AcornEconet

Ivtevel 2 File Senrer user gurde

Within this publication the term "BBC" is used as an abbreviationfor "British Broadcasting Corporation "

412,018 Issue 1,October 1983

Written and designed by Baddetey Associates, Carnbridge

o Copyright Acorn Computers Lirnited 1gB3

Neither the wh6le or any part of the inforrnation contained in, orthe product described in, this manual may be adapted orreproduced in any material form except with the prior writtenapproval of Acorn Computers Limited {Acorn Computers).

The product described in this manual and products for use with it,are subiect to continuous developments and improvement. Allinformation of a technical nature and particulsrs of the productand its use (including the information-in this rnanual) are givon byAcorn Cornputers [n good feith. However, it is acknowledged thatthere may be errors or omissions in this manual. A list of details ofany amendments or revisions to this manual can be obtained uponrequest from Acorn Computers Technical Enquiries. AcornComputers welcome comments and suggestions relating to theproduct and this rnanual.

All conrespondenc,e should, be addressed to:

Technical EnquiriesAcorn Computers LimitedFulbourn RoadCherry HintonCambridgecBl 4lN

All maintenance and service on the product must be carried out byAcorn Cornputers' authorised dealers. Acorn Cornputers can acceptno liability whatsoever for any loss or damage caused by service ormaintenance by unauthorised personnel. This manual is intendedonly to assist the reader in the use of the product, and thereforeAcorn Computers shalt not'be liable for ahy loss or darnagewhatsoever aristng from the use of any information or particularsin, or any error or omission in, this manual, or sny incorrect use ofthe product.

Contents IvUsing Econet

Using commands

Getting goingSwitching onLogging onPasswordsFinishing

Simple fil ing 10Saving and loading BASIC programs 10Displaying a catalogue 11Naming files 12Files and directories 12Deleting files , 13Renaming files 13Protecting your files !4Getting inforrnation about your files 15Filing system:cornmands in BASIC programs 18

Using directories 19Creating directories 19Pathnarnes for files lgPathnarnes for directories 19Displaying a sub-directory ZlGetting inforrnation about sub-directories 22Selecting direclories 23Moving files between directories ZgThe root directory 24Displaying the root directory 24Using other users' files ZsAccess to others' files Zs

777II

Working with groups of filesWildcardsProtecting groups of filesOther uses for wildcards

27272728

Using other discsWhat happens when you log onSelecting another discUsing files from the other disc

Machine-code and data filesSaving areas of memoryLoading an area of memoryRunning a machine-code programLibrariesSelecting librariesRecording keystrokes in files

Setting up autornatic start routinesAutostart at log-oD

Reading and writing to filesThe idea of random accessOpening a fileUsing the pointerReading and writingClosing the fileOther random access operationsInterlocksReading and writing groups of bytes

Printing

Communicating with other users

Using other filing systems

Reference sectionSoftware versionsCommandsCornmand name abbreviationsRandom access keywords

'Error messages

Glossary

Index

29292930

31313233343535

3737

393939474T42424343

44

46

47

4848505354

56

60

62

Using Econet

Econet is a network - a set of computers connectedtogether. Each computer on the network is called astation. This guide tells you how you can use Econetfrom your own station to communicate with othercornputers on the network.

The most important station you'll be communicatingwith is the file server. This is a computer attached to adevice that can record programs and data on to floppydiscs. Floppy disc$ are like gramophone records,except that:r they are smallerI they are flexible, not rigidI you can record on to them as well as play back

from them.:

Through Econet, you can send work - for example, aprogram you have written - to the file server, and askit to store the program on one of its discs. You can alsoinstruct the file senrer to retrieve what you've storedand put it back into your computer's memory: so, ifyou wanted to, you: could get that program back andrun it again. Storing work is called saving; bringing itback is called loading. With Econet, all the users onthe network can shari the same file serrrer, so they caRsave or load work whenever they want to,

Your network may also include a computer connectedup to a printer: thisr is a printer seruer. If your Econetincludes a printer server, you will also be able to usethe network to print out copies of your work.

There will be a person looking after the day-to-dayrunning of your network - the network rnanager. Ifyou have difficulties, the network manager is theperson to see.

This guide begins by explaining how you start asession of work on the network, and then takes youthrough the rules for saving and loading. After that,we qxplain all the other instructions you can send tothe file server and the printer server.

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Using commands

Throughout this guide there are instructions for typingin commands to which,the following rules apply:r showing a word in [ | means it is a key

EXAMPLE: [RETURNI means the RETURN key

t descriptions in < > should be replaced by theinformation required, without typing the bracketsEXAMPLE: <filenarne> means type the name ofa file

t type characters not in brackets exactly as they areshown

When you type in a command the computer will notcarry it out until you press IRETURNI.Most of the Econet commands can be abbreviated, tosave you time when you get used to using them, Theabbreviations are shown in the reference section at theback of this guide.

Getting going IvSwilchingr on

Switch on your BBC micro and your monitor.

Screen: BBC Cornputer 32KEconet Station xxxBASIC

xxx is the number of your station on the network.

You are now ready to use Econet.

If the message "Econet Station" is missing, hold downN while pressing then releasinB [BREAKI; or holddown ICTRLf and N together while pressing andreleasing [BREAKI.If the "Econet Station" message is still rnissing, tellyour network manager. If there is a "No clock"message, tell the network rnanager straight away.

togging on *IAM

Whenever you start an Econet session, you have toidentify yourself to the file server, by typing in youridentifier. If you are in doubt about what yours shouldbe, ask your network manager.

EXAMPTESRP]IULIEFORMs

To start working with the file servertype: *I AM <identifier>[RETURNI

If you get a message "lJser not known", ask yournetwork manager for help.

When logging on, you may have to specify the fileserver you want to log,on to. You will have to do thisif your network has more than one file server, or ifyour file serv€r has a d:ifferent station number from theone Econet expects.

Type: nI AM (number><identifier)[RETuRNl

Your network manager will tell you exactly whatnumber to type.

Passwords *PASS

You can choose a password for yourself, which youtype in when logging on. This makes it impossible forother users who don't know your password to log onusing your identifier, and so gain access to your files.Your password can be up to six characters long, andcan include letteis and numbers, It is important not totell any other user what your password is - and toavoid passwords that would be easy for other users toguess.

To set your password, log on, andtype: ffPASS ""(your password>[RETURf.II

From now oD, you will have to give your passwordwhenever you log on, bytyping *I AM <identifier>(password>IRETuRNl

EXAMPTEType; ftl AM ROBERT ACORNIRETURNIYou 5nay be able to prevent your password appearingon th'e screen (where people looking over yourshoulder might see it) by going through thisprocedure:

Type: *I AM <identifier> :[RETURN]<password>[RETURNI

Your password will not appear as you type it in,

NOTE: this facility may not be available on yourEconet. See the notes on software versions in thereference section.

If you type in a different password, or no password atall, you will get a "Wrong password" error, and thefile server will not allow you to log on.

You can change your password at any time, using the*PASS cornmand.

Type; {FPASS <current)(new>[RETuRf.Il

<current> here stands for your current password;<new> for your new password.

