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ACR-NEMA
• 1982 - ACR and NEMA form a joint committee• 1985 - Publication of Version 1.0• 1988 - Compression and Mag Tape Standards• 1988 - Publication of Version 2.0 • 1989 - Began work on Network Version with
HIS/RIS
First meeting organized by ACR and NEMA in 1983
DICOM
• The name was changed to separate the standard from the originating body
• 1991 - Release of Parts 1 and 8 of DICOM• 1992 - RSNA demonstration, Part 8• 1993 - DICOM Parts 1-9 approved,
RSNA demonstration of ALL parts• 1994 - Part 10: Media Storage and File Format• 1995 - Parts 11,12, and 13 plus Supplements
First successful DICOM Standard issued in 1993
Scope of DICOM• To create & maintain international standards for communication of
biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic information in disciplines that use
digital images & associated data
• To achieve compatibility & to improve workflow efficiency between imaging
systems & other information systems in healthcare environments worldwide.
• DICOM is a cooperative standard
• Every major diagnostic medical imaging vendor in the world has
incorporated the standard into their product design
• Most of the professional societies throughout the world have supported &
are participating in the enhancement of the standard as well
DICOM is the ONLY standard in the world that covers the exchange of medical images
The DICOM Standards Committee & Working Groups
WG1: Cardiac and Vascular Information
WG12: Ultrasound
WG2: Digital X-Ray WG13: Visible Light
WG3: Nuclear Medicine WG14: Security
WG4: Compression WG15: Digital Mammography
WG5: Exchange Media WG16: Magnetic Resonance
WG6: Base Standard WG17: 3D
WG7: Radiotherapy WG18: Clinical Trials and Education
WG8: Structured Reporting WG19: Dermatologic Standards
WG9: Ophthalmology WG20: Integration of Imaging and Information Systems
WG10: Strategic Advisory WG21: Computed Tomography
WG11: Display Function Standard WG-22: Dentistry
WG-23: Application Hosting
Communication Standards• Protocols are defined by standards• A Standard is an agreement which may be voluntary,
Government mandated, or International Law • Protocols may also be proprietary
Who Defines Communication Standards?• User Consortia (e.g., HL7)• Organizations (e.g., NEMA, IEEE)• US Government Agencies (e.g., ANSI, NIST)• Foreign Government Agencies (e.g., CEN)• United Nations (e.g., ISO, CCITT)
ISO Reference Model
LLCMAC
PHYSICAL
DATA LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
SESSION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION
Fiber, Coax, UTP, µWave
End-to-End communication
Data Formatting, Compression,Encryption
File Transfer, E-mail, HTTP
Ethernet, FDDI, etc.
Internetworking
Upper Layers(DICOM)
Synchronization,Comm. Management
Lower Layers
The Parts of the DICOM Standard• Part 1 - Introduction and Overview
• Part 2 - Conformance
• Part 3 - Information Object Definitions
• Part 4 - Service Class Definitions
• Part 5 - Data Structures & Semantics
• Part 6 - Data Element Listing and Typing
• Part 7 - Message Exchange Protocol
• Part 8 - Network Support for Message
Exchange
More than 100 supplements (extensions) to the Standard provide additional capabilities
• Part 10: Media Storage and File Format for Media Interchange
• Part 11: Media Storage Application Profiles
• Part 12: Media Formats and Physical Media for Media Interchange
• Part 14: Grayscale Standard Display Function
• Part 15: Security and System Management Profiles
• Part 16: Content Mapping Resource
• Part 17: Explanatory Information
• Part 18: Web Access to DICOM Persistent Objects (WADO)
Technology OverviewAt the application layer, the services and information objects address
five primary areas of functionality:• Transmission and persistence of complete objects (such as images, waveforms and
documents)
• Query and retrieval of such objects
• Performance of specific actions (such as printing images on film)
• Workflow management (support of worklists and status information)
• Quality and consistency of image appearance (both for display and print)
DICOM Fundamentals• OBJECT DATA MODEL
– DICOM is based on a completely specified data model
– DICOM includes a robust UID mechanism
• DATA DICTIONARY– DICOM includes a large number of new
data elements
• SERVICE CLASSES– DICOM defines classes of service for
specific applications (e.g. image management, printing) and conformance levels
DICOM Terminology
• DICOM Message Service Element (DIMSE) - The set of DICOM Application Layer communication services.
• DIMSE Service Group (DSG) - A subset of the full DIMSE services which is applicable to a specific IOD.
• Information Object Definition (IOD) - A data abstraction of a class of real-world objects. A collection of related attributes (data elements).
DICOM Terminology
• Service Class - A set of functionality relating to a single type or real-world activity. Composed of a set of SOP Classes plus rules and associated semantics.
• Service-Object-Pair Class (SOP) - The atomic unit of DICOM functionality. Composed of an IOD and a DIMSE Service Group plus restrictions or extensions of the IOD. (Equivalent to an Object Class)
DICOM Service Classes
• Composite– Verification– Storage– Query/Retrieve– Study Content Notification
• Normalized– Patient Management– Study Management– Results Management– Basic Print Management
DICOM Data TypesValue Representation
Description
AE Application Entity
AS Age String
AT Attribute Tag
CS Code String
DA Date
DS Decimal String
DT Date/Time
FLFloating Point Single (4 bytes)
FDFloating Point Double (8 bytes)
IS Integer String
LO Long String
LT Long Text
OB Other Byte
Value Representation
Description
OF Other Float
OW Other Word
PN Person Name
SH Short String
SL Signed Long
SQ Sequence of Items
SS Signed Short
ST Short Text
TM Time
UI Unique Identifier
UL Unsigned Long
UN Unknown
US Unsigned Short
UT Unlimited Text
DICOM Attribute Encoding