Acronyms and Abbreviations · Web viewThe arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) account for about 80 percent of Kenya’s land surface. Much of the land falls under the lowlands, which

ANNEX X – INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN EMERGENCY LOCUST RESPONSE PROJECT

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

DECEMBER 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTSACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................VEXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................VI1 NTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1

1.1 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE...................................................................................11.2 ELRP PROJECT COMPONENTS...........................................................................................11.3 SELECTED PESTICIDES AND VETERINARY PRODUCTS................................................................21.4 PROJECT BENEFICIARIES...................................................................................................31.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF IPMP..........................................................................................31.6 COMPONENT 2 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS..............................................................4

2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT...........................................................................................52.1 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION..........................................................................................52.2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT............................................................................................52.3 IPMP DISCLOSURE.........................................................................................................6

3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE DATA...............................................................73.1 LOCATION AND SIZE........................................................................................................73.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE...........................................................................................8

3.2.1 Hydrology..................................................................................................................3.3 PERENNIAL AND SEASONAL RIVERS....................................................................................9

3.3.1 River Perkerra...........................................................................................................3.3.2 Tana River.................................................................................................................3.3.3 Daua River.................................................................................................................3.3.4 Kerio River.................................................................................................................3.3.5 Athi-Galana-Sabaki River........................................................................................3.3.6 Turkwell River.........................................................................................................3.3.7 Kathita River............................................................................................................3.3.8 Kalabata River.........................................................................................................3.3.9 Ol Arabel River........................................................................................................3.3.10 Suguta River............................................................................................................3.3.11 Kinna Springs...........................................................................................................3.3.12 Lake Logipi..............................................................................................................

3.4 LAND USE...................................................................................................................113.5 PROTECTED AREAS........................................................................................................143.6 BIRDLIFE.....................................................................................................................173.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND....................................................................................20

3.7.1 Livelihood Systems..................................................................................................3.7.2 Poverty Health and Gender....................................................................................

4 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK........................................................................224.1 THE LEGAL, REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK...........................................................22

4.1.1 Constitutional Provisions........................................................................................4.1.2 Pest Control Products Act Chapter346, 2012.........................................................4.1.3 Pest Control Products (Registration) Regulations, 1984.........................................4.1.4 The Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984...................4.1.5 The Pest Control Products (Labelling, Advertising and Packaging) Regulations,

1984........................................................................................................................4.1.6 Pest Control Products (Importation and Exportation) Regulations, 1984..............

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4.1.7 Pharmacy and Poisons Act Chapter 244, 2012.......................................................Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984.........................................4.1.8 Pest Control Products (Disposal) Regulations, 2006...............................................4.1.9 Plant Protection Act Chapter 324, 2012.................................................................4.1.10 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA (Amendment) Act 2015, Cap 387...........................................................................................4.1.11 Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007.............................................................4.1.12 Public Health Act, Chapter 242, 2012.....................................................................

4.2 RELEVANT SECTOR POLICIES...........................................................................................304.2.1 The Kenya Vision 2030............................................................................................4.2.2 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy.............................................................4.2.3 National Climatic Change Strategy..........................................................................4.2.4 The National Agricultural Research Systems Policy................................................4.2.5 The National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy..................................................4.2.6 The National Productivity Policy.............................................................................4.2.7 The National Food and Nutritional Security Policy.................................................

4.3 RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS-ENVIRONMENTAL.......................................................................324.4 WORLD BANK GROUP EHS GUIDELINES...........................................................................334.5 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.......................33

4.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992...............................................................4.5.2 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1998............................................................................................4.5.3 Bamako Convention, 1992......................................................................................4.5.4 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of FAO, 1952.............................4.5.5 World Food Security and the Plan of Action of November 1996............................4.5.6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992........................4.5.7 FAO Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, 2001......4.5.8 FAO Guidelines on Management Options for Empty Pesticide Containers, 2001

344.6 APPLICABLE WORLD BANK’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS................................35

5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT..................................................................................375.1 SET UP OF AN IPM PROGRAM........................................................................................38

5.1.1 Identifying Problems...............................................................................................5.1.2 Select Tactics...........................................................................................................

5.2 PROPOSED PESTICIDES / VETERINARY PRODUCTS FOR USE IN ELRP......................................385.3 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDE USE...........................................................................39

5.3.1 Impacts Occupational Health and Safety................................................................5.3.2 Impacts on Ecologically Sensitive Environments....................................................5.3.3 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and Other Organisms......................................................5.3.4 Storage and Store Siting Impacts............................................................................5.3.5 Solid Waste Impacts................................................................................................5.3.6 Community Health and Safety................................................................................

5.4 POTENTIAL RISKS AND IMPACT OF THE USE OF VETERINARY PRODUCTS AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES.............................................................................................................52

5.4.1 Environmental.........................................................................................................5.4.2 Social Risks..............................................................................................................

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5.4.3 Health & Safety.......................................................................................................6 POTENTIAL PEST RISKS ON SOME OF THE TARGET CROPS AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

586.1 KEY CROP PESTS AND DISEASES.......................................................................................586.2 KEY LIVESTOCK PESTS AND DISEASES.................................................................................82

7 PMP IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT AND MONITORING........................................897.1 CAPACITY BUILDING......................................................................................................897.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS FOR THE VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES...........................................................................................................................92

7.2.1 NPCU Environmental and Social Specialists............................................................7.2.2 CPCU Environmental and Social Specialists............................................................7.2.3 National Environment Management Authority......................................................7.2.4 Dedicated Operational Monitoring.........................................................................

8 IPMP IMPLEMENTATION AND BUDGET..........................................................................968.1 IMPLEMENTATION.........................................................................................................968.2 BUDGET......................................................................................................................96

9 REFERENCE......................................................................................................................9710 APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE ON PEST MANAGEMENT.................................................9811 APPENDIX II: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED....................................................................10212 APPENDIX III: PESTICIDE AND VETERINARY WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR EMERGENCY LOCUST RESPONSE PROGRAM........................................................................103

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 0-1. Summary of Mitigation Measures..........................................................................xiiTable 0-2. Capacity Building...................................................................................................xivTable 0-3. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Concerns..................................................xviTable 2-1. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Concerns....................................................6Table 3-1. Classification of Dryland Ecological Zones.............................................................12Table 3-2. Protected Areas in Affected Counties....................................................................14Table 4-1. Other relevant institutions.....................................................................................32Table 4-2: Summary of Environmental and Social Standards.................................................35Table 5-1: List of banned or restricted pesticides in Kenya....................................................39Table 5-2.Target campaign personnel and topical training areas...........................................43Table 5-3: Potential Impacts of Pesticides and Mitigation Measures.....................................48Table 5-4: Risk Factors and Mitigation Measures in handling veterinary wastes...................56Table 6-1: Potential Pest and Disease Risks on some of the Target Crops and Management Options....................................................................................................................................59Table 6-2: Major livestock pests and diseases in Kenya.........................................................83Table 7-1: Institutional arrangement for Desert Control and Implementing the PMP...........89Table 7-2. Capacity Building....................................................................................................91Table 7-3: MONITORING INDICATORS....................................................................................93Table 8-1: Budget element for implementation of IPMP- ELRP (in USD)................................96Table 12-1: Waste Management Plan...................................................................................104

Figure 3-2: Map showing Arid and Semi-Arid Land in Kenya....................................................7Figure 3-2: Drainage of the Project Area..................................................................................8Figure 3-3. Land Use and Land Cover (Source: ELRP IPMP component 1)..............................13Figure 3-4. Protected Areas in ASAL Counties in Kenya (Source: ELRP IPMP for Component 1)................................................................................................................................................18Figure 3-5. IBA in ASAL Counties in Kenya (Source: ELRP IPMP for Component 1)................19Figure 5-1. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Preparation of Pesticide................................................................................................................................................42Figure 5-2. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Disposal of Pesticide and acaricides Formulations..........................................................................................................42

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Acronyms and Abbreviations ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Land ASDS Agricultural Sector Development StrategyASEP Agricultural Sector Extension PolicyCDVS County Director of Veterinary Services CPCU County Project Coordinating Unit DOSH Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health DVS Directorate of Veterinary Services EHSGs Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines ELRP Emergency Locust Response ProgramESCP Environmental and Social Commitment PlanESF Environmental and Social FrameworkESMF Environmental and Social Management FrameworkESS Environmental and Social StandardFAO Food and Agricultural Organization GBV Gender Based ViolenceGoK Government of KenyaGRM Grievance Redress MechanismsIPMP Integrated Pest Management PlanKALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization KCSAP Kenya Climate Smart Agricultural Project KEVVAPI Kenya Veterinary Vaccines Production InstituteLCU Locust Control UnitLMP Labor Management ProceduresMoALFC Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and CooperativesNARIGP National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive ProjectNASEP National Agricultural Sector Extension PolicyNEMA National Environment Management Authority NPCU National Project Coordinating Unit NPP National Productivity PolicyPCPB Pests Control Products BoardPPEs Personal Protective Equipment PPSD Plant Protection Services DivisionSEA Sexual Exploitation and AbuseSMP Security Management Plan

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) has been prepared for the Kenya part of the Emergency Locust Response Program (ELRP), Component 2, which is a World Bank financed project to Government of Kenya’s (GoK) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Cooperatives (MoALFC).

2. This document serves as the guide to for the Project where farmers and pastoralist are likely to acquire pesticides / veterinary products for the livelihood protection and rehabilitation activities. As per the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) requirements and Environmental and Social Standard 3 (ESS3), Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management a project involves a significant pest management issues, then an IPMP is a required environmental and social risk and impact mitigation instrument. This IPMP is prepared due to the fact that:

(i) The project will not directly support procurement of the pesticides and veterinary products, however the conditional grants received by the community investment groups and pastoralist may be used by the beneficiaries to acquire;

(ii) There are potential concerns on the impacts of the use of pesticides and veterinary products on the environment and human health.

3. The purpose of the Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) is to provide guidelines on assessment of the potential impacts of pest management measures within ELRP component two activities taking into account the World Bank’s Environment and Social Safeguards Standards 3, as well as Kenya’s environmental policies, laws and regulations.

4. This IPMP has been prepared as a guide for initial screening of the sub-projects for adverse impacts which would require attention and mitigation prior to their implementation. The IPMP incorporates:

i. Guidelines on assessment of the potential risks and impacts of pest management measures within ELRP taking into account the World Bank’s Environment and Social Safeguards Standards 3, as well as Kenya’s environmental policies, laws and regulations.

ii. Development of screening procedures (including a checklist on Annex I) that will be used as a mechanism in the IPMP for screening potential environmental and social impacts due to sub-project interventions.

iii. Guideline for development of appropriate methods to promote an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach that will minimize the need for chemical pesticides during each project intervention.

iv. Management and implementation capacity for mitigation measures, and formulation of appropriate recommendations, including the institutional structure and the responsible agencies for implementing IPM,

v. Evaluation of capacity building and training needs and their costs, vi. Presentation of an outline on institutional arrangements for IPMP,

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vii. IPM assessment procedures, monitoring indicators and mitigation strategies, as appropriate under each of the projects.

5. ELRP will comply with the provision of ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention

and Management and the World Bank Group General EHS Guidelines. The project will not finance the direct procurement of the pesticides / veterinary products under Component 2. However, the project will support livelihood protection and rehabilitation activities for the Counties impacted by the desert locust infestation through conditional grants, it is anticipated that the beneficiary farmers and pastoralist may procure pesticides / veterinary products to improve their livelihoods. In addition, restocking activities for the livestock may involve the purchase of livestock from one area to another and need for treatment of livestock diseases as well as the use of acaricides to manage ticks. Thus, the project will put adequate measures in place for acquiring, storing, applying and disposal of the pesticides / veterinary products during implementation.

Emergency Locust Response Program6. The ELRP is financing activities that will have positive impacts and benefits to the areas

currently infested with the desert locust. The component 2: Livelihoods Protection and Rehabilitation is to help protect the poor and vulnerable in locust affected areas from human capital and asset loss, enhance their access to food, and restore livelihoods that have been damaged or destroyed by swarms. The objective of this component is to support affected farmers /pastoralists and livestock holding households restore their productive assets for enhanced adaptation and resilience. Particularly disadvantaged and vulnerable groups could include pastoralists and women and girls across these groups.

Project Development Objective7. To respond to the threat posed by the locust outbreak and to strengthen systems for

preparedness.