If you forget your password, ask the network managerfor help.

Finishingr

You can now start'work. When you want to end yoursession, you log off.

Type: *BYEIRETURNI

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Sirnple filingr

Saving and loadingBJTSIC progrrams

SA1IE and LOAD

If you want to store a BASIC program on the file serverso that you can use it again latertype: SAVE"<filename>"[RETURN]

A copy of the BASIC program in your computer'smemory will be taken and stored for you on the file$erver. This copy is called a file, and is stored with thefilename you typed in.

EXAMPLEType; SAVE"TUESDAY"[RETURhll

To get a BASIC program back from disc into yourcomputertype: IOAD"<filename>"[RETURNJ

EXAMPIEType: LOAD,MATHS"IRETURI{]

To run the progr&rl, type RUN as usual.

To load and run a BASIC program in one operationtype: CIIAIN"<filenarne>"[RETURN]

EXAI4PLEType: CHAIN"BASIC"[RETURN]

If, when using SAVE, you specify I filename that isthe Eame as an existing filenarne, the new programwill replace the old one. This is useful if you arewriting a new version of an old program, butfrustrating if you delete the old file unintentionally.We explain later how to protect your files againstaccidental deletion.

10

NOTE: your computer holds one program at a time asits current program. If you press the [BREAKJ key, thatprogram is cleared from its memory. The program canbe recovered bytyping: OLDIRETURNI

If you SAVE the program before recovering it, anempty file will be created. It's a good idea to checkthat the program is there - by typing LIST, forexampls - beforq $oving it.

Displaying a catalogue IFCAT

To get a list of your files on the screentype: TFCATIRETURNI

Sueen: IUTIE {039) PublicMaster-disc Option O0 (Otr)Dir. IUTIE Lib. LIBRI\RY

BASIC . WR/ MATHS WR/TUESDAY WR/

The information in your catalogue is split into:I a headerI the list of files.The files in this catalogue are BASIC, MATHS andTUESDAY, The letters after these names show yourrights of access to the files - in this example, you canboth write to [W) and read [R) each file. Access rightsare explained in the section of this guide on Protectingyour files.The header shows:I The name of the directory whose contents arelisted below2 The directory's current cycle number (this is anuryber that changss each time you change anythingin the directory)3 The name of the disc you are logged on to4 The name of your cumently selected directory

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5 Your rights of access to the files listed (owner orpublic)6 The autostart option you have selected7 The name of the directory currently selected asyour library

The meanings of these pieces of inforrnation willbecome clear as you work through this guide and getused to using the file server.

Naming files

There are rules for the names you give your files.Filenarnes can have up to ten lharicter-s and can useany combination of letters and numbers. You can alsouse:I f & = --" I \ .0 t t t + ; ) I <

Do not use any other symbol; spaces are also notallowed.

.EXAMPI,ESMATHS MYPROGTUESDAY BUG!!!BASIC MONDAY1NOV

You can rnix upper and lower case letters so thatMATHS, Maths and maths will all refer to the samefile.

If you try to give a file a filenarne that breaks theserules, the filing system will respond with the message"Bad file name".

Files and directories

Files in the Econet filing system are organised intodirectories. When you type TFCAT, the_ list of narnesthat comes up on your screen is your directory.

Directories can include other directories as well asfiles. When a catalogue listing includes a directory,the letter "D" appears next to it.

72

EXAMPLETUNES DL/

To create your own directories, You will need thecommand *CDIR,, which is explained in the section ofthis guide on Using directories.

Deleting files *DEtETE

Type: *DELETE <filename)[RETURtII

and your file of that name will be prmanentlyremoved from the disc. If, howev€r, the file isprotected, dlr "Entry locked" message will appear onyour screen, and you will not be able to delete it.

The section below on Protecting your files explainshow to use the TFACCESS command to lock a file inthis way.

To delete a sub-directory:I unlock all the files it contains, using TFACCESSr delete all those files, using *DELETEt delete the directorf, using *DELETE.

The Using directories section of this guide explainshow to specify files inside sub-directories so that youcan unlock and delete thern. You will not be able todelete a directory ,if someone else on your network isusing it.

Renaming files *RENAME

You can change the name of any of your files.

Type: TFRENAME <current)(new>[RETuRf.Il<current) here stands for the current filename;<new> for the new filename.

EXAMPLE*RENAME TRYOUT WORKThis chonges the nome of the file TRyoUT to WORK.

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You cannot rename directories, but you can move afile from one directory to another, provided they areboth on the same disC. How to do this is explained inthe Using directories section of this guide.

You may get a message "Entry locked"' This meansthe file is has been protected using *ACCESS, ESexplained in the next section.

Protecting your files *ACCESS

You may want to protect your files so that other userscannot interfere with them, and so that you cannotaccidentally erase thern. This process is called settingan access string. The cornmand you use is *ACCESS.

You protect your file by typing *ACCESS followed byt the filename .r the rights of access to the file that you want to

have yourself - the owner access rightsI an oblique stroke character /I the rights of access you want to allow other users

to have to your files - the public access rightsr IRETURNIYou specify the kind of access by using the letters W,R and L.

W means write - the file can be written to. Theonly way to write to files is by random accesswriting

- a method described in the section of

this gulde on Reoding ond writing to files. Unlessyou specify W, it will not be possible to write tothe file.

R means read - the file can be read.

L means locked - the file cannot be deleted. L isused only to protect your files against accidentaldeletign by ltou: youi files are automaticallylocked to other users,

The irnportant access letters at this stage are R and L.Their effects are summarised in this ta6le:

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without R you cannot:

LOAD the file*LOAD it*<filename> itrfEXEC it

with L you cannot:

SAVE over the file*DELETE it*RENAME itcreate 6 TFSPOOL file over itOPENOUT it

{*t OAD, fF<filenarne>, ttEXEC and TFSPOOL areexplained in the section on Mochine-code and dotafiles; OPENOUT is explained in the section onReoding ond n'riting to files.)

If you try to read a file which doesn't have R in itsaccess string, flrr ','Insufficient access" message willcome up on the screen. If you try to delete a file whichhas an L in its access string, you will get an "Entrylocked" rnessage.

EXAMPLES*ACCESSMATHS LWR/Rrneons you will be oble to rvrite to ond reod your fileMATHS, but not to del ete it; ond other users will beoble to read it, but not rarrite to it. You will get o "Badottribute" error messoge if you specify L in the righthond half of the occess string: files ore autornaticollyIocked to other users.TFACCESS MATHS R/rneons you will be able to reod and delete IUIATHS butnot write to it. Other users will hove no occess to it otal l .

You can use *ACCESS to unlock and re-Iock yourdirectories, but W, and R have no rneaning in accessstrings for directories.

Until you specify access strings for your files, the fileserver will automatically give them the access stringWR/, which mean$ you will be able to delete, write toand read them, and that others will have no access tothem at all.

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Getting informationabout your files

|FINFO, |FEX and*OPTI

The *INFO command displays inforrnation about thefite so that you can find out how big it is, what itsaccess string is, and what its reload and executionaddresses ane (these terrns are explained in the sectionon Mochine-code ond doto files).

