Accounting

Prof: Jim Wallace

TA: Golf

Overview of Week 1

Administrative stuff What is financial accounting? Some Myths Accrual versus Cash-based Financial statements GAAP Auditing

Administrative Stuff

Who am I Who is your T.A. Teaching philosophy Syllabus

Homework Calculator

Web Access to Class Info

The site should contain: Syllabus PowerPoint slides Handouts Homework solutions

http://www.cgu.edu/pages/3472.asp

What is Financial Accounting? A method to communicate financial

information to interested external parties. Users include capital providers,

regulators, customers, suppliers, employees, etc

• Capital suppliers include debt and equity providers

Financial accounting is used for both prediction and control

Accounting is rigid and yields the truth Generally-accepted accounting principles,

or GAAP, are a set of rigid rules that, if followed correctly, will lead to a unique, “correct” representation of the financial performance and health of a firm.

The basic financial statements, consisting of a balance sheet, an income statement, and a statement of cash flows, reflect a complete, accurate, and timely portrayal of the financial performance and well-being of a firm

Accounting is the sole product of accountants

GAAP is created from a comprehensive analytical process, which is free from political influence.

It is all there

All of a firm’s identifiable assets and liabilities appear on the balance sheet, and the difference between a firm’s assets and its liabilities represents the value of the firm.

The statements stand alone

Each of the financial statements is independent, with each reflecting a different aspect of the firm’s performance and financial health.

Cash is King!

Cash flow is ultimately what matters to a firm and its investors; therefore, it is not really necessary to worry about the definition of earnings used in the preparation of the income statement. Rather, one need only consider the sources and uses of cash as reflected on the firm’s statement of cash flows.

Some additional myths

Accounting is useless.Accounting is hard!Accountants are boring.

Other Types of Accounting

ManagerialNon-profitTax

Accrual AccountingAccrual accounting rests on two guiding principles:

Revenue Recognition Principle – record revenue when Earned Realized or Realizable

Matching Principle – record expenses when Incurred

Neither the recognition of revenue nor the recording of expense necessarily involves the receipt or payment of cash

How do you define a rich person?

Has a lot of valuable stuff (worth more than what is owed).

Makes a lot of money

The Financial Statements The accounting equation Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Owners Equity

Statement of retained earnings

Balance Sheet

Mirrors the Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + EquityUses of funds = Sources of funds Assets are listed in order of liquidity

Current and non-current Liabilities are listed in order of maturity Equity consists of Contributed Capital

and Retained Earnings

Assets

To be reported on a balance sheet, an asset must:

1. Be owned or controlled by the company

2. Must possess expected future benefits

Most Assets are Reported at Historical Cost

Historical Cost isObjectiveVerifiableTherefore, not subject to bias

However, historical cost is not particularly “relevant” to most readers of the balance sheet

“Relevance vs. Reliability” is an important issue with accountants.

Liabilities

Liabilities are listed in order of maturityCurrent Liabilities come due in less than a

year.Noncurrent liabilities come due after a year.

Companies desire more current assets than current liabilities – this difference is called net working capital

Equity

Equity consists of:

Contributed Capital (cash raised from the issuance of shares)

Earned Capital (retained earnings). Retained Earnings is updated each period as follows:

Market Value vs. Book Value

Stockholders’ equity = Company book value Book value is determined using GAAP. Book value is not the same as Market

Value. Market Value = # of Shares x Price per

share On average, US company book value is

roughly two-thirds of market value.

Income Statement

Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

Statement of Equity is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of stockholders’ equity accounts.

Main equity categories are:Contributed capitalRetained earnings (including Other

Comprehensive Income or OCI)Treasury stock

Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of cash flows (SCF) reports cash inflows and outflows

Cash flows are reported based on the three business activities of a company:

1. Operating activities: transactions related to the operations of the business.

2. Investing activities: acquisitions and divestitures of long-term assets

3. Financing activities: issuances and payments toward equity, borrowings, and long-term liabilities.

Articulation of Financial Statements

Financial statements are linked within and across time – they articulate.

Balance sheet and income statement are linked via retained earnings.

Absent of equity transactions such as stock issuances and purchases and dividend payments, the change in stockholders’ equity equals the income or loss for the period.

Dividends

Change in Cash

Operating cash flowsInvesting cash flowsFinancing cash flows

Change in shareholders’ equity

Revenues--------------Expenses--------------Net income

Liabilities

____

Share-holders’equity

Cash

--------

Other assets

Liabilities

____

Share-holders’equity

Cash

--------

Other assets

BalanceSheet(beginningof period)

BalanceSheet(end ofperiod)

Incomestatement

Statement of cash flows

Statement of shareholders’ equity

Exhibit 1.5 The Relationship Among the Basic Financial Statements

Dividends

Change in Cash

Operating cash flowsInvesting cash flowsFinancing cash flows

Change in shareholders’ equity

Revenues--------------Expenses--------------Net income

Liabilities

____

Share-holders’equity

Cash

--------

Other assets

Liabilities

____

Share-holders’equity

Cash

--------

Other assets

Liabilities

____

Share-holders’equity

Cash

--------

Other assets

BalanceSheet(beginningof period)

BalanceSheet(end ofperiod)

Incomestatement

Statement of cash flows

Statement of shareholders’ equity

Exhibit 1.5 The Relationship Among the Basic Financial Statements

In Class Example

Baron Coburg

Oversight of Financial Accounting

GAAP Oversight of Financial Accounting

SEC oversees all publicly traded companies

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Generally Accepted Accounting

Principles (GAAP)

Basic Assumptions and Principles Monetary Unit Fiscal period Going concern Objectivity (Reliability) Consistency

Versus comparability

Question?

Financial statements must contain objective and verifiable numbers if they are to be useful. Yet, many estimates and subjective assumptions are required for the preparation of these reports. Please reconcile these apparently inconsistent statements.

Exception to the Basic Principles Materiality

Only transactions with amounts large enough to make a difference are considered material

Non-material transactions can be treated in the easiest manner

Information Beyond Financial Statements

Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)

Independent Auditor Report Financial Statement Footnotes

Audit Report

Financial statements present fairly and in all material respects company financial condition.

Financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP

Financial statements are management’s responsibility. Auditor responsibility is to express an opinion on those statements

Auditing involves a sampling of transactions, not investigation of each transaction

Audit opinion provides reasonable assurance that the statements are free of material misstatements

Auditors review accounting policies used by management and estimates used in preparing the statements

Question?

The SEC requires all publicly traded companies to have their financial statements audited. Prior to this requirement many companies voluntarily had their statements audited. Given the cost and inconvenience, why would they do this?

Takeaways

Financial statements that are produced are the result of one possible set of rules that have resulted from a political process.

Users need to be aware of these limitations.

Users should read the notes to the financial statements since these contain a lot of useful guidance to interpreting the statements.

Financial Statement Limitations Assets are valued at historical cost less an

estimated depreciationOther possibilities include cost, net

realizable value, replacement cost, price level adjusted

Not all assets appearHuman capital, internally generated

goodwill• Could be argued that approach is more

conservative

Financial Statement Limitations

Not all liabilities appearContingencies appear only in the

footnotesOff balance sheet financing

Other limitations include management biases and a lack of timeliness

Financial Accounting: not an exact science

GAAP allows companies choices in preparing financial statements (inventories, property, and equipment).

Financial statements also depend on countless estimates.

Financial Accounting in Context

A company’s financial statements only tell part of the story.

You must continually keep in mind the world in which the company operates.

Financial statement analysis must be conducted within the framework of a thorough understanding of the broader forces which impact company performance.

Ethical Question

See textbook