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Access-to-finance conditions for Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs) and
their academic and industrial partners
March 2017
Or
Main autContribut Superviso
Accesrganisat
thors: A. Verbtors: S. Gigle
or: S. Dustdar
ss to fintions (RT
Euro
beek and L. Ber and P. Brze
r
ance foTOs) an
p
F
P
Europ
DG Rese
Innovatiopean Invest
usato zicka
Luxem
or Reseand their partners
Final Repo
Prepared for
pean Comm
earch and In
By:
ion Finance tment Bank A
bourg, March
arch and academs
ort
r:
mission
nnovation
Advisory Advisory Ser
h 2017
d Technmic and
rvices
nology d indust
1
rial
Forewo
Research
landscap
essentia
they ste
investme
competi
Access to
all comp
Europea
has show
ways of
improvin
This stud
rapidly. W
future cr
business
to divers
industry
of grant
The EIB
joined fo
Thanks t
attention
collabora
support
skills, of
Europea
innovativ
As the E
is ideally
existing
their fun
project p
bring inn
ord
h and Tech
pe. They brin
l connection
eer from lab
ent gap in E
tiveness and
o adequate f
panies, and
n Associatio
wn in initiati
f broadening
ng the financ
dy shows th
While grants
reates challe
s modelling a
sify funding s
and thus ge
funding by R
Group and t
orces to give
to Horizon 20
n and skills
ation. As a
this transfo
f which EUR
n Fund for
ve ideas and
U bank, we
y placed to h
range of fin
nding possibi
proposals an
novative idea
hnology Org
ng together i
n between r
boratory to
Europe, in pa
d will underp
finance deliv
especially
on of Resear
ng the Innov
g access to
cial environm
at the Europ
s are, and w
enges. This m
and the enha
sources, whi
enerate addi
RTOs may he
the European
e life to mor
020 support
s, and I w
proactive fi
rmation pro
R 4.9 billion
r Strategic
d deliver in th
understand
help RTOs in
ancial instru
ilities. I exten
nd look forw
as to market
anisations (
ndividuals fr
research and
market. Th
articular in i
pin sustainab
vered via app
for innovat
ch and Tech
vFin Advisory
finance for
ment in which
pean (public
ill remain, an
may, howeve
anced knowl
le Open Inno
tional stream
elp attract co
n Commissio
e than EUR
, this study h
ish hereby
inancier of
ocess. In 201
was direct
Investments
his sector.
the challeng
n their quest
uments to de
nd a warm in
ward to deve
.
(RTOs) play
rom across th
d industry. T
heir role is
nnovation, a
ble growth an
propriate ch
tive ones. I
hnology Orga
y mandate w
r its membe
h they opera
c) funding lan
n important
er, also crea
ledge and ex
ovation will
ms of incom
omplementa
on Directorat
25 billion of
has been ab
to thank
R&D and in
15 alone, we
ed to the R
s have sign
ges that man
t for new fu
eliver advice
nvitation to E
eloping our
W
P
a pivotal
he innovatio
They help b
consequent
an area whic
nd job creati
annels is an
would the
anisations (E
which led to
ers, EARTO
ate.
ndscape for
source of fin
te new oppo
xpertise of th
help RTOs to
e. An optim
ry sources of
te General fo
f investment
le to benefit
Commission
novation, th
e invested EU
RDI sector. T
ificantly bo
ny RTOs face
nding mode
and produc
EARTO mem
engagemen
Werner Hoye
President of t
role in the
n chain, prov
breathe life i
ly vital in a
ch is so criti
on.
essential con
refore like
EARTO) for t
this report.
has taken a
R&D and in
nancing for R
ortunities, as
he financial c
o become ev
ised use and
f return‐base
or Research
under the I
t from the ap
er Moedas
he EIB group
UR 18.7 billio
Tools such a
osted our
in raising fin
ls. We are r
cts which wil
bers to cont
t as in a joi
er
the European
e European
viding a dyn
into the ide
a context of
ical to our lo
ndition of su
to congratu
the leadersh
In seeking to
a vital step
nnovation is
RTOs, their u
s new and o
community
ven more rel
d effective le
ed financing
and Innovat
nnovFin pro
ppropriate re
for the ex
p intends to
on in innova
as InnovFin
capacity to
nance. The E
ready to buil
ll help RTOs
tact the EIB w
nt effort we
n Investment
2
business
amic and
as which
f a wide
ong‐term
uccess for
ulate the
ip that it
o identify
towards
changing
uncertain
optimised
may help
evant for
everaging
.
tion have
ogramme.
esources,
xcellence
o further
ation and
and the
support
EIB Group
ld on our
optimise
with their
e seek to
t Bank
Stateme
I would
carrying
The miss
the serv
they act
the inno
organisa
facilitate
EARTO m
impact o
the fund
beneficia
Europea
three ne
return o
The rece
financial
technolo
research
commer
It is enco
see grea
ways wh
ent by Com
like to than
out this stud
sion of Resea
ice of innova
t as hubs wi
ovation cycle
ations; reven
e a virtuous c
members ar
on innovatio
ding grante
aries under
n Union: an
ew jobs else
f €3.8.
ent move by
lly supporte
ogy transfer
h to for‐prof
rcialisation vi
ouraging to s
at opportunit
hich they had
mmissioner
nk EARTO an
dy developed
arch and Tec
ation, to imp
thin the inn
e from funda
nues from co
cycle of inves
re involved i
n. Our figure
d under Ho
the progra
EARTO stud
ewhere and
y RTOs to pu
ed by the n
r by financin
fit entities.
ia a spinout
see that RTO
ties in this p
d never befo
Moedas
nd the Europ
d under the
chnology Org
prove quality
ovation eco
mental rese
mmercial ex
stment.
in all parts o
es show that
orizon 2020
amme. RTOs
y has conclu
that for eve
ursue marke
new InnovFi
ng the tran
The financin
or, where ap
Os are pro‐ac
eriod of cha
re imagined.
pean Investm
InnovFin – E
ganisations (
y of life and b
o‐system, bri
earch to com
xploitation a
of Horizon 2
t by June 20
0 up to the
s are prom
uded that in
ery public €
et‐oriented in
in Equity fi
sfer of the
ng covers th
ppropriate, t
ctively lookin
ange to capit
.
C
C
In
ment Bank (
EU Finance fo
RTOs) is to h
build econom
nging togeth
mmercialisatio
re used to fu
2020, strong
016 EARTO m
en, while re
oting growt
2014 each jo
1 invested i
nnovation a
nancial inst
results of
he pre‐seed
hrough licen
ng at new wa
talise on the
Carlos Moeda
Commissione
nnovation
Innovation F
or Innovators
harness scien
mic competit
her key inno
on. They are
und new inno
gly contribut
members had
epresenting
th and job
ob in an RTO
n an RTO, g
nd support t
rument. Th
publicly fun
stage of pr
ncing.
ays of funding
ir specific kn
as
er for Researc
Finance Adv
s advisory m
nce and tech
tiveness. Inc
ovation acto
e generally n
ovation cycle
ting to incre
d received 7
only 1% o
creation ac
O generated
governments
their spinoff
is aims to
nded and pe
roof of con
g. It is clear
now‐how an
ch, Science a
3
isory) for
andate.
nology in
creasingly
ors across
on‐profit
es and to
easing its
.7% of all
f all the
cross the
a total of
s made a
fs can be
facilitate
erformed
cept and
that they
d skills in
and
Stateme
ResearchThey focinnovati
RTOs areand/or nindustria
The finaare askiresearchreadines
In order and a haof the nthe fund
While loEIB finan
This repexplore see that
Our chalearning instrumeactors sutheir discoherencomprehhand tog
Many thforward
ent by the P
h and Techncus on applieons (TRL 9) t
e non‐profit national goveal partners.
ncing modelng the impah. The challess of the mar
to tackle thialf on learninew Juncker ding of resea
ans are no oncing tools as
ort presentsnew ways ofa first group
llenge now curve. In th
ents will be uch as RTOssposal. The t way posshension on bgether to cre
hanks again to discussin
President o
nology Orgaed research that benefit s
organizatioernments as
l of the Euroact questionenge is to crket to turn t
is challenge, ng from eachPlan in 2015rch.
options for ths a possible c
s an interestf financing thp of EARTO m
will be to fohe current ekey for our are the onerole of policible. Open both sides aneate a more e
to the EIB g and workin
of EARTO
nizations (RTand partnersociety and s
ns which finwell as thro
pean R&I syn and want close the gathese results
EARTO and h other’s bus5 which rela
he majority ocomplement
ting tool sethe technologmembers is a
ollow the vaeconomic anfuture. Suches to create cy‐makers isdialogue annd to suppoefficient R&I
and the EC ng further on
TOs) play a r with compastrengthen t
nance their bough publicly
stem is increto see a hip between s into innova
the EIB havesiness approunched also
of the RTOs, t to the fund
t, which invigy transfer oalready looki
arious discusnd political Eh joint efforsynergy by
s to proposend exercisesrt that R&I aI system in ti
for having n the finding
crucial roleanies to tranhe European
business throy funded rese
easingly gettgher or fastthe availabitive product
e been workiach. This eff the debate
many EARTOding options a
ites the EARn its way to ng very serio
ssions starteEuropean corts are steppusing the vae the propers such as tactors as weime where re
supported tgs in this repo
e in Europe'snsform originn economy.
ough base fuearch and co
ing under prter return oility of reseats or services
ng together ort was triggon using loa
O members at hand.
RTO memberthe market. ously into the
d and to gentext, coherping stones iarious fundinr tools in thhis one wilell as policy mesources are
this joint effort.
Frank Tr
Presiden
s innovationnal ideas (TR
unding fromontract resea
ressure. Stakon the invesarch results s.
for more thgered by theans versus g
consider som
rs and EIB toAnd we are ese new opt
et jointly thrrence of R&in this direcng tools whie most efficll be key tomakers worke getting limi
fort! We are
reppe
nt EARTO
4
n system. RL 1) into
regional arch with
keholders tment in and the
an a year e creation grants for
me of the
o further happy to ions.
ough the I funding tion: R&I ch are at cient and o ensure k hand in ited.
e looking
Acknow
We wou
contribu
In partic
and Tech
Policy O
like to t
feedback
and bilat
At the E
Departm
wledgement
uld like to tak
uted to this s
cular we wou
hnology Org
fficer) for th
thank the m
k and inspiri
teral intervie
European Inv
ment, the EIB
ts
ke this oppo
tudy.
uld like to ex
ganisations (E
heir active an
members of
ing discussio
ews.
vestment Ba
B Project Dire
rtunity to ex
xpress our si
EARTO), Mu
nd dedicated
the EARTO
ons, and all t
ank Group (E
ectorate and
xpress our gr
incerest tha
riel Attané (
d support th
Working Gr
the individu
EIB Group),
the Europea
ratitude to th
nks to the E
(Secretary G
roughout th
oup Financi
al RTOs that
we would li
an Investme
hose who su
uropean Ass
eneral) and
he study. Fur
al Experts fo
t have partic
ke to thank
nt Fund.
upported and
sociation of
Talita Soare
rthermore, w
or their con
cipated in th
k the EIB Op
5
d actively
Research
es (Senior
we would
nstructive
he survey
perational
Disclaime
This repoEuropeanherein, innecessariherein mEIB, by thcurrent awarrantythe EC orcontainedlegal, or sought sesubject to
European
er:
ort should notn Commissionncluding inteily correspond
may differ fromhe EC or by oat the date oy, express or imr by other EUd herein and tax advice, neparately befo prior written
n Investment
t be referred n (EC) or of orpretation(s) d to the viewm views set oother EU institof publicationmplied, is or wU institutions any such liabnor shall be rfore taking ann authorisatio
Bank
to as represeother Europeof regulations of EIB, of thut in other dotutions and bn set out abowill be made aand bodies inbility is expresrelied upon any action bason from the au
nting the viewean Union (EUns, reflect thehe EC or of otocuments, incbodies. Conteove, and maand no liabilityn respect of tssly disclaimeas such advicesed on this reuthors.
ws of the EuroU) institutionse current viether EU institcluding similants of this repy change wity or responsibthe accuracy ed. Nothing ine. Specific preport. Reprod
opean Investms and bodiesws of the auutions and bor research paport, includinthout notice. bility is or will or completenn this report cofessional adduction, publi
ment Bank (E. Any views uthor(s), whicodies. Views apers, publishng views expreNo represen be accepted ness of the inconstitutes indvice should aication and re
6
IB), of the expressed ch do not expressed hed by the essed, are ntation or by EIB, by formation vestment, always be eprint are
List of a
AC
CEBF
CEF
CMU
EARTO
EIB
EIF
EC
EFSI
ERIC
ESFRI
FCF
FOAK
FP
H2020
HC
IIC
IFA
IP
JV
LSI
MIN./MA
MS
NPI
PE
RI
RDI
R&D
RSFF
RTO
SET
SME
SPV
TBD
TRL
TT
TTO
abbreviatio
AX.
ns
Assoc
Conne
Conne
Capita
Europ
Europ
Europ
Europ
Europ
Europ
Europ
Free c
for an
maint
First‐o
Frame
Horizo
Innova
Head
Infrast
Innova
progra
Intelle
Joint v
Large‐
Minim
Europ
Nation
level w
mand
Privat
Resea
Resea
Resea
Risk S
Resea
Sustai
Small
Specia
To be
Techn
Techn
Techn
iated countrie
ecting Europe
ecting Europe
al Markets Un
ean Associati
ean Investme
ean Investme
ean Commiss
ean Fund for
ean Research
ean Strategy
cash flow (also
nalysis is cash
ain its current
of‐a‐Kind
ework Program
on 2020 progr
ation
count
tructure for In
ation Finance
amme
ectual propert
venture
‐Scale Infrastr
mum/maximum
ean Union Me
nal Promotion
with financing
ate from the r
e equity
rch infrastruc
rch, developm
rch and devel
haring Financ
rch and Techn
nable Energy
and medium‐
al purpose veh
defined
nology Readine
nology transfe
nology transfe
es
Broadband F
Facility
ion
on of Researc
ent Bank
ent Fund
sion
Strategic Inve
h Infrastructur
Forum on Res
o referred to
h flow from o
t growth. Rati
mme
ramme, the EU
nnovation and
Advisory, Eur
ty
ructure
m
ember State
nal Institution
g activities and
relevant auth
cture
ment and inno
lopment
e Facility
nology Organ
Technologies
‐sized enterpr
hicle
ess Level
er
er organisation
acility
ch and Techno
estments
re Consortium
search Infrast
as CF in figur
operations les
ing agencies u
U Framework
d Commercial
ropean Invest
or Bank, acti
d that has a de
ority
ovation
isation
s
rises
n
ology Organisa
m
ructures
res and tables
ss capital exp
use adjusted d
Programme f
isation
ment Bank, H
ng on a local,
evelopmental
ations
s): the essenc
penditures ne
definitions of
for Research a
Horizon 2020
regional or na
l and/or prom
7
ce of FCF
eeded to
FCF
and
ational
motional
Table o
1. E
2. I
2.1. B
2.2. O
2.3. A
2.4. G
3. R
3.1. A
3.2. R
3.3. T
4. M
4.1. S
4.2. P
5. R
5.1. P
5.2. T
6. R
6.1. M
6.2. F
6.3. R
6.4. C
7. P
7.1. R
7.2. F
7.3. A
7.4. W
8. C
Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
of Conten
Executive su
Introduction
Background .
