I

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CHAPTER 9

Chapter concepts ~ Converting cu rrency

~ Using rat io

~ Reading in formation

~ Using sk ill s in percentages, decimals and fracti ons

~ Using big nu mbers

~ Applying statistical skills

~ Using graphing sk il ls

~ Using leT to research information

Most children in India have little food, minimal education and very few possessions. The Indian currency is rupees, Rs. It costs 150 Rs to provide a chi ld with a daily nutritious meal for a month and 175 Rs to provide a child with education for a month.

One Australian dollar is equivalent to 33 Rs. What is the cost, in Ilust,alian dollars, of providing a child with education and a nutritious meal every day for a month?

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Real World Relevance Poverty and lack of education is a serious world issue that affects mil lions of people worl d

wide. Countries like India, for example. have no social security and no government ass istance for people who are poor, socially d isadvantaged or d isabled.

When you trave l to poor cou ntries it is easy to understand why Australia is

referred to as 'the lucky cou ntry '.

l:lJi.]J!l t4,,*) Approximately two-thirds of the world's adult illiterate people are women, and nearly two-thirds of illiterate people live in only nine of the world's countries. More than one-third live in India.

How many of the world's adult illiterate people are women living in India?

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LANGUAGE •••••••••• : The'rnortalityrate' : is another way of

saying the 'death rate',

Example 1

• Poverty statistics Around the world , one child in every four l ives in poverty. As wel l as having

inadequate or insufficient food , ch ildren in poverty also face a lack of quality

accommodation, poor or no access to health and education, and a reduced li fe

expectancy.

(======~P~O~P~U~Ic;~lt~io~D~st~a~ti~'s~ti~c~s======~) During the [9605, the mortality rate in India of ch ildren aged youngerthan

5 years was 242. Bi rth rates and death rates are usually expressed as an

amount per 1000 of the appropriate popu lation. A death rate of 242 means that 242 children out of every 1000 ch ildren d ied each year.

Ex:amp le 2

What common fraction is close to 242

out of 1000? During the I 990s the morta li ty rate of children

in Bolivia aged younger than 5 years was 125.

In 1990 there was approximately 196000

ch ildren younger than 5 years old in Bolivia.

How many of them died during the year?

Solution 1

As a percentage, 242 out of 1000 is the

same as 12~ x 100%or24·2%. SCllution 2

24·2% is close to 25% or ~. The fraction of the children who died is II! , which is the same as ~. Each year in India, during the 1960s,

approximately ~ of all children under

the age of 5 years died. Numberwhodied= k x 196000

= 24 500

In Austra lia, all sick children can get medical treatment through Medicare. In India, and other poor countries, a sick child will be turned away from hospital if the parents can't afford to pay.

Approximately 24500 Bolivian children aged

younger than 5 years died each year.

WOlrksheet 9:1 D a What does a morta lity ratle of 150 mean?

b What percen tage is the same as a mortality rate of 250?

c In Australia there are about 170000 children under the age of 5 years.

The Austra lian morta lity rate for this age group is 6. Approximately how

many Australian chi ld ren under the age of 5 years d ie each year?

D a What do you think an infant morta li ty rate (i.e . aged under 1 year)

measures?

b In a small ru ral area there are 2000 chi ld ren aged under 1 year The

district's infan t mortality rate is 3. During a 12-month period, how many

of the infan ts die?

Access to Prevocational Maths 1

II This graph shows the mortality rate of children aged youngerthan 5 years in two different categories: (il the poorest one-fifth. and (i iI the wea lthiest one-fifth of the populations. for six differel1lt countries.

Mortali ty rate of children aged younger than 5 years

2S0 1----~~ Poorest one-fifih

. ~~==----~====~~~~~~~~ -e 199-----

§ 200 ~=-------== ~ " 1 SO

-l: ~ u ~

o 100

" , ,,-~ ~

so

o Ivory Coast

(Africa) Bolivia Burkina Faso (South (Africa)

America)

Colombia (South

America)

a Which country has the highest mortality rate?