ELRP Project Components8. Component 1: Surveillance and Control Measures. The objective of activities under this

component is to limit the growth of existing climate-change-induced desert locust populations and curb their spread, while mitigating the risks associated with control measures and their impacts on human health and the environment. Activities to be supported would include continuous surveillance and monitoring, spraying of hopper bands and adult swarms, and delivery of training and capacity building to field teams to ensure that operations are carried out in a safe and effective manner.

9. Component 2: Livelihoods Protection and Rehabilitation. Beyond the immediate control measures deployed to curtail the proliferation and spread of the locusts, the next priority and the objective of Component 2 would be to help protect the poor and vulnerable in locust affected areas from human capital and asset loss, enhance their access to food, and

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restore livelihoods that have been damaged or destroyed by swarms. The objective of this component is to support affected farmers /pastoralists and livestock holding households restore their productive assets for enhanced adaptation and resilience. Livelihoods restoration requires support to households to rebuild their crop and livestock assets at the individual level but also restoration of communally owned assets, including degraded pasturelands and water sources which may have been lost due to the degradation. Community engagement will be monitored by tracking awareness raising communication campaigns conducted and grievances registered and resolved by the Project.

10. Component 3: Coordination and Early Warning Preparedness. Interventions under this component would include establishing and strengthening a Locust Control Unit (LCU) within the Plant Protection Services Division (PPSD) of MoALFC at the national level to prevent future outbreaks from spiraling out of control. Early warning systems have been developed and should be implemented to support prevention and rapid response to new and existing climate change-induced locust infestation, thereby limiting in-country and cross-border spread and intensification.

11. Component 4: Project Management. Finances the associated costs such as financial management, procurement, environmental and social management, and communications. The communications component, in particular, apart from external and internal communication activities can promote increased community awareness about locust response and what they need to do when their area has been treated with pesticides (e.g., do not eat the locusts or feed them to livestock, do not dump in water bodies, etc.), as well as coordination among responsible entities (international, regional, national, and subnational) to better respond to outbreaks.

Project Beneficiaries 12. The Project is expected to benefit community members who are farmers and pastoralists in

the impacted counties in Kenya. Component 2 will be implemented in specific wards that are most impacted in the 15 of the most severely impacted counties in the country. However, component 1, 3 and 4 will be implemented in all the counties that have experienced locust infestations. The primary project beneficiaries will be affected farmers, pastoralists and households that have been affected by the locust upsurge and are food insecure. Vulnerable and marginalized households and female headed households will be prioritized in the targeting process.

Justification and Objective of IPMP13. ESS 3 requires that for any project that involve significant pest management issues or any

project contemplating activities that may lead to significant pest and pesticide management issues, the Borrower will prepare an Integrated Pest Management Plan (PMP). This Integrated Pest Management Plan is prepared to address the possible use of pesticides and veterinary products by beneficiary farmers’ and pastoralists under ELRP Component 2: viii

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Livelihoods Protection and Rehabilitation. The project is financed by the World Bank and in compliance with the environmental and social standards, an IPMP is required because of the possible use of pesticides / veterinary products by farmers and pastoralist receiving the conditional grants to undertake livelihood protection and rehabilitation activities.

Project Location 14. The ELRP will be implemented in 15 Counties namely Mandera, Wajir, Marsabit, Garissa,

Samburu, Isiolo, Meru, Baringo, Kitui, Tharaka Nithi, Embu, Machakos, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet and West Pokot.

Land Use in ASAL 15. The most suitable land use in ASAL is livestock husbandry and wildlife conservation, and

almost 90% of the 40 gazetted national parks and game reserves are located in the ASALs. About 8% of the Kenya’s land mass is protected area for wildlife conservation. Protected areas are gazetted landscapes/seascapes that have been surveyed, demarcated and gazetted either as National Parks and/or National Reserves.

Open Water Source and Community Livelihoods 16. There are a number of perennial and seasonal open water sources including River Perkerra,

Tana, Daua, Kerio, Athi-Galana-Sabaki, Turkwell, Kathita, Kalabata, Ol Arabel, Suguta, Kinna springs and Lake Logipi. This open waters are a source of livelihood to communities who rely on the water resources for agricultural production: crop cultivation, domestic use, livestock watering and human consumption; as well as source of food (fisheries). The rivers are also an important habitat for flora and fauna (aquatic resources). Socio-economic activities including settlements are located within close proximity to these water resources.

Pesticide Policy, Legal, International Requirements and Guidelines17. The following legal instruments provide guidance and regulations when implementing

projects that use pesticide in Kenya. Also, the section includes are international conventions and guidelines that Kenya is a signatory to with regards to pesticide use and apply for this Project.

• Public Health Act• The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS)• The National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy (NASEP)• The National Productivity Policy (NPP)• The Kenya Constitution, 2010 (Constitution of Kenya 2010)• Chapter 324 – Plant Protection Act• Chapter 346: Pest Control Products• Chapter 326 – Seeds and Plants Variety Act• The Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984 • The Pest Control Products (Labelling, Advertising and Packaging) Regulations, 1984 • The Pest Control Products (Importation and Exportation) Regulations, 1984 • The Pharmacy and Poisons Act

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• Environmental Management and Coordination Act • Occupational Health and Safety Act • Pest Control Products (Disposal) Regulations, 2006 • Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)• International Plant Protection Convention of FAO (1952)• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)• World Food Security and the Plan of Action of November 1996• FAO directive on safety and environmental precautions (2003)• FAO guidelines on management of empty containers • Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticide (2020)• Guidelines on Developing a Reporting System for Health and Environmental Incidents

Resulting from Exposure to Pesticides, 2009• Prevention of Accumulation and Disposal of Obsolete Stocks; 2009, 2011• International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management• Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, 2001; • World Bank Environmental and Social Standards:

ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts;

ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions; ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management; ESS4: Community Health and Safety; ESS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Resources; ESS7: Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local

Communities; and ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure.

Environmental and Social Risk Management Instruments18. Prior to appraisal of the ELRP, GoK prepared and disclosed an Environmental and Social

Commitment Plan (ESCP), and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), which includes guidance on outreach activities and the establishment of grievance redress mechanisms (GRM). There are other environmental and social risk instrument that will complement this IPMP and these include the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Social Assessment/IPP, Gender Based Violence (GBV) Action Plan, Security Management Plan (SMP) and Labor Management Procedures (LMP).

Selected Pesticides / Veterinary Products for Use in ELRP

19. The project envisage the use of the common pesticide and veterinary products that have been permitted for use in Kenya. Farmers and pastoralist could use the conditional grants received to buy the permitted pesticides/ veterinary products approved by the Pest Control Products Board and Directorate of Veterinary Services for crops and livestock respectively.

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Environment and Social Risks

20. The overall Environmental and Social Risk Classification of the ELRP is Substantial. On Component 2 the main potential environmental and social risks and impacts associated with these activities include: (i) potential soil erosion and pollution; (ii) dust emissions; (iii) generation of solid waste; (iv) occupational health and safety risks related to minor construction works for the proposed construction of grain and seed storage facilities; (v) potential disease outbreak for proposed re-stocking of livestock; (vi) potential degradation of the rangelands; and (vii) potential contamination and poisoning by farmers handling farming pesticides.

21. The use and or application of the pesticides/ veterinary products by farmers and pastoralists within the 15 Counties impacted by the desert locust infestations will potentially impact local populations dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods such as fisheries, pasture, vegetation and crop fields. However, the project has proposed feasible mitigation measures, training of farmers and the extension workers; the Environmental Risk is considered Low.

22. The potential exposure pathway for pesticides and veterinary products: The process of mixing the pesticide and acaricides can lead to exposures via inhalation, dermal contact, and incidental ingestion, accidental self-jabbing by pastoralists, mostly from releases of pesticide and acaricides vapors, and solutions. Vapor releases can occur when liquid concentrated emulsions are diluted and through skin exposure by direct contact or in some cases as reported from most counties drug abuse by use of veterinary products as human drugs by pastoralists. Workers can inhale the vapors or the particulates or be exposed through dermal contact. Spills could also pose significant risk, especially for children who ingest the resulting residues that are left on surfaces such as floors.

23. Table 0-1 below is a summary of the potential negative environmental and social risks and impacts that Component 2 may have with respect to pesticide use and proposed mitigation measures that will be considered during preparation of site-specific (sub project) spray operation IPMPs.

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Table 0.1. Summary of Mitigation Measures

RISKS RELATING TO PESTICIDE LIFE CYCLE

RISK LEVEL

MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBLE

Storage of Pesticide / Vet Products Management

Inappropriate storage practices / Veterinary Products

M

Trained farmers / pastoralists in appropriate pesticide management practices. MoALFC/NPCU

CPCU, DVS, KEVVAPI

Regular inspections Good storage Effective inspection regimes by the

extension workerEnd-use of Pesticide / Vet Products: Human Safety

Exposure of spray drift to farmers / pastoralists

H

Training on best practices for farmers / pastoralists

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU / DVS

Use of full PPEs by farmers / pastoralists MoALFC/NPCUCPCU / DVS

Provision of first aid facilities and training of administration of first aid during exposure to pesticides.

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU

Poisoning incidents L

Extension staff training and IEC with components aimed at preventing poisoning.

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU

Enhance capacity for poison management by:o Training of all category of pastoralists

and farmers to identify danger signs and required response.

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU, DVS, KEVVAPI

End-Use of Pesticides / Vet Products : Environmental Safety

Environmental release to sensitive ecosystems

M

Application of best practices (triple wash/rinse water re-use)

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU / DVS, KEVVAPINEMAKALRO

Prohibition of decanting into streams and open drains

Prohibit farmers & pastoralists from washing in streams

Effective inspection regimes by the extension worker,

Non-recommended use of pesticides / Vet Products

M Effective IEC on dangers and consequences of non-recommended use of pesticides

MoALFC/NPCUDVS, KEVVAPI CPCU & PCPB

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RISKS RELATING TO PESTICIDE LIFE CYCLE

RISK LEVEL

MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBLE

Disposal

Release of empty packaging materials in general environment or reused

H

Farmers and Pastoralist should be trained not to reuse empty packaging material for the pesticide / Vet products,

Farmers and Pastoralist should be trained on the Safe disposal of used or contaminated PPEs, and empty packaging material for the pesticide / Vet Products,

Keep pesticides empty containers away from reach of children.

MoALFC/NPCUCPCU / DVS, KEVVAPI

Risk Level

HighMediumLow

24. Crop pest and disease is one of the major constraints to crop production in Kenya. The following are the potential crop pests and diseases that may attack the crops:

Crop pests: Stalk borers, African armyworm, Shoot fly, Wireworms, aphids, Bean seed flies Bruchid beetle, weevil, Thrips, Cutworms, Lettuce Pea moth, Bean bruchids, Cassava mealy bugs, Cassava green mites, Sweet potato weevil, Fruit flies, Mango weevils, Black flies, American boll worm and Cutworms and onion thrips.

Crop Diseases: Grey leaf spots, Maize streak virus, Leaf rusts, Leaf blights, Rust, Haloblight, Angular leaf spot, bacterial Blight, Cassava root scale, Cassava Mosaic Disease, Cassava brown streak disease, Cassava root rot disease, Black rot Fungus, Papaya ring spot Virus.

25. Livestock disease is one of the major constraints to animal production in Africa. Vector-borne diseases, particularly trypanosomiasis transmitted by the Tsetse Flies and Tick-Borne Diseases (TBDs) seriously limit livestock production and improvement in much of African countries south of the Sahara. In addition the tsetse flies also transmit the fatal human sleeping sickness.

26. A dedicated Waste Management Plans have been developed Table 12.19: WasteManagement Plan.

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Reporting and Capacity Building 27. MoALFC has experience in implementing different projects supported by the World Bank

financing which used the Environmental and Social Safeguards Operational Policies including Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project, the National Agriculture and Rural Inclusive Growth Project and the Regional Pastoral Livelihood Resilience Project and others.

28. Capacity building will be achieved through farmer/pastoralists -based collaborative management mechanisms where all key stakeholders shall be regarded as equal partners. Beneficiary farmers /pastoralists shall be the principal actors facilitated by other actor such as from sector ministries, NGOs, etc. as partners whose role will be to facilitate the process and provide technical direction and any other support necessary for the implementation of IPMP. This IPMP is designed to build on, and to some extent strengthen existing national capacities for the promotion and implementation of IPM.

29. The key actors of in implementing this IPMP include but not limited to: National Project Coordination Unit, County Project Coordination Unit, Ministry of Agricultural, Ministry of Health, National Environmental Management Authority, Directorate of Veterinary Services and Pesticide Control Products Board.

30. Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) in managing the environment, health and safety risks for this operation.

