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Accurate Phase to Phase Fault ResistanceCalculation Using Two Terminal Data

CONFERENCE PAPER · DECEMBER 2014

DOI: 10.1109/PECON.2014.7062410

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5 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:

muhd hafizi Idris

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

19 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS

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Surya Hardi

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

18 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS

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Zamri Hasan

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

10 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Yazhar Yatim

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

9 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS

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Available from: muhd hafizi Idris

Retrieved on: 01 November 2015

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Accurate Phase to Phase Fault Resistance Calculation

Using Two Terminal Data

Muhd Hafizi Bin Idris, Surya Hardi, Mohd Zamri Hasan, Yazhar Yatim & Syafruddin Hasan

School of Electrical System EngineeringUniversity Malaysia Perlis

Arau, Malaysia

hafiziidris@unimap.edu.my

Abstract — Faults can occurred at the transmission line due to

lightning strike, broken conductor, cross arm or tower falls,

danger tree, crane or animal encroachment, polluted insulator

etc. Each type of fault will represents a fault resistance value.

Fault resistance will affects the accuracy of protection relays in

fault location and fault zone detection. Phase to phase fault is one

type of unsymmetrical fault at the transmission line. This paper

represents the accurate way to calculate the actual phase to phase

fault resistance value by using data from both local and remote

substations. From the finding, the actual fault resistance can be

represented by fault resistance as seen from local substation in

parallel with the fault resistance as seen from remote substation.

To prove the finding, simulation has been carried out and the

results show the validity of the proposed theory.

Keywords— phase to phase; two-terminal; fault resistance;

fault location

I. I NTRODUCTION

Faults occurrence at transmission line can be due to manycircumstances such as tree or crane encroachment, lightning

strike, insulation failure, instrument transformer explosion,animal intervention, and many others [1]. Fault can beclassified as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Three

phase fault is the only symmetrical fault. Single phase toground fault, phase to phase fault, double phase to groundfault and three phase to ground fault are unsymmetrical faults[2].

When a fault occurred at the transmission line,maintenance peoples have to locate the fault by using the faultlocation given by the fault recorder or numerical protectionrelay. The location given by this devices sometimes not veryaccurate and making it difficult to find the correct location ofthe fault. This is due to many factors such as current

transformer and voltage transformer errors, line chargingcurrent, high fault resistance and many other factors. Faultresistance has a very great effect on the accuracy of faultlocation as has been proved in [3]. It will make the faultlocation becomes very inaccurate when the algorithm used tocalculate the fault location does not consider its effects. Asmall error in fault location may similar to several kilometersat the actual transmission line.

There are 2 categories of fault location algorithm whichare one-terminal and two-terminal algorithms. One-terminalalgorithm uses data from one substation only which is from

local substation [4]. Two-terminal algorithm uses date from both local and remote substations [1,5]. Two-terminal dataalgorithm is more accurate than one-terminal data algorithm

because of more data it uses to locate the fault [6]. Low speedcommunication channel can be used to transmit the data

between local and remote substations or to a main substation.

In this paper, the authors present an accurate phase to phase fault resistance calculation using two-terminal data. Byknowing the accurate value of fault resistance, the value can

be used to accurately calculate the fault location. The faultimpedance is assumed to be purely resistance [7].

II. THEORIES OF PHASE TO PHASE FAULT

Fig. 1 shows a case of phase to phase fault between redand yellow phases. There is a contact between red and yellow

phase lines. This object represents a resistance value ortypically called as fault resistance, R F. The parameters for

phase to phase fault are shown in Table I.

Fig. 1. Phase to phase fault condition

TABLE I

PHASE TO PHASE FAULT PARAMETERS

No. Parameters Symbols Unit

1 Phase to ground voltage of red phase from local substation.

VRA kV

2 Phase to ground voltage of yellow

phase from local substation

VYA kV

3 Phase current of red phase fromlocal substation

IRA A

4 Phase to ground voltage of red phase from remote substation

VRB kV

5 Phase to ground voltage of yellow

phase from remote substationVYB kV

6 Phase current of red phase fromremote substation

IRB A

7 Line impedance ZL Ω

8 Fault location m Per unit

This work was supported by Higher Education Ministry of Malaysia andUniversiti Malaysia Perlis through Research Acculturation Grant Scheme

(RAGS, Project code: 9018-00020)

978-1-4799-7297-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

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A. Equations seen from local substation

The voltage difference between red and yellow phase lines is,

RF (1)

Arranging for R F,

RF 2 ⁄ (2)

R F is then replaced with R FA to show that the fault resistance is

seen from local substation as depicted by Fig. 2.