India Indonesia

b Which country has the largest difference in mortality rates between the wealthiest one-fifth and the poorest one-fifth of the population?

c A region in the Ivory Coast has 200000 children in the poorest one-fifth category. How many of the ch ildren will d ie during a year?

d In Burkina Faso, 45% ofthe population li ve below the poverty line. Express 45% as a decimal and a fraction.

II In July 2005, the world population was 6 446 131 000 and the population of India was I 080264000. a Express the world population and the population of India correct to the

nearest thousand mi llion. b In Ju ly 2005, approximately what fraction of the world 's population lived

in India? c Approximately 38% of the population of India lives in poverty. How

many people in India live in poverty? Express your answer correct to the nearest mi ll ion.

II a The population of Cambodia is 13800000. Write this number in words. b In Cambodia there are 6250000 people aged under 18 years. How many

adults (people aged 18 years and older) are in Cambodia?

c What percentage of the Cambodian population is adult? d There are 1·8 mil lion children younger than 5 years old in Cambodia.

Each year 14·1% of children in Cambodia die. How many Cambodian ch ildren die each year?

Ch ap t er 9 Povert y a nd l it era cy

The actor Paul Newman is doing something positive for othe~ in need. He has a food company and he gives all the after-tax profits world-wide to charity. So far he has donated over $200 million to charities around the world and $8 million to Australian and New Zealand charities.

At least one-third of pregnant women in Botswana have HIV or AIDS. As a resul t of AIDS there are thousands of orphans in Botswana. In some areas virtually all the parents have died. In re<:ent years grandparents have been left to raise all the children. lately, however, children have had the responsibility of caring for dying parents and rais ing their younger brothers and sisters.

D This table shows the annual death rate per 1000 of population and the life expectancy of newborn bahies for six randomly se lected countries.

h Life expectancy at bIrth t ',ate per (How many years a newborn

opu atlon . baby can expect to live I

Argentina 8 75

Bosnia 9 74

Bu lgaria 14 72

Cameroon 17 46

Angola 22 41

Botswana 27 35

Use the tab le to answer these questions.

a In which country is the life expectancy of a newborn baby 72 years?

b In which countries does more than 2% of the population die each year?

c There are 806000 children under 18 years of age living in Botswana. 25% of these children have HIVor AIDS. How many children in Botswana have HIV or AIDS?

d The total population of Botswana is 1·77 mill ion and 37·3% of the total population has HIVor AIDS. How many people over 18 years of age have HIV or AIDS in Botswana?

e Describe what happens to life expectancy as the annual death rate increases.

II This table shows the birth rate , death rate and annual population change for four countries.

Death rate Annual DIfference per 1000 population between bIrth

population Increase and death rate

Australia 12 7

Bolivia 29 8

Burkina Faso 48 17

India 24 8

a Explai n how you know that there are five more b irths than deaths per 1000 of population each year in Australia and that this is equivalent to 0·5%.

b Complete the 'Difference between b irth and death rates' column for the other three countries in the table. Record the values as percentages.

c A country 's annual populiltion increase includes im migrants as well as bi rths and deaths. Describe the level of immigration in the four countries in the table.

Access t o P revoca ti o na l Ma th s 1

• Converting cuxrency When you buy something in another cou ntry you need to pay for it in local

money. Most shopkeepers in other countries are not interested in having Austra lian do lla rs. They want loca l money.

Exchange rates vary dai ly. Current exchange rates are published in daily

newspapers, at financial institutions and on the~ Internet.

Example 3

The exchange rate between Austra lian dollars and Indian rupees IRs) is:

$A I= )).3Rs I Rs=$AO.03

a What is the va lue of $A500 in rupees?

b The price of a shirt is 220 Rs. What is the price in Australian dollars?

Solution 3 a The equation SA 1 = 33.3 Rs means [ Australian dollar is the same as

33.3 rupees. For every $1 you will get 33..3 Rs.

$A500 = 500 x )).3 Rs

= 16650 rupees

b The equation [ Rs = SAO.03 means that I rupee is the same as

3 Austral ian cents.

220 Rs = 220 x 0.03 Austra lian dollars

= $A6.60

The sh irt cost $A6.60.