Type: *INFO <filename)[RETURNI

The information is shown in this order:I filenamet reload addressI execution addressI sizeI access stringI the date the file was most recently savedt the System Internal Narne of the file: this gives

the location of the file on the disc.

The reload and execution addresses, the file size, andthe Systern Internal Narne are given in hexadecimal.

EXAMPIJTyping; TFINFO BASICIRETURNJmight disploy

BASIC FFFF12OO FFFF8Oz3 OOOO43\[rR/ 01:12:85 000145

Here, the display shovvs:r filenarne: BASICI relood address: FFFF1200r execution address: FFFF8023I size; 000043r occess string: WR/I the dote the file r4/os rnost recently soved;

7 December 1985t the System Internol Narne of the file; 000145.

You can use *INFO on directories as well as on files.The reload and execution addresses, which have nomeaning for directories, will show as zeros.

:

16

The *EX command rnakes the computer perform an{FINFO on all the iterns in your directory. The result isa display that looks like a *CA-T display, but with theextra TFINFO details on each file.

Type; IIEXIRETURNI

EXAMPLEType; ItEXIRETURNIScreen: ROBERT (014) Owner

Y'?:H6$'fft' ?fif i?"-LH+')BASIC FFFF12OO FFFFBOz3 OOOO43WR/ 01:12185 000145TUNES 00000000 00000000 000200DU O3:12:85 000153

Tlre direct ory ROBERT contoins, in this exomple, ofile colled BASIC and a directory called TUNES.

The *OPTI command can be used to get on-screeninformation about your files as you save or load them,

{tOPT1,1 turns this facility on. After entering thiscommand, file details will come up everytime you save or load.

*OPT1,0 turns the facility off.

EXAMPTErYPe' I3i31i;ffIHtHl'uRr.rlScreen: MATHS FFFF1200 FFFFS02S 000088

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Fiting system commands inBJLSIC progrrams

You can include Econet file server commands in vourBASIC pro$ams.

EXAMPI^E :This is o very simpl e progrom to get o repeotingcotclogue on your sctreen.10 REM CATALOGUE20 *CAT30 GOTO 2040 END

1B

Using directories IvCreating directories *CDIR

You can create sub-directories within your maindirectory, so that you can organise your files intogroups and sub-groups. For exarnple, you might putall your programs that play tunes into a sub-directorycalled TUNES. The ones that play film tunes could gointo a sub-directory of TUNES called FILM.

Before you can organise your files in this way, youhave to create the directories you want, using the{fCDIR cornmand.

To create a directorytype: *CDIR <directory name>[RETURNI

EXAMPTESTTCDIR PROGSTTCDIR TUNESIf you now type in TFCAT, you wiII see PROGS ondTUNES listed among:the entries in your maindirectory. Next to them rarill be the letters DU, to showthatI they ore directoriesI they ore locked.

Pathnames for files

To use files that are in sub-directories, you will needto specify the sub-directory name as well as thefilename. You do this,by giving the sub-directoryname first, then a full stop, then the filename.

EXAMPLESTUNES.AMATHS.MONDAY

:Names like this are called pathnames.

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You may have directories within your sub-directories:you carrhave as many layers of directories as you like,irp to 255. To specify'a pathname for a file:I start with the sub-directory nameI then list all the further directories, in orderI end with the filenamer separate all the elements with a full stop.

EXAMPLESTUNES.FILM.STING.PHIL. PROGS.BASIC. S QUARES

:Every command that'takes a filename can take a filepathname.

EXAMPLEIf STING is o fife in FILM, which is a direct ory r,rrithinthe sub-directory TUNES, typing LOAD'STING"would produce the efror messo ge "Not found".To locd the file STINGtype: LOAD"TUNES.FILM.STINGoIRETURNI

Pathn.tmes for directories

Your directories have pathnarnes too.

To specify a pathnarne for a directory:r start with the sub-directory nameI then list all the further directories, in orderr end with the directory namet separate all the elernents with a full stop.

EXAMPIJSSTUNES.F:ILMPHIL.PROGS.BASIC.

Etery command that:takes a directory name can take adirectory pathname.

EXAMPTETo set up two directories POP and FILM within thesub-directory TUNES

20

tYPe' I8BIftT$ilf;3:F?il'ffi#,HilrDisplayurg a sub-d,irec'tory *CAT

rFCAT produces a displ.y of your main directory; youcan get displays of your sub-directories bytyping rFCAT <directory name>[RETURf.ll

:EXAMPWYou log on ss ROBERT.Type; tFCATIRETURNIYour moin direct ory cornes up on the screen. Itcontains two ordinary files ond o sub-directory colledTUNES.

Smeen; ROBERT '[013) OwnerMaster-disc Option 00 tOff)Dir. ROBERT Lib. LIBRARYBASIC WR/IAIR MATHS WRYTUNES DLI

Type; ffCAT TUNESTRETURNIScreen; TUNES (002) Owner

Master-disc Option 00 {Off)Dir. ROBERT Lib. LIBRARYAWR/BWruC WR/ FILM DUPOP DIJ

The direct ory TUNES contoins three ordinory filesfeoch is o progrom thu t plays o tune] ond two furtherdirectories, FILlf4 and, POP.You nor4/type; IFCAT TUNES.FILMTRETURNI9n4 ygu{film-tunes direct ory oppeors, nrith tr,uo filesin it, DAIuIBUSTERS ond STING,

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Screen: FILM [014) Owner

ffi?:'fib$'fft, fl'tl'fl?'1i*H#'DAMBUSTERS WRA/VR STING WRA/VR

You can think of ROBERT's files and directories as afarnily tree, like this:

In this diagram, files are shown in lower case lettersfmaths, fl, b), and directories in upper case lettersIROBERT, TUNES, FILM).

Pathnames specify particular files or directories byspecifying the paih down the tree that leads to the fileor directory. Each step along the path is a step to thenext layer down, and,is marked in the pathname by afull stop.Getting information aboutsub-directories

*EX produces a disptray of information about theitems in your rnain directory; you can get displays ofinformation on your sub-directories bftyping nEX <directory name>[RETURNI

*EX

ROBERT

basic maths TUNES

FILMI

sting dambusters

POPI

I*lde

22

Selecting directories *DIR

You rnay want to work in a directory other than theone selected for fou when you logged on.

Type: iFDIR <directory name>[RETURNI

This directory now becomes your currently selecteddirectory. Typing r+CAT will produce a catalogue ofthis directory, not of your main directory.

EXAMPLETyping: *DIR TUNESIRETURI{Imokes TUNES the new selected directory. To lood thefile STING, /ou now need only totype: LOAD"FILM.STING"IRETURN]

To return to your rnain directorytypes {FDIRIRETURNI

Moving files between *RENA[{Ed,irectories

To move a file from one directory to anothertype; *RENAME (current)(new>[RETuRt'U<curnent) here stands for current pathnarne;(new) for new pathname.