R FA = R F (3)

Fig. 2. Phase to phase fault as seen from local substation.

B. Equations seen from remote substation

The voltage difference between red and yellow phase lines is,

RF (4)

Arranging for R F,

RF 2 ⁄ (5)

R F is then replaced with R FB to show that the fault resistance is

seen from remote substation as depicted by Fig. 3.

R FB = R F (6)

Fig. 3. Phase to phase fault as seen from remote substation.

C. Parallel connection of fault resistances seen by both

substations

If we look at the fault resistance seen from local substationR FA and the fault resistance seen from remote substation R FB,

it can be said that the actual fault resistance value, R F can be

represented by fault resistances seen from both substations

connected in parallel as depicted by Fig. 4. By using (7), fault

resistance, R F can be directly calculated using simple parallel

connection formula.

RF RF xRFB ⁄ RF RFB (7)

As seen from Fig. 4 (b), the phase current from each

substation will flow and circulate through fault resistance seen

by each side respectively. Simulation has been carried out to prove the equivalent circuit of parallel connection to represent

the fault resistance, R F which is discussed in the next section.

Fig. 4. Fault resistance, R F represented by an equivalent parallel connection of

fault resistances seen from both substations.

III. MODELING USING MATLAB SIMULINK

Table II shows the parameters used for modeling the

source, transmission line and phase to phase fault. For this

model, it was assumed that the positive and zero sequence

capacitances of the transmission line are very small because of

the transmission line is short.

Fig. 5 shows the overall simulation model developed for

this research. It can be seen that there are two blocks at the

right side of Fig. 5 used to calculate the fault resistances seenfrom each substation. Fault Resistance Calculation A block is

used to calculate the fault resistance seen from local

substation, R FA while Fault Resistance Calculation B block is

used to calculate the fault resistance seen from remotesubstation, R FB. The values of R FA and R FB then will be used to

calculate the fault resistance value, R F. In this simulation, thefault location m from local substation is assumed to be known

before the simulation is carried out to get the results of fault

resistance.TABLE II

SOURCE, TRANSMISSION LINE AND FAULT PARAMETERS.

Parameters Value Unit

Source

Voltage 132 kV

Phase angle of phase A 0 degree

Nominal frequency 50 Hz

3 phase short circuit MVA 1044 MVA

X/R ratio 1 -

Transmission Line

Line length 47 km

Positive sequence resistance 0.045531917 Ω / km

Zero sequence resistance 0.151489359 Ω / km

Positive sequence inductance 0.0006176566 H / km

Zero sequence inductance 0.001533982 H / km

Positive sequence capacitance 1e-9 F / km

Zero sequence capacitance 1e-9 F / km

Fault

Fault resistance 2, 10 Ω

Fault location 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,

40, 45

km

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Fig. 5. Overall simulation model

The function of Analog Low Pass Filter block is to filter

any harmonic component which might appear in the voltage

and current signals and only fundamental component of the

signals will be passed through for calculation in the next steps.

The function of Fourier Analysis block is to extract the

magnitude and phase angle of voltage and current signals. The

Degree to radian block is used to convert the phase angle from

degree to radian for calculation purpose.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

This section represents the results to prove that the fault

resistance, R F can be determined by calculating the equivalent

resistance of parallel connection between fault resistance seen

from local substation, R FA and fault resistance seen from

remote substation, R FB. The error between calculated R F and

actual fault resistance is determined using (8).

%Error Calculated RF Actual RF Actual RF⁄ x100 (8)

The simulation was carried out for two conditions which

are for fault resistance R F = 2 Ω and R F = 10 Ω. For each faultresistance value, fault location was varied from 5 km until 45

km from local substation. Table III and Table IV represent the

results for R F = 2 Ω and R F = 10 Ω respectively. Fig. 6 and

Fig. 7 show the plot of calculated and actual fault resistances

for the results from Table III and Table IV respectively.

From the results, it can be proved that the calculated R F for each fault location (in km) is almost similar to actual fault

resistance by a small error. From both tables also, it can beseen that even though the fault location was varied, the

calculated R F is still almost similar to actual fault resistance

and this proved the theory which has been explained in section

II.