Chapter 9 Poverty and literacy

Because most of the locals are very poor, the government charges different entry fees into national monuments for locals and overseas tourists. Tourists are charged 970 Rs to enter the Taj Mahal and locals are charged 10 Rs.

WOlrksheet 9:2 D When he was travelling in India, Michael pa id $A9 to hire a chauffeur­

driven car for the afternoon. Use the exchange rate $A I = 33.3 Rs to calcu late the cost of the car in rupees.

IfJ a Cathy withdrew $A250 from an automatic teller machine in India. How many rupees d id the machine give her?

b Cathy was cha rged a $A5 transaction fee. How much is the transaction

fee in rupees?

II Kate can 't decide which pair of shoes to buy. The one on her left foot costs 580 Rs for the pa ir and the one on her right foot costs 640 Rs per pair

a Use the exchange rate I Rs = $AO.03 to find the cost of each pair of shoes in Australian dollars.

b Kate negotiates to pay

on ly 1020 Rs for both pa irs of shoes. How much d iscount does she rece ive? Give your answer in rupees and Australian dollars.

Access t o P revoca ti o na l Ma th s 1

II Kate wants to buy a sari to wear with her new shoes. A 5 metre long

silk sari costs 875 Rs.

a What is the cost of a metre of the silk in rupees?

b Ca lculate the cost of a metre in Australian dollars.

II Many Indians beg for money or do tricks for tourists for a small fee. This snake charmer charges I rupee to have his photo taken with his cobra. How many photos does he need to have taken to earn the equivalent of I Austra lian dollar?

II The wa iter in a hotel restaurant earns 2000 Rs per month. Calcu late the wa iter's monthly wage in Australian dollars.

II Javed works for 10 hours each day riding his rickshaw to earn 100 rupees. a How many rupees does he earn per

hour?

b How much does he earn per hour in Austra lian dollars?

c Javed works six days per week. Calculate his weekly earn ings in Australian dollars.

D Complete the missing values in this table.

[0 km ride in rickshaw

I kg of potatoes

Leather wallet

Provide vocational train ing for a teenager for [ month

Hospital treatment for a ch ild for 1 month

5

200

250

Rs Cost In Australian dollars

20 cents

$3

II Gerry has a quick way to estimate the cost of an item in Australian dollars when the price is in rupees. Gerry just crosses offthe last two digits and multiplies the remaining numbers by 3. Why does Gerry 's method work?

II:] Every hour in India, four gi rls start working as prostitutes, three of them against the ir wishes. a How many girls start working as a prostitute. against their wishes, each

year in India? b Mira, a 13-year-old gi rl . was sold for 50000 Rs to work in an Indian

brothel. Calculate the price for which she was sold in Australian dollars.

Chapter 9 Poverty and literacy

Local Indian researchers got some interesting results in an e)(periment to assess how computers can help teach illiterate children who don't go to school. A computer was installed in a slum area of Delhi. Within a short time, local children began playing with the computer and teaching themselves and their friends how to make it work. The children quickly taught themselves how to download music and games. Researchers received similar results when they repeated the e)(periment in other locations.

• Poverty and education Large-scale poverty is a massive problem in India. In the past 50 years the Indian Government has made some progress in reducing poverty but an end to poverty is a very long way off.

There are various contributing factors to wide-spread poverty. Low population levels of li teracy, that is, the ability to read and write, is a major problem in India and other impoverished countries.

WOlrksheet 9:3 D People who are illiterate can 't read and write. In the world there are

77 1 million ill iterate people. a Write 77 1 mill ion in digits. b Eleven per cent of the world 's

illiterate people live in China. How many ill i terate people live in Ch ina?

c In India there are 262 mi llion illiterate people. What percentage of the world 's illiterate people li ve in India?

d Two-th i rds of the world 's illiterate people are women. How many il literate men and women are there in the world?

e Ofthe world 's il li terate teenage population , 60% is female. What fraction of the world 's ill iterate teenage population is fema le?

ii What percentage of the world 's ill iterate teenage population is male?