EXAMPTESTFRENAME ONE.PROG TWO.PROGrarill rnove the file PROG from direct ory ONE todirectory TWO. ,You con change the filenorne while moving it. Forexomple;*RENAME ONE.IOES-PROG TWO.MY-PROGwill rnove the file IOES-PROGfrom the directory ONEto directory TWo, ond renome it there as MY-PhOG.

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The root directoryOutside all the main directories on your disc - andcontaining them - is the root directory. It's so calledbecause it-s at the root of the tree of directories, sub-directories and files.

Displanng the root directory *CAT $The root directory is,called $. So, to display the rootdirectory list on your screentype: *CAT $[RETURI.II

EXAMPIEYou hqye logged on os IULIE.Type; tfCAT $[RETURNIScreen: $ [009) Public

Master-disc Option 00 tOff)Dir. IULIE Lib. LIBRARYBOOT DLt IULrE DU

k8tr#' Bi' ffiitHflP'du

root directory

users' rnain directories

basic maths TUNES

FILM

sting dambusters

POPI

l-lde

24

Using other users' files

You can now specify,nDy file in the directories listedin the root directory. You do this by giving the file'sfull pathname. A full,pathnqme consists of:I the root directory name ($), followed by a full

stopr thomain directory to which the file belongs,

followed by a full stopI the file's pathnarne,

EXAMPLESTo lood ROBEftT's file STINGtype:LOAD u $.ROBERT,TUNES. FILM.STING " [RETURNJAlternotively, you could select ROBERT's directoryFILM os your current directory bytyping IFDIR $.ROBERT.TUNES.FILMIRETURNIThen you need only :type LOAD"STING"[RETURN]

Access to others', tiles

You will be able to load others' files only if theiraccess strings allow you to. Your access rights to theirfiles depend on how they have specified the righthand part of their access strings.EXAMPLEYou could locd sorneone else's file FILEA whoseoccess string is WR/R, bu t if you tried to load their fileFILEB whose occess string is WR/, you would get on"Insufficient occess" messoge.The owner of a directory - the person with owneraccess to it - owns all the files and directories in it.Directory owners contI set access strings,for the files in the directoryI use SAVE and TFCDIR to create new files and new

sub-directories in the directoryI

'TDELETE files and directories in the directory.

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{FACCESS TUNES.* Uwill give the occess strin gU to oll the files in yoursub-directory TUNRS.*ACCESS Z* WR/WR

will give the cccess string Wff/WR to all yourfiles thatstart with c Z, however long those nomes ore, ondincluding o norne thot is just Z.

Other uses for witdcards

You can use wildcards with other commands, but theeffect will be different. The command will not becarried out on all the files and directories to which theambiguous reference refers; it will be carried out onwhichever of those items has the name that comes firstin the alphabet. Thie is because it's irnpossible to carryout these commands on more than one file at once: thesystern could. not, for example, load two programssirnultaneously.

Type: (cornmand><reference>[RETuRf.I]

EXAMPLESTo lood whichever file cornes first in your dire ctoryIistingtype: LOADil**IRETURNITo get TFINFO on the first file thot storts rvith an Htype: *INFO HrF[RETURNITo display o cotologue of the first of your sub-directories :type: *CAT I$[RETURI{I

28

Using other discs IvWhat happens when you log on

Most Econet file servers have two disc units, so thattwo floppy discs are in use all the time. Each time youlog oD, the file server selects one of these two as yourlogged disc. It does this by:I looking at the disc in its first disc unit for a

directory that has the sarne name as youtidentifier

I if it finds one, it logs you on to that discI if not, it tries the other discI if it still fails to find a matching directory, it logs

you on to the finst disc, and selects $ as yourdirectory; you will be given only public access to $.

From then oD, the file server uses your logged disc forsaving and loading. But you can, during an Econetsession, switch to the other disc, if you want to usefiles stored there, This section describes how.

Selectingr another *SDISC and *DISGSdisc

To log on to the disc in your file server's other discdrive, you use the cornrnand *SDISC.

Type: *SDISC <disc name>[RETURNI

Your network manager will tell you the name of theother disc, so that you can use the *SDISC comrnand.Alternatively, Vou could find out the disc's name byusing the comrnand *DISCS.

Type: TFDISCSTRETURNI

29

EXAMPTEType; TFDISCSIRETURNIScreen: drive disc name

0 Master-disc1 IMB

:Every disc used on your file server is an independentfiling system, with its own root directory and tree ofdirectories and files,

When you switch discs, the file server logs you on tothe other disc. Unless you have a main directory onboth discs, it will seilect the new disc's root directory $as your current directory. You will have only publicaccess to it,

Using files from,the other disc:

You con use a directory or file frorn the other discwithout logging on to it,

:You do this by specifying the disc name when giving acornrnand. Type the disc name before you give thename of the file or directory you want.

Type: (comrnand> :(dn).(pn)[RETURNT]<dn> here stands for disc name;(pn) stands for pathname.

EXAMPI^ESrFCAT:DISC2.$*DIR :MASTER-DISC. $.ROBERT.TUNE S*INFO :WORKDISC.$.IULIE.A

When specifying files using this rnethod, the $. isoptional.

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Machilte-code anddata files

IvSaving iueas of memory *SA\IE

This command is used to save files such as machine-code programs and data. The TFSAVE command savesan area of mernory as a file.

:Types ttSAVE <filename>(s) +<I>[RETURN]

<s> here stands for:start address;<l> for length of file.

EXAMPLEType; *SAVE DATA 3000 +SO0[RETURNIThis soves the oreo of memory frcm 3000 to 3500fhexodecimal numbers) as o file colled DATA. fn thiscose 3000 wos the stort oddress of the oreo in mernorycnd 500 its length fin bytesJ.

Alternatively .type; |FSAVE <filename>(s)(e)[RETuRN]

(e) stands for end address.

EXAMPI,EType: *SAVE DATA 3000 3500[RETURN]where 3000 is the start oddress ond 3500 is the endoddress of the section of memory you r,r'ish to scye.

You can also specifyl an execution address. This is thelocation in the file at which the file server will startwhen executing the file.

:Type:*SAVE <filename) (s) + <b (e)[RETURNI(e) stands for execution address.

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EXAMPLEType; TFSAVE PROG 3000 +300 3O3o[RETURN]This soves o mochine-code file which will be executedst 3030 if you lood it using * or *RUN {thesecommonds will be explained shortlyJ.

If you leave out the execution address, execution willbegin at the start address.

You can also specify a reload address, the location atwhich the file server will start when it *LOADs thefile.

Type:TFSAVE <filename> (s) +<l><e> (r) TRETURNI(r) stands for reload address,

EXAMPLEType:rfsAvE PROG 3000 +500 4030 4ooo[RETURhllThis soves c mcchine-code progrom frorn on area ofrnernory at 3000 to 3500, which will be looded back tothe oddress 4000 by {tLOAD, fF or *RUN.

If you leave out the reload address, the system will usethe start address as the reload address.

Ioading an €uea.of memory *IOAD

This cornmand loads,files, usually ones which havebeen saved, using the |FSAVE command to aparticular place in memory.

Type: *LOAD <fiIename)IRETURhII

EXAMPLEType: I$LOAD DATATRETURNIto lood DATA to the relood oddress of the file, whichis set by *SAYE.