31. In order to strengthen the capacity of the NPCU, CPCU and other implementing agencies, the following capacity building efforts are recommended. The World Bank will train the NPCU on topics highlighted in the Table 0-2 below. The NPCU will thereafter provide training to the CPCU and sub county technical teams on the topics outlined on Table 0-2. To ensure that the message and quality of training is assured, NPCU will l engage consultants familiar with Bank’s ESF, ESSs and the other relevant instruments to support the county-based trainings.

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Table 0.2. Capacity Building

Training Topic Target TrainersApplication techniques, equipment use and maintenance

Farmers and Pastoralists County & Sub-County Technical Teams

Safety measures, PPE, pesticides / Veterinary products poisoning, first aid, Rapid assessments (efficacy, occupational health, environment)


Proper handling and transport of pesticide containers.


County Project Coordinating UnitIPMP CPCU NPCUMonitoring of impacts of pesticides on soil, water, biodiversity, livestock etc

CPCU NPCU

Sub County Technical TeamsMonitoring of impacts of pesticides on soil, water, biodiversity, livestock etc

Sub County Technical Teams

NPCU and CPCU

IPMP Sub County Technical Teams

NPCU and CPCU

IPMP Public Consultations and Disclosure32. This IPMP was subjected to public consultation (virtually on 7th July 2020) as per the

national laws and World Bank ESS requirements with respect to stakeholder engagement and specifically to ESS 10, the project SEP and recommendations arising from the consultation have been incorporated in this IPMP See Table 0-3. This IPMP will be disclosed on MoALFC’s website of and World Bank’s external website upon its review and approval by the MoALFC and the World Bank. Participants in the stakeholder consultations who raised the concerns in table below included representatives from among others: -

County Governments Non-Governmental Organisations (including self-help groups and CBOs) Community leaders KALRO KEVVAPI ELRP/NPCU KCSAP World Bank,

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Table 0.3. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Concerns

Concerns Response

Concern over impacts of spray activities on apiculture and need for adequate and realistic mitigation measures, for example some bee hives van not be closed they are traditional ones.

The project will take utmost care and or use pesticide in areas where apiculture is practised.

Concern on the quality of the extension staff to be hired to undertake extension services and environmental risk / impact monitoring

MoALFC to conduct recruitment of competent staff including provision of training and capacity building to the staff upon recruitment.

Request to establish Sub County Technical Teams as part of the organisational structure and implementation set up

MoALFC to address this issue in follow on deliberations and report recommendations to the Counties.

Concern over impacts of spray operations on non-target organisms (poultry) feeding on contaminated insects and need for adequate mitigation measures.

Awareness creation targeting community members will be undertaken to inform on how to handle dead contaminated insects including sweeping and disposing the locusts in pits/burning prior to releasing poultry to feed/locking poultry and other livestock during spraying and observing re-entry timelines.

Component 2 Implementation Arrangements33. The Component 2 of the project will be implemented by the MoALFC through a two-tiered

institutional arrangement: National, and County levels. At the National level, the MoALFC will be the main implementing agency while at the County level, County Governments will be the implementing agency. The component 2 will operate within the structures established by the MoALFC namely.

National Project Coordination Unit: -A National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) has been established comprising of officers responsible for day-to-day implementation of activities under the leadership of the National Project Coordinator (NPC). These include component 2, the National Project Coordinator, Component 2 Leader, Environmental Specialist, Social Standards Specialists, GBV Expert, Grievance Redress Expert, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Financial and Procurement Specialists.

County Project Coordination Unit: - The Project will use the existing implementation structures at the community County Project Coordinating Units (CPCUs) for KCSAP and NARIG that are established headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC) who also

xvi | ELRP-Integrated Pest Management Plan – IPMP-Component 2

double as either the Crops or Livestock Specialist. The CPCU members include, the CPC, Livestock/Crops Specialists, Environment and Social Standards Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Finance and Procurement Officers. The CPCU will engage services of technical experts on need basis.

Other agencies include: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Agricultural Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) and Pests Control Products Board (PCPB) among others for monitoring effects of the chemicals being on human health, water, soils, livestock and wildlife.

Monitoring and Evaluation

34. The safeguards team of ELRP and a support team comprising of relevant Government agencies (State departments of crops, livestock, fisheries & irrigation, KALRO, WRA, NEMA, PCPB, KEPHIS, and World Bank will monitor the operations.

35. Regular monitoring and evaluation of activities shall be undertaken by trained Community Investments Groups. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the build-up of IPM capacity in the Farmer /Pastoralists Groups and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in agricultural production, and the economic benefits that farmers /pastoralists derive by adopting IPM.

IPMP Implementation and Budget 36. The ELRP programme management team of will be responsible in the implementation of

this IPMP and estimated costs of 255,000 USD for the various activities under these projects will be built in the budget. The core activities will be:- Coordination, Development of IPM packages for the ELRP counties; IPM orientation workshops; Training of trainers and Farmer /pastoralists groups training; Field guides / IPM materials, Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices; Livestock spraying activities, Farmer’s /pastoralists field days; Field visits and study tours; Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt and the Monitoring and evaluation.

xvii | ELRP-Integrated Pest Management Plan – IPMP-Component 2

1 NTRODUCTION

37. The Government of Kenya (GOK) through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives (MoALFC) has received financing from the World Bank for the Emergency Locust Response Program (ELRP). The ELRP is a Multiphase Programmatic Approach (MPA) which is a programmatic framework approach for a regional response to Desert Locust crisis with “first mover” countries for which Kenya is included as phase 1 of the ELRP MPA. The desert locust invasion in Kenya that has been recorded as the worst in 70 years has posed a severe food security threat to about 3 million people. The invasion started in 28 December 2019 from Ethiopia and Somalia and has since spread to twenty-eight counties. The invasion has posed a risk to food and nutrition security and livelihoods thus undermining the economic growth. The second generation started forming swarms in April 2020, coinciding with the main planting season in Kenya and many other parts in East Africa.

1.1 Project Development Objective38. To respond to the threat posed by the locust outbreak and to strengthen systems for

preparedness.

1.2 ELRP Project Components39. Component 1: Surveillance and Control Measures. The objective of activities under this

component is to limit the growth of existing climate-change-induced desert locust populations and curb their spread, while mitigating the risks associated with control measures and their impacts on human health and the environment. Activities to be supported would include continuous surveillance and monitoring, spraying of hopper bands and adult swarms, and delivery of training and capacity building to field teams to ensure that operations are carried out in a safe and effective manner.

40. Component 2: Livelihoods Protection and Rehabilitation. Beyond the immediate control measures deployed to curtail the proliferation and spread of the locusts, the next priority and the objective of Component 2 would be to help protect the poor and vulnerable in locust affected areas from human capital and asset loss, enhance their access to food, and restore livelihoods that have been damaged or destroyed by swarms. The objective of this component is to support affected farmers /pastoralists and livestock holding households restore their productive assets for enhanced adaptation and resilience. Livelihoods restoration requires support to households to rebuild their crop and livestock assets at the individual level but also restoration of communally owned assets, including degraded pasturelands and water sources which may have been lost due to the degradation. Community engagement will be monitored by tracking awareness raising communication campaigns conducted and grievances registered and resolved by the Project.

1 | ELRP-Integrated Pest Management Plan – IPMP-Component 2

41. Component 3: Coordination and Early Warning Preparedness. Interventions under this component would include establishing and strengthening a Locust Control Unit (LCU) within the Plant Protection Services Division (PPSD) of MoALFC at the national level to prevent future outbreaks from spiraling out of control. Early warning systems have been developed and should be implemented to support prevention and rapid response to new and existing climate change-induced locust infestation, thereby limiting in-country and cross-border spread and intensification.

42. Component 4: Project Management. Finances the associated costs such as financial management, procurement, environmental and social management, and communications. The communications component, in particular, apart from external and internal communication activities can promote increased community awareness about locust response and what they need to do when their area has been treated with pesticides (e.g., do not eat the locusts or feed them to livestock, do not dump in water bodies, etc.), as well as coordination among responsible entities (international, regional, national, and subnational) to better respond to outbreaks.

1.3 Selected Pesticides and veterinary products

43. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (ESS3) requires that in the procurement of any pesticide and veterinary products, the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives (MoALFC) will assess the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. MoALFC will not use any pesticides or veterinary products or formulations unless such use is in compliance with the World Bank’s Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs). In addition, MoALFC will also not use any pesticides, herbicides, livestock vaccines and acaricides products that contain active ingredients that are restricted under applicable international conventions or their protocols or that are listed in, or meeting, the criteria of their annexes, unless for an acceptable purpose as defined by such conventions, their protocols, or annexes, or if an exemption has been obtained by Government under such conventions, their protocol, or annexes, consistent with Governments’ commitments under these and other applicable international agreements.

44. The project beneficiaries will also not use any formulated pesticide / veterinary products that meet the criteria of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or reproductive toxicity as set forth by FAO. For any other pesticide / veterinary products that pose other potentially serious risk to human health or the environment and that are identified in internationally recognized classification and labelling systems, the Borrower will not use pesticide / veterinary formulations of products if: (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution, management, and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay


personnel, farmers/pastoralists, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

45. ELRP will comply with the provision of ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management. The project will not finance the direct procurement of the pesticides / veterinary products to be used under Component 2. However, the project will support livelihood protection and rehabilitation activities through conditional grants, it is possible for the farmers /pastoralists to procure synthetic pesticides / veterinary products to manage pests on their farmlands and livestock respectively. In addition, restocking activities for the livestock may involve the purchase of livestock from one area to another and need for treatment of livestock diseases as well as the use of acaricides to manage ticks. It is the duty of all users of pesticides, herbicides, livestock vaccines and acaricides to act responsibly when acquiring, storing and applying them. This calls for the preparation of the IPMP to ensure the integrity of the ecological, environment and community health and safety is not compromised during project implementation.

1.4 Project Beneficiaries 46. The Project is expected to benefit farmers /pastoralists in wards identified in the impacted

counties in Kenya. Component 2 will be implemented in specific wards that are most impacted in the 15 of the most severely impacted counties in the country. The primary project beneficiaries will be affected farmers, pastoralists and households that have been affected by the locust upsurge and are food insecure. Vulnerable and marginalized households and female-headed households will be prioritized in the targeting process.

1.5 Aim and Objective of IPMP47. ESS 3 requires that for any project that involve significant pest management issues or any

project contemplating activities that may lead to significant pest and pesticide, and veterinary products management issues, the Borrower will prepare an Integrated Pest Management Plan (PMP). This IPMP is required because of the possible use of pesticides / veterinary products by farmers /pastoralists receiving the conditional grants to undertake livelihood protection and rehabilitation.

The objectives of IPMP are:

a) Establish clear procedures and methodologies for IPM planning, design and implementation of ELRP funded sub-projects.

b) Develop monitoring and evaluation systems for the various pest management practices for subprojects.

c) To assess the potential economic, environmental and social impacts of the pest management activities within the sub-projects.

d) To mitigate against negative impacts of pesticides and veterinary products application and use,


e) To identify capacity needs and technical support for successful implementation of the IPMP, and

f) To propose a budget required to implement the IPMP.

1.6 Component 2 Implementation Arrangements48. The Component 2 of the project will be implemented by the MoALFC through a two-tiered

institutional arrangement: National, and County levels as described below, and these institutions will take lead in the IPMP implementation.

National Project Coordination Unit: -A National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) has been established comprising of officers responsible for day-to-day implementation of activities under the leadership of the National Project Coordinator (NPC). These include for component 2, the National Project Coordinator, Component 2 Leader, Environmental Specialist, Social Standards Specialists, GBV Expert, Grievance Redress Expert, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Financial and Procurement Specialists.

County Project Coordination Unit: - The Project will use the existing community implementation structures already established by P154784-KCSAP and P153349 NARIG headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC) who also double as either the Crops or Livestock Specialist. The CPCU members include, the CPC, Livestock/Crops Specialists, Environment and Social Standards Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Finance and Procurement Officers. The CPCU will engage services of technical experts on need basis.


2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

49. This chapter describes the consultations conducted during the preparation of the IPMP, the disclosure arrangements and the grievance redress mechanism in place for use during the project implementation.