D More than half of the world 's illiterate teenage population lives in South and West Asia. About one-fi:fth of males and one-th ird of fema les in th is region are illiterate. Copy these diagrams and shade an area in red that represents the fraction of ill iterate teenage males and fema les in South and West Asia. Shade the rema ining area blue to represent the literate teenage population. a Ureracy levels of males b Ureracy levels of fe males

• Ill iterate

• literate

Access to P revoca tional Maths 1

II This graph shows the poverty and illiteraq' levels in various countries. Poverty and illiteracy levels

o 5 10 45 50 55

Percentage of populatio n living in poverty

a Copy the graph and show the positions of these countries. Brazil (poverty 22%, illi teracy [4%) Jran (poverty 40%, illiteracy 60%) Mexico (poverty 40%, ill iteracy 8%) Bolivia (poverty 70%, illiteracy 13%)

b Use the information on the graph to decide which of the following statements are valid and which are wrong. Use explicit information from the graph to justify labelling any statements as wrong.

When the rate of ill iteracy is low the rate of poverty is low. ii Countries with high levels of ill iteracy also have high levels of

poverty. iii Countries with low levels of poverty have low levels of illiteracy. iv When there is a high rate of poverty tnere is a high rate of illiteracy.

c Do you agree with the statement that 'reducing ill iteracy levels reduces poverty'? Why or why not?

Chap t er 9 Povert y a nd l it era cy

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According to several sources, Australia is one of only eight countries world-wide that has 0% of the population illiterate. Other countries include Andorra, Denmark, Finland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Vatican City.

9:4

• U siogJatio Just like percentages and fractions can be used to compare relative size or frequency, ratios are a way to compare quantities. Ratios don't tell you total quantities. They just tell you how the quantities compare.

Example 4

a What is the ratio of crayons to folders?

b What is the ratio of folders to crayons?

Solution 4

There are five crayons and two folders. The ratio symbol is two dots, one above the other. The order in wh ich ratios are written is very important. I II a crayons: folders == 5: 2

b folders: crayons::: 2: 5

WOlrksheet 9:4 II A class of 28 students contai ns 13 boys and 15 girls. What is the ratio of:

a boys to girls? b girls to boys? c boys to students in the class? d students in the class to girls?

D In the USA, three people in every 100 can 't read and write. What is the ratio in the USA of people who can read and write to those who can 't?

D In China, one person in every 10 lives in poverty. What is the ratio of the number of people in China who don't live in poverty to the number who live in poverty?

II Coloured balloons attached to bamboo poles are com mon in India Gate Park, Delhi. In the picture there are eight large balloons and nine small balloons.

Access to Prevocatio na l Mat h s 1

a What is the ratio of the small balloons to the large balloons?

b What fraction of the balloons are large? c What is the ratio of the large balloons

to the tota l number of ba lloons?

(~======~S~im~p~J~iW~'~Dg~r~~ti~Q~s======~) In most situat ions, simplified rat ios are easier to use.

II II

II

D

Example 5 The ratio of butterflies to sunflowers is 3: 6. Write 3: 6 as a simplified ratio.

Solution 5

There are three butterflies for every six sunflowers. This is the same as

one butterfl y for every two sunflowers. J ,6 = 1 ,2

If there is a number that can d iv ide in to both numbers in the ratio with no remainder, the ratio can be simplified.

Both 3 and 6 can be d iv ided by 3.

3:6 =3 +3 :6 +3 = 1 ,2

Worksheet 9:5 Simplify the ratio 10:40 by d ividing both numbers in the rat io by 10.

Simplify each of the folloWi ng ratios b y d ividing by 5.

a 20 : 15 b 35 : 40 c 50:5

Express each of these ratios in simp lest form.

a 4 :2 b 8 : 10 c 2:0:30

e 12 :4 f 20 , 100 9 16: 14

d 55, 10

d 100,200 h 18,20

In Hai t i, the ratio of people li ving in poverty to people not li ving in poverty is 80: 20. What is this rat io in simp lest form?

