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Source 1: The Islamic World, past and presentSource 2: Arab roots of EuropeanSource 3: Early Islamic culture MedicineSource 4: The Muslim AlmanacSource 5: Medical Medicine, Health and HygieneSource 6: Greenhaven World History Program Source 7: History for Kids—Medieval Islamic MedicineSource 8: International Institute of Islamic Medicine

Development Source 1

Quote Page 140

• “In the early Islamic world, doctors relied mainly on three sources—the Qur’an and the hadith, folk remedies, and the writings of Greek Physicians.”

• “Colonization altered Islamic medicine as Europeans brought their own methods of healing to Muslim regions.”

• “Islamic doctors learned these new practices and adapted them according to religious doctrines.”

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Types of Medicine Source 1

Summary Page 142

Cures for common disorder:• Pre-Islamic Tradition• Bloodletting & Cupping Drawing blood to surface

with heated cups• Broths, elixirs, liniments, salves, powders with

herb/milkFor broken bones: massage area, rub with ointment

and immobilize it• Little success with surgical procedures; failed to save

those with internal wounds

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Methods Source 1

Summary Page 42

Popular medicine: Magic and natural cures• Evil eye and jinn (spirits) affect health• For protection wore charms, amulet, talismans, stones,

animal parts• Alchemists influenced folk remedies; made valuable

contributions to pharmacology• Pharmacology=study of medicine drugs• Alchemists discovered many healing substancesmodern

drugs have origins in these findings

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Methods Source 1

Summary Page 142

• Humors theory=basis for medical practice through Europe & middle east:

--Existence of four humors (bodily fluids): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile.

--Humors possessed qualities i.e. warmth, cold, heat, dryness--Greeks influenced Muslims• Disease happens because of imbalance of humors• Black bile: cold and foul smelling; excess of humor led to dry

skin, colds, depression• Popularity of humors theory reached height with Galen

(greek physician)—declined shortly after

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Development Source 1

Summary Page 142-143

• Abbasid caliphate (750-1258) research flourished• Islamic scholars translated greek texts into arabic,

made encyclopedias, self-help books.• Muslim societies—famous for hospitals (treated all

patients no matter what gender, religion, or race)• 1100-1200: Hospitals in muslim world dramatically

increased• Nuri hospital of Damascus and the Mansuri hospital

of Cairo prominent institutions

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Impact on Today Source 1

Quote Page 143

“Western medicine had developed largely as a result of the work of early muslim physicians and scientists.”

“Western medicine also had an effect on Muslim scholars, who debated he moral implications of certain European practices.”

“In Islamic countries as elsewhere, manuals on combating supernatural forces remain popular, and humoral medicine serves as a widely-used alternative to more modern cures, especially in India and Pakistan.

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Impact on Today Source 1

Paraphrase Page 144

• Ulama: religious scholars• Many Muslims commented on western

medical practices and debate if they are compatible with Muslim standards.

• Western society has given many benefits to Islamic societies

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Development Source 4

Quote Page 201

• “The Medicine of medieval Islam civilization was built primarily on Greek medicine, in particular, the writings of Hippocrates and Galen.”

• “The most significant contribution of Islamic civilization to medicine was the establishment of the hospital as an institution for the treatment patients and training physicians.”

• “The first real hospital (bimaristan), however, was built in Baghdad by Harun al-Rashid (reigned 786-809).”

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Development Source 4

Paraphrase page 202

• Hospitals built by caliphs, court official, wealthy people.

• Endowments to hospitals were religiously motivated because charity is a big part of the Quran.

• Hospitals: medical care available to all, no matter what religion.

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Development Source 4

Paraphrase Page 202

• Adudi hospital in Baghdad, founded by ruler Adud al-Dawla in 82

• 24 physicians• Lasted for more than 200 years• Large like a castle, with water supply from Tigris river.

• Nasiri Hospital of Cairo completed in 1284• Had accommodations for 8000 people, with separate

wards for fever, opthalmia, surgical cases, dysentery, a pharmacy, dispensary, storeroom, mosque, library.

• Large administrative staff, for males and females.

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Important People Source 4

Paraphrase Page 202

• Abu bakr al-Razi• Physician and philosopher• Believed in progress of knowledge; achieved by

having critical attitude to authorities• Author of many medical works (includes 23

volume Kitab al-hawi; contains personal observations, case histories etc).

• Works influential but not suitable as introductory texts (they omitted general principles of medical science).

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Important People Source 7

Summary (website)

• Al Razi• Student of al Tabari• Born about 850 AD• Wrote book about measles and smallpox—explains how they

are different• Discovered fever is not part of illness, but the body’s way of

fighting the illness (contrary to the popular belief that fevers were caused by having too much blood, so people should be bled)

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Development Source 7

Paraphrase (Website)

• Doctors especially good at treating eye infections and eye problems (i.e. cataracts)

• Hospitals kept diseases like smallpox and the measles from spreading.

• Big Scientific advances made—Doctors began by gathering the medical observations of Hippocrates (and his followers) and Galen. They combined these with the work of Indian doctors Sushruta and Charaka (whose books translated to Arabic in 750 AD)

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Development Source 8

Quote Page 1

• Preservation of life is mandated by the following verse of the Qur’an: “The saving of one life is as if one has saved humanity.”

• The importance of seeking treatment was emphasized by the Prophet himself in his sayings, which are known as the Hadith: “Allah never created a disease for which he did not create a cure. So seek treatment.” “There is a cure for every malady (except old age). If the right treatment is administered, Allah willing the malady is cured.”

• In Islam disease is not looked upon as a curse from God to be endured and suffered but as an affliction for which a cure has to be sought and administered, with patience and perseverance.

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Methods Source 8

Paraphrase Page 1

• Patient—Physician relationship very important• Physician held to highest professional standards

and ethics in treating his patient• Physicians not only expected to perform well in

treating his patient but also to be model citizen in the society.

• Treatment has to be administered in light of Islamic beliefs

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Really good source

• http://www.iiim.org/Files/History%20of%20Islamic%20Medicine%20.pdf

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