Objectives an
Approach an
Guide for the
Role and imp
About Resea
RTOs and the
The size of th
Market cons
Size,income
Pastandfut
RTOs’ projec
Project‐level
The role of fi
RTOs busine
Mapping RTO
Funding gap
RTOs’ busine
Consideratio
Potential EIB
RTO projects
Financing tra
Addressing R
Way forward
Conclusions
– EIB instrum
– Presentat
– Relevant E
nts
mmary .......
n ...................
....................
nd key activi
nd methodolo
e reader ......
portance of R
arch and Tech
e Technology
he European
sultation resu
eanddebtch
tureinvestm
ct and access
l challenges .
inancial flexi
ss model ver
O access to f
implications
ess model, fin
ons for third p
B Group finan
s ‐ Identificat
ack record an
RTOs’ structu
d. A multi‐lev
and recomm
ments applie
ion of the EI
EIB Group/EC
....................
....................
....................
ities ..............
ogy ..............
....................
RTOs ............
hnology Orga
y Readiness L
RTO market
ults ..............
haracteristic
ents:needsa
s to finance c
....................
ibility and op
rsus ability to
finance barri
s of business
nancial flexib
party debt ca
ncing solutio
tion of access
nd fitness of
uring funding
vel exercise t
mendations ..
ed/potential
F’s technolog
C financial in
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
anisations (R
Levels (TRL)
t ..................
....................
cs .................
andfunding
challenges ...
....................
ptimisation in
o attract fina
iers – a two‐l
s model inno
bility and pro
apital raising
ons ...............
s to finance
f selected exis
g gap via EIB
to address th
....................
ly applicable
gy transfer s
nstruments ..
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
RTOs) ...........
....................
....................
....................
....................
sources ......
....................
....................
n supporting
ancing ..........
level split fun
vation ..........
oject financin
g. Credit risk
....................
clusters .......
sting financi
B instruments
he split fundi
....................
e to RTO proj
support sche
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
RTOs’ missio
....................
nding gap ...
....................
ng implicatio
...................
....................
....................
al instrumen
s ..................
ng gap ........
....................
jects and wa
mes ............
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
on ...............
....................
....................
....................
ons ...............
....................
....................
....................
nts ...............
....................
....................
....................
ay forward ‐ t
....................
....................
8
............ 9
.......... 23
.......... 23
.......... 24
.......... 26
.......... 29
.......... 31
.......... 31
.......... 33
.......... 35
.......... 37
.......... 37
.......... 39
.......... 45
.......... 45
.......... 48
.......... 50
.......... 50
.......... 52
.......... 53
.......... 57
.......... 60
.......... 60
.......... 63
.......... 75
.......... 78
.......... 83
tables 95
.......... 98
........ 104
1. Exe
Key mes
RTOs
acade
RTOs g
Grant
overa
techno
The E
availab
new o
comm
includ
These
non‐co
comp
This is
For so
to rep
marke
streng
more
Finan
levera
projec
know‐
how a
RTOs
mixin
produ
comm
ecutivesum
ssages
fulfil a cru
emia and by a
generated tot
ts are, and
all funding m
ology develop
European (pu
bility of grant
opportunitie
munity. Thes
e products su
changes pro
ommercially
plementary s
s expected to
ome RTOs exis
position part
et‐driven pers
gthen the rela
commercial ty
ncial knowle
aged in the
ct and financia
‐how into the
and as such de
should consid
ng grant and
cts and advi
munity in the d
mmary
ucial role in
dding value a
tal value adde
will remain
mix, especia
pment.
blic) funding
ts (especially
es and sourc
se sources sp
uch as Venture
vide the opti
viable activit
sources of r
further streng
sting busines
of the curre
spective. The
ations with in
ypes of financ
dge and tec
innovation
al structuring.
e financial and
evelop new se
der to what e
d repayable
isory services
discussion of c
Europe’s R
across the ent
ed of EUR 14b
n, a critical
lly for core
landscape f
core funding
ces of (repa
pan from deb
e Capital and T
on to use gra
ies, and leve
return‐based
gthen the grow
ss model cou
ent activities
evolution of
ndustry and ge
cing for curren
chnological u
ecosystem.
. Second, fina
d due‐diligenc
ervices and ass
extent their c
sources of f
s and welco
concrete inves
R&D and inn
tire innovatio
bn.
and fundam
activities like
for R&D and
) is becoming
yable) finan
bt to quasi‐e
Technology T
ants even “sm
erage them
d financing (
wth‐driven fu
uld be furth
and, where
Open Innov
enerate new
nt and future
understandi
First, not all
ncial players s
ce process. R
sociated strea
current fina
financing. Th
mes the opp
stment plans a
novation sy
on value chain
mental sourc
e competence
innovation
g increasingly
ncing are be
quity and eq
ransfer Funds
marter”, i.e. e
even bette
(as provided
unding models
her optimise
possible, intr
vation may p
income strea
investments.
ing are impo
RTOs may ha
should be sup
TOs could pla
ams of income
ncing mix ca
e EIB Group o
portunity to
and projects.
ystem by bri
n. In 2014 alo
ce of financ
e building an
is changing r
uncertain bu
coming avai
quity financia
s.
ven further, f
er towards t
by the EIB Gr
s (“1+1=3”) of
d and comp
roduce a mo
provide oppo
ams that could
ortant and s
ave the neces
pported by bri
ay a role in p
e.
an be broad
offers a broad
further enga
dging industr
ne, the nine
cing in the
nd, albeit pa
rapidly. The
ut at the same
ilable to the
al instrument
for the financ
the attracti
roup, for exa
f several RTOs
plemented in
re commerci
ortunities to f
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fit from a wi
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to be fully re
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tor of the re
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r institution
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all risk profi
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cornerstone
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technology
ng in these
from EIF inv
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help them to
y Innovation
tia. The first
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ent Adviso
ther optimisr to grasp t
s model and
s to allow
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g of the risk
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schemes re
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ons at the inv
t risk assessm
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expected to
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lso knowledg
hodologies a
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echnology an
16
e investor
re of the
nvestors.
transfer,
projects
vestment
nex 2 for
o improve
n Finance
concerns
erns the
ssistance
ory Hub
sing and the new
d funding
them to
f existing
of new
profile of
ed to be
equires a
the RTO
vestment
ment and
the risk
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ge of the
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ensure a sup
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rants becom
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do more to f
preneurial) i
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generating n
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y) may introd
should suuments throbility criteri
involve inno
turing unique
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ding long an
ructure proj
out existing f
ucts/blending/inn
ers involved
providing a p
and adviso
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ending on t
ne of the act
trajectories
d co‐investm
model. Open10 to RTOs m
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ase of First O
connecting
pportive and
s smart as etence buils of repaya
mes more un
ng more inc
n is perhap
further optim
in order to
ailability of g
the (future
ledge develo
nd Chapter 5
nature. RTO
repayable so
lso address t
duce to a pro
pport RTOough bettea.
ovations acr
e risk and in
specific and
nd ultra‐long
jects, and to
inancial instr
novfin/
d have a rol
platform for
ors. Europea
ng in place th
the maturity
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n innovation
may provide
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Of A Kind ‐ F
role) is imp
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possible tlding and tble finance
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ps adequate
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grants requir
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a role here
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tivity across
FOAK) and th
ortant in or
nancing ecos
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rivate source
for long‐ter
ovate in the
heir finance
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e to grant (n
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al refinancing
mise the uge of the av
sharing com
arriers. The
ding gaps. T
ncing for te
xtent infrast
ould be even
n supporting
exchange an
and/or reg
entives and
e underlying
e as well, as
mentioned
e RTO ecosy
industry inc
ess opportun
s technology
hus also amo
der to be ab
ystem.
inance actidevelopme
nts for core
es. This often
rm strategic
ir business m
e mix with
tion in their
olio and the
, lower TRL
non‐refundab
finance pro
ative and lo
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mmon fundin
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The EIB alrea
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tructure for
better disse
g the RTOs t
nd guiding of
gional policy
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g project In
it already d
above).
ystem could
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nities and st
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ong RTOs th
ble to comp
ivities that ent) and to
e funding), R
n brings alon
c R&D progr
model (e.g. b
repayable
use by for e
e finance p
levels and/o
ble) financin
ojects at hig
nger‐term so
hort‐term gra
ting EIB Gnancial instr
ng challenge
ematic instr
ady has a so
evelopment
innovation
eminated to
17
to do so.
f RTOs to
y makers
the right
nnovation
does in a
d also be
utsources
reams of
s, supply
emselves
pete on a
are not o pull in
RTOs are
ng a more
ramming.
by making
sources.
xample a
portfolio.
or special
ng due to
gher TRL
ources of
ants (due
roup/EC ruments
es and in
uments 10F
11
olid track
projects,
projects.
RTOs. To
achie
Euro
to in
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them
The
size,
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with
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to fo
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asse
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h Innovation
ne the poten
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ection 7.4 w
essment of t
e added of
eme.
ein we distin
ck 1: Further
ed on the ex
following d
rument‐spec
- Potentia
projects
co‐lendi
gure 2: Illust
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concept
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ARTO, the E
nal and regio
disseminatio
ontact hubs
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unity is a hig
so are its pr
findings sug
Finance Adv
ntial necessa
s’ access to f
we summarise
he fitness o
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r assessmen
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deserves fur
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al setup of a j
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ng facility cu
trative layou
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ng facility cu
IB Group (th
onal policy m
n about rep
could also
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gest that a
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financial inst
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tailor‐made
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to overcom
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ward):
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hows an illus
urrently in pla
ut ‐ Co‐lendin
a thematic
ows an illust
urrently in pla
hrough the
makers all ha
payable finan
play a key
es that can p
r universe, w
sequently, a
concentratio
rovide an ad
improvemen
truments.
inary propos
ted) financia
RTO Co‐inv
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me certain po
ration in pa
nd EIB Co‐len
strative layou
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ng Fund
c Investmen
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Innovation
ve a role to p
ncial instrum
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provide this i
with differen
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dequate fram
nt in the exis
sals for ways
al instrumen
vestment Fun
nd feasibility
otential barr
articular (Se
nding Fund, d
ut of the po
ussed in det
nt Platform
ut of the pote
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Finance Adv
play. For exa
ments and th
r by provid
nformation.
nt objectives
ts‐all solutio
s through EA
mework to fu
ting instrum
s forward in
ts and of th
nds and an
y of setting
riers facing R
e Section 7
dedicated to
tential solut
ail in Chapte
following t
ential solutio
ail in Chapte
visory mand
ample, when
heir eligibility
ding the info
s, scope, leg
on or addre
ARTO in coo
urther invest
ments, which
connection
he assessme
Investment
up new inst
RTOs/RTOs’
7.4 and Tab
o the financin
tion based o
er 7.
the broadba
on based on
er 7.
18
date) and
it comes
y criteria,
ormation
gal forms,
ess is not
rdination
igate and
is critical
with the
nt of the
Platform
truments
projects.
ble 7 for
ng of RTO
n the SPI
and fund
the CEBF
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-
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12 Including Readines
gure 3: Illust
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indepen
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ransfer.
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12 o
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Annex 2 for
between TRL 3 to
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other actors)
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ntation, inclu
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23
dominant
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24
European
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ment Plan
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Figure 5:
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25
partners
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Figure 6:
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ficers from t
nhofer (Ger
ted Kingdom
visory agreem
ity. The aim
s models, t
tial EIB adv
er discussed
siness case t
s. Finally, it
ng and build
SMEs.
to inform an
with the EIB
onferences b
y 2016
nds, April 201
ril 2016
an, Spain, M
ngs, a Briefi
opean econo
tion with IFA
p; 2) RTOs, E
UR 100m or
ake debt fina
‐up by the EA
ps and confe
pth bilateral
the geograph
many), TNO
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ment signed
of these bila
to discuss
isory manda
in Chapter 4
to justify loa
was highligh
ding demons
nd mobilise
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bringing toge
16
May 2016
fing Note to
omy and the
A, and target
EARTO mem
r above) to
ancing on bo
ARTO Secret
erences (mor
consultatio
hical teams.
O (Netherlan
Finland). The
between IF
ateral discuss
possible inv
ates and EI
4.
28
ns, while
hted that
strations,
the RTO
nvestors,
ether the
o the EIB
potential
ted three
bers and
suggest
oard; 3) a
tariat and
re details
ns (on a
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nds), CEA
e Swedish
A and SP
sions was
vestment
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venture)
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transfer
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discussio
main fun
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Relevant
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access t
activities
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serve the
sult of these
ngoing) deals
ucture (for d
nt energy sy
ry (exploratio
) of a new ge
s and partne
her RTOs are
ond working
ond meeting
er 2015. Du
support sch
gence proces
o‐finance stu
ral investmen
on pointed o
nding source
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elopment of
his activity th
elopment of
ropean Comm
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rd working g
this meeting
t comments
uide for the
ort presents
o finance fo
s and impac
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5 provides
on the parti
presents the
tive overview
e financing n
e bilateral co
s with a pla
evelopment
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eneration of
ers involved c
(at the time
group meeti
g with the w
uring that w
hemes and a
ss. Subseque
udy. The rem
nt cases by
out that debt
es of investm
n and final re
(draft) final
he different
the (draft) fi
mission and
roup meeting
group meeti
g IFA presen
and suggest
e reader
s the key fin
or RTOs. Cha
t. Chapter 4
ions. As the
a review of
cularities of
e two key fu
w and discu
needs of RTO
onsultations
anned inves
and demon
uding smart g
ncerns the c
manufactur
cannot be re
of publicatio
ing
working gro
workshop, re
associated fi
ently, IFA exp
mainder of th
RTOs (there
t financing p
ments were eq
eporting
report
results and i
inal report w
the RTO com
g
ng took pla
nted and di
ions were ta
ndings, concl
apter 3 pres
4 presents th
financing of
f risks and p
the RTO bu
unding gaps
ssion of the
Os.
s, IFA develo
tment relat
nstration pur
grids, advan
commercialis
ring technolo
evealed. Besi
on of this re
oup was org
epresentativ
nancing pro
plained the s
he workshop
eby sharing e
plays little to
quity (own r
insights were
which was fu
mmunity – se
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iscussed the
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sents furthe
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port) ongoin
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resources) an
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eptember 20
e key results
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recommend
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re for innov
itigating fact
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ese can be m
IB financial i
roject Advis
expansion of
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heating and
out/SPV thro
fidentiality re
oncrete case
ng.
russels (EAR
e EIF presen
some of the
reliminary in
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on barriers,
the capital st
nd grants.
egrated and
sed with all r
016 (EARTO
s with the
alisation of t
ations of IFA
d on RTOs,
O market co
ation is a key
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mitigated. Ch
instruments
sory trajecto
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RTO premise
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key steps o
nsights of the
tation and d
, enablers, e
tructure and
analysed. T
relevant stak
premises, B
RTO workin
the report.