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You can also specify where in rnemory you wish toload a file.

Type: *LOAD <filename)(start>[RETTJRf.I]

EXAMPLEType: *LOAD DATA 5000[RETURN]This ignores the reload oddress of DATA and loodsthe file at qddress 5000 in memory.

Ruming a machine-codeprogrram

* and *RIIN

To start a machine-code progrsrn, you load the filecontaining the program to an appropriate address inmemory and then begin execution at the executionaddress of the program. The lF command does boththese steps by loading a file to its reload address, andthen starting execution at the execution address of thefile. Both these values are set by *SAVE.

Type: rF<frlename>IRETURN]

EXAMPLETo run PROG os o mochine-code filetype: *PROGIRETURhIIThe file PROG will then be loaded ot the reloodaddress, ond execution will stort st the executionaddress.

In this way you can create machine-code programsand use them as utility comrnands.

'EXAMPI^EIf you had developed on editor stored in a file calledEDITtyping: *EDITTRETURNJwould load ond run the progrom.

with the ,FRUN conrmand you can develop commandprograms which have the same names as Econet filingsystem commands. ,

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33

Type: *RUN <fiilename)IRETURNI

EXAMPTElf ygu hove o program CAT whi ch you wish to loodond run os o cornmond, typing *CAT will disploy oIist of your files.Type: *RUN CATIRETURNIto losd ond run the file CAT.

Iribraries

When you use the *<filename> command - fs1example, *PROG - the file server will:t try to find it in your currently selected directory.

If the file is not there, it willI look for it in a special directory called a library.

A library is a directory which normally contains onlymachine code prograrrls. If the file server finds the filePROG in your library, it will *RUN the PROGprogram. If PROG is not in the library, you will get at'Ba-d command" erTor message.

You can choose any directory as your current library.To check which directory is currently selectedtype: *CATIRETURNI

and you will see its name after the word "Lib." at thetop of your listing.

Many file server discs,have a built-in library called$,LIBRARY, [f $.LIBRARY is on your disc, the fileserver will choose it a$ your library when you log on.$.LIBRARY contains many useful programs -*DISCS, for example.

You will probably find that your network rnanageruses $.LIBRARY to store useful prograrrrs, so that allthe users on your network can call them up easily.

34

Selectingr libraries *LTB

You can change your currently selected library usingTFLIB, just as you can use *DIR to change yourcurrently selected directory.

Type: *LIB <library name>[RETURNI.

EXAMPI.EYou have sevenol rnochine-code progXotns, rarhich youhove filed in o directory colled PROGS. When youwont to use them, you switch your currently selectedIibrory to PROGS.Type; IFLIB PROGSIRETURIIII

Recording *SPOOL and *EI65Ckeysfrokes in files

The *SPOOL cornmand stores in a file everything youtype in while the file is open - that is, it creates a filethat records all your keystrokes. You open the file bytyping; IFSPOOL <filename>[RETURNI

The file you have opened will contain everythingthat's displayed on your screen from now until youclose it. Close it bytypings fFSPOOLIRETURNI

The *EXEC command read.s a file you specify as if itscontents wene being typed in at the keyboard.

Type: IFEKEC <filename)tRETURNI

One use of *SPOOL and *E)(EC is to save yourepeatedly typing the same sequence of comrnands.You:I open s |iSPOOL filer type in the sequence of commandst close the *SPOOL filer *EXEC the fitre whenever you want to use the

sequellce.

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Cornrnands like *CAT produce confusing results inspool files, because the file server will display acatalogue when you type rFCAT; the spool file willthen include the catalogue display. To avoid thiseffect, create your command file as a BASIC progrnrn,like this:10 *SPOOI STARTTJP20 PRINTIIIFCAT'I30 PRINT* *SDISC USER-DISC"40 PRINT"*LIB MYIIB"50 *sPoot60 END

To execute this spool filetype; {FEXEC STARTUPIRETURNI

,NOTE: if your computer is fitted with a disc filingsystem interface, you could use the DFS cornmandsfrlBUILD, *TYPE, *LIST and TFDUMP to prepare filesthat contain sequences of commands. Instructions onusing these commands are in the BBC Microcomputer?isc S;'gtem User Guide; your network managershould have a copy,

36

Settingr up automatic start IT7routinesAutostafi at logr-on *oPr4You can rnake your next Econet session, and everysubsequent session, start automatically with the sameaction or sequence of actions. To do this:

1 Create a file called IBOOT in your maindirectory. Put in it the commands you want the fileserver to carry out each tirne you log orr. To create thefile, you use *SAVE or *SPOOL (or, if it's available,the disc filing system cornmand |FBUILD).

2 Change the autostart setting of your maindirectory bytyping: *OPT4,<number>[RETURN]

The nurnber you type can be 0, \,2 or 3.0 switches the autostart off1 makes the file server TFLOAD your file IBOOT

each time you log on2 makes it *RUN your file IBOOT each tirne you

log on3 rnakes it *EXEC your file IBOOT each time you

log on. .

Types *CATIRETURI.II

and you will see the autostart option you selected afterthe word "Option" at the top of your listing.

Each time you log on, the file server:r finds your directory (if you have one)I takes the action determined by its autostart

option.

If the option is 1 , 2 or 3 and there is no file IBOOT inyour main directory, you will get the message "Notfound",

37

Once the filing system has finished carrying out itsautostart routine, you can continue your session asnormal.

EXA}4PLE :You might set up o IBOOT file thot, whenever you logon:I prints out "Hello"I gives you o cotaloguet losds the first progrom in your list fuse o

wildcord hereJ.

38

Reading artd writingrto files

IvThe idea of random access

One advantage of storing your work on discs, ratherthan on a cassette, is that it is much easier for thecomputer to find quickly a particular item - iust asit's much easier to move straight to a particular trackon a record than it is on a cassette. Tape storagesystems are called eerial-access devices: they have togo right through the tape serially (in sequenie) to findwhat they are looking for. Disc systems, such as yourEconet file server, can move straight to the item theywant, and are called random-access devices.

As well as making saving and loading operationsfaster, this randorr-flccess feature allows you to selecta particular section within a file, and read or write toit immediately. The process is called random-accessreading and writing.

Opening a file

To use random access to a file, you:r say which file: you are interested int say whether you want to read or write to it or

bothr ask the filing system to give you a channel

number, by which you will communicate withthe file.

All three operations are carried out in one cornmandline,

:EXAMPLE :[ : OPENOUT( *CALENDAR' )This rneons:

creote and open a file colled CALENDARopen it for both reoding and writinggive it o channel number, and let the varioble Xstond for that chonnel nurnber.

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The BASIC keywords which ask the file server to opena file for random access are:I in BASIC I, OPENOUT fto create a new file to

write to and read) and OPENIN (to read andupdate an existing file)

I in BASIC U, OPENOUT (to create a new file towrite to and readr), OPENIN (to read an existingfile) and OPENUP fto read and update an existingfile).

BASIC I and BASIC II are two different versions ofBBC BASIC. To find out which version you have, lookat the notes on software versions in the ieferencesection. The exarnples, that follow use the BASIC IIkeywords.