In the Dominican Republic, the rat io of people l iving in poverty to the remainder of the population is 25 : 75.

a Simp li fy the rat io 25: 75.

b What fraction of the people in the Dominican Republic live in poverty?

II In Pakistan , the ratio of literate men to illite rate men is 3: 2. Are there more literate o r illiterate men in Pakistan?

Chapter 9 Poverty and literacy

Most people in India don't get to choose their own marriage partner. Their parents choose for them. A popular section in every Sunday paper is the 'Matrimonials', in which parents advertise for marriage partners for their children in the 'Bride wanted' or 'Groom wanted' sections.

~Hint

Use your calculator m simplity ratios by writing the ratio as a fraction. For example. for 3 : 6, enter it in your calculator as me fraction ~ and

press 0. The calculator

shows i ' which means the ratio simplifies to 1 : 2. IFthe calculator gives you a whole number as the answer (e.g. 7) the ratio is 7: 1.

9:5

According to data from UNESCO (United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization) the largest primary school pupil: teacher ratios in 2003 were 69: 1 in Chad (North Africa) and 70: 1 in Malawi (Africa). The smallest pupil: teacher ratios were in Hungary and Norway. which both had a ratio of 10: 1.

II The pupil : teacher ratio is one way to compare the amount of attention each child in a class receives from thei r teacher. What is the pupil : teacher rat io in a school with fourteachers and 120 pupils?

II In Vietnam the pri mary school pupil : teacher ratio is 25: [.

a How many pupils are there for every teacher? b A large Vietnam school hilS 40 teachers. How many pupils attend the

school?

c A small cou ntry school has onl y 200 pupils. How many teachers does it have?

II The primary school pupil : t~~acher ratio in Afghanistan is 60: l. A school has 360 pupils.

a How many times more pupils than teachers are there at the school? b How many teachers does the school have?

1m A small Austra lian school has five teachers. The number of pupils in each class is 18, 24, 27, 15 and 16. What is the pupil : teacher ratio at the school?

m Pupil : teacher ratios incl ud1:! all qualified teachers. including non-teachi ng staff or teachers who take onl y a smal l number of classes. for example. the school principal or the school teacher-librarian. A school has 800 pupils and 50 teachers.

a What is the pupil : teacher ratio at the school? b The school has 10 'teachers' who are employed in adm inistrative jobs

and not classroom teach ing jobs. What is the ratio of pupils to actual teaching staff in the school?

III A school advertises that its pupil : teacher ratio is 16: 1. When Sally enrolled her daughter at the school she was angry when she heard that her daughter was in a class that has 25 pupils. Sall y cla imed that the school had misrepresented thei r class sizes.

a Do you thi nk Sa ll y's anger is justified? b How cou ld a class size of 25 and a pupil ratio of [6: [ happen at the

same t ime?

GroUip investigation [n your group, determine the in formation necessary to calcu late the answers to the following questions.

1 What is the pupil : teacher ratio at your school?

2 What is the average class si2:e at your school?

3 How many teachers who spend most of their t ime in non-classroom activities are incl uded in the total of teachers at your school?

Ac cess t o P revoca ti o na l Ma th s

( Pupil; teacher ratio and literacy levels) Is there a relationship between pupil: teacher ratios and li teracy levels in the community? Although most people agree that students learn more easily in smaller classes, other factors also contribute to poor literacy levels. As you

work through the questions in the next two worksheets, you will be able to make your own conclusions.

Worksheet ~~:6 The graph shows the number of pupils in infant schools to one teacher (the pupil: teacher ratio) and the percentage of the popu lation that is literate, that is, can read and write.

Pupil: teacher ratio and literacy

5 15 40 4S 55 Number of pupils per teacher (pupil: teacher ratio )

D What is the pupil: teacher ratio in Iran?

D What percentage of the population in Zambia can read and write?

II TWo countries on the graph have a pupi l : teacher ratio of 28: 1. Which countries are they and how are their literacy levels different?

II Based on information in the graph, rate thE~ follOWing statements as true, not true or may be true.

a Countries with small pupil: teacher ratios have high levels of literacy.

b Countries with high pupil: teacher ratios have low levels of literacy.

c Countries with high levels of literacy have small pupil: teacher ratios.

d Large pupil: teacher ratios cause low levels of literacy.