A’s advisory
their key p
onsultation,
y challenge f
to these. C
attract finan
hapter 7 pro
and how th
29
ories. The
nnovation
nergy and
e second
ntial joint
names of
scussions
es) on 16
chnology
of the EIF
e ongoing
iscussion
etc.). This
d that the
his led to
keholders
Brussels).
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work on
rocesses,
including
for RTOs,
Chapter 6
cing. The
ovides an
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valorisat
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apter also in
tion of IP (in
Chapter 8 pro
ncludes a di
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ovides key co
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o addressing
onclusions a
n how the E
g technology
and recomme
European Inv
y transfer ch
endations.
vestment Fu
hallenges) st
und can sup
temming fro
30
pport the
om RTOs.
3. Rol
3.1.
Accordin
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and build
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acts.”
variety of a
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artner with
ors in an at
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)
about 350
de research
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from munic
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ttempt to ad
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vity is educa
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e RDI and in
re mission
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chnological
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her produce
TOs occupy
ssioner for R
vide researc
mitigating th
research res
mpanies, uni
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and tech
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f technologie
e industry p
ddress diffe
er definition of reassociated with
31
arch and
elopment,
ation, but
oods and
nnovation
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lity of life
research,
ns in the
ms and by
ers to go
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sults into
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gional to
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roadly correl
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32
n types of
emination
o‐market
s country
regional,
ate in the
maximise
ion plans
g them to
niversities
rs, guest
ies, joint
ues from
hapter 4).
ates with
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funding (
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33
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he TRL scale
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34
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35
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ver of EUR 6b
induced effe
rated by RT
over EUR 1.1
ese numbers
e importanc
oup that was set ities, contract resix RTOs where va
int of the nin
P 28F
29), which r
225 860 job
urn correspo
nt of the nin
f the RTOs,
a direct tur
rect econom
Os, led to the
bn and indir
ect, a third e
TOs in the e
1bn in turn le
s clearly ind
ce of sustain
up for this study.search and spin‐oalue added is kno
36
ne largest
represent
bs in head
onding to
ne largest
the nine
rnover of
mic effect,
e creation
ect value
economic
economy,
eading to
icate the
ning their
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4. Mar
4.1.
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average
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neverthe
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significa
different
among t
EUR 916
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with priv
RTOs an
number
balance
debt fin
whether
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broader
lack of d
32 In this secincluding primary o
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34 Corrected
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36 Calculatio
rketconsu
Size,incom
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riat which in
design is dis
nfidential bas
European RT
about 1 000
size the insi
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energy and
ure, etc.
hip structure
at the ow
rivate owne
ntly and rep
t groups of R
the RTOs su
6m, as comp
e, the total as
vate RTOs re
nd EUR 512m
of employee
sheet capita
ancing com
r spin‐off fina
f debt financ
privately ow
liquidity pla
detail disclos
ction, when refer as such other flooperations. has not been incd for one very larg that RTOs interpoperations. ons based on the
ultationre
meanddebt
ow‐up of th
vited and en
cussed in Se
sis to the sur
TOs that coo
0 employees
ights obtain
e those acti
climate, life
e
nership stru
ership struc
resents diffe
RTOs, rangin
urveyed, we
pared to EU
sset size of R
eporting ave
m for mixed
es as compa
al structure o
pared to pu
ancing has b
cing
wned RTOs,
anning) is se
ure/break‐d
rring to revenuesows in addition to
luded in the mainrge RTO (an “outlpreted revenues
average yearly r
sults 31F
32
tcharacter
he survey w
ncouraged it
ction 2.2.). I
rvey32F
33 with v
perated are
with approx
ed may not
ve in a wide
sciences, ICT
ucture, six R
cture. Their
erent ranges
ng from EUR
e see that p
UR 757m and
RTOs also va
erage yearly
ownership
red to priva
of most RTOs
ublic and mi
een account
short‐term
emingly dom
own of RTOs
and income, it so the amount of c
n analysis but is rier” in terms of sas the total amou
evenues of RTOs
ristics
ere impleme
ts members
In total, 14 E
varying degre
relatively la
ximately EUR
t be represe
e range of c
T and micro
RTOs have
size, in te
of the mark
R 6m to EUR
public RTOs
d EUR 89m
ries significa
y assets of E
RTOs. Publ
te and mixe
s surveyed (o
ixed owners
ted for and if
debt financ
minant, as p
s’ balance sh
hould be noted tcash generated b
referred to in comsize), the Helmhount of cash gene
surveyed betwe
ented in clo
to share the
European an
ees of detail.
rge in terms
R 150m33F
34 in
entative of t
countries an
electronics,
a public, si
erms of rev
ket. Annual a
454m. As fu
generate to
for private
antly and ran
UR 840m co
icly owned
d RTOs. Wh
over 80%), p
ship RTOs (r
f so, if in full)
cing (potent
er the figure
heets, the re
that RTOs may haby the sale of prod
mparison when reltz Association. rated by the sale
en 2012 and 201
ose cooperat
eir views by
d one Taiwa
s of employe
revenues 34F
35).
he RTO sect
d technolog
space and a
ix a private
venues and
average reve
urther illustra
otal average
and mixed
nges from EU
ompared to
RTOs also r
ilst debt play
rivate RTOs
results could
).
tially for wo
e below. Ho
efinancing ris
ave used a broadeducts or services
elevant.
of products or se
4.
tion with th
filling out th
anese RTO re
ees and reve
Although d
tor as a wh
gical domain
aeronautics,
e, and two
total asset
enues vary am
ation of the
e annual rev
RTOs respe
UR 17m to EU
EUR 540m f
represented
yed no role
show higher
d vary depe
orking capita
owever, as a
sk that RTOs
er definition of reassociated with
ervices associate
37
e EARTO
he survey
esponded
enues (on
ue to the
ole, they
s/sectors
food and
a mixed
ts, varies
mong the
diversity
venue of
ectively 35F
36.
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for public
a higher
in the on
r levels of
nding on
al and/or
result of
s seem to
evenues, the RTOs’
d with their
bear (sh
and fina
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structure
surveyed
Figure 11
EUR m (2
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with fair
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ort‐term to l
ancial mode
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d.
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atio means t
d/or owed to
ancially robu
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neration cap
rly robust an
iple, with th
red to have t
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what lower r
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ple, the outstandulation purposesm (ST) debt base
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long‐term de
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ust entity. Al
on, it does n
organisation
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he caveat a
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income or
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ported data,
t‐to‐equity r
el of indebte
ratio. In view
y be conside
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ding guarantees os are not disclosedd on eight respo
debt‐to‐assets m
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4.13 EURm
m
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ebt volumes)
RTOs (e.g.
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mpany/organ
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w of the lack
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) could be di
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stances of (s
ong‐term (LT)
idea of the f
nisation is les
ould be note
er leverage
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debt levels c
igher credit
flows.
higher the r
two ratios u
based ratios
er RTOs inc
hat we have
that on ave
w 10%. The d
k of detailed
ative, pointin
their nature (sho
ses missing); long
o‐cash flow meas
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istorted36F
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on balance
ing seems to
short‐term)
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ombined wi
risk profile t
atio, the m
used: debt‐to
offered lim
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to be caref
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debt‐to‐total
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ort‐term/long‐ter
‐term (LT) debt b
ures or debt‐to‐in
1.9 URm
n addition, di
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debt financ
bt reported by
erage of a co
nt on debt, i
w ratio is not
the compan
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th poor and
than a more
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o‐equity and
ited reliabili
nly or have
ul with the
the period 2
l assets ratio
of the limited
in general th
m) and if they are
based on nine res
ncome measures
ifferences in
ects) could
nor role in th
ing among t
y RTOs survey
ompany/orga
i.e. money b
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ny/organisati
al) risk. For
d highly vola
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ity. Furtherm
e also includ
interpretatio
2012‐2014, t
o shows, as e
d size of the
he RTOs surv
e being consolida
sponses (five resp
s (e.g. EBITDA).
38
business
limit the
he capital
the RTOs
yed in
anisation.
borrowed
ndicative
ion has a
example,
atile cash
company
mpany is
tal assets
more, for
ed other
on of the
the RTOs
expected,
e sample,
veyed are
ated for
ponses
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debt cap
therefor
which a
through,
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H2020)
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participa
4.2.
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40 In the last
41 Two resp
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KEY T
ins to be exp
pacity or rat
re lack of he
ctivities sho
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gards to rev
balanced pr
tends to in
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ated in the su
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arch and d
ories. Investm
equipment
ent expendi
though priva
EUR 92m pe
m41F
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t three years (20onses not availabwnership RTOs re
TAKEAWAY
Public and
their own f
funding/gr
Only the p
investmen
Low debt l
flows (and
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plored if the
ther the resu
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ould be finan
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enue source
roportion. Th
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urvey).
futureinves
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2‐2014, mos
evelopment
ment needs
t, yet to a
ture in the
ately owned
er year on a
ublicly owned
12‐2014). ble. corded an averag
YS
private RTOs
funds (capital
rants.
rivate RTOs (n
ts through de
evels are in so
profitability)
above does no
seemingly l
ult of a wea
r additional
nced throug
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es, all RTOs
he data sugg
most of RT
ion is also vi
tments:nee
pally financ
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infrastruct
were also a
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verage, mor
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ge annual investm
principally so
and reserves
not the public
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ome cases due
to service deb
ot necessarily
ow on balan
k business m
debt. This c
gh grants (le
surveyed ha
gests that pu
TOs, whilst
isible at the T
edsandfun
ce their inve
Os surveyed i
ture, such a
attributed to
nt. These in
UR 0‐10m (n
underlined a
re than dou
ment size of EUR
ourced and ex
s, a form of eq
c or mixed ow
e to business
bt.
apply to debt
nce sheet lev
model in ter
could also fit
everaged by)
ave both priv
ublic funding
private fun
Taiwan‐base
ndingsourc
estments39F
40 t
indicated tha
as in pilot
o equipment
nvestments
n=6) and EU
a stronger av
ble the indic
11m.
xpect to sourc
quity), thereby
nership RTOs
model(s) that
t indirectly rais
verage is an
ms of cash f
t into the br
) and which
vate and pu
g from a com
nding remai
ed RTO (the o
es
through ow
at they main
plants, res
requiremen
represented
R 10‐20m b
verage invest
cated invest
e their investm
y complement
) have finance
t do not gener
sed by RTOs t
indication o
flow genera
roader discu
h should be
blic sources
mpetitive sou
ns constant
only non‐EU
wn funds an
nly made inve
search facili
nts, such as
d an annual
between 201
tment expen
tment size o
ments mainly
ted by public
ed part of the
rate sufficient
through financ
39
of unused
tion, and
ussion on
financed
more or
urce (e.g.
t overall.
RTO that
d public
estments
ities and
research
average
12‐2014 40F
41
nditure of
of around
y from
ir past
t cash
cing at
RTOs (53
the latte
by exter
is clear t
over the
14% of t
All RTOs
publicly
RTOs res
annually
amount)
public su
funding
Finding
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there w
desirable
RTOs sta
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Figure 12
43 None of t
44 One publ
45 Based on
Are ther
RTO rais
N
YE
3%) principa
er being a fo
nal private i
that own fun
e period 2012
heir annual
s indicated t
owned RTOs
spectively. F
y (the annua
). The RTOs
upport/grant
future invest
2: Most Rpreferre
debt financ
ere no restr
e as it could
ated explicit
ng them to s
2: RTO restrict
the RTOs intervieic RTO and one p12 responses; tw
e any [forma
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O 10
ES 2 re
lly sourced t
orm of equity
nvestors (4%
nds and publ
2‐2014. Priva
investments
that they ha
s showcasing
or 2016 and
l investment
expect to fi
ts. Debt fina
tments 43F
44, wi
RTOs do ned
ing not bein
rictions to th
d conflict wit
t restrictions
seek this type
tions to raise
wed received funprivate RTO. wo responses mis
al] restrictio
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espondents
their investm
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%) and to som
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ate RTOs did
.
d well‐articu
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ts of the ent
nance these
ancing plays
th this only a
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hem raising
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s to raising
e of financin
debt44F
45
nding from hybrid
ssing.
ons to your
ment funding
by public fu
me extent pr
grants were t
d use debt fu
ulated inves
nvestment ne
RTOs surveye
tire RTO lan
e investment
only a min
applying to t
trictions to
nent in RTOs
debt. A few
c/societal go
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There ar
undesira
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interest
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unding/grant
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the key fund
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tment plans
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or role in th
two RTOs.
them raisin
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asing/factoring or
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an RTO
not use debt f
is not possible
venue structur
an RTO
a statutory p
out loans
an RTO
ed Quotes
own funds (
ts (38%), add
c debt (6% of
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arge extent,
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e to private a
o invest appr
expected to
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ng debt, bu
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financing, as p
e with RTO ca
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(capital and
ditional cont
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for RTO inve
, averaging a
2016 and 20
and mixed ow
roximately E
be a multip
unds, as wel
capital stru
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debt financin
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of source.
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payback with
ash flows and
h explicitly for
40
reserves,
tributions
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43. It
estments
at around
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wnership
UR 140m
ple of this
l as from
cture for
also not
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ng is less
ly owned
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s an
rbids us
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with the
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commer
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More sp
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increase
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Figure 13
A second
future in
have the
is not int
46 Based on
YE
Has you
face) an
funding
N
KEY TA
ic RTO highli
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to receive fi
rcial loans (as
3: RTOs fa
hallenge face
pecifically, RT
emanding co
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3: Challenges f
d key challen
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eir own fund
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13 responses; on
ES 12
ur RTO faced
ny challenges
g from public
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AKEAWAYS
Securing co
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of a solid r
inancing eith
s the level of
ace clear c
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TOs underlin
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is related to
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ne response miss
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arket particip
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tained profi
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vestments.
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to service th
r investmen
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ers 45F
46
to secure fu
ecosystem)
ve indicated,
eneral cuts,
nment budgets
ion towards lo
traints and mo
ases dependen
on H2020 callsitions for H202
as the level ofThere is also sources.
ew of general
their own fun
terest rates.