2.1 Stakeholder Identification 50. MoALFC undertook identification of stakeholders who were provided with the draft IPMP

for comments. Participants who were identified and engaged included representatives from among others: -

County Governments Non-Governmental Organisations (including self-help groups and CBOs) Community leaders Community Investment Groups / Pastoralists KALRO ELRP/NPCU KCSAP World Bank

2.2 Stakeholder Engagement51. MoALFC presented the draft IPMP to identified stakeholders as part of public consultation

and more specifically to seek input from the stakeholders on potential impacts and mitigation measures of the ELRP. The consultations were consulted virtually on the 7 th July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic that restricted physical interactions (social distancing). MoALFC provided adequate notice to the stakeholders with respect to the date and time for the consultations, presented the draft IPMP and presentation materials in advance and facilitated the stakeholders by ensuring adequate internet connectivity. The issues raised by the stakeholders and responses including list of participants are included in Annex II: List of Stakeholders and were used in the finalisation of the IPMP. The snapshot of the consultations concerns have been captured on Table 2.1 below:


Table 2.4: Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Concerns

Concerns Response

Concern over impacts of spray activities on apiculture and need for adequate and realistic mitigation measures, for example some bee hives van not be closed they are traditional ones

The project will take utmost care and or use pesticide in areas where apiculture is practised.

Concern on the quality of the extension staff to be hired to undertake extension services and environmental risk / impact monitoring

MoALFC to conduct recruitment of competent staff including provision of training and capacity building to the staff upon recruitment.

Request to establish Sub County Technical Teams as part of the organisational structure and implementation set up

MoALFC to address this issue in follow on deliberations and report recommendations to the Counties.

Concern over impacts of spray operations on non-target organisms (poultry) feeding on contaminated insects and need for adequate mitigation measures.

Awareness creation targeting community members will be undertaken to inform on how to handle dead contaminated insects including sweeping and disposing the locusts in pits/burning prior to releasing poultry to feed/locking poultry and other livestock during spraying and observing re-entry timelines.

2.3 IPMP Disclosure52. This IPMP will be disclosed in accordance with the ESS 10 disclosure standards on the

website of MoALFC and forwarded to the Bank for disclosure at the Bank’s external website. This IPMP will also be disclosed in the project areas and made accessible to the beneficiaries.


3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE DATA

53. This section describes the ecologically and agronomically sensitive areas in the 15 Counties that are targeted for the implementation of ELRP. These sensitive ecosystems are the most at risk areas if exposed to pesticides and veterinary products include water bodies, protected areas, avi-fauna habitats as well as agronomic zones.

3.1 Location and Size54. Kenya has 23 ASAL counties, 9 of them classified as arid and 14 as semi-arid, as shown in

Figure 3-1. The ELRP will be implemented in 15 Counties namely Mandera, Wajir, Marsabit, Garissa, Samburu, Isiolo, Meru, Baringo, Kitui, Tharaka Nithi, Embu, Machakos, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet and West Pokot.

Figure 3.1: Map showing Arid and Semi-Arid Land in Kenya


(Source: Ecofix Consultancy Limited 2020)3.2 Topography and Drainage3.2.1 Hydrology

55. The ASAL region in Kenya mainly fall within Rift Valley, Athi River, Tana River and Ewaso Ng’iro catchment or drainage basins see Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2: Drainage of the Project Area

(Source: Ecofix Consultancy Limited 2020)


3.3 Perennial and Seasonal Rivers56. In the 15 Counties where the emergency locust control operations are targeted, there are a

number of perennial and seasonal rivers which are a source of livelihood to communities who rely on the water resources for agricultural production (crop cultivation), domestic use (livestock and human consumption) as well as source of food (fisheries). The rivers are also an important habitat for flora and fauna (aquatic resources). Socio-economic activities including settlements are located within close proximity to these water resources. The application of pesticides and use of acaricides within the proximity of these water resources are likely to contribute to contamination of the water resources and trigger bio-physical and socio-economic impacts as listed on section 5.3. The riverine ecosystems in the 15 Counties are described below;

3.3.1 River Perkerra57. The Perkerra River is a river in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya that feeds the freshwater Lake

Baringo. It is the only perennial river in the arid and semi-arid lands of the Baringo County. It supplies water to the Perkerra Irrigation Scheme in the Jemps flats near Marigat Township. The river has a catchment area of 1,207 square kilometres (466 sq. mi). It rises in the Mau Forest on the western wall of the Rift valley at 8,000 feet (2,400 m), dropping down to 3,200 feet (980 m) at its mouth on the lake.

3.3.2 Tana River58. Tana River flows at approximately 440 miles (708 km) from its headwaters in the Aberdare

Range and Mount Kenya to the Indian Ocean. The river takes a north easterly course at first and plunges over the Seven Forks fall (440 feet [134 m]) into a semi desert landscape that constitutes its middle course. The river then veers south and opens into a wide valley, where it meanders through a floodplain subject to inundations.

3.3.3 Daua River59. The Daua River is found in Northern section of Kenya Mandera County. It flows through

three major countries: Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia, with 81% falling into Ethiopian territory. The wide river has gentle slopes either side of its exposed bedrock. The Daua River flows south east to form part of the Ethiopia-Somalia border and part of Ethiopia-Kenya border. Awata, Digati, and Mormora are the only significant off-flowing rivers to Daua.

3.3.4 Kerio River60. The Kerio River is one of the longest rivers in Kenya, originating near the equator. The River

rises on the north slopes of the Amasya Hills to the west of Lake Bogoria. It flows northward through the Kerio Valley between Tugen Hills and Elgeyo Escarpment. The Elgeyo Escarpment rises to over 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) above the Kerio valley in places. The Kerio continues northward, often through deep and narrow valleys, to enter Lake Turkana in a delta just south of the delta formed by the Turkwel and Lokichar rivers.


3.3.5 Athi-Galana-Sabaki River61. The Athi-Galana-Sabaki River is the second longest river in Kenya (after the Tana River). It

has a total length of 390 kilometres (240 mi) and drains an area of 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi). The river rises in the Gatamaiyo Forest as the Athi River and enters the Indian Ocean as the Galana River. During the rainy season, the stream rises as much as 10 metres (33 ft) in places, now strongly flowing with a turbid yellow colour; navigation is interrupted by the Lugard falls, actually a series of rapids.

3.3.6 Turkwell River62. The Turkwel River (sometimes spelled Turkwell River) is a river flowing from Mount Elgon in

the border of Kenya and Uganda to Lake Turkana. The river is called the Suam River from its source to the border with the West Pokot County of Kenya. The Turkwel begins from the lush green slopes of Mount Elgon and the Cherangani Hills, traverses the Southern Turkana Plains, crosses Loturerei Desert near Lodwar and empties to the world's largest desert lake, Lake Turkana.

3.3.7 Kathita River63. The Kathita River is the longest river in Meru County. The river flows in a north-easterly

direction from a source high on Mount Kenya around Ithangune and Rutundu hills from where it flows easterly through thick equatorial rainforests towards Meru Town, and in a southeasterly direction into River Tana. It is the northernmost of the Mt. Kenya tributaries of the Tana River.

3.3.8 Kalabata River64. The Kalabata water course is a sub-catchment of the Kerio basin. The Kalabata River is an

ephemeral watercourse that is fed by direct precipitation, run-off and ephemeral flow from luggas that provide a drainage network from the south-west. Flow in the luggas is ephemeral and driven by short duration, intense seasonal rainfall.

3.3.9 Ol Arabel River65. Ol Arabel (or Olarabel) is a river in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya that feeds Lake Baringo. It

gives its name to a forest covering its headwaters and to a region. The river forms a delta where it enters the southeast of Lake Baringo at 0.531113°N 36.115837°E, and this forms a dense marsh during periods when the lake level is relatively high. In the past the region was used by Il Chamus herders.

3.3.10 Suguta River66. The Suguta River is a seasonal river in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya directly south of Lake

Turkana. It flows northward through the Suguta Valley in the rainy season, forming the temporary Lake Alablad, a dry lake that combines with Lake Logipi at the northern end of the valley. The Suguta River originates in a stream of near-boiling water that emerges from the side of Mount Silali, an extinct volcano. The river and its tributaries are home to


a cichlid, the Suguta tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus sugutae). Although the river dries up after the rainy season, the fish survive in pools. The river is also home to numerous crocodiles. Large flocks of flamingos inhabit the edge of the river.

3.3.11 Kinna Springs67. Most of the springs in Isiolo County are situated within game reserves, and as such, are not

accessible to local people. Older records show a total of 24 springs scattered along major rivers in Isiolo. However, 12 of these springs with negligible flows (MoWD 1991; Bake 1993) seem to have disappeared in recent years. This can be attributed to environmental degradation that has taken place due to overgrazing and poor land management. However, in a few cases, springs have been rehabilitated to improve water supplies, as was found at Kinna.

3.3.12 Lake Logipi68. Lake Logipi is a saline (with a pH of 9.5-10.5), alkaline lake that lies at the northern end of

the arid Suguta Valley in the northern Kenya Rift. It is separated from Lake Turkana by the Barrier volcanic complex. Saline hot springs discharge on the northern shoreline of Lake Logipi and at Cathedral Rocks near its southern limit and help to maintain water at times of extreme aridity. During the rainy season, the lake is also recharged from the Suguta River. Lake Logipi has a maximum depth of 3 to 5 m and is about 6 km wide by 3 km long. Flamingos frequently inhabit the saline waters feeding on cyanobacteria (Arthrospira spp) and other plankton.

3.4 Land Use 69. The majority of the population in Kenya’s ASALs are pastoralists and agro-pastoralists but

increasingly, farmers/pastoralists from the overcrowded higher potential areas have migrated into the drylands causing changes in land use, privatization of communal land and increasing pressure on land resources. Rain-fed agriculture is risky (as crops may fail two or more years in five) yet has become a dominant activity in semi-arid lands. Pastoralism depends totally on the natural ecosystem goods and services (pasture, browse, water). While livestock and cultivation (opportunistic, rain-fed or irrigated) are the mainstay, there are a variety of activities that are undertaken with a more direct market value. These activities include ecotourism and the collection and sale of gums, resins and henna.

70. In Kenya’s dry zone, the climate is generally hot and dry. Temperatures in arid areas are high throughout the year, with high rates of evapotranspiration. In the dry areas the air is dry, humidity low and the vegetation has less cover on the ground, see Figure 3-4. Table 3 shows the most important climatic eco-zones and corresponding vegetation. Kenya’s land mass is commonly divided into seven agro-ecological zones, namely; humid, sub-humid, semi-humid, semi-humid to semi-arid, semi-arid, arid and very arid. Only about 16% of the land area is high and medium potential, while 84% is classified as ASAL. Arid lands are mainly inhabited by pastoralists and agro pastoralists. The arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

account for about 80 percent of Kenya’s land surface. Much of the land falls under the lowlands, which are mostly interspaced by hills and small mountains.

Table 3.5. Classification of Dryland Ecological Zones

Classification Mean annual Temperature Range (ºC)

Mean annual rainfall (mm)

Annual potential evapotranspiration (mm)

Typical vegetation

Potential for plant growth

Semi-humid to semi-arid

16-18 600-1000 1550-2200 Dry woodland and bush land

Medium

Semi-arid 18-20 450-900 1650-2300 Bushland Medium to low

Arid 20-22 300-500 1900-2400 Bushland and scrubland

Low

Very arid 22-25 150-350 2100-2500 Desert scrub Very low


Figure 3.3. Land Use and Land Cover (Source: ELRP IPMP component 1)


The lands are categorized as semi-arid areas with:

Mixed rain-fed and irrigation agriculture and high economic and political disparities. Semi-arid areas with encroaching agro-pastoral use by marginalized smallholders. Semi-arid areas with predominantly pastoralist use in the economic and political

periphery. Semi-arid areas that include game parks and reserves and their surroundings. Tana River areas and a small part of central Kenya. These fall into two agro-

ecological zones (AEZ); AEZ IV (mixed crop livestock production farming system) and AEZ V-VI (maize/cowpea/pigeon pea farming system).

3.5 Protected Areas 71. The most suitable land use in ASAL is livestock husbandry and wildlife conservation, and

almost 90% of the 40 gazetted national parks and game reserves are located in the ASALs. About 8% of the Kenya’s land mass is protected area for wildlife conservation. Protected areas are gazetted landscapes/seascapes that have been surveyed, demarcated and gazetted either as National Parks and/or National Reserves. Figure 3-4 show the gazetted areas in ASAL.

Table 3.6. Protected Areas in Affected Counties

Protected Areas

Meru National Park is located east of Meru, 350 km (220 mi) from Nairobi. Covering an area of 870 km2 (340 sq mi), it is one best known national parks in Kenya. Rainfall in this area is abundant with 635–762 mm (25.0–30.0 in) in the west of the park and 305–356 mm (12.0–14.0 in) in the east. The park has a wide range of wild animals including the African bush elephant, lion, African leopard, cheetah, eastern black rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Grevy zebra and hippopotamus.

