Acids & BasesAcids & BasesChapter 9Chapter 9

Arrhenius AcidArrhenius AcidDEFINITIONDEFINITION Any substance that releases Any substance that releases

hydrogen ions in water.hydrogen ions in water.

EQUATION:EQUATION:HCl HCl H H++ + Cl + Cl--

Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid hydrogen ionhydrogen ion + + chloride ionchloride ion

Arrhenius BaseArrhenius BaseDEFINITIONDEFINITION Any substance that releases Any substance that releases

hydroxide ions in water.hydroxide ions in water.

EQUATION:EQUATION:NaOH NaOH Na Na++ + OH + OH--

Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide sodium ion + sodium ion + hydroxide ionhydroxide ion

Bronsted-Lowry AcidBronsted-Lowry AcidDEFINITIONDEFINITION Any substance that can donate a Any substance that can donate a

hydrogen ion (Hhydrogen ion (H++))

EQUATIONEQUATIONHCHC22HH33OO22 + H + H22O O H H33OO++ + C + C22HH33OO22

--

acetic acid + water acetic acid + water hydronium ionhydronium ion + + acetate ionacetate ion

Bronsted-Lowry BaseBronsted-Lowry BaseDEFINITIONDEFINITION Any substance that can accept a Any substance that can accept a

hydrogen ion (Hhydrogen ion (H++))

EQUATIONEQUATIONNHNH33 + H + H22O O NH NH44

++ + OH + OH--

ammonia + water ammonia + water ammonium ion + ammonium ion + hydroxide ionhydroxide ion

Properties of AcidsProperties of Acids Corrosive (burns your skin)Corrosive (burns your skin) Sour tasteSour taste pH is less than 7pH is less than 7 turns litmus paper redturns litmus paper red neutralizes basesneutralizes bases reacts with metalsreacts with metals reacts with carbonates reacts with carbonates

Examples of AcidsExamples of Acids Hydrochloric acid (HCl)Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is found in is found in

gastric juicesgastric juices Sulfuric acid (HSulfuric acid (H22SOSO44)) found in car found in car

batteriesbatteries Carbonic acid (HCarbonic acid (H22COCO33)) found in found in

softdrinkssoftdrinks Acetic acid (HCAcetic acid (HC22HH33OO22)) found in vinegar found in vinegar Citric acidCitric acid found in oranges and found in oranges and

lemonslemons

Properties of BasesProperties of Bases Corrosive (burns your skin)Corrosive (burns your skin) Slippery feelSlippery feel pH is more than 7pH is more than 7 Turns litmus blueTurns litmus blue Neutralizes acidsNeutralizes acids

Examples of BasesExamples of Bases Sodium hydroxide,NaOH,Sodium hydroxide,NaOH, found in found in

drain cleanerdrain cleaner Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2,2, or or

limewaterlimewater Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)22,, or or

milk of magnesiamilk of magnesia Ammonia, NHAmmonia, NH3,3, found in cleaning agentsfound in cleaning agents BleachBleach SoapSoap toothpastetoothpaste

Reactions with AcidsReactions with AcidsAcid + Metal Acid + Metal salt + hydrogen gas salt + hydrogen gas

2HCl + Mg 2HCl + Mg MgCl MgCl22 + H + H22Hydrochloric acid + magnesium Hydrochloric acid + magnesium magnesium chloride + magnesium chloride +

hydrogenhydrogen

Acid + carbonate Acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon salt + water + carbon dioxidedioxide

2HCl +2HCl + CaCO CaCO33 CaCl CaCl22 + H + H22O + COO + CO22Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate calcium chloride + calcium chloride +

water + carbon dioxidewater + carbon dioxide

Neutralization ReactionsNeutralization Reactions

acid + base acid + base salt + water salt + waterHCl + NaOH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H NaCl + H22OO

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + sodium chloride + waterwater