41
ompatible
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or from
eholders.
dgets and
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er H2020
nding for
, as they
, industry
s.
ower
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nce
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Figure 14
Finding
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response
establish
income i
47 Based on
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face) an
contrib
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4: RTOs particip
RTOs
ng (future
utions (and
er of private
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ment grants
) and the “la
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in the long te
13 responses; on
ur RTO faced
ny challenge
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ES 10
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AKEAWAYS
siness and fina
Unpredictab
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Uncertainty
faced by RTO
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with RTOs
&D public f
s (in parti
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erm.
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ancial risks in
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markets’ fina
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earch excellen
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e reduced govevelopment of tector of an RT
d Quotes
elated Quote
ivate financial
ublic shareho
earch request
te companies
clients46F
47
rom private
against pub
to these typ
g, and seeki
estments and
er partners, or
hemselves whi
RTO
cial problems
ome of the pa
ts are not attrarch and testinly investing. n RTO
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ernment granthe organisatiTO
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e financial
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ng alternativ
be in full‐
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ich is contrary
due to the siz
artners/clients
ractive. The inng services, an
for R&D, in p
a risk of loss o
nt funding limiions.
icipants are re
ment and
42
market
lders”. In
including
ve legacy
y to
ze or
s.
dustry nd is
particular
of
its the
elated to:
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uncertai
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e risk: a thirto the unccompanies
ned that thisof research/key rese
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y risk: a four
or cash reser
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t delays (p
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ort repaym
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ees, and gen
lack of
ogy/market p
ulatory risk:
ding demand
ons, etc. Sev
ancial involv
rm financing
reased gover
blic R&D init
rd risk undercertainty of(industry).
s type of risk/technologicaearch persoher competinervices with th the goallivery of pro
rth risk was
rves in secu
lack of cash
public and
ate financial
eferred to a
e it difficult t
specially ref
s such as hig
ent periods
iligence fr
neral risk av
understan
potential.
another ke
d‐driven pu
eral RTOs un
ement of th
g policies im
rnment stab
tiatives, coul
rlined by RTcontracts RTOs gene
k is attributeal leadershiponnel, and ng players (Rhigher level of mitigatjects can be
highlighted
ring funding
h reserves,
private) are
market parti
number of o
to obtain fun
fer to increa
gh interest
s, complex
ameworks
ersion often
nding of
ey risk in
blic researc
nderlined tha
he private fi
mplemented
bility (and co
d be potenti
TOs is from erally ed to p, the the
RTOs) els of ting these t established
relating to
g from privat
poor payme
e factors th
icipants.
other
nding
asing
rates
and
and
n due
the
The
with
can
par
Dire
Re
The
fina
and
CEO
Ban
strin
Dire
FinatowFina
R
securing pr
h requests,
at changes in
inancial sect
d by the go
ommitment)
ial mitigating
types of ris, as well as i
liquidity ris
te financial
ent collectio
hat could n
ere is competit
h higher levels
provide comp
tners.
ector of an RT
elated Quot
ere are several
ancial sector, i
d high interest
O of an RTO
nk lenders hav
ngent due dili
ector of an RT
ancial market wards investmeancial Executiv
Related Quot
ivate invest
due to bud
n R&D legisla
tor, as can b
overnment.
with regard
g factors to t
sk, high staincreased pu
k, such as a
market part
on, risk of d
negatively im
tion from new
s of public fun
petition for ind
TO
e
l restrictions t
including incre
t rates.
ve recently intr
gence framew
O
participants sents in lower Tve of an RTO
tes
tment is re
dget cuts, ch
ation and re
budget cuts
The RTOs
s to R&D po
these types o
andards of ublic funding
lack of back
ticipants. So
default and
mpact the
w R&D organis
nding, which in
dustrial proje
to credit in the
eased require
roduced more
works and gua
show risk averTRL level proj
43
elated to
hanges in
gulations
and the
surveyed
olicies, as
of risk.
technical g for R&D
k‐up lines
me RTOs
potential
financial
sations
n turn
ct
e private
ments
e
arantees.
rsion ects.
Finding
Under th
stated th
to fill th
national
models (
very like
Figure 15
Several availabilturn woother poincrease
48 Based on
YE
N
Relate
5: Public secure
he scenario
hat public fi
he financing
public inst
(see also Cha
ely only availa
5: Public finan
RTOs underity of continuld also ackotential solue in equity.
eight responses;
S 3 res
O 5 r
ed Quotes
financial in funding fro
that the RT
inancial inst
g gap. A few
ruments for
apter 6) and
able with un
ncial instrume
line potentiagent loans wnowledge thutions (as in
; five responses n
spondents
respondents
nstruments om private s
TO fails to se
ruments, su
w RTOs (n=3
r debt offer
associated r
favourable c
ents’ ability to
al solutions where repaymhat R&D prondicated by
n/a.
There is
obtain
week a
likely th
Head o
Our RTO
to secu
Manag
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There a
shortfa
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turn lea
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with int
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are not absources
ecure fundin
uch as debt f
3) responded
red by a pu
repayment p
conditions.
o fill a (investm
to mitigate ment is depeojects/investthe RTOs)
s a long‐term
these funds if
away). The loa
hat such an in
of Business De
TO has access t
ure funds for s
ing Director o
ated Quotes
are no public f
alls in private f
s of private fu
ads to a prude
or of an RTO
not foresee a
ternal turn‐ar
al productivity
an RTO
ble to fill th
ng from priv
from a publi
d that in an
ublic institut
potential wo
ment) funding
the absencendent on thments have included a
loan by a [na
f our RTO were
an is however
ntervention wo
evelopment of
to a governm
tart‐ups.
of an RTO
financial instru
funding. It is o
nding, or to fu
ent approach
ny contributio
round, lay‐offs
y.
e funding g
vate sources
ic institution
n emergency
tion. Howev
uld make su
g gap47F
48
e of public fe success of an element reduction o
tional institut
e to declare b
a one‐time sc
ould happen a
f an RTO
ent venture fu
uments availa
our responsibi
und from our
to partly fund
ons from publi
s and an incre
gap if RTO
s, several RT
n, would not
y they can
ver, current
uch loans diff
funding, sucf the project, of risk. Addof term debt
tion], but we c
bankruptcy (i.e
cenario, and it
again.
und, which all
able to fill the
ility to find alt
reserves, whic
ded public proj
ic sources, lea
eased focus on
44
Os fail to
TOs (n=5)
t be able
resort to
business
ficult and
ch as the , which in ditionally, t and an
can only
e. one
t is not
lows us
ternate
ch in
ojects.
aving us
n
5. RTO
Based o
introduc
third pa
offered
challeng
discuss
strength
societal
5.1.
RTOs’ insignifica
Technolo
In techn
potentia
developm
complex
growing
Among t
Sc
Pt
Cd
Regulatoreduced been corestrict tmarket where min traditiin the cahigh insoproves p
49 Commerclocked ofconnectecase of m
Os’project
n the RTO c
ces and disc
rty financing
by the mar
ges, underpin
in more de
h, access to f
impact.
Project‐lev
nvestment pnt non‐refun
ogy transfer
ology transf
al, in partic
ment‐to‐com
xity and unce
costs, etc.) a
the risks of t
Significant ocash flows at
Project (techtrack record,
Commercialidebt types o
ory requirem their willingonsidered. Wthemselves texpansion (manufacturinional debt finase of projecolvency or bproblematic i
cialisation uncertff take agreemented to renewable emed/health techn
tandacces
consultation
usses the pa
g and overa
rket for bus
n their stabil
etail the imp
finance opti
velchalleng
proposals tyndable, equit
– first‐of‐a‐k
fer projects,
cular for f
mmercialisat
ertainty of th
and pose a n
hese types o
operating cot project leve
hnology) com, raising risk
isation unceof financing.
ments (e.g. Bgness to takWhen it comto opportunibeyond TRLng is fully tesnancing the cts that still hankruptcy riin particular
ainty takes into ats and therefore energy) but still cologies).
sstofinan
and the ass
articularities
ll financing c
iness mode
lity and reinf
pact that bu
ons and the
ges
ypically invoty or in‐kind
kind (FOAK) p
the complex
irst‐of‐a‐kind
ion periods,
he technolog
natural barrie
of project are
sts (developel.
mplexity coupof project re
rtainty 48F
49, the
asel III reguke risk, impames to unproties involvinL 9) (see Sected and validrepayment ohave significasks in the fufor FOAK pro
account direct anlow direct commarry a significant
ncechallen
sessment of
s of RTO pro
close. The r
el innovation
force the im
usiness mod
e opportunity
olve sizeablecontribution
projects
x nature of t
d (FOAK) p
, a lack of
gy developed
er to accessi
e:
pment‐to‐com
pled with intedefinition, c
erefore of th
lations) on bacting investoven technog projects atction 3.2 fodated and pobligation (inantly high leunding vehiclojects.
nd indirect risks tomercialisation risk indirect commer
nges
f industry an
ojects and th
esults sugge
n, RTOs hav
mpact of thei
del innovatio
y provided t
e technologyns.
the technolo
projects, co
project tra
d, may escala
ng traditiona
mmercialisat
trinsic cost/bcost escalatio
he ability of
banks and intment activitology, bankst the stages or further baroduction is nterest and pvels of inherle. Stand‐alo
o cash‐flow gene (e.g. traditionallrcialisation risk (e
nd investme
he challenge
est that thro
ve leeway to
r societal m
on can have
to strengthe
y and proje
ogies concern
ombined wi
ck record (
ate project e
al repayable
tion phase)
budget unceons and over
the project
nsurance comties which ms and generof initial marackground ofully operatprincipal) of rent cash flowone third par
ration. A project y the case of feede.g. regulatory ap
nt trends, C
es faced in a
ough the opp
o mitigate o
ission. Chap
e on RTOs’
en and optim
ect risk, and
ned and the
ith potentia
(e.g. FOAK)
execution risk
funding inst
coupled wit
ertainty due trruns.
to repay co
mpanies havmight have oral investorsrket introducon TRL levelsional. This isthe debt insw uncertainrty equity inv
may have relativd‐in tariffs for tecpproval uncertain
45
Chapter 5
accessing
portunity
operating
ter 6 will
financial
mise their
d require
ir market
ally long
and the
k (delays,
ruments.
h lack of
to lack of
ommitted
e further otherwise s tend to ction and s), hence s because strument, ty, builds vestment
vely solidly chnologies nty in the
Explanatother se
In summ
9 projec
often ab
existing
degree o
Integratestage ofpiloting below iland a pr
Previous
SET (sust
projects
identifie
It should
such as
Diseases
are devis
For lowe
funding
suited b
this stud
lower TR
50 For additihttp://ww
Figure
tions for thictors, espec
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operations
of certainty w
ed investmef demonstratand demonslustrates thioject’s matu
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tainable ene
and have ad
d funding ga
d also be not
the Energy
s Financing F
sed to addre
er TRLs (rese
– not debt –
efore projec
dy, Figure 16
RL levels valle
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e 16: Project
is retrenchmially the mor
ands, equity‐
cturing prove
rate revenue
and/or cas
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across diffe
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dvised devel
ap. This is for
ted that, as w
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tion sectors s
er show that
nstruments a
he case in the
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nance – com
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k‐sharing faci
rational), as
echnologies,
ommercialisa
neral investo
or innovatio(TRL 7) andion/manufacof death in t
such as bio‐e
debt funding
and/or adjus
e Infectious
il in Chapter
(EDP) and t
tailor‐made f
eath.
cubation) it i
project. Sta
rtain level. A
project’s stag
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port available at:htm
mmercialisati
tion of oppo
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projects and
less risky r
ation is cert
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ons that relad system comcturing testinthe context
economy, cir
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sting existing
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the above‐m
facilities und
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ndard debt
Although not
ges and indic
h.
ion funding g
ortunities p
ore focused o
d project ho
research whi
tain/has a
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ate to projecmpletion/lowng (TRL 8). Fof the TRL s
rcular econo
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g ones to add
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financial inst
mentioned I
der InnovFin
ture capital a
project fina
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catively posi
gap
46
resent in
on TRL 8‐
olders are
ich feeds
sufficient
r later.
cts at the wer scale Figure 16 spectrum
my 49F
50 and
for FOAK
dress the
ty (IDFF).
truments
nfectious
and EFSI,
and grant
nce is ill‐
scope of
tions the
Addition
arising fr
T
d
w
t
m
a
A
r
F
c
l
a
Infrastru
Togethe
and tech
often c
developm
products
and ma
compose
RTOs, un
technolo
technolo
industria
The resu
need to
investme
shareho
sector co
of integr
layer of c
51 Infrastruccutting‐ed
52 KETs Finaincluding
nally, techno
rom the lack
Technology
degrees base
with project
tend to gran
monetisation
as collateral
As RTOs do
risk) adds an
Finally, lack
creditworthi
limited beca
act of due di
ucture projec
r with resea
hnology tran
concerns in
ment of pilo
s and servic
rket introdu
ed of a mul
niversities, S
ogy readines
ogies in thei
al RDI capabi
ults of the RT
o be overco
ents in, for
lder contribu
o‐investmen
ration of diff
complexity a
cture for scientifidge research in tal Report (2015) A the tentative po
ology‐driven
k of tangible
projects, in
ed on intelle
ts with tang
nt no or at
n prospects
as it does no
support new
n additional l
of size and
iness. The ap
use of the c
iligence effor
cts
rch infrastru
sfer projects
vestments
ot lines 51F
52, w
es (higher T
uction and i
lti‐disciplinar
MEs and ind
ss levels (T
r respective
ilities are not
TO market co
me in orde
example, IIC
utions (inclu
ts and dema
ferent fundi
and difficulty
c research refersheir respective dAssessing supportolicy roadmap. 28
projects are
collateral, pr
contrast to
ectual prope
ible collater
best very li
for IP (whet
ot contribute
w technology
ayer of risk t
scale (tech
ppeal to exte
omparably h
rt and projec
ucture50F
51 (RI),
s (TT) are an
in technolo
hich are nee
TRL levels). I
s hence im
ry network
dustry. They
RLs), suppo
e sectors, sta
t available o
onsultation h
er to ensure
Cs. Some of
ding from pu
and for RTO
ng sources (
y to accessing
to facilities, resoisciplines, rangint of pilot product August, 2015, pa
e found to f
roof of conce
o research a
erty (IP) with
ral (e.g. rese
imited value
her complet
e to enhanci
y projects, (
to successful
hnology and
ernal investo
high transact
ct risk versus
infrastructu
n integral pa
ogical infra
eded to test
IC plays a cr
portant to
of different
contribute t
rting techno
art‐ups, SME
r limited).
have pointed
e the sustai
these key c
ublic shareh
services, an
(venture cap
g available fi
ources and relateng from social scietion in multi‐KETsage 28.
face intrinsic
ept and of si
nd innovatio
h limited or n
earch and in
e to IP as co
ted or in pro
ng the recov
lack of) proo
l project exe
commercial
ors tends to
tion costs. In
s expected re
re for innov
rt of the Eur
structure (
t and scale‐
ritical role fo
fulfilling the
public and
to transform
ology transf
Es, and indu
d out that th
inability of
hallenges ar
olders), unc
d general liq
pital, bank fin
inance.
ed services used bences to astronoms activities: D7 fin
c limitations
ze/scale:
on infrastruc
no tangible c
nnovation inf
ollateral. In
gress) hinde
very rate for t
of of concep
cution and t
lisation) may
be lower wh
nvestors will
eturn.
ation and co
ropean innov
e.g. e‐infra
up the prod
or technolog
e role of RT
private sec
ming research
fer and app
stries (espe
here are diffe
RTO operat
re uncertaint
ertainties wi
quidity risks.
nancing and
by the scientific cmy, genomics to nal report of the m
in access to
cture, are to
collateral. In
frastructure
essence, th
ers the value
the lenders.
pt (hence te
the financing
y be detrim
hen size and
perform a b
ommercialisa
vation ecosy
astructure)
duction of in
gy commerc
TOs. IICs are
ctor actors,
h across the
plications of
cially when
erent challen
tions and as
ties regardin
ith respect t
Scarcity and
grants) add
community to connanotechnologiemulti‐KETs Pilot p
47
o finance
o varying
contrast
) lenders
e lack of
of the IP
chnology
g thereof.
ental for
scale are
balancing
ation (IIC)
ystem. IIC
and the
nnovative
cialisation
e usually
including
different
f existing
in‐house
nges that
ssociated
ng future
to private
d the lack
d another
nduct es. project,
Addition
nature a
escalatio
is requir
as possib
5.2.