Tsavo East National Park forms the largest protected area in Kenya and is home to most of the larger mammals, vast herds of dust–red elephant, rhino, buffalo, lion, leopard, pods of hippo, crocodile, waterbucks, lesser Kudu, gerenuk and more than 500 species of birds. Tsavo East National Park occupies 13,747 sq km or 30 percent of Kenya’s total park area.

Samburu National Reserve is situated at the southeastern corner of Samburu District in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. It is bordered to the south by Ewaso Nyiro River, which separates it from the Buffalo Springs National Reserve. The reserve covers an area of 165 Km² and is located around 345Km from Nairobi. The park has a pleasant aura of vastness and seclusion. It boasts more than 450 bird species, – elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo and rhino and the northern specialist species known as the Samburu 5–the Grevy’s zebra, Somali ostrich, reticulated giraffe, gerenuk and the beisa oryx. Birdlife is abundant with over 450 species recorded. Birds of the arid northern bush


Protected Areas

country are augmented by a number of riverine forest species. Lesser Kestrel and the Taita Falcon are species of global conservation concern and they both utilize the reserve. Five species categorized as vulnerable have recorded in the reserve. These are African Darter, Great Egret, White-headed Vulture, Martial Eagle and the Yellow-billed Ox-pecker. Critically endangered species under CITIES – Pancake tortoise (malacochersus tornieri) is found in the reserve.Marsabit National Park is far to the north of Kenya, a densely forested mountain and three crater lakes provide a haven for a variety of birdlife, mammals and reptiles. The beautiful Marsabit National Park is a refuge for huge tusked bull elephants, diverse birdlife and reptiles.

Shaba National Reserve lies to the east of the Samburu National Park and covers an area of 130 square kilometers north of the Ewaso Ng'iro River. Together with the Samburu and Buffalo Springs, Shaba is located in Kenya's Northern Frontier Province, a rugged and little visited region. Driving to the park you will often see Samburu herding cattle through the thorn bush or watering camels in the river. The Ewaso Ng'iro River is life giving for the area. The permanent water ensures that an abundance of wildlife exists in the reserve at all times. The main attractions are reticulated giraffe, Grevy's zebra, Beisa oryx, the Somali ostrich and the gerenuk. Elephant are plentiful and black rhino, lion, leopard, cheetah, buffalo and hyena can all be seen. Dik diks are always dashing across the red roads whilst vervet monkeys scamper about under the trees.Lake Baringo is, after Lake Turkana, the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley lakes, with a surface area of 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) and an elevation of 970 metres (3,180 ft). The lake is fed by several rivers: the Molo, Perkerra and Ol Arabel. It has no obvious outlet; the waters are assumed to seep through lake sediments into the faulted volvanic bedrock. The lake is in a remote hot and dusty area with over 470 species of birds occasionally including migrating flamingos.

Lake Bogoria National Reserve covers 107km2 within a catchment basin that forms the arid and semiarid areas of northern Kenya. Although the area is protected, it is vulnerable to siltation and pollution. The river has only one major river that feeds it. The hot springs on the western edge of the lake attract a large number of visitors creating problems (solid wastes pollution, and destruction of fragile rocks at the hot-springs). The lake supports large numbers of flamingos and in some occasions as many as 2 million can be found feeding in the lake. The lake has no macrophytes but its phytoplanktonic flora is dominated by Spirulina platensis, which is dominant in most parts of the lake.

Located on the wild and rugged shores of Lake Turkana – the cradle of mankind - Sibiloi is home to important archaeological sites including Koobi Fora where the fossil remains have contributed more to the understanding of human evolution than any other site in the continent. The area is characterized by semi-desert habitat and open plains flanked by


Protected Areas

volcanic formations including Mount Sibiloi, where the remains of a petrified forest can be seen. Sibiloi serves as a stopover for migrant waterfowl and is a major breeding ground for the Nile crocodile. Terrestrial wildlife includes zebras, Grant gazelles, lions, leopards, stripped hyenas, Beisa Oryx, greater kudu, cheetahs and northern topi among others. A total of over 350 species of aquatic and terrestrial bird have been recorded in Lake Turkana. Sibiloi is surrounded by the Turkana, the Gabra and the Dassanach who are communities with very rich and unpolluted traditional cultures.

The Cherangani Hills, an old fault-block formation of non-volcanic origin, form an undulating upland plateau on the western edge of the Rift Valley. To the east, the Elgeyo Escarpment drops abruptly to floor of the Kerio Valley, while westwards the land falls away gently to the plains of Trans-Nzoia District. The hills reach 3,365 m at Cheptoket Peak in the north-central section. The hills are largely covered by a series of Forest Reserves. These are made up of 13 administrative blocks, totalling 95,600 ha in gazetted area. Of this, c.60, 500 ha is closed-canopy forest, the remainder being formations of bamboo, scrub, rock, grassland, moorland or heath, with c. 4,000 ha of cultivation and plantations. Kapkanyar, Kapolet and Kiptaberr Forest Reserves together form a large western block of forest, totalling c.20,000 ha. The avifauna of the Cheranganis is characteristic of the highland forests of Kenya west of the Rift Valley, comprising both central highland species and western species. Ecological surveys have recorded over 73 forest-dependent species, none of which is presently globally threatened. Regionally threatened species include Gypaetus barbatus (one of the last breeding populations in Kenya, nesting on the high peaks), Stephanoaetus coronatus (widespread in small numbers), Glaucidium tephronotum (recently recorded in Kapkanyar), Campephaga quiscalina (uncommon and local; recent records from Kapkanyar) and Indicator conirostris (uncommon).

Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park is dominated by a small mountain covered in montane forest, the Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park is home to 45 species of birds including the white-browed sparrow weaver, grey- headed sparrow weaver, African pied wagtail, mourning dove, augur buzzard, African hawk eagle and purple-breasted sunbird. Buffalo are the dominant animals in the ecosystem and other wildlife include bushbucks, leopards, olive baboons, aardvarks, porcupines, mongoose, pythons and monitor lizard. The mountain’s summit also offers visitors scenic views of Mount Kenya.

Mwea National Reserve is located within Mbeere District, in Eastern Province, a distance of about 200km from Nairobi. The savannah ecosystem comprises of small hills with bushy vegetation and scattered large trees. Other areas are open grasslands while along the main rivers, large trees with thick undergrowth are found. Trees mainly found within the ecosystem are the different Acacia species and baobab trees. The ecosystem’s main


Protected Areas

features are the meeting point of rivers Tana and Thiba, Kamburu and Masinga hydro-electric dams, which harbour variety of biodiversity. Major wildlife attractions include the elephants, Rothschild giraffes, Common zebras, Lesser kudu, Buffalo, Water Buck, Bush buck, Impala, Vervet Monkeys, Aardvark, Yellow baboons, Grants gazelle, Dik dik, Cape hare, Warthog, Black backed jackal, Duiker, Sykes monkeys, Genet cat, Slender mongoose, Stripped ground squirrel, Dwarf mongoose, Crested porcupine, Rock Hyrax, Tree Hyrax and tortoise. Hippos and crocodiles are also found in the dams and rivers. Different birds and reptile species have been recorded in the reserve.

3.6 Birdlife 72. Pesticides cause the local extinction, behavioral changes, loss of safe habitat and population

decline in several birds. Pesticides and their residues can affect birds and their young directly or indirectly by contaminating food sources. Exposure to pesticides during reproductive stages affects hatching success and fledging survival, as well as increases the chance of reproductive failure. Alteration of feeding behavior, compromised immune system and increased predation further reduces the ability of these birds to maintain healthy populations. As behaviour is the result of integration of many inputs, it is considered as a potentially sensitive indicator of pesticide toxicity (Warner et al., 1966).

73. The 15 targeted Counties are home to different species of birdlife and has Important Bird Area (IBA) and Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) which are distributed in a large part of the ASAL as shown in Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5;


Figure 3.4. Protected Areas in ASAL Counties in Kenya (Source: ELRP IPMP for Component 1)


Figure 3.5. IBA in ASAL Counties in Kenya (Source: ELRP IPMP for Component 1)


3.7 Socio-Economic Background3.7.1 Livelihood Systems

74. The economy of arid areas is dominated by pastoralism, while in the better-watered and better-serviced semi-arid areas a more mixed economy prevails, including rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, agro-pastoralism, bio-enterprise, and conservation or tourism-related activities (GoK, 2012). Other groups within the ASALs depend on fishing, hunting and gathering for their subsistence. Livelihood assets are the available capital resources people use to make a living. These have been classified into five categories (DFID, 1999): natural, physical, social, financial and human capital. Pastoralist systems contain huge amounts of critical human (language, indigenous technical knowledge, culture) and natural (uniquely adapted breeds of plants and animals) capital.

75. Pastoralism: Those in which 50% or more of household gross revenue comes from livestock or livestock related activities. Large areas are suitable only for nomadic livestock production. Locust inversion has led to the loss of the productive grazing areas and indirectly the capacity of the gazing land to hold a given number of livestock hence death of livestock. The pastoralist community may opt to move from one location (affected by locust to other areas), in so doing there is potential to escalate security tension to the new areas as well as spread of livestock diseases such as foot and mouth.

76. Agro-pastoralists: These are more settled pastoralists with permanent crop fields close to their homesteads. They also keep livestock, which enable them to survive when crops fail, as it so often happens. More land can be reclaimed for crop cultivation by developing irrigation infrastructure in the ASALs however water is the main limiting factor in ASALs. Ownership of water sources is usually vested in the local community rather than in the household. These pastoralists/agro-pastoralists own about 50% of the national cattle and small ruminant herd and 100% of the camel population. The livestock sector provides an important source of livelihoods for 90% of the people who live there (KAPP, 2016). Pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and dryland agriculture are the key livelihood strategies adapted to climate conditions. However, with DL infestation, the existing scarce livelihood has been adversely affected hence forcing the Agro-pastoralist communities to migrate to other areas in search of pasture for animals as well as the cultivable areas. This may escalate inter-community conflict over water and rich-patch vegetation areas.

77. Fisher folk: Confined to lakes and rivers such as Lake Turkana, Tana and Athi Rivers. Problems include diminishing fish stock levels in the natural water bodies and high siltation due to soil erosion causing turbidity and low fish productivity e.g. Lakes Baringo and Turkana, and River Tana. Fishing in pastoral areas has been facing some challenges, the major ones being diminishing stocks in natural water bodies as a result of high siltation levels and low productivity.

78. Pastoralists in transition: With the increasing population in arid areas, pastoral families can no longer cope with a purely meat and milk diet. Cultivation, land adjudication and wildlife management have also contributed to a continuous decline of dry season grazing areas, and as a consequence decrease in possibilities to subsist on the pastoral system. Due to the decimation of cattle and other livestock, women play an active role to ensure family survival by

20 ELRP-Integrated Pest Management Plan – IPMP-Component 2

participating more aggressively in activities such as beekeeping, camel rearing and trading in livestock, particularly small stock, as well as non-livestock products such as hay, mats, charcoal, clothing, and vegetables. Some of the very poorest people in the region are those who are no longer engaged in the pastoral economy and rely on wage labour or petty trade.

79. Periodic hunters and gatherers: In periods of extreme drought, a few communities turn to wild fruits and leaves in a bid to cushion themselves from starvation. However, with DL infestation, wildlife and wild fruits and leaves are nowhere to cushion the starving communities.

80. Emerging Livelihood Options: The ASALs have enormous potential for renewable energy, from both solar and wind. Other natural resources include sand and gravel for construction, soda ash, gums, resins, gemstones, medicinal plants, and potentially oil and gas. Mineral and mining activities provide significant and emerging livelihood options for ASAL communities. The recent discovery of substantial oil, coal and gas deposits is likely to diversify livelihoods among ASAL communities. Other mineral exploitation activities include sand harvesting, gravel-digging, prospecting for gold and precious stones, marble-quarrying and titanium, limestone and soda ash mining.

3.7.2 Poverty Health and Gender81. Poverty: The ASALs have the lowest development indicators and the highest incidence of

poverty in the country. On average, 65% of the ASAL population live below the poverty line compared to the national average of 26%. ASALs contain 18 of the 20 poorest constituencies in Kenya; some counties in the north, such as Turkana, Marsabit, Wajir and Mandera, have between 74% and 97% of people living below the absolute poverty line. The economic activities that are found in drylands are not recognized for their true value and do not attract outside investment, therefore further undermining their productivity. Poverty in the drylands is compounded by poor physical infrastructure, limited services compared to the rest of the country, and lack of organized markets including lack of market information. This is heightened by inter-community conflict over water and rich-patch vegetation, something that is likely to become more serious with the negative impacts of climate change.