You can have up to five channels, so you can getrandom access to up to five files at any one time. Youcan open the sarne file more than once - but only forreading [that is, with the BASIC II keyword OPENIN).

EXAMPLESx-OPBNIN{'DATA")This meon$; :t open the file DATA for reodingI let the vorioble X rstond for the chonnel number

the file server ossigns to DATA.Y-OPENUP('INDEX")This rneons: :r open the file INDEX for reoding and writingt let the vorisble Y stond for the chonnel nurnber

the fIIe serrer ossigns to INDEX.

NOTE: there is no keyword in BASIC I that opens afile for reading only: you will need to use theoperating system routine OSFIND. This method isdescribed in the Econet Advanced user guide. Yournetwork rnanager should have copies.

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Using the pointer

The next step is to point to the particul_ar byte in thefile that you want to read or write to. The pointerkeyword is PTR#.

EXAMPLEPTR#[:1000This meons: in the file with chonnel X, point to bytenumber 1000. The byte number will be increosed by Iesch time o byte is reod or written. When o file isopened, the pointer points to byte 0.

Reading and writing

Now you can read or write to the contents of the byteyou have pointed:to. The keywords are BGET# (toread a byte) and BPUT# (to write a byte).

EXAMPLESNEXTLETTERo/o:BGET#XThis rneons; into the vorioble NEXTLETTER % put thecontents of the byte currently pointed to in the filewith channel X.BPUT #X,gzThis rneons; into the byte curren rly pointed to in thefile with chonnel X, put the numb-ei gz.

When you are writing to a file, you can increase itssize by pointing beyond the curr€nt last byte. Forexample, if you OPENUP a file 2O'bytes long and thenpoint to byte 100, using PTR#, the file will beextended to 100 bytes. The extra bytes inserted will bezeros.

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Closing the tile

When you have finished with your file, close it usingthe keyword CLOSE#.,

EXAMPTESCLOSE#Xmeons: close chonnel X; I hove finished with the file.CLOSE#Orneons: close oll my open files.

CIlrer random access operations

You can use the keyword EXT# to find out how manybytes have been written to the file.

EXAMPTE .

SIZE=EXT#XThis meons: into the vorioble SIZE put the size, inbytes, of the file with chonnel X.

The keyword EOF# is used to tell whether the end ofthe file has been reached. tt is set to true (-1) if the endhas been reached, or false (0) if it hasn't.

EXAMPI."E10 X=OPENINI"DATA*]20 REPEAT30 A=BGET#X40 UNTIL EOF#X50 cl,osE#xThis rneons: continue to read bytes frorn the file withchannel X - in this exomple, the file DATA untilthe lost byte hos been recd.

There are two rnore keywords which read and writedata to an open file. INPUT# reads data; PRINT#writes data. These keywords are used to read andwrite BASIC variables, rather than single bytes.

42

EXAMPLESINPUT#X, WORD$reods data frorn the file with channel X, storting of thebyte pointed to, and puts the dota reod into thevarioble WORD$.PRINT#X,OMONDAY"writes the string MONDAY to the file with chqnnel X,starting of the byte pointed to.

There is a summary of all the randorn access keywordsat the back of this:guide.

Interlocks

The Econet filing system has a system of interlocks toprevent two users, performing conflicting randomaccess operations on the same file at the same time,The systern is called multiple reader, single writer; ithas these effects: ,r once you have opened a file for reading (using

OPENIN in B:ASIC il), anyone - insluding you- can open it or re-open it for reading but no-onecan open it for writing

r once you have opened a file for writing (usingOPENIN or OPENOUT in BASIC I, or OPENUP orOPENOUT in BASIC II) no-one - including you- carl open it, load it or save it.

If the system stops you opening a file, you will get anerror:

Aheady open

Reading and vrriting grroups of bytes

There is another way of reading and writing bytes, inwhich you handle them in gro[pr rather than one byone- This method is faster, but more complicated. Ituses the operating system routine OSGBPB, which isdescribed in the Econe t Advanced user guide.

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Printing

If you have a printer server in your Econet you canprint out your work as [f you had a printer attached toyour rnachine.

Type: *PS[RETURNI

You may have to specify the printer server you wantto use. You will have to do this if your network hasmore than one printer server, or if your printer serverhas a differ,ent station number from the one Econetexpects. You specify a printer server by typing in,straight after nPS, the station number of the printerserver you want to select. Your network manager willtell you what the porrect station number is.

I

Type: *PS <printer server number>[RETURNI

The first time Ji'ou use the printer server afterswitching on or resetting your station, the computerneeds to know that you,woDt to send your work to theprinter seryer, not a prihter attached directly to yourstation.

Type: *FX5,4[RETURNI

to use the printer server. You will have to do thisagain if you reset your rnachine.

When you are ready to print out your work

press: [CTRtlBor t5rye: VDU 2[RETURNI

The network manager may lrave set up the printerserver to print some special text at the beginning andend of eaih user's woik. This is called heidet aildfooter text.

The printer will print any header text, followed byanyth_i11g written to your screen after you pressed'lcTRLlB.

44

If sorneone else on the network is already using theprinter you will see the message "Not Listening" afterIto seconds. If this happens, wait and try again or saveyour work and print it out when the printer is free.

When you have finished printingpress: [CTRtlCor type: VDU 3[RETURNI

to print the last few lines of your text and the footertext.

While }lou are linked to the printer no one else can useit, If you press [CTRL]B and then don't print anythingfor 30 seconds, or there is a gap of 30 seconds or morein your printing, $omeone else can take control of theprinter by pressing [CTRLIB at their station.

If you then try to print, you will see the "NotListening" message.

If no one else presses [CTRLIB, you can carry onprinting as normal.

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Communicating withother users

You can send short messages to other stations by usingthe {FNOTIFY command.

Type: *NOTIFY (rlser id>(message>IRETIJRN]or: TFNOTIFY <station>(message>IRET[JRN](user id> here stands for user identifier;(station> stands for stantio number.

EXAMPI^EYou ore of stotion 199. fo send the messo ge "Hello"to a user whose identifier is IUUIE and who is workingct stotion nurnber 723type; {TNOTIFY IULIE HELLOIRETURhIIor: *NOTIFY 729 HELLOIRETURhII

fulie at stotion 723 will,hear a beep, cnd this willcome up on her screen:'

-- 199: HELLO --

The "199" tells her the stotion the messoge came:frorn.If someone sends you o ilressage, it will come up onyour scrreen straight awdy, perhaps while you are inthe middle of a piece of, work. Once you have read it,delete it using the IDELETE] key,and the woqk youwere doing will not be affected. Do not pressIRETI.JRNJ until you have deleted the message.

46

Using other filing systems IvYou may have other filing systerns available to you.The following keywords are used to select the systemyou want. To select a syst€rl, type its keyword, thenpress [RETURNJ. ,

300 baud cassetter systemI20A baud cassette system

:prestel and teletext systemcartridge ROM systemdisc filing system

TFTAPE3*TAPEI?

or |FTAPE*TELESOFTIFROM

'TDISCor IFDISK

To return to the Econet filing systemtype: *NETIRETURNJ

47

Reference section

Softilrare versions

Sorne features of Econet and its filing system varydepending on the software your system has. Thissection describes:I the two versions of the Econet softwarer the two versions of BASIC.