To susta
mix) and
have the
particula
grants (e
and gran
contrast
addresse
In terms
Compan
way of i
research
good an
the form
technolo
are also
through
capital,
boundar
partners
RTOs (cl
their val
Hence, i
taken at
Stage 1:
In genertaking adthose dis
a
o
53 ChesbrouPress.
nally, IIC pro
and are more
ons in the op
red on both t
ble through a
Theroleof
ain and even
d optimal al
e benefit of
ar debt and
especially for
nt policies, a
t stable and
ed in the firs
s of busine
ies are incre
nnovating. A
h laboratorie
d promising
m of entrep
ogies outside
growing. In
the provisi
etc. As com
ries of the
s. However,
early not a
ue propositi
n order to se
different an
Optimisatio
ral, RTOs havdvantage of scussed in th
Firstly, revie
and take ad
opportunitie
ugh, H. (2003), “O
ojects lack a
e likely to ex
perating bud
the technica
adequate co
ffinancialf
n maximise s
location (an
f not being
debt‐like in
r core fundin
and subject
long term. T
t instance by
ss model, t
easingly shift
As Chesbrou
es of large co
ideas and te
preneurial fi
e the firm, fo
general, RTO
on of techn
panies incre
firm, RTOs
in order to f
similar exte
on and assoc
ecure fundin
nd connected
n of existing
ve the opporthe opportuhe previous s
ew RTOs’ tra
dvantage of
es provided
Open Innovation:
solid track‐
xperience un
dget. In light
al and fundin
ntingency sa
flexibilityan
societal impa
nd associated
repayable a
nstruments.
ng) are an un
to political
The constrai
y the RTO bu
there are cl
ting from so‐
gh52F
53 has poi
ompanies. Th
echnologies
rms. Moreo
or instance i
Os already pl
nology and I
easingly sear
can position
fully approp
nt) should a
ciated comp
ng for the ass
d stages:
g business mo
rtunity to opunities and csection.
ditional bus
the new inv
by the op
The New Impera
‐record for u
nforeseen co
of these un
ng side in ord
afeguards.
ndoptimisa
act, reliable
d choices) o
and requiring
However, a
nstable sourc
changes and
nts faced by
usiness mode
lear opport
‐called closed
inted out, la
he availabilit
to be furthe
over, the po
n the form o
lay an impor
P, R&D and
rch for new
n themselve
riate the be
also innovate
pensation me
sociated futu
odel
ptimise and cchallenges of
iness model
vestment, co
pen innovat
ative for Creating
up‐front asse
omplexities,
certainties,
der to mitiga
ationinsup
and sustain
of such fund
g lower scru
s the marke
ce of financin
d risk. Repa
y RTOs in fin
el and associ
unities prov
d innovation
rge amount
ty of venture
er developed
ossibilities o
of spin‐offs o
rtant role in
d innovation
technologie
es even mo
nefits and g
e in their ow
echanisms.
ure essential
complementffered by the
ls (and fundi
ompetitive a
ion model.
and Profiting fro
essment due
both of whic
solid oversig
ate as many
pportingRT
able sources
ing is impor
utiny than p
et consultati
ng, uncertain
yable and p
ancing their
ated financi
vided throug
n processes t
s of knowled
e capital has
d outside the
of further de
or through li
making open
services, h
es and know
re strongly
enerate new
wn business
l investment
t their busine operating
ing strategy)
and market
A business
om Technology“,
e to their in
ch contribut
ght and due
of the fores
TOs’mission
s of funding
rtant. Indee
private fund
on also emp
n in duration
private finan
r projects ne
ng strategy.
gh open inn
towards a m
dge exist ou
s made it po
e firm, for in
eveloping id
icensing agre
n innovation
ighly trained
wledge outsid
as open in
w streams of
model by re
ts, action nee
ess model benvironmen
) in order to
landscapes,
s model tha
Harvard Business
48
nnovative
te to cost
diligence
seen risks
n
(funding
d, grants
s, and in
phasised,
n, volume
cing is in
eed to be
novation.
ore open
tside the
ssible for
stance in
deas and
eements,
n possible
d human
de of the
nnovation
f income,
ethinking
eds to be
by further t such as
adjust to
and the
at better
s School
e
e
f
S
a
t
In summ
sizeable
support
broaden
RTOs’ b
instrume
Stage 2:
Insofar amade av
T
d
a
In summ
mix sho
mutually
monetises t
effects of th
enhance the
finance are a
Secondly, a
accordingly,
project cycle
thereby broa
mary, the gre
and stable
it can provid
ns access to
usiness mod
ental for RTO
Diversificati
as the optimvailable for p
The deploym
projects), an
dynamic and
Improved ab
arising (e.g.
project if ne
mary, on the
uld be deve
y reinforcing
the value of
he uncertaint
e leveraging
available.
reinforced f
on structu
e to match, a
aden the fun
ater the exte
revenues fr
de to the pr
financial ins
del can be
Os to become
ion of financi
misation of thproject financ
ment of thes
nd coincide
d funding mo
bility of the p
delays), the
cessary (in v
basis of an i
eloped that
way.
f RTOs to in
ty surroundi
factor of gr
focus on und
uring, mana
as far as poss
nding mix (Ch
ent to which
rom its port
roject. This d
struments. O
expected to
e more activ
ing sources
he business cing. These s
se grants fo
mainly with
odel (see Figu
project hold
latter becau
iew of an ov
individual RT
combines r
ndustry will
ing grant av
rants in scen
derstanding
ging and ad
sible, the ris
hapter 6 is d
the RTO (or
tfolio of pro
de‐risking pa
Of equal imp
o add finan
ve investors.
model is achshould furthe
r activities t
“competenc
ure 7).
er to suppor
use the RTO
verall risk‐im
TO’s portfoli
repayable so
enable man
ailability (in
narios when
what the in
djusting pro
k appetite o
evoted to th
r any other p
ojects and ac
aves the way
portance is t
ncial flexibili
hieved, alterer compleme
that are the
ce building”
rt the projec
will still hav
proved busin
o of RDI acti
ources and g
nagement a
particular co
no other a
nvestors’ sho
oject risks e
f the investm
is subject).
project holde
ctivities, the
y for improve
the fact that
ty and a ba
rnative sourcent grants as
most neces
in RTOs’ th
ct in case of
e the grant b
ness model).
ivities (see S
grants in a
and reductio
ore funding)
lternative so
ow‐stoppers
early enoug
ment commu
er) is able to
e stronger t
ed financeab
t a reinforce
alance shee
ces of financs they allow f
ssary (e.g. lo
hree‐stage in
execution d
buffer to sup
.
Section 6.3) a
complemen
49
on of the
) and will
ources of
s are and
gh in the
unity and
generate
he credit
bility and
ement of
et buffer,
ce can be for:
ower TRL
nnovation
ifficulties
pport the
a funding
ntary and
6. RTO
As laid o
new mo
knowled
investme
are not
financea
finance c
This cha
purpose
are pres
split orig
goes on
(discusse
increase
study re
accordin
Lastly, a
enhancin
and (ii) t
with an o
6.1.
In gener
innovati
finance
investor
5.1). Yet
addresse
by RTOs
intrinsic
Figure 1
therein,
ability to
project a
generati
minimise
gap via b
Osbusines
out in Chapte
odels where
dge developm
ent limitatio
stranded du
ability of the
conditions fo
pter examin
the study h
ented in the
gin – endoge
n by analysi
ed in Chapte
e the impact
equires a dif
ngly is discus
as the purpo
ng both (i) th
the credit pr
overview an
MappingR
ral, RTOs hav
on in two w
via busines
s’ “show‐sto
t, the study
ed through t
s’ being ahe
features of t
7 illustrates to the exte
o attract the
and the stre
on capacity
e this fundin
business mod
ssmodelv
er 5, RTOs s
e applicable
ment), there
ns. To ensur
ue to a lack
e project, an
or RTOs via s
nes the impa
as analysed
e first part of
enous and e
ng in detai
er 5) offers
of their miss
fferent addre
sed separate
ose of the p
he credit pro
rofile of the
d analysis of
RTOaccess
ve the oppo
ways. Firstly
ss model in
oppers” whe
shows RTOs
this business
ead of mark
their project
this split (e
nt that fina
e necessary e
ngth of the s
of the proj
ng gap. Insof
de informati
versusabil
hould consid
e (while saf
eby paying
re that viable
of (timely)
nd by financ
specific finan
act of busine
the qualitati
f this chapte
exogenous –
l the oppor
to RTOs to
sion. The exo
ess, in the f
ely in Chapte
roposed bus
ofile of RTOs
projects to
f typical cred
tofinanceb
ortunity to im
, by improv
novation an
en devising
s face an inh
s model inno
kets due to
ts and for som
ndogenous/
ncing instrum
external inve
sponsor. Hen
ect sponsor
far as RTOs h
ion, the stud
litytoattra
der optimisin
feguarding t
sufficient at
e innovation
finance, con
ce institutio
ncial solution
ess model op
ive structure
r. As detailed
each requir
rtunities tha
tackle the e
ogenous com
form of sup
er 7.
siness mode
s (hence the
optimise its
dit drivers of
barriers–a
mprove the f
ving their fin
nd secondly
projects (fo
herent fundi
ovation. This
their focus
me RTOs, th
/exogenous)
ments to ad
estment is fu
nce, in a bas
and its abil
have the opp
dy has consid
actfinanci
ng their exis
the often g
ttention to p
n projects wi
nsideration b
ons such as
ns, are impor
ptimisation o
e of the RTO
d therein, fin
ring a differe
at an enhan
endogenous
mponent of t
port of adeq
el optimisati
ir ability to f
fit with inve
investors’ de
atwo‐level
financeabilit
nancial flexib
, by addres
r further dis
ng gap in ad
s exogenous
on highly
eir legal limit
funding gap
ddress invest
undamentally
sic scenario,
lity to struct
portunity to
dered this ga
ing
ting busines
grant based
project conc
th real adde
by both RTO
the EIB, in
rtant.
on the RTO f
funding gap
ndings show
ent type of a
ncement of
funding gap
the funding
quate financ
on discussed
financially su
estors’ need
ecisions.
splitfundin
ty of project
bility, expan
ssing as far
scussion and
ddition to th
funding gap
innovative t
tations in rai
p and its key
tment barrie
y driven by t
a sufficiently
ture investo
narrow or e
p as endoge
ss models an
d core activ
cept and de
ed value (rea
Os, in maxim
improving a
funding gap
p, the results
w a funding ga
address. The
the busines
p and to, ul
gap identifie
cial instrume
d herein is
upport their
ds, the chapt
nggap
ts via busine
nding their a
as possible
d details see
he one that
p is in essenc
technologies
ising debt fin
y drivers. As
ers are avail
the soundne
y solid free c
r‐sound pro
eliminate this
enous, i.e. de
50
nd adding
vity, new
esign and
al impact)
mising the
access to
. For this
of which
ap with a
e chapter
ss model
ltimately,
ed by the
ents, and
aimed at
projects)
ter closes
ss model
access to
e private
e Section
could be
ce driven
s, certain
nance.
depicted
able, the
ess of the
cash flow
ojects will
s funding
emanding
an inte
innovati
Figure 17
Figure 1
Note: Sizes
Endogen
In many
project‐s
kind. For
RTOs’ te
among t
financial
and proj
concerns
Demons
commer
rnal addres
on/financial
7.
7: Identified
s of boxes are i
nous funding
y cases the
specific and
r instance, te
echnology tr
the risks fac
l instrument
jects’ financi
s the AW‐En
tration Proj
rcialisation (s
ss by the
strength, R
d RTOs split
llustrative and
g gap
financing ba
in essence
echnology an
ansfer proje
ed by RTOs’
s in place ai
ing needs. A
nergy (FOAK
ect Facility
see also Figu
RTOs. Yet,
RTOs do hav
funding gap
are not in any w
arriers faced
similar to th
nd commerc
ects whilst p
’ RDI infrast
med at bridg
A case study
K project in t
(EDP) to br
re 16).
, independe
ve a residua
p
way indicative
d by RTO pr
hose faced b
ialisation ris
roject execu
tructure proj
ging the gap
discussed in
the area of
ridge the va
ently of th
l, exogenou
of relative size/
rojects to ac
by non‐RTO‐
ks are at the
ution, compl
jects. As laid
p between in
n detail in Se
blue energy
alley of dea
he degree
s financing
/proportion.
ccess return‐
‐promoted p
e root of the
etion and co
d out in Sect
nvestors’ risk
ction 7.2, in
y) supported
th between
of busines
gap as illus
‐based finan
projects of t
funding gap
ommercialis
tion 7.2, the
k/asset‐class
technology
d by the EIB’
n demonstra
51
s model
trated in
ncing are
the same
faced by
ation are
e EIB has
appetite
transfer,
’s Energy
ation and
Lack of a
typically
projects
opportu
enhance
broader
EIB Gro
instrume
Exogeno
The exog
soundne
differenc
project f
Furtherm
extensiv
summar
Table 1:
Ga
De
Pro
Pro
Focinn
Invhigtec
Pro(in
Ble
6.2.