82. Health: Health indicators in Northern Kenya are very poor, particularly for women and children, with high maternal, infant and child mortality, high levels of acute malnutrition, and low immunization coverage. The average distance to a health facility in Northern Kenya is 52km, ten times further than the national target of 5km; the percentage of children delivered with trained care in ASAL is less than one-third of the national average; there are also significant differentials between the arid and non-arid parts of Rift Valley and Eastern regions of Kenya. ASALs of Kenya is also characterized by a high prevalence of trachoma and diseases such as kalazar. Levels of HIV/AIDS infection in the north are lower than the national level but thought to be rising. Risk factors include rural-urban migration, mobility, and congested refugee camps (GoK, 2012). Most communities have social protection systems to care for the vulnerable, although these are coming under greater pressure. The disabled and those with HIV/AIDS still face high levels of stigma.


4 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 83. This chapter outlines and highlights the relevant policy and legal framework in Kenya as relates

to pest, pesticide and veterinary products management and with respect to the Emergency Locust Response Project for the pesticide and veterinary products use for component II and the related international conventions and guidelines which Kenya is part to and have a relevance to the ELRP.

4.1 The Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework 4.1.1 Constitutional Provisions

84. Kenya now has a new Supreme law in form of the New Constitution which was promulgated on the 27th of August 2010 and which takes supremacy over all aspects of life and activity in the New Republic. With regard to environment, Section 42 of the Constitution states as follows: -

85. In Sections 69 and 70, the Constitution has inter alia identified National Obligations in respect of the environment and Enforcement of Environmental Rights respectively as follows: -

Section 69 (1): The State shall—

a) Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;

b) Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya;

c) Protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;

d) Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment;

e) Protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and

monitoring of the environment; g) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and h) Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.

86. Section 69 (2) States that; -Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.

Section 70 provides for enforcement of environmental rights thus:(1) If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognized and protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.


Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment which includes the right -

a) To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and

b) To have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70

(2) On application under clause (1), the court may make any order, or give any directions, it considers appropriate––

a) To prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment; b) To compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or

omission that is harmful to the environment; or c) To provide compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy

environment.

(3) For the purposes of this Article, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that any person has incurred loss or suffered injury.

87. Essentially, the new Constitution has embraced and provided further anchorage to the spirit and letter of EMCA 1999 and EMCA (amendment) Act, 2015 whose requirements for environmental protection and management have largely informed Sections 69 through to 71. In Section 72 however, the new constitution allows for enactment of laws towards enforcement of any new provisions of the Supreme Law.

4.1.2 Pest Control Products Act Chapter346, 201288. This Act covers the use, application, importation and trade in pest products. It includes

regulation on:

Prescribing for the purposes of this Act the nomenclature of pests, classes and kinds of pests and pest control products;

Prescribing the form in which applications for registration shall be made and the information to be furnished therewith;

Respecting the registration of pest control products and establishments in which any pest control products are and led by manufacturers or dealers and prescribing the fees therefore, and respecting the procedures to be followed for the review of cases involving the refusal, suspension or cancellation of the registration of any such product or establishment;

Prescribing the form, composition, and all other standards relating to the safe use of pest control products, including toxic residue effects;

Respecting the manufacture or treatment of any pest control product to facilitate its recognition by change in colouration or other means;

Respecting the standards for efficacy and safety of any pest control product; Respecting the manufacture, storage, distribution, display and use of any pest control

product; Respecting the packaging, labelling and advertising of pest control products; Respecting the taking of samples and the making of analyses for the purposes and

provisions of this Act; Prescribing the information to be supplied and the form of such information in respect

of any pest control product that is to be imported into Kenya; Prescribing the circumstances and conditions under which pest control products that

have met the requirements of the Cattle Cleansing Act may be deemed to be registered as prescribed under this Act;


4.1.3 Pest Control Products (Registration) Regulations, 198489. The Pest Control Products (Registration) Regulations, 1984 [L.N. 46/1984, L.N. 109/1984, L.N.

123/2006.] – defines the process of registering pest control products. Key features of the subsidiary legislation include:

Section 5 - establishes the PCPB, whose functions include assessing and evaluating pest control products, and considering applications for the registration of pest control products. The pesticide to be used is registered for use in Kenya as per this regulation.

Regulation 2 - provides definitions for various pest control products including biochemical pesticide and micro- and microbial bio pesticides

Regulation 4 - outlines the procedure for the registration of pest control products including bio pesticide-specific registration pathways

Regulation 7 - provides for instances when the PCPB can issue or refuse to issue a certificate of registration

Regulation 8 - stipulates the validity period for certificates of registration Regulation 10 - lists instances where the PCPB may refuse to register a pest control

product Regulation 11 - states instances where the PCPB may suspend or revoke a certificate of

registration Regulation 14 - provides that a holder of a certificate of registration is to keep a record

of all the quantities of pest control products they store, manufacture or sell. This record is to be maintained for five years from the time it is made and must be made available to the PCPB at such times and in such manner as the PCPB may require.

90. The PCPB publishes the list of pest control products registered in the country on its website. This list is published to stakeholders in the plant health sector in order to easily identify the pesticides that have been evaluated by the PCPB for safety, efficacy, quality and economic value. By accessing the PCPB website, any person can access categorized downloadable list of registered products, including those for use in crop production, animal health and public health. Contained in the list is information on trade names of products, their registration numbers, the name(s) of active ingredient(s) and their concentrations, formulation type, authorized uses including crops and target pests, the name of the registrant and the period of registration.

4.1.4 The Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 198491. The Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984 [Section 15, L.N. 45/1984,

L.N. 124/2006.] – Section 2 prohibits any person from using any premises for purposes of manufacturing, formulating, packaging and storing pest control products without a license issued under these regulations.

4.1.5 The Pest Control Products (Labelling, Advertising and Packaging) Regulations, 1984 92. The Pest Control Products (Labelling, Advertising and Packaging) Regulations, 1984 [L.N.

89/1984, L.N. 127/2006.] – address the design of pesticide packages (packaging and labelling). Regulation 3 requires all pest control products to bear a label which has been approved by the PCPB. In addition, the regulation specifies the information required on the label. Regulation 9 provides for cases where the physical properties of a pest control product may not be recognized when it is being used. In such circumstances the pest control product must be denatured by means of colour, odour or other methods the PCPB may approve so as to provide


a signal or warning of its presence. Regulation 11 specifies the conditions under which a pest control product shall be distributed. Regulation 13 specifies the technical requirements for packaging (e.g. packaging material shall be sufficiently durable and manufactured to contain the pest control product safely under practical conditions of storage, display and distribution). Regulation 14 states the general prohibitions (e.g. words stating, implying or inferring that a pest control product is approved, accepted or recommended by the government shall not appear on a package or label in any advertisement respecting a pest control product).

4.1.6 Pest Control Products (Importation and Exportation) Regulations, 1984 93. The Pest Control Products (Importation and Exportation) Regulations, 1984 [L.N. 146/1984,

L.N. 125/2006.] contain provisions specifically addressing the import and export of pesticides. Regulation 2 prohibits the importation and exportation of pest control products unless licensed. Regulations 4 and 5 establishes the application process for a license in respect of importation or exportation of a pest control product and how the PCPB will deal with applications and issue of licenses respectively. Regulation 8 provides for instances where the PCPB may cancel or suspend a licence (e.g. where the licensee has been convicted of an offence/has committed a breach of any of the terms or conditions of the license).

4.1.7 Pharmacy and Poisons Act Chapter 244, 201294. The Pharmacy and Poisons Act contains provisions addressing the sale of poisons for

agriculture and horticulture. Section 28 prescribes the manner in which a person intending to trade in pesticides may apply to the Pharmacy and Poisons Board for a license to deal with pesticides. The section further prescribes instances when the Board may refuse to issue or renew or may revoke a license to trade in pesticides. Section 13 prescribes the safe custody of poisons. The section provides that no person engaged in a trade, business or profession shall knowingly have in their possession or under their control a poison.

Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984

95. Pest Control Products (Licensing of Premises) Regulations, 1984 contains further provisions addressing the handling of pesticides - Regulation 7 requires that every person operating premises dealing with pesticides must have an adequate knowledge of the chemistry, toxicology, efficacy and general use of the pest control product. Further, the regulations contain provisions identifying pesticide-related activities permissible only to operators holding a valid license. Regulation 3 prescribes the application process for the licensing of premises intended to be used for manufacturing, formulating, packaging, selling or storing pest control products. Regulation 7 requires persons intending to handle, use, distribute, transport or deal in a pest control product under restricted class to apply to the PCPB for a permit as per the prescribed Form D in the schedule.

4.1.8 Pest Control Products (Disposal) Regulations, 2006 96. Pest Control Products (Disposal) Regulations, 2006-Regulation 2 provides that those disposing

pesticides for commercial purposes must be in possession of a license, and the use of any pesticide disposal method must be approved by the PCPB. Further, the Guidelines for on-farm Disposal of Pesticide Wastes and Containers, PCPB prescribe best practice when it comes to the disposal of unwanted or unused pesticide concentrates (obsolete stock). Further, guidelines for on-farm disposal of pesticide wastes and containers, PCPB. The guidelines


prescribe that pesticide containers and packaging materials should never be used to contain water, food or feed stuffs for human or animal use. Additionally, while cleaning containers, the following guidelines must be noted:

wear protective clothing avoid spillages and leaks completely empty containers and packages before disposing take care to avoid splashing or creating dust place cleaned containers in a dry secure compound prior to disposal At the container disposal site:

o Containers should be punctured after rinsing to make them unusable, and crushed to reduce bulk

o Combustible packaging materials should be burnt in a licensed incinerator. If not possible, containers should be made unusable, reduced in bulk and buried

o Integrity of containers to be buried should be destroyed o Aerosols should not be punctured

4.1.9 Plant Protection Act Chapter 324, 201297. This Act makes a provision for the prevention of the introduction and spread of pests

destructive to plants. The most applicable parts of this Act to Integrated Pest Management are specified in Sec. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The act creates specific rules to support plant protection in various crops. These includes sugarcane (L.N.294/1962. Rule 3, Sch. 2), Maize and Sorghum (L.N.216/1956. Schedule (7 and 8), Sisal (L.N.522/1957, L.N.365/1964, L.N.153/1958, L.N.177/1959, L.N.558/1960) and Banana (Cap.178 (1948), Sub. Leg. L.N.365/1964).

4.1.10 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA (Amend-ment) Act 2015, Cap 387.

98. This is an Act of Parliament providing for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. This Act is divided into 13 Parts, covering main areas of environmental concern as follows: Preliminary (I); General principles (II); Administration (III); Environmental planning (IV); Protection and Conservation of the Environment (V), Environmental impact assessments (EIA), audits and monitoring (VI); Environmental audit and monitoring (VII); Environmental quality standards (VIII); Environmental Restoration orders, Environmental Easements (IX); Inspection, analysis and records (IX); Inspection Analysis and Records (X); International Treaties, Conventions and Agreements (XI) National Environment Tribunal (XII); Environmental Offences (XIII). The Act provides for the setting up of the various ESIA Regulations and Guidelines which are discussed below:

Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003

99. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 state in Regulation 3 that “the Regulations should apply to all policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities specified in Part III and V of the Regulations’’ basically lists the guidelines of undertaking, submission and approval of the ESIA Reports a key requirement outlined in this ESMF.


Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006

100. These are described in Legal Notice No. 121 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 69 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to all categories of waste as provided in the Regulations. These include:

Industrial wastes; Hazardous and toxic wastes; Pesticides and toxic substances; Biomedical wastes; Radio-active substances.

101. The proposed Project will have to abide by these regulations in dealing with waste management especially the provisions of wastes which may be generated during their construction and operation phases of the sub project investments.

Environmental Management and Coordination, (Water Quality) Regulations 2006

102. These are described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to drinking water, water used for agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water used for fisheries and wildlife and water used for any other purposes. This includes the following:

Protection of sources of water for domestic use; Water for industrial use and effluent discharge; Water for agricultural use.

These Regulations outline:

a) Quality standards for sources of domestic water;b) Quality monitoring for sources of domestic water;c) Standards for effluent discharge into the environment;d) Monitoring guide for discharge into the environment;e) Standards for effluent discharge into public sewers;f) Monitoring for discharge of treated effluent into the environment.

103. In fulfilling the requirements of the regulations, the project proponent will have to undertake monitoring of both domestic water and wastewater and ensure compliance with the acceptable discharge standards.