To find out which version of the Econet software ]rouhavetype: *HELPIRETURI.II

A display like this will come up:NFS 3.34os !.20

In this example, the Econet software (the networkfiling system or NFS) is,version 3.34; the machineoperating system is version 7.20.

NFS versions 3.40 and later have the followingdifferences from earlier versions:r they allow you to prevent your password

appearing on the screen, using the proceduredescribed in the Getting going section

r catalogues are displayed in two or more columnsI there are no privileged stationsI there are slight changes in the OSARGS operating

systern routine.

The concept of privileged statiors, and the OSARGSop-eratingsystern routine, are explained in the EconetAdvonced user guide: the netwoik manager shouldhave a copy.

48

To find out which version of BASIC you havepress: [BREAKIthentype: REPORTTRETLTRNI

A copftght message will corne up on the screen. If thecopyright date is 1981, you have BASIC I; if it's 1982,you have BASIC II.

For Econet users, the important difference betweenthe two BASICs is in- the keywords used to open filesfor random access; they are set out in the section onReoding ond writing,to files.

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Commands

This is a list of the commands mentioned in thisguide. It covers four kinds of command:I BASIC commands and keywords (for exarnple,

CHAIN) :t operating system commands (for example,

*FXb,4)I Econet commands (for example, IFPS)I file server commands (for example, iFACCESS),

<narne> here stands for one of the following::I filenamet file pathname :I ambiguous file,referenceI directory narneI directory pathnameI arnbiguous directory reference.

'Elements of the syntoc shown in square brackets areoptional.

*<name>mns the machine-code program specified*ACcEsS (name> (owner eccess ctring>/<publicac,cgss ctring>sets an access string,for the file or directory

rFBYElogs the user offrFCAT [<name>]displayg a catalogue of the directory specified; if noname is specified, a catalogue of the user's maindirectory is displayed*mIR <name>creates a directory

CHAIN'<name>"loads and runs the BASIC program specified*DEI.$TE (narne>deletes the file or directory specified

50

*DIR [(narne>fselects the directory specified as the user's currentlyselected directory; if no name is specified, the user'smain directory is selected

*DISC or *DISKselects a disc filing system

*DISCSdisplays the narnes of the discs currently in use

*EX [<name>ldisplays information: on the contents of the directoryspetified; if no namd is specified, information on thecbntents of the user's main directory is displayed

*HI(EC <name> ireads the contents of,the file specified byte by byte

*FX5,4selects the network printer

*HELPgives information on your software versions

fFI AM [<file server number>l <identifier>[<password>]logs the user on

*INFO (name>displays information on the file specified

*LIB (narne>selects the directory ,specified as the user's currentIibrary

IIST l<line number>l[,J[<line number>]lists all or part of the current BASIC progrern

LOAIIH(nanrs)'Ioads the BASIC program specified*LOAD (name> f<start addrsss>lloads the file specified at the addresl specified

'iFNET :selects the Econet filing system

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*NOTIFY (user identifier> (message>sends the message specified to the user specified

fFNOTIFY (etation,nurnber> (message>sends the message specified to the station specified

* OPT( nrunber> r ( Ilurlber>selects an option; f+OPT1,(number) selects a fileinformation display,optior, and *OPT4,(number)sets an autostart option*PASS u"<password>sets the password specified

*PASS <current pqssword> (new password>sets I new password

*PS [<printer serrrcr number>lselects a printer server

:*RENAME (current narne>(new name)renames the fite specified

REPORTgives, when entered after [BREAKI, the copyright dateof the BASIC softwafe in your computer

rFROMselects a cartridge ROM filing system

RTJNruns the current BASIC program

fFRUN <nFrne> iruns the rnachine-code program specified

SAVE"<nfimo)"sauts the current BASIC program as the file specified*SAVE <nane><start> *<length> [(exec>f[<reload>lsaves the area of memory specified as the file specified

I

*SAVE (name> <start> <end> [(exec>J[<neload>lsaves the area of memory specified as the file specified'

52

*SDISC <disc name)logs the user on to the disc specified

*SPOOI [<name>l'creates a spool file with the name specified; if noname is specified, it Bnds the current spool file

*TAPE3selects a 300 baud cassette filing system

*TAPETZ or TFTAPEselects a 1200 baud cassette filing system

:TITELESOFT .selects the prestel and teletext filing system

VDU (nurnber)controls the printer

Command name abbreviations

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abbreviation nnme abbreviation*ACCESS*CAT*DELETE*[ alu*LO4D*PASS*RUN*SDISC

:rA,if.:rD.tFI A.IFL.{FP.*R.{FSDI.

IFBYEIFCDIR*E)(ECIFINFO*OPT*RENAh{ETFSAVE*SPOOL

*BY.{ICD.*E.*I.*o.TTREN.ff s.*SP.

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Random access keywords

In this list:t <ch> means a variable whose value is a channel

nurnberI (nurn-vor) means a variable whose value is a

nurnbert <numeric) means a number, or a variable whose

value is a numberr (string-vflr) means a variable whose value is a

string :I (strint> means a string, or a variable whose

value is a string,;

<ch> = OPENOUT( n <filename> " )creetes a file for writfing and reading with the name:specified

<ch> =OPENIN{ " <frlename) " }opens the file specified for reading and writing(EASIC I only)

,<ch> = OPEMN(' <filename ) r )opens the file specified for reading (BASIC II only)

<ch> :OPENUP( " <filename> " )opens the file specified for reading and writing(BASIC U only) :CLOSE#<ch>closes the channel specified

<nrrm-vtr):PTR#<ch>sets ur*e variable to the number of the byte currentlypointed to

PTR# <ch> = <byte nrunber>moves the pointer to the byte specified

<num.vrr):EOF#<ch>sets the variable to -1 if the end of the file has beenreached, otherwise to O

:<num-vor)=EXT#(ch>sets the variable to the size of the file, in bytes

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<num-var>:BGET#<ch>puts into the variable the contents of the byte pointedto

BPUT#<ch>,<numeric>puts the number or variable into the byte pointed to

INPIJT# <ch), (nurn-ytrs or string-vars)puts data from the file into the numeric or stringvariables specified

PRlNT#<ch),(nurnerics or strings>puts the numbers, strings or variables into the file

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55

Error messages

This is a list of the most common error messages thatyou may receive at your station. If you get a mesqagethat is not listed here, ask the network manager forhelp.

The numbers shown are the error numbers, indecirnal. The error number 168 has several differentkinds of error associated with it: this is simplybecause there are rnore possible ertors than availablenumbetrs. You can find out the individual errornumber of a 168 error by using the operating systemroutine OSWORD, which is described in the EconetAdvonced user guide. There is information on themeaning and use of error nurnbers in the BBCMicrocornputer System User Guide, chapter 27; thenetwork manager should have copies.