Introduc
Taking acover acharacteamountsand (iv) differencamountsprojects
ability by the
y among the
such as th
nity to ta
ement/innov
(return‐base
up instrume
ents by RTOs
ous funding g
genous fund
ess of their c
ces with co
features of t
more, in co
ve range of
ises the mai
Key drivers
ap driver
ebt restriction
oject features
oject diversity
cus on novative techno
vestor appetghly inchnologies
oject size misalvestors <> RTO
ending
Fundingg
ction. The eff
as an exampll funding nerised by los of financingphase‐out: lces in the tis are likely (brownfield
e project pro
barriers for
hose introdu
ackle these
vation of the
ed) sources
ents availab
s when devis
gap
ding gap stem
cash flow ge
rporates, su
hese innovat
ntrast with,
RDI project
n drivers of t
of RTOs’ exo
De
L
E
T
highly ologies
Di
ite for novative
E
lignment Os)
T
Rd
apimplicat
fect of busine
ple the case needs durinower financig; (iii) operatower amounming of cashneeded in t), where pay
omoter to su
project fina
uced above.
e obstacles
e business m
of finance. A
ble coupled
sing projects
ms from the
eneration ca
uch as the d
tive technolo
, for examp
s across mu
the exogeno
ogenous fun
escription
Legal limitation
E.g. Projects’ (lo
The granularity
Due to the natnvestment tren
E.g. Lack of the
The small (for th
RTOs’ projects sdifferent forms
tionsofbus
ess models o
of IIC projeg the RI ping needs; tional phasents, but agaih payments the first fewyments are p
pport the pr
nceability fa
. The curren
– hence
model that
Additionally,
with a mo
will be bene
intrinsic nat
apacity and
decoupling o
ogies and ce
ple, a tradit
ultiple techn
ous funding g
nding gap ob
s of some RTOs
ong) cycle
of the project
ture of their acnds, solutions a
required techn
he market) or e
span a broad ri of capital, invo
sinessmode
on narrowing
ects, the funroject cycle(ii) impleme: lower amon may requibetween to
w years of cpresumably m
roject and we
aced by proje
nt operating
the endo
brings in fi
improving a
re widespre
eficial.
ture and act
project stru
of high inno
rtain regulat
tional corpo
nologies and
gap observed
bserved
s to accessing d
universe (see S
ctivities, RTOs tand appetite
nological expert
excessively larg
sk spectrum, molving not only
elinnovatio
g the (endoge
ding commie phases: (ientation/conunts, but mare a prolongotally new pronstruction more evenly
eak structuri
ect promote
g environme
ogenous fu
nancial flexi
awareness a
ead consider
ivities of RTO
cturing, RTO
ovative techn
tory limitatio
orate, RTOs’
d with uniqu
d.
debt financing
Section 7.1 for f
tend to be ahe
tise, opportunit
e (for RTOs) siz
meaning that thebank finance bu
on
enous) fundin
tments by s) pre‐implemnstruction reay stretch ovged commitmrojects (greein the case distributed.
ing of the pr
ers in high ris
ent offers R
unding gap
ibility and a
nd knowled
ration of EI
Os. Regardle
Os have fund
nology and
ons to debt f
’ activities c
ue features.
further details)
ead of markets
ty costs, etc.
ze of projects
ey need to be fut also equity a
ing gap
shareholdersmentation: equiring thever extendedment. There enfield), whee of IIC, and
52
roject are
sk profile
RTOs the
p – via
access to
ge of the
B Group
ess of the
damental
markets,
financing.
cover an
Table 1
s, including
financed by and grants
s have to normally e largest d periods; might be ere larger ongoing
The aboprojects project ithings, trobust bof robusrisks in a
Figure 18
A robussupport the proj
6.3.
Differen
activities
research
to devel
mission)
horizon
activities
the activ
of how
mission,
54 The operaenvironm
55 The particagreemen
56 E.g. prom
57 E.g. technsome poi
ove‐describeare exposeis on balanche ability of business profst cash flow gachieving pro
8: Impact of
st business proneeded to attoject, and also
RTOs’busi
ces in the o
s makes RTO
h activities e
op the know
) while thei
cash flow g
s, their cont
vity) be fit fo
these activi
, scale and e
ating context in iment within whichcularities of RTOsnts they may eng
mpt/instant contranology transfer: Rnt in several year
d funding cd to and thce sheet or othe project file. Figure 1generation coject bankab
f the busines
ofile improvestract investorso reduces the p
g
inessmodel
operating co
Os, and thei
mbrace feat
wledge and te
r applied r
generation. F
tent and wh
r return‐bas
ities are pe
nvironment
ts broader sense h they operate ans’ activities are brgage in. act research. R&D with the objrs’ time.
hallenges illat are discuoff balance sponsor to m8 illustrates capacity on tbility and min
ss model and
s the ability ofs. Adequate stproject’s fundeneration/bus
l,financialf
ontext53F
54 of R
ir projects, a
tures of both
echnologies
esearch act
Figure 19 of
ich of them
ed (commer
rformed exp
, their financ
includes aspectsnd the particulariroad, expanding f
ective of develop
lustrate somussed in detsheet, its finmitigate the (through anhe part of thnimising the
d project str
f the project structuring of pding gap. For fusiness model
flexibilitya
RTOs, their
a highly gra
h basic and a
needed to c
tivity allows
ffers an ind
could poten
rcial) financin
plains why
cial stance c
s such as the RDI ties of the regionfrom geographic
ping a new techno
me of the mail in Chaptenanceability financial (ann off balancehe promoterfunding gap
ucturing in p
sponsor to proproject risks fufurther discusssee Section 6.
andprojectf
mission, sco
nular comm
applied rese
omplete the
for promp
icative layou
ntially (subje
ng. The hete
even in a c
can differ sig
stance of their rens in which they aal reach to matte
ology with the ai
multiple finaner 5. Regardwill be subjd business) re sheet examand sound s.
projects’ fun
ovide the projeurther supporsion and detai3.
financingim
ope and par
munity (see a
arch. Basic r
eir service off
pt/short‐term
ut of the af
ect to the un
rogeneity of
case of RTO
nificantly.
elated governmenare active. ers such as the str
m of being transf
ncing risks tdless of wheject to, amorisks via a su
mple) the impstructuring o
nding gap
ect with the firts the financeils on RTOs’ ca
mplications
rticularities 54F
55
also Chapter
research allo
fering (and t
m55F
56 or longe
foremention
nderlying fe
f RTOs’ activ
s with simil
nts up to the eco
ructure of the of
ferred/commerci
53
that RTO ether the ong other ufficiently plications of project
inancing eability of ash flow
s
5 of their
r 4). RTO
ows RTOs
thus their
er‐term56F
57
ed RTOs’
atures of
vities and
lar form,
onomic
ftake
ialised at
The mor
its portf
De‐riskin
Furtherm
and a b
illustrate
generati
Figure 1financing
The way
model)
services
soundne
degree o
TT).
The stru
portfolio
RTO has/
T
Sour
re the RTO, o
olio of proje
ng paves the
more, a rein
balance shee
es the indic
on potential
19: Indicativg
y activities a
lays the fou
and IP own
ess of the en
of monetisat
ucture of RT
o is structure
/may be able
Fundamenresearch
Tech. supporteconomic
developmen
Supportinpublic policy
Technical nostandard
Constructoperate &
maintain faci
Activity
rce/based on: Rese
or any other
ects and acti
e way for im
forcement o
et buffer, in
cative acces
l.
ve layout o
re performe
undations fo
nership may
ngagements
tion of the I
TOs’ activity
ed and comb
e to achieve
•
•
••••
•
••
••••
•
ntal h
for nt
ng
orms, ds
t, & lities
arch and Technolog
project hold
ivities, the st
mproved ba
of RTOs’ bus
nstrumental
s to finance
f RTO activ
ed and the co
or RTOs’ fina
be a source
(e.g. duratio
IP and how
portfolios p
bined will be
within a give
Research in areasuch as public heLong‐term studie
Contract researcTechnology consSupport for SMEsLong‐range techn
Fundamental ane.g. environmenfood safety, sustEx‐ante policy imEx‐post surveillaimplementationseismic survey
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Descrip
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der, is able to
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e potential
vities and p
ombination
ancial flexib
e of cash flo
on, counterp
this monetis
poses substa
a key eleme
en funding la
s of strategic impealth, security, etes
h services for indsultancy and extes (incl. TT) nological researc
nd precautionary ntal policy, publictainable developmpact and designance and monitor of the policy, e.g
esearchch (increasing in i monitoring e.g. d testing
e.g. accelerators, ch and innovatio
ption/exampl
TOs) and ERA, Euro
o generate s
credit suppo
d broadens
l can be exp
becoming m
that RTOs
positioning v
of those act
bility. For ex
ow but subj
party, granu
sation will b
antial manag
ent in definin
andscape.
portance c.
dustryension
h
research, health, ment n analysis ring of the g. pollution,
importance) metrology
research n
e
pean Research Adv
izeable and s
ort it can pr
access to fi
pected to ad
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have based
vis‐à‐vis pot
tivities (i.e. t
ample, inno
ect, among
larity) and, i
be achieved
gement chal
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• In prin
refund
return
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under
for ret
fundin
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Financin
visory Board, Decem
stable reven
rovide to the
inancial inst
dd financial
investors. F
d on free c
tential retu
the broader
ovation infra
other thing
in the case o
(e.g. royaltie
lenges. The
cial flexibility
nciple, non‐
dable/non‐
n‐based
ct to lying, allows turn‐based ng
nciple, non‐dable/non‐n‐based ct to
rlying, allows
turn‐based
ng
ct to rlying, allows turn‐based ng
ct to rlying, allows turn‐based ng
ng potential
mber 2005; EIB
54
ues from
e project.
ruments.
flexibility
Figure 19
ash flow
rn‐based
business
structure
gs, to the
of IP, the
es versus
way the
y that the
The busi
flexibility
operatin
an entity
Figure 20
Notes: Sizes
financing in
monetised
services/su
arrangemen
projects, wi
possible to
iness model
y to adapt n
ng environme
y’s financing
0: Business m
s of boxes are illu
nstruments; CF: f
IP; 2) Weak CF v
b‐optimally com
nts/long‐term so
ith solid investme
finance certain w
and therefo
not only to
ents. Figure
flexibility.
model implie
Weak fr
an enha
ustrative and are
free cash flow; o
visibility activitie
mercially devise
lid margin contra
ent/return featur
weaker CF activiti
ore the qualit
changing fu
20 illustrate
ed access to
ree cash flow
anced free cas
Fin
e not in any way
wn sources cas. E.g. weak IP ro
d infrastructure
actual arrangeme
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es via return‐bas
ty of the inc
unding lands
es the impac
o finance. Illu
generation b
sh flow gener
nancing optio
indicative of the
sh available; 1) N
oyalties’ arrange
projects; 3) Soli
ents for contract
ntly robust CF com
sed financing.
come stream
scapes, but
ct of busines
ustrative exa
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ration busines
ons
relative size/pro
Non CF generatin
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research service
mponent in the p
s should hav
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el versus
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ng activities. E.g.
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es/solidly comme
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ch opportun
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ifferent sources
fundamental re
ements for contr
ng‐term sizeable
ercially devised in
ties could potent
55
financial
ities and
ustness in
of CF and/or
search; non‐
ract research
IP royalties’
nfrastructure
tially make it
In turn,
balance
streams.
should e
internal
Furtherm
flow enh
As the e
RTO can
are non‐
In Figure
volume
activities
finance (
this RTO
results in
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Figure 2
Notes: Sizesfinancing inmonetised services/suarrangemenprojects, so
A
the financin
both the sh
. An improve
enable RTOs
and off bala
more, as illus
hanced busin
enhanced cas
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‐cash genera
e 21, the left
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s shaped in a
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O in which th
n an overall
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1: The multi
s of boxes are illunstruments; CF: fIP; 2) Weak CF vb‐optimally comnts/long‐term soolid investment/re
B
ng strategy
hort and lon
ed cash flow
to strength
nce sheet/sp
strated in Fig
ness model
sh flow gene
eployment o
ative, such as
t side of (A)
y generated
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own sources
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strengthenin
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vities (d) furt
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ustrative and arefree cash flow; ovisibility activitiemercially deviselid margin contraeturn features.
B
and therefo
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hen their inc
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gure 21, the
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resources) a
enerates we
s) is illustrate
iated activiti
ng of the RTO
e (1)+(2). An
ther amplifie
of a strength
e not in any way own sources, cass. E.g. weak IP rod infrastructure actual arrangeme
ore the finan
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n capacity co
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improved fi
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m line and t
inancial flex
e a multiplie
the RTO to
portion of the
cing options
the case’s e
stability) ca
band (1). As
de stronger
profile, pavi
ent of the m
finance (1)+(
ess model fo
relative size/proNon CF generatinements/weak conid CF visibility aresearch service
2
ments of an
ility and dur
th a manage
hus their ab
ibility achiev
er effect on R
access retur
eir activities
(grants and
example RTO
sh flow to th
shown in (C)
monetisatio
ng the way f
onetisation o
2)+(3).
or growth. Il
oportion of the ding activities. E.g. ntractual arrangectivities. E.g. lones/solidly comme
D
d
d
n RTO shoul
rability of it
eable refinan
bility to supp
vable throug
RTOs’ missio
rn‐based fina
that, by the
potentially
O with a po
he RTO (B). A
), a growth m
on/return for
for accessing
of existing w
lustration
ifferent sources fundamental re
ements for contrng‐term sizeableercially devised in
56
d aim to
s income
ncing risk
port both
gh a cash
on reach.
ance, the
ir nature,
a certain
rtfolio of
Access to
model for
r the RTO
g broader
weak cash
of CF and/or search; non‐ract research IP royalties
nfrastructure
3
1
2
The imp
ability to
dynamic
and, in
mass:
In m
chan
infra
chal
be a
flexi
Deve
resu
nece
proje
suffi
in no
inno
6.4.
As alrea
flow stre
landscap
support
risks.
