr

englneerOfricers・ltisqulleobvious Lhat the

graduate courses at maritime universities are

notaIwaysneededifthetargetoftheacademicPrOgramSis only fbr obtaining the englneer

OEficers，certificates・BecauseenglneerOfficers

accreditedwithSTCW’95，inparticularonthe

Operationallevel，need the experience to

Operate maChinery on board ship rather than

theknowledgewith【hetheoreticalbackground．

Moreover，Shipowners’dernand for a young

englneer Officeris to be just a110PCratOr

accredited with STCW，95　0f which

requlrementS are fbr the operationallevelLTherefbre，thedilemmais，inotherwords，fbl‘

rrIafitime　脚iv6rSitieS having t如　Fmarine

englneering COurSe．The Sel占ctionlhal伽maritime universities havc to determincis

Whethertobeanadvancedmaritimeuniverslly

havingthemasteranddoctoralcoursesortobe

a traditional maritime tfalnlng SCh（）Olt

Needlesstosay，lhedecisionfbrthisselection

mustbethewaytobeanadvancedmarilimc

university・However，thisdecisionwilllcadlo

theseconddilemma．

Engineeri叩K掴Wled酢 Academicprogram EmgineerOm cer

Tb伽d am帥■pr叩Ciple・

PhD

itl

l

ll

l！llllliltll事lI室M anagem enf

． h Yel

（Doc10rCO眈噂

M Sc

Toapply theprlnCiple （M astercourse）

　 BSc（U ndergraduate

M amagem entb vel

（STCW ，，5）

1㌦ 。erati。。a．

‡ Level

l

Toumderstand仙eprlmCiple COurSe）

O peratiomalL£Yel

（STCW ，95）To know■a prlmCiple HighSchool（pre－UmiYerSity）

Fig・3ReIationamongEngimeeringKnowIedge，AcademicProgramsandEngineeromcers

23

JJ掴U／〝釦g肌′／Ge〝er‘J／力∫飢”叫′ gg∫∫わ〃Jβ一肌JJ有明GJ・の岬j

Theseconddilemmaisforacademicstaffof

the marine englneerlngCOurSe at a maritime

university．AsacademiCstaffatan advancedmaritimeuniversityhavingthegraduatecourse，

theabilitytoundertakeresearchactivitiesand

theoutcomeshasstronglybeenneededfbrtheStaffin charge ofthe department ofmarine

englneerlng．As　Shownin Fig・4，marineenglneerlngis anintegrated englneerlng

associatedwith mechanical，Civil，electriCal，

Chemical englneerlng，etC．1n other words，

marine englneerlng Can be expressed as

interdisciplinary study．Consequently，OnCe

young academic staffin the department of

marine englneerlng StartS Studying marine

englneerlngwithgreatefEbrt，thedirectionofhis or her research activitylS gOlng tO the

COreS Ofother englneerlng aS Shown by the

arrowsin Fig・4because of the nature of

research activities．Therefbre，after several

years，heorshewillbenolongeranexpertof

marine englneerlng but an expert of other

englneerlng．Thisis difnculty fbr academiCStaffat advanced maritime universities to be

anexpertofmarineenglneerlng・

4．ThesolutionS

Them再Orfunctionsofmarineenglneerlng

are Research，　Development，　Design，

ConstruCtion，Production，Operation and

Management，aSdiscussedintheintroduction

Ofthis paper．However，the roles of englne

Officers on board ship are mainly Operation

andManagement，Whichareactuallyonlytwo

Ofthemajorfunctionsofmarineenglneerlng．

Theimportantpointwhich academicstaffin

Charge of marine englneerlng at advanced

maritimeuniversitieshavetonoticeisthatthe

functionsofmarineenglneerlngaSadiscipline

and therolesofenglneerOfncersarenotthe

Same，namelythefbrmerismuchgreaterthanthelatter．

According to the ability as a qualified

englneCrOfncer，Whichistomakejudgement

withlogical explanation，thelevel ofenglneerlng knowledge should be on the

〟〟レ血叫卯mJGe〃erd川∫Jの”叫′

24

undergraduatelevelorbeyond，eVen forthe

operationalleveLItisobviousthatacademiCprograms fbr undergraduates at advanced

maritimeuniversitiesshouldbekeptonhighstandardwithoutbeingdeludedbyminimumrequlrementS・

Fig・4Theconceptormarineenglne併…gaS

aninterdisciplinarystudy

Withoutdoubt，themaintargetofthemarine

englneerlng PrOgramS at advanced maritime

universitieswillbetoeducatethestudentsfbr

the marine englneer Who can contribute the

developmentofmaritimeindustry・Thus，the

departmentofmarineenglneerlngatadvanced

maritime universities should provide the

superintendent englneerS（3）to maritime

industry，Who have adequate experience and

theoreticalknowledgeofbolhenglneerlngand

management・

Ashr as theresearch activities fbrmarine

englneerlng are COnCernedI the marjne

englneerlng Staff at advanced maritime

universitiesshouldhaveatleasttwotypesof

researchprqjects．Thefirstoneisofdealing

withsomewhatspecializedtopics，SOthalthe

StaだcangototheooreSOfotherengln6erlng・

Thesecondoneisthejointresearchofwhich

the members are not only n・Om englneenng，

butalSo ffom otherdisciplines such aslaw，

ge∫∫わ〝Jβ一押b′点間Gr0岬J

economics and sociology．The aspeCtOfthis

SOrt Ofjoint research really shows the same

StruCture Of marifle engmeerlng aS an

interdisciplinarystudy．

5．Condusion

Asacademic staff fbr marine englneerlngeducation at advanced maritime

universilies／faculties，We Should note that

educationfbrmarineenglneerSisonlyapart

Of marine englneerlng．Therefore，the

academic program fbr the department of

marineenglneerlngShouldcontainnotonlythe

educationfbroperation，butalsotheeducation

for research，　development，

COnStruCtionandproductionrelatedto

epglneerlng・The education programs

Superintendent englneerS，Which

marilimeindustry reallY needs，may

most appropriate program fbr the

design，

marlne

br the

recent

be tbe

master

COurSe at advanced maritime

universities／faculties．

The research activities for marine

englneerlngShould beinterdisciplinary study

accordirlg tO the structure of marine

englneerlng．Joint study together　withresearchers from several disciplines may be

themostappropriateresearch10Picsfbrmarine

englneerlng・

Re鮎remces

（1）Webster’s Third New lnternational

Dictionary，Encyclopedia Britanrlica，Inc■，

1985．

（2）STCW1978　as amendedin1995，

1nternationalMaritimeOrganization，1996・

（3）Harrold，A．F．，“TheExecutiveRoleforthe

Marine Engineer”，TransIMarE，Vol，100，

pp，1－4，1988．

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25

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