ACIDS, BASES & SALTS. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS2 T E R M S ACIDS are substances that form hydrogen ions (H + (aq) ) when dissolved in water eg

ACIDS, BASES & ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS

Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS 22

T E R M ST E R M S

ACIDSACIDS are substances that are substances that form hydrogen ionform hydrogen ions (s (HH++(aq)(aq)) )

when dissolved in water when dissolved in water egeg

BASESBASES are hydroxides that are hydroxides that react and neutralizereact and neutralize..

In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than OH- ions.

In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions than H+ ions.

,ل 18, اپريل 2023 ,ل 18, اپريل 2023منگ منگ


Strong or WeakStrong or Weak

- Acids or Bases that dissociate completely are Strong Acids/Bases.

Acids or Bases that dissociate only partially are Weak Acids/Bases



Physical Properties of Acids & BasesPhysical Properties of Acids & Bases ACIDSACIDS Acids taste sour (e.g. vinegar, lemon juice).Acids taste sour (e.g. vinegar, lemon juice). Acids are harmful to living cells.Acids are harmful to living cells. Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions.Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions. Acid turns blue litmus red.Acid turns blue litmus red. Strong acids are corrosive.Strong acids are corrosive.

BASESBASES Alkalis are taste bitterAlkalis are taste bitter Strong alkalis are corrosive.Strong alkalis are corrosive. Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion.Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion. Alkalis turns red litmus blue.Alkalis turns red litmus blue. Soapy touch.Soapy touch.


NeutralizationNeutralization

HH+1+1 + OH + OH-1-1 HOHHOH

Acid + Base Acid + Base Water + Salt (double replacement)Water + Salt (double replacement)

Example:Example:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) HOH (l) + NaCl (aq) HOH (l) + NaCl (aq)

HH22SOSO44 (aq) + KOH (aq) (aq) + KOH (aq) 2 HOH (l) + K2 HOH (l) + K22SOSO44 (aq) (aq)

,ل 18, اپريل 2023 ,ل 18, اپريل 2023منگ منگ Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS 55


SALTSSALTS

When When HH++ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion, a ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion, a salt is produced e.g. salt is produced e.g.

HH22SOSO44+ 2NaOH+ 2NaOH============ Na Na22SO + 2HSO + 2H22OO

Here sodium sulphate (NaHere sodium sulphate (Na22SOSO44) is the salt formed. ) is the salt formed. Salts are ionic compounds. Salts are ionic compounds.



Methods of making Soluble Methods of making Soluble SaltsSalts

1)1) ACID + METALACID + METAL SALT + HYDROGENSALT + HYDROGEN

2)2) ACID + BASE ACID + BASE SALT + WATER SALT + WATER

3)3) ACID + CARBONATE ACID + CARBONATE SALT + WATER + SALT + WATER + CARBON CARBON DIOXIDEDIOXIDE



Types of SaltsTypes of Salts

Normal Salts:Normal Salts: Normal salts are formed when all the Normal salts are formed when all the

replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have been completely replaced by metallic ions.been completely replaced by metallic ions.

HClHCl(aq)(aq) + NaOH + NaOH(aq)(aq) NaCl NaCl(aq)(aq) + H + H22OO(l) (l)

HH22SOSO4(aq)4(aq) + ZnO + ZnO(aq)(aq) ZnSO ZnSO4(aq)4(aq) + H + H22OO(l) (l)


Types of SaltsTypes of Salts

Acid salts:Acid salts: Acid salts are formed when replaceable Acid salts are formed when replaceable

hydrogen ions in acids are only partially hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal. replaced by a metal.

H2SO4 + KOH H2SO4 + KOH KHSO4 + H2O KHSO4 + H2O

H3PO4 + NaOH H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O NaH2PO4 + H2O

,ل 18, اپريل 2023 ,ل 18, اپريل 2023منگ منگ Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS 99

Types of SaltsTypes of Salts Basic Salts:Basic Salts: Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-. Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-.

They are formed when there is insufficient They are formed when there is insufficient supply of acid for the complete neutralization of supply of acid for the complete neutralization of the base. the base.

Zn(OH)2 + HCl Zn(OH)2 + HCl Zn(OH)Cl + H2O Zn(OH)Cl + H2O

Mg(OH)2 + HNO3 Mg(OH)2 + HNO3 Mg(OH)NO3 + H2O Mg(OH)NO3 + H2O,ل 18, اپريل 2023 ,ل 18, اپريل 2023منگ منگ Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &

SALTSSALTS 1010


USES OF SALTSUSES OF SALTSS.No

.SALT USE

1 Ammonium Chloride In torch batteries

2 Ammonium Nitrate In fertilizers

3 Calcium Chloride As drying agent

4 Iron Sulphate In Iron tablets

5 Magnesium Sulphate In medicine

6 Potassium Nitrate In gunpowder etc.

7 Silver Bromide In photography

8 Sodium Chloride Making NaOH

9 Sodium Stearate In making soap.



THE ENDTHE END


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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS2 T E R M S ACIDS are substances that form hydrogen ions (H + (aq) ) when dissolved in water eg