This sect
how qu
therefor
introduc
the busi
financial
spectrum
benefits
pact of an R
o serve its
cs of its activ
innovation i
mission‐orien
nging opera
astructure a
lenge. Trans
a way forwa
bility throug
elopment of
lt in trans‐
essary scale t
ects. Openin
icient operat
ourishing th
ovation infras
Considerat
ady discussed
eam are mo
pe and finan
their RDI pr
tion is inten
ualitative an
re the financ
ces the key d
iness profile
l risk that en
m of return
of such incr
RTO’s busine
mission can
vities. For in
infrastructur
nted resear
tional cond
nd the diff
s‐border coo
ard to maxim
gh lower cost
f innovation
regional/nat
to compete
ng up innov
tional indepe
e needed co
structure.
tionsforth
d, RTOs with
ore likely to
ncing reality
ojects, which
nded to prov
d quantitat
ceability of th
drivers of an
is (in essen
tity can take
‐based finan
eased financ
ess model on
be easily i
nstance, in m
re, in matte
rch, the risi
itions and
erent degre
operation/po
mise the res
ts, synergies
infrastructu
tional duplic
globally whic
vation cultur
endency from
ooperation b
irdpartyde
h a business
be able to
y. They are
h typically fe
vide RTOs w
tive risk cha
heir technolo
n entity’s ov
nce, solid an
e on. Access t
ncing), inves
cial flexibility
n its financi
dentified wh
mission‐orien
rs such as c
ing complex
research op
ees of R&D
ooling betwe
sults of the
and elimina
ure, following
cities, lack o
ch, in turn, u
re among R
m their gove
between RTO
ebtcapital
s model that
successfully
therefore a
eature high t
with general
aracteristics
ogy venture
verall strengt
nd stable ca
to a broader
stor base a
y.
al flexibility
hen looking
nted researc
competitiven
xity of the
pportunities
support at
een RTOs wi
activity whi
tion of dupli
g regional an
of critical m
ultimately lea
RTOs and re
ernments/pu
Os in order
raising.Cre
t is able to g
adjust and
also likely to
technology, e
guidance, a
typically a
s throughou
th. In princip
sh flow gen
r source of fi
nd financing
and therefo
into some
ch in the con
ness, duplici
technologie
, the costs
national le
th a similar
lst providing
cities genera
nd national p
mass and ov
ads to non‐fi
elevant stake
blic sponsor
to maximise
editrisk
generate a s
benefit from
o be in an im
execution an
wareness an
ffect the c
t the project
ple, ceteris p
eration capa
nancing inst
g terms are
ore ultimate
of the feat
ntext of crit
ity as well a
es and mark
of equipm
evel pose a
scope/missi
g additional
ated by the p
policy object
verall a lac
inancially su
eholders an
rs play a rele
e the value
solid and sta
m the new f
mproved po
nd commerc
nd understa
creditworthin
ct life cycle. F
paribus, the
acity) the hi
truments (su
e among th
57
ely on its
ures and
ical mass
as critical
kets, the
ment and
sizeable
ion could
financial
pooling.
tives may
k of the
stainable
d having
evant role
added of
able cash
financing
osition to
cialisation
nding on
ness and
Figure 22
stronger
igher the
ch as the
e typical
Figure 22
Notehave
The busi
Size
Scale is
project –
value ch
of a tech
and prof
project c
able to t
due to t
technolo
commer
commer
of an int
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higher o
forms –
project
demonst
Furtherm
and cros
and shou
2: Standard cr
e: The risk factor to be considered
iness model c
and scale
an indicator
– including t
hain (custom
hnology (e.g
fit once the
credit worth
take on. Sma
the uncertai
ogy risk and
rcialisation
rcialisation ri
trinsically hig
iness profile
ng efficiency
operating eff
such as work
inception t
trate more
more, the un
ss‐market (se
uld be taken
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profile
redit risk drive
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credit drivers
r of the stren
technology –
ers, supplier
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iness, the hi
all and mid‐
inty of futur
overall proj
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isk can be m
gh risk techn
and profitab
y typically in
iciency can a
king capital a
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ector, jurisdi
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gher its busi
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re margins,
ect executio
ically result
modelled and
ology and/o
bility
dicates high
absorb highe
and flexibility
e the bank
ating margin
nd transferab
iction) soluti
nt to maximis
ss profile
tability and ef
porate govern
rage and cove
ial policy, capi
evel
ecific. Other riskshiness assessmen
in Figure 22
entity and th
challenges a
ulting diversi
ography) lea
mmercialisati
iness risk is t
ects tend to
scalability a
on risk at de
ts in a n
d/or reduced
r developme
h cash conve
er revenue v
y in cost stru
ability of a
ns and there
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ions lay the
se the banka
fficiency (cash
ance
erage
ital structure,
s such as countrynt.
are briefly d
herefore of
s well as to
fication of a
ds to more
on (reduced
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o be intrinsic
and penetrat
evelopment
non‐financea
d at project c
ent project w
ersion cycles
volatility. Op
uctures – and
a project. A
efore, ceteri
project’s tec
foundations
ability of a pr
h flow certaint
, liquidity
y, industry, and
iscussed bel
its resilience
commerciali
broader co
stable and p
d commercia
e financial ri
ally more vu
tion. The co
phase and h
able projec
conception s
will improve.
s. Ceteris pa
erating effic
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chnology, te
s for operatin
roject.
ty)
project executio
low:
e ability to o
ise and influ
mmercial ap
predictable
lisation risk)
isk the proje
ulnerable to
ombination o
high profitab
ct. Insofar
stage, the ba
aribus, a pro
iency comes
taken into ac
ve advanta
mproved ba
echnology int
ng cash flow
58
on
overcome
uence the
pplication
revenues
). For any
ct will be
volatility
of a high
bly risk at
as this
ankability
oject with
s in many
ccount at
ge is to
nkability.
tegration
w stability
Gove
For a pr
governa
to the s
managem
upstream
by inclu
overruns
ernance
roject to be
nce structur
scope of act
ment and a
m risks and
uding a risk
s.
e declared a
e. The overa
tivities, targ
administrativ
safeguard ag
mitigation
s bankable,
all governanc
geted resear
ve arrangem
gainst any p
strategy int
the lender
ce structure
rch goals, sh
ments. Addit
premature en
tegrating ad
has to be a
of the proje
hareholder s
tionally, the
nd or potent
dequate con
able to asse
ct has to be
structure, le
project ho
tial cancellat
tingencies,
ess the finan
determined
egal framew
older should
tion of comm
e.g. in case
59
ncial and
d, relating
work, and
address
mitments
e of cost
7. Pot
The RTO
size, etc
assessing
specific
are need
To addr
project e
this cha
instrume
address
Based o
terms of
Finally, T
fitness fo
7.1.
The rang
project,
influence
RTO co
solutions
grouped
i
d
t
t
d
i
tentialEIB
O community
. – and so ar
g the fitness
aspects as p
ded.
ess RTOs’ e
environment
pter analyse
ents, includin
project‐spec
n the above
f financial in
Table 7 and
or RTOs.
RTOprojec
ge of project
each projec
e financeabi
mmunity di
s/underlying
d into three d
Layer 1 – He
in business m
position, leg
Layer 2 – G
differences
transfer, IP d
the sector or
Layer 3 –
differences
interlocked w
permutation
Groupfin
y is a highly
re its project
s of financing
possible in or
xogenous fu
t by grouping
es the track
ng examples
cific features
e analysis an
nstruments t
Table 8 in A
cts‐Identif
t types supp
ct is likely to
lity. This frag
iscussed in
g to be finan
differentiated
eterogeneity
models and f
al form, tech
ranularity in
in project s
development
r sectors invo
Project‐intr
in the proje
with Layer 1
ns of shapes
nancingsol
y granular u
ts. Conseque
g instrument
rder to draw
unding gap,
g the project
record of a
. In the next
s and the ex
nd results, th
that could s
nnex I prese
ficationofa
orted by RTO
o have diffe
gmentation a
Chapter 3
nced (for fur
d layers acco
y of RTOs: gr
financial flex
hnology and
n types of p
scope and o
t, developme
olved and th
rinsic featur
ect business
1 and Layer 2
and types of
lutions
universe – w
ently, a one‐
ts the study h
w conclusions
this chapte
ts (presented
access to fin
t part, the stu
xogenous fu
he last part
ignificantly i
ent a detaile
accesstofin
Os is extrem
rentiating/u
at project lev
and from
rther details
ording to the
ranularity is t
xibility, geogr
project and
project: gran
objectives su
ent infrastru
he stage of d
res: at proj
s and financ
2 above yield
f project.
with differen
‐size‐fits‐all
has aimed to
s on whethe
r first stream
d to the EIB)
nance and f
udy assesses
nding gap (d
of this chap
improve cap
d description
nancecluste
mely wide. In
nique featu
vel stems pa
the divers
see Section
eir reach (see
the result, am
raphical scop
financial str
nularity is, am
uch as whet
ucture, if it is
evelopment
ject‐specific
cial risks an
ding a comp
t objectives,
solution is n
o take into ac
er tailor‐mad
mlines and
into cluster
fitness of th
s how fit thes
discussed in
pter sets out
pacity to sup
n of the inst
ers
addition, am
res which in
rtially from t
e nature o
n 5.1). These
e also Figure
mong other t
pe, size, scale
ucturing kno
mong other
her the pro
a spin‐off o
.
level, gran
d return. Th
plex and exte
s, scope, leg
not applicab
ccount as m
de financing
rationalises
rs. The secon
he most rele
se instrumen
detail in Ch
t the way fo
pport RTOs’
truments and
mong similar
n turn influe
the granular
of the tech
e singularitie
23):
things, of dif
e, reach, com
owledge.
things, the
oject is a te
r is on balan
nularity stem
hese differe
ensive set of
60
al forms,
le. When
any RTO‐
solutions
the RTO
nd part of
evant EIB
nts are to
hapter 6).
orward in
projects.
d of their
r types of
ence/may
rity of the
nological
es can be
fferences
mpetitive
result of
chnology
ce sheet,
ms from
ences are
f possible
This mu
and enh
instrume
financing
gaps.
Projects
those pr
the need
projects
into acc
following
1
2
3
Figure 23
assessing
were so
nature o
projects 57F
but do n
58 These pardue to itsbusiness
lti‐layered g
hancing the a
ents, a balan
g solutions
presented t
rojects alrea
ds but also t
as the start
count a suff
g types of pr
1) Innovatio
2) Technolo
3) IP monet
3 illustrates
g the financi
urced by RT
of (one of) 58. These pa
not hinder th
rticularities are ds genesis the RTOand financial mo
granularity o
access to fin
nce has to b
in place su
o Innovation
dy financed
the adequac
ing point to
iciently broa
rojects have
on infrastruc
ogy transfer
tisation: a) u
this process
ing condition
TOs, their fo
the sponso
rticularities
e approach t
driven by i) potenOs’ profile is to bedel).
of the RTO u
nance of RTO
be struck be
fficiently em
n Finance Ad
by the EIB a
cy of existing
review the f
ad view of
been disting
cture
via SPV
pfront (off b
of streamlin
ns for RTO pr
rm and con
or(s) when a
need to be t
to and outco
tial formal restrice fundamentally d
universe ma
Os ill‐conceiv
tween this s
mbrace and
dvisory (whet
and the EIF
g instrument
funding cond
the access
guished (the
balance shee
ning and rati
rojects. Altho
tent are sim
an RTO is p
taken into ac
ome of the a
ctions imposed odifferent from tha
akes a one‐s
ved. When a
singularity a
respond to
ther or not t
are an effec
ts. Hence, by
ditions of RT
to finance e
“project clus
et) and b) roy
onalising the
ough not all
milar to thos
present feed
ccount when
bove project
on some RTOs to dat of other spons
ize‐fits‐all so
assessing the
and the aim
o the acute
hey achieve
ctive point of
y utilising th
O projects, t
environment
sters”).
yalty‐based (
e otherwise
of the proje
e of RTOs. I
ds some pa
n assessing t
t clustering.
debt fund themsesors (regardless o
olution for a
e fitness of f
of ensuring
and proven
d financial c
f reference
his EIB Group
the assessme
t. On this b
(on balance s
complex sce
ects referred
Indeed, the
rticularities
the access to
elves and ii) the fof the soundness
61
assessing
financing
that the
n funding
lose) and
to assess
p pool of
ent takes
basis, the
sheet)
enario for
to above
different
into the
o finance,
fact that of their
Figure 2
These pr
flow unc
for proje
between
instance
a) A
s
c
b)
a
c) S
t
d
s
c
d) v
d
Differety
3: Streamlin
roject cluste
certainty, pro
ects to be s
n them from
e:
An innovatio
sponsor is a
counterparti
In contrast,
prospects w
ability to gen
Similarly, a
time its co
developmen
sufficient ce
commerciali
Regarding co
value as co
developmen
ent project ypes
ning and ratio
ers share com
oject, techno
significantly
m a financin
on infrastru
ble to close
ies with a so
, in princip
will provide a
nerate the ri
project com
ommercialisa
nt (solo) proj
rtainty that
sation and t
ollateral, for
ollateral in
nt. In the ca
onalising the
mmon featu
ology and co
cash genera
ng risk pers
cture projec
a granular, l
und credit ri
ple, IP deve
bsolutely no
sk/return ne
prising the d
ation will h
ject, as the
the IP will b
herefore of i
the reasons
the case o
se of innova
.
.
Project stre
e assessmen
res in terms
mmercialisa
ative. Howe
spective, req
ct cash flow
ong‐term co
isk profile.
elopment w
o certainty o
eeded by inv
developmen
have a lowe
latter (unles
be commerci
investment r
above, the
of IP develo
ation infrast
eamlining pro
nt of access t
s of business
tion risks an
ever, there w
quiring a di
w generation
ontract pool
without clea
of cash flow
estors.
nt of the IP (
er cash flo
ss supported
ialised (e.g.
return.
IP can be exp
opment and
ructure, as t
ocess
to funding co
and financi
d the relativ
will also be
fferent fina
n risk could
and/or enga
ar/short‐term
generation
(or technolo
w generatio
d by a mech
royalties)) of
pected to ha
d commercia
the project
Infrastructu
developme
Technotransfer
Access to f
onditions ‐ c
al risks, such
vely long time
material dif
ncing appro
be mitigate
age with a n
m commerc
and therefo
ogy) and at t
on risk tha
hanism that
ffers no pro
ave a relative
alisation th
progresses c
ure
ent
ology r ‐ SPV
IP monet(royaltiebalance
mon(up
finance – proje
62
clusters
h as cash
e needed
fferences
oach. For
ed if the
umber of
cialisation
re of the
the same
an an IP
provides
spects of
ely higher
an in IP
collateral
tisation es ‐ on sheet)
IP etisation pfront)
ct clustering
v
i
t
The resu
for asses
7.2.
The EIB
innovati
The class
Figure 24
In the co
Investme
things, t
continue
gaps 59F
60.
59 com.: Com
60 Instrume
value is dev
FOAK techno
risk than th
infrastructur
the counterp
ulting cluster
ssing the fitn
Financing
has long‐sta
on (RDI) thro
sic EIB loan t
4: EIB loan t
ontext of th
ent Plan Eu
o mobilise in
es to develo
mmercial nt gap refers to t
veloped as t
ology transfe
he developm
re, cash flow
parties involv
ring of proje
ness of the ex
trackrecor
anding track
ough a set of
types are illu
types 58F
59
he EIB Group
rope (and s
nvestment a
op products
the lack in certain
he infrastruc
er at TRL 6‐8
ment of inn
w risk may va
ved (e.g. SM
cts and relat
xisting financ
rdandfitne
record of pr
f financial ins
ustrated in Fi
p and the EC
similar previ
nd foster res
to address
n instances of fit f
cture progre
8 could in pri
novation inf
ry substantia
Es, universit
ted consider
cing instrum
essofselect
roviding fina
struments u
gure 24.