Already open 194You have tried to open a file for random accesswriting that has already been opened by you oranother uger.

Bad attribute 207You have tried to set an access string that breaks therules for specifying access strings. Check the sectionon Prutecting your files.Bad command 254You have made a mistake entering a command: thesystern does not recognise what you have typed in.Try again.

Bad ftIe narne ZO4You have tried to give a file a name that breaks therules for filenames. Check the section on Naming files.Bad password 185using *qAS-s, you hgve broken the rules for choosingpasswords. Look at the section on passwords.

56

Bad string 253The filename or pathname you have specified is toolong, or you have omitted a " sYmbol.

The file is locked: you cannot SAVE it, TFDELETE it,*RENAME it, create 6 TFSPOOL file of the same narne,or gpqn it for random access writing. You will have tounlock the file before trying again.

IvBroken dir 168Your directory has been damaged, probably by a discerror. Ask your network rnanager for help. Individualerror number: 66. '

Channel 222In random access, you have tried to BPUT a byte to orBGET a byte from a file that is not open. This error canalso occui if part of your computer's memory - thepart that handles its cornmunications with thenetwork - is corrupted. [n this case, log on again.

Dir. full 179The directory is full:,!ou will have to save files inother directories.

,Dir. not empty 180You have tried to delete an unlocked directory that isnot ernpty. Delete its contents before deleting thedirectory.

Disc changed ' 2ooCheck with the network manager.

Disc fault 199Tell the network manager.

:Disc tull 198Tell the network manager,

Disc read only , h0tYou have tried to write to a write-protected disc: thatis, one adapted to prevent its contents from beingwritten over. If you think you should be able to writeto the disc, ask the network manager for help,

Entry locked 195

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EOF 223Stands for end of file. In random access, you havetried to read past the end of the file.

hsufficient access 189You have tried to read or write to a file that does nothave R or W in the appropriate part of its access string.

Insufficient privilete 186Ordinary users are not allowed to do what you havejust tried to do.

Is a dir. 181You have tried to carry out a file operation (forexample, LOAD) on,a directory.

tine iammed 160Tell the network manager.

No clock 163Check that your station is plugged into the network. Ifit is, and you still get the "No clock" message, tell thenetwork manager.

No reply 165Tell the network manager.

Not found 2I4The file or directory you specified is not where youspectfied. Use *CAT to check.

Not listening 162If you get this message when you are trying to printsome work, the printer is busy. Try again later. If youget the message when trying to log orr, or at any othertime, tell the network manager,

Not logged on 174You are trying to fTNOTIFY a user who is not loggedon.:

lrlot op_en for update 193In random access, you are trying to write to a file openfor reading only,

58

Outside file 183Using OPENIN in BASIC I, ygu have tried_to place Irandom access pointer past the end of a file.

PW lile not found 168You may get this message when you try to log on. Tellthe network manager. Individual error number: 33.

Rename acroes discs 176You cannot use *RENAME to move a file betweendirectories on different discs.

Too rnany open files lgzIn random access, fou have used all the channelsavailable.

Too Erany users 184You may get this megsage when you try to log on. Teltthe network manager.

Types don't match 175You have tried to mix a file and a directory - forexample, you have tried to save a file MONDAY over adirectory MONDAY.

User not known 188You have tried to log on with an identifier the fitingsystem does not recognise. Check what your correctidentifier is.

Who ane you? 191You have tried to enter a command before logging on.Log on.

Wrong password, IgTCheck what yoru correct password is, and try again. Ifyou have forgotten your password, tell the nbtworkmanager.

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Glossary

Accees string ,a series of letters indicating users' access rights to afile

Cataloguea list of the contents of a directory

Dinectorya collection of files and other directories

E:recution addressthe location in a file at which execution will startwhen the file is loaded by the *<filename)command

Filedata snd prograrns stored on your file server's discsare organised into ffiles

IFile seryera computer controlling a disc storage deviceconnected to it

:Identifiera name by which the network recogRises you

Librarydirectory norrnally used to store machine-codeprograrns

Loadto transfer information from disc to your computer

Lock :a device to protect a: file or directory from deletion: seepage 14

Log onto start a session, specifying your identifier and, ifnecessary, a file serve.r and a password

60

Networka set of computers connected together so that they canexchange information

NFSnetwork filing system, the software that runs theEconet filing systern

osoperating system, the software that runs yourcomputer's communications with its keyboard, screenand itty other devices - a printer, for r*.*ple - thatyou might connect to it

Pathncmean extended name for a file or directory that indicatesits exact location within the tree of directories andfiles

Printer serrera cornputer controlling a printer connected to it

Random accessa feature of disc storage devices that allows you toread and write to particular sections of files: see page39

Reload addrecsthe location in memory where a file will be loaded bythe r$LOAD comrnand

Root diractorythe directory at the root sf - and containing - thetree of directories and files on a disc: see page 24

Saveto transfer information from your computer to a disc

Stationa computer on a network

Wildcard1 syllbol that refers to any symbol or Soup of symbolsin a filename: see page 2T

Iv

61

Index

*<filenarne) ,*ACCESSAccess

ownerpublicrandomrights ,strings

Ambiguou$ referencesAutostart

BGET#BPT.IT#*BYE

*CATCatalogues*CDIRCHAINCLOSE#Cornmands

abbreviationsIist ofusing ,

Communicating with other usersConventions (used in this guide)

.Data files*DELETE :*DIRDirectories

creatingdeletinginformation aboutlibrariespathnamesrenamingrootselecting

*DISC and *DISK ,*DISCS

62

3314,27

2525

39, 54L7,14,25

11, Z! ,241I,27

191042

53506

466

311323T219132234zo74

24,30234729

142737

4741

I

Discsfloppynamesrandorn accessselecting

:EOF# .Error messages .*EXrtEXECEXT#

File serverFiles

closingdeleting .information aboutmachine-code and datamoving files between directoriesnamesopeningpathnames ;protectingrenaming :

Filing systems 'FinishingrFFXs,4

!

::TTHELP :

* IAMIdentifiersTFINFOINPUT#

.rFLIB .Libraries

selectingLISTLOAD*LOAD :toadingI,o.king filesLogging on

Machine-code files .

Iv529, 30

3929

4256

17,213542

518724213163123723919

14,27L4

5, 39,47I

44

48

77

r643

353435111032

5, 10, 3214,23

7,29,37

31

63

*NETNetwork manager*NOTIFY

OPENIN, OPENOUT and OPENUPOpening a file*OPTOSARGSOSFINDOSGBPBOwner access

:*PASSPasswordsPathnamesPRINT#PrintingProgaurs

nandom access:inrunnlng rnachine-code programssaving and loading BASIC programsusing commands in

*PSPTR#Public access

:Random access*RENAIvIEREPORT*ROMRoot directory :RUN*RUN

SAI/E*SA\IESaving*SDISC*sPooL|FTAPES, {TTAPEIL and *TAPE*TELESOFT

.w)uWildcards

64

Iv475

46

3g39

77'3748404325

II

19, 20,254344

393310

19, 36444I25

39, 5413, 23

4847

24,301033

1031

5, 10, 312g35

4747

44

27