Chapter 9 Poverty and literacy

UNESCO has a vast amount of up-to-date data on educational opportunities and other relevant information. You can use the web link to access the information.

World-wide, 13% of children live in countries where boys have better access to education at the primary school level than do girls. In these countries, fewer than 85 girls for every 100 boys are enrolled. These gender differences are highest in Africa, where fewer than 60 girls per 100 boys are enrolled at school. Nine out of 10 children live in countries where boys have a better opportunity to attend upper secondary school than do girls.

C.:::::::::::,O~!t~b~e~u~fac~to~rl~sa~ff~e~cti~'D~g~l~it~e~~~=) Although large pupil: teacher ratios make learning to read more challenging, it is very much more difficult for children who don't go to school at all to learn to read. One of the current aims of UNESCO is to have education available to all children in every country.

The UNESCO organisation uses a measure cal led the 'gross intake ratio' to compare educationa l opportun ities in d ifferent countries.

Gross intake ratio = number of ch ildren starting school fi rst t ime x 100% number of ch i ldren correct age to start school

Example 6

In a village, children start school when they are 6 years old. At the beginning of the year there are 80 6-year-old children in the vil lage, of which 60 start school. What is the school gross intake ratio in the village?

Solution 7 Gross intake ratio = number of children starting school first time x 100%

number of children correct age to start school

=60 x 100% 80

= 75%

Wo,rksheet 9:7 D Calculate the gross intake ratio for these schools.

Number of children Number of children who started school at correct age to

for the first t ime start school

a 40 50

b 250 400

c 2400 3000

d 90000 120000

D A school in an impoverished area in India has a gross intake ratio of 40%. a What fraction is the same as 40%? b What fract ion of the school-aged children started school? c What is the ratio of ch il dn~n who started school to all the children who

are the right age to start school? d How many of the 600 school-aged children in the area started school?

Access to P revocationa l Mat h s 1

II According to UNESCO data, since the year 2002 the gross intake ratio for infants' school in Australia has been bigger than 100.

Year Gross Intake ratio

2002 10'

2003 102

2004 101

a How can the gross intake ratio be more than 100%?

b Who could these extra chi ldren be?

II In 2003 the gross intake rat io of Brazi l was 115. What is the minimum number of children in every 11 5 who are the wrong age for starting school?

II In 2004 there were 11 5 mi ll ion chi ldren world wide who weren·t enrolled in school. This sector graph shows where those unen rolled children live.

Children not enrolled at school by country

South, West and Central Asia 39%

East Asia and Pacific 8%

North America and Europe 4%

Africa and Sudan 39%

latin America and Caribbean 3%

a In which two regions do the majority of the world 's chi ldren who don't go to school live?

b What percentage of the world 's chi ldren who don 't go to school live in Arab states?

c Express as a decimal, the percentage of children in the Arab states who don't go to school.

d How many children in North America and Europe don 't go to school?

e Of the children who don't go to school, 56% are girls. How many girls. world wide, don 't go to school?

f What percentage of the chi ldren who don't go to school are boys?

9 What is the rat io of the number of boys who don't go to school to the number of girls who don't go to school?

Chapter 9 Poverty and l iteracy

Only half of the children who start school in India reach Year 5 in primary school.

There are more professionally qualified women in India than in any other country. India has more female university professors, doctors, surgeons and scientists than any other country.

In Australia and the USA, the government provides most of the money for school education and students have to pay for unive~ity. In India the opposite is true. The Indian Government spends very much more per student for those who are studying at university than for children in schools.

1'1 This divided bar chart shows how the Indian Government spends the money it allocates to educat ion.

a Which type of education receives most money from the government?

b What type of education rece ives virtually no government funding? c What fraction of the government's education money is spent on infants'

and primary education? d What percentage of the government's education money is spent on

tertiary education?

e The Indian Government spends more than 200000 Rs per student. per year, studying at the Indian Institute of Technology (lIT). One rupee is equivalent to 3 Australian. cents. Calculate the amount in Australian dollars that the Indian Government pays per student at the lIT.