Environmental Management and Coordination, Conservation of Biological Diversity (BD) Regulations 2006

104. These regulations are described in Legal Notice No. 160 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 84 of December 2006. These Regulations apply to conservation of biodiversity which includes Conservation of threatened species, Inventory and monitoring of BD and protection of environmentally significant areas, access to genetic resources, benefit sharing and offences and penalties.


Environmental Management and Coordination (Wetlands, Riverbanks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulations 2009

105. These regulations provide for the protection and management of wetlands, riverbanks, lakeshores and sea-shore management and detail guidelines on the same.

4.1.11 Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007106. This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all

persons lawfully present at workplaces, to provide for the establishment of the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes. The Act has the following functions among others:

Secures safety and health for people legally in all workplaces by minimization of exposure of workers to hazards (gases, fumes & vapours, energies, dangerous machinery/equipment, temperatures, and biological agents) at their workplaces.

Prevents employment of children in workplaces where their safety and health is at risk. Encourages entrepreneurs to set achievable safety targets for their enterprises. Promotes reporting of work-place accidents, dangerous occurrences and ill health with

a view to finding out their causes and preventing of similar occurrences in future. Promotes creation of a safety culture at workplaces through education and training in

occupational safety and health.

107. Failure to comply with the OSHA, 2007 attracts penalties of up to KES 300,000- or 3-months jail term or both or penalties of KES 1,000,000-or 12-months jail term or both for cases where death occurs and is in consequence of the employer. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 2007 repealed the Factories and Other Places of Work Act. Anything done under the provisions of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act including subsidiary legislation issued before the commencement of the OSHA 2007 shall be deemed to have been done under the provisions of this Act.

108. The Factories and Other Places of Work Act had over the years passed several subsidiary rules and regulations for effective implementation of the Act. All shall, as long as it is not inconsistent with OSHA 2007 remain in force until repealed or revoked by subsidiary legislation under the provisions of OSHA 2007 and shall for all purposes be deemed to have been made under this Act.

These regulations include:

The Factories (Cellulose Solutions) Rules 1957; The Factories (Wood Working Machinery) Rules 1959; The Factories (Dock) Rules 1962; The Factories (Eye Protection) Rules 1978; The Factories (Electric Power) (Special) Rules 1978; The Factories (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) Rules

1984; The Factories and Other Places of Work (Health & Safety Committees) Rules 2004; The Factories and Other Places of Work (Medical Examination) Rules 2005; The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules 2005; The Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules 2007;


The Factories and Other Places of Work (Hazardous Substances) Rules 2007.

109. The scope of OSHA 2007 has been expanded to cover all workplaces including offices, schools, academic institutions and plantations. It establishes codes of practices to be approved and issued by the Director, Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety (DOHS) for practical guidance of the various provisions of the Act. Other parameters within the Act relevant to the project include:

1. Duties of employers, owners or occupiers of workplace;2. Establishment of safety and health committees;3. Annual safety and health audit of workplaces;4. Safety and Health obligations for persons who may come to premises for work and are

not employees of that particular workplace;5. Reporting of any accident, dangerous occurrence or occupational poisoning caused in

the workplace to the area Occupational Health and Safety Office. These incidents should be entered in the General Register. In case of fatal accident information to the area Safety and Health Office should be within 24 hrs. and a written notice to the same within 7 days;

6. The duties of manufactures, designers, importers and suppliers to ensure that all articles and substances for use at workplace are safe and will not cause injury to health and the environment;

7. Duties of self-employed persons;8. Duties of employed persons;9. Prohibition of interference or misuse of any appliance, convenience or any other facility

provided to secure Safety, Health and Welfare at work by any person (occupier, self-employed person or employed);

10. The administration of the Act is the responsibility of a Director and other appointed and gazetted officials (Occupational Health and Safety Officers);

11. The registration of all workplaces by the Director Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety (DOHS) forming the basis of his work statistics;

12. Machinery safety to include: Safe use of machinery, plant and equipment; Prime makers and transmission machines; The maintenance, construction of fencing safeguards; The statutory requirements of various machines, plants and equipment (hoists

and lifts, chains and ropes, cranes, steam receivers and containers, air receivers, cylinders for compressed liquefied and dissolved gases and refrigeration plants).

13. Chemical safety including:(i) Handling, transportation and disposal of chemicals and other hazardous

substances;(ii) Importance of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS);(iii) Labelling and marking of chemical substances;(iv) Classification of hazardous chemicals and substances;(v) Establishment and adoption of exposure limits on hazardous substances in a

workplace;(vi) Control of air pollution, noise and vibrations;(vii)Redeployment on medical advice.


4.1.12 Public Health Act, Chapter 242, 2012110. The Public Health Act provides for the protection of human health through prevention and

guarding against introduction of infectious diseases into Kenya from outside, to promote public health and the prevention, limitation or suppression of infectious, communicable or preventable diseases within Kenya, to advice and direct local authorities in regard to matters affecting the public health to promote or carry out researches and investigations in connection with the prevention or treatment of human diseases. This Act provides the impetus for a healthy environment and gives regulations to waste management, pollution and human health. The Public Health Act regulates activities detrimental to human health. The owner(s) of the premises responsible for environmental nuisances such as noise and emissions, at levels that can affect human health, are liable to prosecution under this act. An environmental nuisance is defined in the act as one that causes danger, discomfort or annoyance to the local inhabitants or which is hazardous to human health. This Act controls the activities of the project with regard to human health and ensures that the health of the surrounding community is not jeopardized by the activities of the project such as water development.

4.2 Relevant Sector Policies 4.2.1 The Kenya Vision 2030

111. The Sessional Paper Number 10 of 2012 on the Kenya Vision 2030 under the economic pillar identifies specific interventions which in the agricultural sector include increasing productivity of crops and livestock, introducing land use polices for better utilization of high and medium potential lands, developing more irrigable areas in arid and semi-arid lands for both crops and livestock, and improving market access for smallholders through better post-harvest and supply chain management. It also prioritizes flagship projects in the sector, specifically: enactment of the consolidated agricultural reform bill, fertilizer cost-reduction investment, disease-free zones, land registry, land-use master plan and arid and semi-arid lands development project. The Policy makes reference to climatic change and directs responses. The Policy under the social pillar, with respect to environmental management proposes to intensify conservation of natural resources, such as establishing voluntary carbon markets, intensify research on impact of and response to climatic change and pilot adaptation programmes.

4.2.2 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy112. The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010-2020 sets out to implement the

Kenya Vision 2030 in the agricultural sector. It identifies two strategic thrusts for its vision of a food-secure and prosperous nation, i.e. increasing productivity, commercialization and competitiveness of agricultural commodities and enterprises and developing and managing the key factors of production. It commits government to implement “National Climate Change Response Strategy” which would include mainstreaming of tradition early warning and mitigation systems, identification of priorities for climate adaptation and mitigation with specific measures for vulnerable groups, awareness creation, conducting of periodic climate change threat and risk assessments and their mitigation as well as research and development in the area.


4.2.3 National Climatic Change Strategy113. The Strategy sets out to reduce the vulnerability to impacts of climatic change and to catalyse

transition to cleaner, lower emission and less carbon-intensive development in the country. Government commits in the Strategy to enhance climatic resilience and adaptive capacity and put in place mechanisms for sustainable utilization of natural resources. The Strategy directs integration of climate change risk and vulnerability assessment in the Environment Impact Assessment and the Strategic Environment Assessment. It lays the blame for emissions of green-house gases largely to agriculture, more so livestock, and in land-use change and suggests deterrent taxation and friendly regulatory environments for low carbon-pollutant activities.

4.2.4 The National Agricultural Research Systems Policy114. This policy provides the foundation for research in the agricultural sector. It aims at achieving

reforms in the Kenyan agricultural research systems to support the development of an innovative, commercially oriented, and modern agricultural sector. The Policy aims at achieving objectives that include problem-solving and impact driven research agenda, fast-tracking national adoption of available technologies and knowledge and enhancing capacity to access and adopt knowledge and appropriate technologies available world-wide. It directs re-focusing of research to solve problems, the harnessing of indigenous knowledge while upholding professional ethics and the adoption of innovative methods of knowledge transfer.

4.2.5 The National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy115. This policy implements the ASDS on matters of agricultural extension services. It directs

extension service providers to apply sustainable, dynamic, innovative and effective extension approaches and methods, especially those promoting demand-driven and beneficiary led approaches in the selection of technologies and extension messages. It promotes decentralization of extension by using clientele groups (e.g. common interest groups, smallholder associations and primary cooperatives) and general public outreach for cost-effectiveness, taking into consideration the importance of indigenous knowledge and technologies.

4.2.6 The National Productivity Policy116. The Sessional Paper Number 3 of 2013 on the National Productivity Policy responds to low

productivity and directs corrective measures. The Policy aims to achieve accelerated economic growth through high investment and productivity growth, being the incremental growth of 5% per year up from current less than 1%. It also aims at increased productivity awareness and consciousness level in the country from the current level of about 1 percent to 60 percent of the population. It proposes training programmes outside the formal education system for skills transfer to the labour force. It will also support technological change and innovation.

4.2.7 The National Food and Nutritional Security Policy117. The Sessional Paper Number 1 of 2012 on the National Food and Nutritional Security Policy

aims at achieving safe food in sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy the nutritional needs for optimal Agricultural Policies & Legislation: The Policy directs the promotion of sustainable food production systems with particular attention to increasing soil fertility, agro-biodiversity, organic methods and proper range and livestock management practices. The Policy also directs


that different approaches to food production are adopted based on the agro-ecological diversity which should include promoting irrigation.

4.3 Relevant Institutions-Environmental118. Table 4-1 below shows the relevant environmental institutions during the implementation of

the project:

Table 4.7. Other relevant institutions

Agency Role Specific functions list (relating to pest, pesticide and veterinary products management)

Ministry of Agriculture Pest Control Products Board (PCPB)

Regulates the importation, exportation, manufacture, distribution, transportation, sale, disposal and use of products used for the control of pests and mitigate potential harmful effects to the environment.

Enhance compliance of pest control products to set standards and facilitate trade.

Ensure safe, quality and efficacious pest control products are available to users

Enhance responsible use of pest control products and food safety

Improve management of pest control products lifecycle

Directorate of Veterinary Services

The Directorate (DVS) is tasked with regulating the manufacture, importation, exportation, registration, distribution, prescription and dispensing of veterinary medicines and other animal health products in Kenya.

Enhance compliance of veterinary products to set standards and facilitate trade.

Ensure safe, quality and efficacious veterinary products are available to users,

Enhance responsible use of veterinary products and livestock products safety

Improve management of veterinary products lifecycle

KALRO Research in plant health issues related to pesticide

Efficacy trials of agricultural pesticides for field and stored crops

Ministry of Health

Government Chemists Department

Provision of laboratory services in the fields of public and environmental health

Test substances and materials for chemical composition, compliance with legal specifications and their suitability for various uses

Analyses of samples for compliance to public health requirements

Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS)

Ensures safety, health and welfare of workers predisposed to pesticides and veterinary

Identify, evaluate and control biological and chemical factors in the work environment which may affect the safety and


Agency Role Specific functions list (relating to pest, pesticide and veterinary products management)

products. health of employed persons and the general environment.

Ministry of Industry, Investment and Trade

Kenya Bureau of Standard (KEBS)

Prepare standards relating to pesticides, veterinary products and their promotion at all levels

Develop pesticide and veterinary products standards. Testing pesticide residues, and toxic elements in foods Certification of products

Ministry of Environment and Forestry

National Environment Management Authority

Exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the Government of Kenya in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment.

Ensure pesticide and veterinary products application or use occurs in a judicial manner without polluting the environment.

4.4 World Bank Group EHS Guidelines119. The Environmental Health and Safety (EHSGs) General Guidelines are technical reference

documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The EHS General Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to the WB Group, and that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology. These include, EHS Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety, EHS Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production, EHS Guidelines for Community Health and Safety (Transport of Hazardous Materials).

4.5 International Environmental and Social Management RequirementsKenya is a signatory to several international treaties and conventions that are relevant to this project. The conventions include among others; -

4.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992120. The Convention on Biological Diversity adopts a broad approach to conservation. It requires

Parties to the Convention to adopt national strategies, plans and programs for the conservation of biological diversity, and to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies. The proposed program is expected to conserve biodiversity, especially the rare and endangered species in the project area and its environs. In addition, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides a regulatory framework for the conservation of biological resources at the international level.