C strategic j
ious initiativ
search and i
both marke
for purpose finan
esses. In ter
nciple offer
frastructure.
ally dependi
ties, investm
rations discu
ments in Secti
tedexisting
ncing to sup
nder differen
joint initiativ
ves such as
nnovation, t
et investmen
ncial instruments
ms of techn
higher techn
Furthermo
ng on the TR
ent grade co
ussed herein
on 7.2.
gfinancialin
pport researc
nt programm
ves under H
the RSFF) a
the EIB Grou
nt gaps and
.
nology uncer
nology and e
ore, with in
RL level and
orporates, et
lays the fou
instruments
ch, developm
mes and mec
orizon 2020
aiming, amo
up has develo
financial in
63
rtainty, a
execution
nnovation
nature of
tc.).
undations
s
ment and
chanisms.
0 and the
ng other
oped and
strument
The EIB’s
the full
nature o
Europea
Through
activities
offering
on the
instrume
The EIB
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access to
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in Finlan
premises
technolog
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matter an
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61 Details on
62 Overall spoperation
s track recor
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an Fund for S
h the Europe
s 61F
62, the EIB
instruments
market, ma
ent offering
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andard lend
o finance fo
vestment imp
polis Scienc
mber 2014, th
d, Lithuania
for innovat
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company ope
an Synchrot
he InnovFin La
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m over the p
ring with unriv
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ence for bas
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synchrotron lig
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others, hosp
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ments betwe
are among t
n the EFSI prograpecial activities inns where the risk
rd of financin
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trategic Inve
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is able to ac
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akes such p
conceived ad
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ing operatio
or those proj
pact in RDI in
ce Parks III
e EIB closed E
and Estonia.
ive companie
inland, Estoni
rating in the
tron Resear
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EBS) project p
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project, involv
eriod 2015‐20
valled proper
ESRF will prov
sic and appli
ntensified “big
ght source. Th
B indirectly
itals and un
PIs, a continu
trengthen th
een the EIB
he mechanis
mme and its instnclude (i) loan, gu is shared with th
ng RDI projec
and clinches
estments (EFS
or Strategic
ccept higher
ng security st
projects feas
ddress RTO/
of financing
ons, this infr
jects with hi
nfrastructure
EUR 40m in lo
The project
es, start‐up i
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science park
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that will hel
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ties which wi
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ed research.
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finances RD
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uation from t
he alignmen
and EIF and
sms that are
ruments can be fuarantee or equithird parties (risk s
cts sponsore
s the differe
FSI) and RDI in
c Investmen
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tructures wh
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LFF is a
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Lithuania
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Lithuania
and vent
attract ad
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capital m
70 For addit
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crowds‐in
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ourgish econo
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7.1.
late the dive
EUR 30m in
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growth inno
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strument
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7.3.
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RTOs. R
RTOs ha
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Table 3:
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Pro
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This stu
instrume
below, c
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are in pr
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impact.
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iled in Sectio
egardless of
ave fundam
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ve range of
s. Table 3 sum
Key drivers
ap driver
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oject diversity
cus on novative techn
vestor appetghly inchnologies
oject size misanvestors <> RTO
ending
udy has con
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the EIB Inve
EIF Technolo
rinciple well‐
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highly ologies
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stment Platf
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ness of their
ences with
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ogenous fun
scription
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reliminary a
exogenous fu
ments, nam
Funds;
form; and
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undinggap
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ld enable th
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vision by RT
sure the eff
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Co‐investment
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of the fundi
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s a conseque
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mes (see Ta
objectives o
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good fit for a
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arised in Tab
f the instrum
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ng‐term investmsulate a diverse
ct of the EIB to a
of EIB and NPI
single investmeund theme. E.g
EIB financing ano systemic vieally compatible
and outlook
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economy, t
ence of EFS
EIB Co‐inve
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licy/mission/
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le 4 show th
ment to addr
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ment. An RTO‐be range of proje
attract private
increases impa
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nd has crowdinew to catalyse oe EIB‐EIF instrum
k for project
nce if the fu
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addressing E
he alignmen
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stment Fund
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their region
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otential diffe
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ng‐in effect for other resourcesments, private i
s would be n
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would need
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xogenous fu
s gaps
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ss the specific siect size (See Ta
private investos such as grantsinvestment
necessary fo
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to have.
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Table 5:gap
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the endoge
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European
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nds as of
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ents have
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research
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ture including far h e.
search have the only g from e up to ts to market,
List of EI
Year
Technol
2001
2003
2006
2006
2008
2008
2009
2010
2011
2011
2012
2012
2012
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2014
2014
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2016
2016
2016
2016
For the chttp://w
IF technolog
logy transfer
T‐Sou
Louva
Leuve
IP Ve
Chalm
Manc
Karol
Leuve
Louva
Telec
Deme
Elaia
Cance
Epida
INRIA
IP Ve
Grand
Aurig
SINTE
Cance
Armil
Diffus
Kurm
ACT T
Abing
P‐101
V‐Bio
Thuja
Quad
BeAb
UCL T
Cardu
CD3 I
Unive
complete listwww.eif.org/
gy transfer in
and intellectu
urce
ain Vives I
en CD3 (Centr
nture Fund
mers Innovatio
chester UMIP
inska Develop
en CD3 II (Cen
ain Vives II
com Technolo
eter Cleantech
Alpha fund
er Research T
arex (formerly
A IT Translatio
nture Fund II
d Ouest d'Am
ga Bioseeds IV
EF Venture IV
er Research T
lar Ventures (
sion Capital
ma Diagnostics
TTA Fund
gworth Pharm
1
o Ventures
a
drivium
ble
Technology Fu
uso
III
ersity Bridge F
t of EIF inves/what_we_d
nvestments
Investm
ual property f
re for Drug de
on Seed Fund
Premier Fund
pment
ntre for Drug d
gies Transfert
h seed fund
ech (CRT) Pio
y Rock Spring)
n
orcage Sante
V
ech (CRT) Pio
not closed, fu
s
ma Co‐develop
und
Fund
stments as oo/equity/eif‐
ment
funds
esign and Disc
d
d
design and Dis
t (3T)
neer Fund (a)
neer Fund (b)
und‐raising)
pment Fund
of 31 March 2f‐equity‐port
overy)
scovery)
)
2016 please folio.pdf
Countr
France
Belgium
Belgium
UK
Swede
UK
Swede
Belgium
Belgium
France
France
France
UK
UK
France
UK
France
France
Norwa
UK
Portug
Turkey
France
Turkey
UK
Italy
Belgium
Netherla
France
Spain
UK
Netherla
Belgium
Ireland
refer to the
ry com
E
e
m
m
en
en
m
m
e
e
e
e
e
e
ay
gal
ey
e
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m
ands
e
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ands
m
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link below:
101
EIF mitment
EUR m
4.3
4.5
4
18
9
11
27
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15
10
20
15
15
10
10
24
15
12
12
15
15
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15
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EIF inves
The main
stment criter
n criteria the E
ria
EIF considers
when evalua
ting investme
ents in TT fund
ds are as follo
ows:
102
103
Annex
For the
Develop
related
centrepi
various f
over EU
Meanwh
nearly E
innovati
has mor
Europea
investme
result, u
promoti
Figure 38
3–Releva
period 200
ment (FP7),
activities. T
ece for inno
financial inst
R 11bn to 1
hile, Horizon
UR 80bn (se
on finance to
re than doub
n Fund for S
ent for Euro
unprecedent
on of innova
8: Instruments
antEIBGro
07 to 2013,
with a bud
The budget
ovation finan
truments ap
14 research
2020 replac
e the figure
ool relevant
bled, with E
Strategic Inve
ope's strateg
ed amounts
ative technol
s relevant to
oup/ECfin
the 7th Fr
get of over
had increas
nce was the
plicable to R
, developme
ced FP7 as a
below). Also
for RTOs. Co
UR 24bn in
estments (EF
gic infrastru
s of Europea
ogies are cu
RTOs and the
nancialins
amework P
EUR 50bn, i
sed by 63%
e so‐called R
RTO financin
ent and inno
n umbrella p
o, the Innov
ompared to
available fu
FSI), a financ
ucture, inclu
an‐level fund
rrently avail
eir partners (in
struments
rogramme f
nvested in v
% compared
isk Sharing
ng. Up to the
ovation (RDI
programme f
Fin program
its predecess
nds. In addi
cial scheme i
ding various
ds and vario
able.
n the ecosyst
for Research
various resea
to its pre
Finance Faci
e end of 201
) projects w
for RDI supp
me has repl
sor RSFF, the
tion, the EC
intended to
s RDI activit
ous financial
em)
h and Tech
arch and inn
edecessor FP
ility (RSFF),
13, the RSFF
worth over E
port, with a b
aced the RS
e budget for
C has establi
attract EUR
ties and SM
instrument
104
nological
novation‐
P6. FP7's
featuring
provided
UR 30bn.
budget of
FF as the
InnovFin
shed the
315bn in
MEs. As a
s for the
InnovFin
launched
access f
tailored
research
addressi
backed
resource
InnovFin
covering
largest e
States a
equity fi
Inno
betw
sma
bein
inter
by th
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inve
yet h
com
inno
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up t
emp
thro
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losse
Inno
from
and
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proje
infra
for s
piec
n: under Hor
d a new gen
inance more
financial pro
h and innova
ing the speci
by funds se
es).
n consists of
g the entire
enterprise. In
nd associate
nancing avai
ovFin SME
ween EUR 25
ller and med
ng rolled ou
rmediaries a
he European
ovFin SME V
sting or coop
have started
panies in th
ovative secto
ovFin MidCa
to EUR 50m,
ployees) whi
ugh financia
Cap Guarant
es by the EIB
ovFin MidCa
m EUR 7.5m t
smaller midc
ovFin Large
ects emanat
astructure (in
special purp
es of RDI inf
rizon 2020, t
neration of f
e easily. Unt
oducts for R
ation infrast
ific financing
et aside by t
f a series o
value chain
nnovFin is av
ed countries
ilable to inno
Guarantee
5 000 and E
dium‐sized e
t through f
are guarante
n Investment
Venture Capi
perating with
generating
heir pre‐see
ors, including
p Guarantee
, in order t
ch are not e
al intermedia
tee, financia
B.
ap Growth F
to EUR 25m f
caps.
Projects de
ting from la
ncluding inn
ose vehicles
rastructure a
the EU resea
financial inst
til 2020, Inn
DI by smalle
tructure. Inn
g needs of ce
the EU (und
f financing
n of RDI in o
vailable acro
. By 2020, In
ovative comp
provides gu
UR 7.5m, in
nterprises an
financial inte
ed or count
t Fund (EIF).
ital will prim
h business a
revenues fro
ed, seed, an
g life sciences
e provides g
o improve a
eligible unde
aries such a
al intermedia
Finance offe
for innovativ
elivers loans
arger firms,
ovation‐ena
s. Under this
and facilities
arch program
truments an
ovFin – EU
er, medium‐s
novFin furth
ertain innov
der Horizon
tools and a
order to sup
oss all eligible
nnovFin is ex
panies to sup
uarantees a
order to im
nd smaller m
ermediaries.
er‐guarantee
marily invest
ngels. The p
om the sale
nd start‐up
s, clean ener
guarantees a
access to fi
er the Innov
s banks and
aries are gua
ers long‐term
ve larger mid
s and guara
universities
bling infrast
s financing t
s (see examp
mme for 201
nd advisory s
Finance for
sized and lar
er includes
ative sectors
2020) and b
advisory serv
pport invest
e sectors und
xpected to m
pport EUR 48
and counter
mprove acces
midcaps (up t
. Under Inn
ed against a
in venture
rogramme ta
of their prod
phases. The
rgy and high‐
and counter‐
nance for in
vFin SME Gu
d other finan
aranteed aga
m senior, su
dcaps (up to
ntees from
and public
ructure), for
ool, the EIB
ples below).
14‐20, the E
services to h
Innovators
ger compan
a number o
s. InnovFin f
by the EIB G
vices offered
ments from
der Horizon
make over E
8bn in final R
r‐guarantees
ss to loan fi
to 499 emplo
ovFin SME
portion of t
capital fund
argets enter
duct(s) or ser
e investment
‐tech.
‐guarantees
nnovative m
arantee. Thi
ncial instituti
ainst a porti
ubordinated
3 000 emplo
EUR 25m to
research or
r public‐priva
has finance
EC and the E
help innovat
will offer a
ies and prom
of thematic
financial prod
Group (from
d by the EI
m the smalle
2020, in EU
UR 24bn in
RDI investme
s on debt
nance for in
oyees). This
Guarantee,
their potent
ds and other
prises which
rvice(s). This
t focus will
on debt fina
midcaps (up
is is being r
ions. Under
ion of their
or mezzani
oyees), but a
o EUR 300m
rganisations
ate partners
ed several la
105
IB Group
tive firms
range of
moters of
products
ducts are
m its own
B Group,
st to the
Member
debt and
ents.
financing
nnovative
facility is
financial
tial losses
r vehicles
h may not
s includes
be with
ancing of
to 3 000
olled out
InnovFin
potential
ine loans
also SMEs
m for RDI
, for RDI
hips, and
rge‐scale
Example
The objec
European
networki
conferen
Example
The loan
state‐of‐t
Soviet m
centres l
scientific
also cont
1 ‐ Cooperati
ctive of COST
n researchers
ng tools inc
ces.
2 ‐ Extreme L
to Extreme L
the‐art laser r
military camp.
ocated in the
research in a
ribute to clos
ion in science
T is to finance
to jointly dev
clude meetin
Light Infrastru
ight research
research facil
This facility
e Czech Repu
a number of a
e pan‐Europe
and technolo
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velop their ow
ngs, short‐te
ucture
Infrastructure
ity in Szeged
is part of th
ublic and Rom
areas (ranging
ean cooperatio
ogy
al networks o
wn ideas and n
erm scientific
Term
e (ELI) is to fin
(Hungary), in
he pan‐Europe
mania. The E
g from materi
on and exchan
Term
of nationally f
new initiative
c missions,
ms of loan:
Financed
infrastruc
EIB loan f
partly fina
EIB fundin
construct
linked to
of up to f
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Start of w
30/06/20
nance the des
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EIB loan will
al science and
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serve for
laser rese
advanced
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EIB fundin
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project im
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training scho
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cture and Inno
for EUR 100m,
ance the 2014
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work 01/01/20
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sign, construc
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cture compart
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the construct
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erms and con
mplementatio
years with up
loan of up to 1
guarantee: ins
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cientific discip
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FF‐European
ovFin
, signed in 20
4‐2020 budge
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side EU own r
014 – End of w
ction and outf
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FF‐European
tment
m, signed in 2
tion of a high‐
and installatio
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ditions linked
n: amortising
to three year
11 years
side EU own r
106
to enable
plines. The
hops and
research
14, to
t of COST
rt of
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