D As a result of UNESCO's aim to have education avai lable to all ch ildren , more children are attending school in most countries. The graph shows the change in enrolments in preschool education in India from 1990 to 2004.

Percentage of Indian childn~n aged younger than 5 years enrolled in preschool

4S

~ 40 .'" ~

:;; 3S

1 ~ 30 o

~ 2S o

~ ~ 20

1 S

10

S

o 1990 1992

G,

1994 1996 1998 Year

2000 2002 2004 2006 2007

a What percentage of Indian girls aged younger than 5 years attended preschool in 1990?

b Which was the first year when the same percentage of boys and girls were enrolled in preschool?

c Describe how preschooll:!nrolments have changed since 1990. d Pred ict the percentage of boys and girls who will attend preschool in

2007 if the current growth rate continues.

Access to P revoca tion a l Maths 1

1

2

3

4

5

• Check your progress Simplify these ratios.

a 3: 12 b 20, 4

c 5: 10 d 30, 10

Use the conversion rate SA [ ::: 33.3 Rs to

convert $500 Austra lian dollars to rupees.

How much is 3000 Rs worth in Australian

dollars? (Use [ rupee::: SAO.03)

In South and West As ia there is an

estimated 412 mill ion illi terate people, of whom 6 1%are women.

a What percentage of the il li terate people

in South and West Asia are men?

b How many ill iterate women are there in South and West As ia?

There are 13 mill ion primary teachers in South-East Asia, 9 mil lion of whom are

fema le. What is the ratio of male to female

primary schoo l teachers in South-East

Asia?

6

7

In the Macao region of China, 90% of

primary school teachers are female. What

fraction ofthe primary school teachers in

the region are male?

Th is graph below shows the percentage of

Indian males and females at different ages

who are literate.

a Which group has the lowest l iteracy

level?

b What percentage of females in the

25-34 years age group are li terate?

c Which sex has the higher rate of literacy?

Suggest a reason why this group has

better li teracy sk ills.

d Describe how literacy levels in India are

d ifferent for d iffere nt age groups.

e Why do you think literacy levels are

much higher in the 15-24 years age

group than in the 65+ age group?

Percentage of Indiam adults who are literate 100

90 Male

Female

80

• 70 " ~ , • 60 0 ~ , " so ., ~ • - 40 0

• ~ 0 • 30 , • ~

20

10

0 • 15- 24 25- 34 35- 44 45- 54 55- 64 65+

Age in years

C hapter 9 Poverty and lit er acy

Chapte Proble Most children in India have little food, minimal education and very few possessions. The Indian currency is rupees, Rs. It costs 150 Rs to provide a child with a daily nutritious meal for a month and 175 Rs

to provide a child with education for a month.

One Australian dollar is equivalent to 33 Rs. What is the cost, in Australian dollars,

of providing a child with education and a nutritious meal every day for a month?

Access to Prevocational Mat hs 1

Solut ion: One Australian dollar is equivalent to 33 Rs. To change Rs to $A, divide the number of Rs by 33.

Meals for 1 month = 150 + 33 = $A4.55

Education for 1 month = 175 + 33 = $A5.30

The total cost to feed and educate a child in India for 1 month is $A4.55 + $A5.30 = $A9.85.

Chapte Prob le Approximately two-thirds of the world's adult illiterate people are women, and nearly two-thirds of illiterate people live in only nine of the world 's countries. More than one-third live in India.

How many of the world's adult illiterate people are women living in India? Solution:

Additional information is required to answer this question. • There are approximately 771 million

illiterate adults

• Two-thirds of illiterate adults are women

• 34% of illiterate adults live in India

Number of illiterate adults in India

= 34% of 771 million

= 130~ x 771 million

= 262·14 million Number of illiterate women in India

= l of 262·14 million

= l x 262·14 million

= 174·76 million

= 174 760 000

This means 174 million, 7 hundred and 60 thousand adult women in India cannot read at all or cannot read to obtain any understanding.

Chapter 9 Poverty and literacy