TABLE III

SIMULATION RESULTS FOR R F = 2 Ω WITH VARIED FAULT LOCATION

Fault location from local

substation

5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km 25 km 30 km 35 km 40 km 45 km

R FA (Ω) 3.36 3.42 3.619 3.863 4.07 4.326 4.607 4.922 5.264

R FB (Ω) 5.048 4.731 4.436 4.161 3.929 3.728 3.46 3.304 3.336

Calculated R F (Ω) 2.017 1.985 1.993 2.003 1.999 2.002 1.976 1.977 2.042

% Error 0.85 0.75 0.35 0.15 0.05 0.1 1.2 1.15 2.1

TABLE IVSIMULATION RESULTS FOR R F = 10Ω WITH VARIED FAULT LOCATION

Fault location from

local substation

5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km 25 km 30 km 35 km 40 km 45 km

R FA (Ω) 16.58 17.26 18.26 19.22 20.35 21.61 22.96 24.55 26.34

R FB (Ω) 25.17 23.65 22.13 20.84 19.66 18.6 17.73 16.81 15.76

Calculated R F (Ω) 9.996 9.978 10.005 9.999 10 9.996 10.004 9.978 9.86

% Error 0.04 0.22 0.05 0.01 0 0.04 0.04 0.22 1.4

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Fig. 6. Simulation results for R F = 2Ω with varied fault location

Fig. 7. Simulation results for R F = 10Ω with varied fault location

V.

CONCLUSION

This paper presents the theory developed to calculate fault

resistance value for phase to phase fault. First the fault

resistances seen from both substations will be calculated using

(2) and (5). Then by using (7), the actual fault resistance can

be estimated by calculating the equivalent fault resistance of

parallel connection between those two fault resistancescalculated earlier. The results proved that the calculated fault

resistance is almost similar to actual fault resistance by small

error and the different fault locations can be said that do not

influence the fault resistance calculation. Fault resistance

estimation in transmission line fault analysis is very important

because it has a great effect on the accuracy of fault location.By accurately estimates the fault resistance, compensation can

be made to fault location algorithm thus accurate fault location

can be gained.

VI. R EFERENCES

[1] M. H. Idris, M. W. Mustafa & Y. Yatim, Effective Two-Terminal SingleLine to Ground Fault Location Algorithm, IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), Melaka, Malaysia:6-7 June 2012.

[2] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999.

[3] M. H. Idris, M. S. Ahmad, A. Z. Abdullah & S. Hardy, Adaptive Mho

Type Distance Relaying Scheme with Fault Resistance Compensation, IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference(PEOCO), Langkawi, Malaysia: 3-4 June 2013.

[4] Anamika Jain, A. S. Thoke, Ebha Koley & R. N. Patel, FaultClassification and Fault Distance Location of Double CircuitTransmission Lines for Phase to Phase Faults using only One TerminalData, 3rd International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur,India, December 27-29 2009.

[5] Eduardo G. Silveira & Clever Pereira, Transmission Line Fault LocationUsing Two-Terminal Data Without Time Synchronization, IEEETransactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, No. 1, February 2007.

[6] Wen-Hao Zhang, Umar Rosadi, Myeon-Song Choi, Seung-Jae Lee &Ilhyung Lim, A Robust Fault Location Algorithm for Single Line-to-ground Fault in Double-circuit Transmission Systems, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 2011.

[7]

Marija Bockarjova, Antans Sauhats & Goran Andersson, StatisticalAlgorithms for Fault Location on Power Transmission Lines, IEEE Power Tech, Russia, 27-30 June 2005.

3.36 3.42 3.619

3.863 4.07

4.3264.607

4.922

5.2645.048

4.731

4.4364.161

3.9293.728

3.463.304 3.336

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

F a u l t R e s i s t a n c e ( Ω )

Fault location from local substation (km)

Simulation Results for RF = 2 Ωwith Varied Fault Location

RFA

RFB

Calculated RF

Actual RF

16.58 17.26

18.26 19.22

20.35 21.61

22.96

24.55

26.3425.17

23.65

22.13

20.8419.66

18.617.73

16.8115.76

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

F a u l t R e s i s t a n c e ( Ω )

Fault location from local substation (km)

Simulation Results for RF = 10 Ω with Varied Fault Location

RFA

RFB

Calculated RF

Actual RF

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