4.5.2 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1998

121. The overarching objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Its scope of application covers a wide range of wastes defined as “hazardous wastes” based on their origin and/or composition and their characteristics, as well as two types of wastes defined as “other wastes” - household waste and incinerator ash. Based on the concept of prior informed consent, it requires that, before an export may take place, the authorities of the State of export notify the authorities of the prospective States of import and transit, providing them with detailed information on the intended movement. The movement may only proceed if and when all States concerned have given their written consent (articles 6 and 7). The Basel Convention also provides for cooperation between parties, ranging from exchange of information on issues relevant to the implementation of the Convention to technical assistance, particularly to developing countries (articles 10 and 13).

4.5.3 Bamako Convention, 1992122. The Bamako Convention is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import into Africa of any

hazardous waste. The convention came into force in 1998 and includes the need to dispose wastes in an environmentally sound manner.

4.5.4 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of FAO, 1952123. The IPPC is an international treaty to secure action to prevent the spread and introduction of

pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control.

4.5.5 World Food Security and the Plan of Action of November 1996124. This declaration seeks to secure effective prevention and progressive control of plant and

animal pests and diseases, including especially those which are of trans-boundary nature, such as desert locust, where outbreaks can cause major food shortages, destabilize markets and trigger trade measures. It promotes regional collaboration in plant pests and animal disease control and the widespread development and use of safe pest management methods such as integrated pest management practices.

4.5.6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992125. The convention seeks to regulate levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in the

atmosphere, to avoid the occurrence of climate change at levels that would harm economic development, or that would impede food production activities. In essence, the locust thrives on vegetative and forage parts of plant and therefore depleting carbon sinks. Abating the invasion menace will not safe vegetation cover but allow for rejuvenation of the damaged forage.

4.5.7 FAO Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, 2001126. The guidelines are aimed at decision-makers, managers, field supervisors and spray operatives.

However, it must be emphasized that in some countries, legislation is already in place to control safe and efficient pesticide use and application. Accordingly, local legislation, or voluntary codes must be the first point of reference with this set of guidelines offered as additional information. This is an important point, as compliance with local legislation may have legal significance in the event of a claim against the poor field performance of a pesticide.


4.5.8 FAO Guidelines on Management Options for Empty Pesticide Containers, 2001127. This guideline provides advice on the management of one-way pesticide containers following

the deployment of their contents. Unless empty pesticide containers are managed correctly, they are hazardous to both mankind and the environment. There is a danger that empty containers could be reused for storing food and water, which could result in pesticide poisonings. Containers abandoned in the environment can lead to pesticide pollution in soil and groundwater. A container management scheme can minimize these risks and is part of the “life-cycle concept” as addressed in the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides.

4.6 Applicable World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards128. The ELRP is a program targeting 15 Counties in Kenya and expected to have project

investments in the entire country for as long as the selected sites are feasible. However, the likely or potential locations of many of the proposed investments are unknown at this point in time. In order to reduce, minimise and mitigate adverse risks and impacts and undue harm of its development projects to the environment, all Bank-financed projects are guided by applicable environmental and social standards under the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). The following ESSs are relevant to this project and described in detail in the ESMF.Table4.8 summarizes Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) that are relevant to the project, and are expected to guide the implementation of the ELRP:

Table 4.8: Summary of Environmental and Social Standards

Environmental and Social Standards

Rationale

ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts

The potential negative environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the activities include, soil erosion, air and water pollution (including ground water), generation of solid waste, occupational health and safety risks related to minor construction activities that include the proposed construction of grain and seed storage facilities etc. Proposed activities related to supporting pastoralist communities through re-stocking of livestock could result in outbreaks of animal diseases and degradation of the rangelands due to use of pesticides and veterinary products. The environmental risk classification is considered Substantial, before mitigation but Low after implementing mitigation measures.

Most of the project activities is to be implemented in rural and remote areas, many of which have been prone to social tensions and inter/intra communal conflicts over natural resources and boundary demarcations; and have been inhabited by different social groups. Specific potential social risks for the project component include: exclusion of deserving communities or individuals within the employment component, inadequate consultation when it comes to community involvement in the livelihood restoration benefits, risks with respect to gender based violence on targeting of beneficiaries on employment or livelihood restoration aspects and risks of complaints escalated to higher levels if a structured GRM is not in place and operational. The security concerns



Rationale

for workers and volunteers shall be taken into consideration as the North Eastern parts of the Country are prone to both intra/inter communal conflicts and terrorist attacks. A Security Management Plan (Annex IV of the ESMF) was prepared.

ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions;

Project implementation involve the use of workers that may include consultants, contracted workers in the construction of minor civil works and liaison with Government civil servants in the management and supervision of project activities. The Project has prepared Labor Management Procedures (LMP) as part of the ESMF (Annex V of the ESMF). LMP shall be applied to all project workers and volunteers whether fulltime, part-time, temporary or seasonal.

ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management

The project will support livelihood activities through conditional grants, it is possible for the farmers and pastoralists to procure pesticides and veterinary products to manage pests on their farmlands and livestock respectively. In addition, restocking activities for the livestock may involve the purchase of livestock from one area to another and need for treatment of livestock diseases as well as the use of acaricides to manage ticks. The beneficiaries; pastoralists and farmers within the participating Counties have a duty to prevent waste, avoid contamination and deal responsibly with the waste pesticides / veterinary products, residues and empty containers. Improper use of knapsack sprayers during typical application could lead to ingestion of agrochemicals by farmers or minors and contamination of the environment.

ESS4: Community Health and Safety

The North Eastern parts of the Country are prone to perennial inter/intra community conflicts based on natural resources and boundary demarcations. Additionally, the area is affected by terrorist attacks. The project has prepared a Security Management Plan (Annex IV of the ESMF). Some project activities may increase the risk of Gender Based Violence (GBV), particularly Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH). The project activities may also increase the spread or the possibility of STIs and HIV/AIDS, Covid-19, etc; GBV Action Plan has been prepared.

ESS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Resources

Based on the screening conducted during project preparation and consideration of the scale of the proposed activities, the project does not pose any danger to the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of living resources. However, beneficiary communities shall be sensitized about prohibited practices that interfere with the functioning of ecologically sensitive areas. For the overall project, MoALFC will utilize the FAO guidelines in the treatment of ecologically and ergonomically sensitive areas with regard to the management and use of pesticides and veterinary products.

ESS7: Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local

In Kenya, pastoralists are considered one of the Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities (SSAHUTLC). The Constitution of Kenya (CoK) identifies them as marginalized communities. Amongst all the SSAHUTLC affected, the pastoralists have been hard hit by the locust invasion, as their livelihoods are inextricably



Rationale

Communities linked to the land and pasture that has been damaged by swarms. Pastoralists’ options are limited to (a) migrating to find pasture, which could lead to conflict with other pastoralist groups; or (b) searching for alternative livelihoods if they are permanently decapitalized due to the loss of fodder for their livestock. These impacts has been further aggravated by the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in Kenya across populations that might otherwise not have interacted. Stakeholder consultations during project implementation shall be culturally appropriate to suit local needs, cultural practices and relevant languages.

ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

Once livelihoods subprojects are identified, the preparation of site-specific ESMPs/ESIAs will include its own set of local public consultations. The prepared SEP included a budget for communication plans. Regarding COVID-19 restrictions for communities affected by locust invasions: the project has formulated approaches to make consultations fit-for-purpose, effective and meaningful in order to meet Project and stakeholder needs while adhering to Government directives to contain the spread of the virus. This was aligned with NEMA Guidelines on consultation during the COVID-19 pandemic that encourage the use of information and communication technology, comprehensive questionnaires, and traditional channels of communication such as radio and public announcements.


5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

129. There are many different definitions of Integrated Pest Management that have been developed over years. In 1967, FAO defined IPM as “a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury”.

130. However, World Bank ESF, 2018 under the ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management defined IPM as: a mix of farmer/pastoralists-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves: (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) integrating multiple methods (relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures) to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides and use of veterinary products, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

The pre-conditions for an IPM approach are:

Understanding of the ecological relationships within a farming and the pastoralists system (crop, plant, pests organisms and factors influencing their development),

Understanding of economic factors within a farmers’ and pastoralists production system (infestation: loss ratio, market potential and product prices),

Understanding of socio-cultural decision-making behavior of farmers and pastoralists (traditional preferences, risk behavior) should be considered, and

Involvement of the farmers and pastoralists in the analysis of the pest problems and their management options available.

The main elements of an IPM program are: Use of available, suitable, and compatible methods to maintain pests below levels

that cause economic damage and loss, Conservation of the ecosystem to enhance and support natural enemies and

pollinators through the implementation of apiculture practices, and Integrating the pest management strategies in the farming system, and

This Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) addresses the need for the ERLP under Component 2 (Livelihoods Protection and Rehabilitation) to promote ecosystem approach in pest management.

131. The IPMP will enable stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanisms for enabling farming and pastoral communities identify, understand and manage pest and vector problems; reduce of personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide and veterinary products use; protection of beneficial organisms such as pest natural enemies and pollinators to enhance agricultural productivity.


5.1 Set up of an IPM Program

132. Planning is at the core of an IPM program and this will be tailored for every crop that is to be considered. Early planning, prior to a growing season, is crucial for the program as it will help to minimize reliance on pesticides and veterinary products.

The following two option have been adopted in this Integrated Pest Management program:: a) Identifying problems; b) Selecting tactics;

5.1.1 Identifying Problems

133. Farmers / pastoralist will be trained by extension officers to identify pest issues and manage them.

To scout effectively, farmers and pastoralist have to: Know the crops and animal growth characteristics to recognize abnormal or damaged

plants and animals. Identify the cause of the problem to know what kind of pest farmers and pastoralists

are dealing with. If they encounter something they cannot identify, consult an expert. Determine the stage of growth of the pest and the crop / animal. This is essential for

proper timing of control methods to be implemented, Decide whether the infestation is increasing or decreasing. Assess the condition of the crop and animal. Map out problem areas. It may be possible to limit the area that needs

treatment. Use the right scouting method for the specific pest.

5.1.2 Select Tactics

134. Once farmers and pastoralists have identified the problem; next step to consider is how to control it. The goal in selecting control tactics is to use methods that are effective, practical, economical, and environmentally sound. To select the best control tactics, farmers and pastoralists have to:

Understand the life cycle and habits of the pest. Some control methods will work only if they are used at the right time.

Decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic loss. Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods. Make plans for the future. Not every part of an IPM program can be put into effect

immediately. Some tactics, such as procuring pest resistant varieties or rotating crops, or animal paddocks require long-range planning.

5.2 Proposed Pesticides / Veterinary Products for Use in ELRP135. The project envisage the use of the common pesticide and veterinary products that have been

permitted for use in Kenya. Farmers and pastoralist could use the conditional grants received to buy the permitted pesticides/ veterinary products approved by the Pest Control Products Board and Directorate of Veterinary Services for crops and livestock respectively.


5.3 Risks Associated with Pesticide Use136. Evaluation of the possible common pesticides and veterinary products to be used by the

famers and the pastoralists identified potential environmental and occupational health risks associated with transportation, storage, distribution to points of use, handling and applications / use of the pesticides and veterinary products. Pesticides are commonly used in the control of diseases, pests and weeds on various crops. Other than crops (food, horticultural and cash), areas where veterinary products are used is livestock industry (cattle and poultry) in the control of ticks and for treatment. Pesticides/acaricides are used to control ticks and tick borne diseases as well as viral, helminth and mycoplasmal diseases of economic importance. Drugs and vaccines are popularly used to control livestock diseases.

5.3.1 Impacts Occupational Health and Safety

137. The pesticide and veterinary products application personnel (both farmers and /pastoralists) will be exposed during handling, measuring, pouring and spraying. Personnel may be further at risk when handling the concentrate pesticide and veterinary products, this is especially during re-filling of knapsack spray kits for spray runs. The exposure time of these personnel is directly related to the frequency of the activity. Exposure can also be due to deposits of pesticides aerosols which is dependent on atmospheric factors like wind velocity and direction, temperature and relative humidity. Pesticides and veterinary products enter the body through various pathways:

Ingestion/swallowing through the mouth, accidental or deliberate; Dermal, through the skin when handling, measuring and pouring; Inhalation of small particles or dust when handling, spraying and flagging.

138. Table 5.1 below shows the list of pesticides that are banned in the country. The danger is that some of these chemicals which are banned are still being used including DDT and dieldrin, amongst others. However, pest eradication or the prevention of spreading requires pesticides for a shorter term and in a smaller area than would be employed if the pest were to spread.

Table 5.9: List of banned or restricted pesticides in Kenya

Common name Use Date Banned 1. 2,4,5 T (2,4,5 –

Trichloro-phenoxybutyric acid)

Herbicide 1986

2. Chlordane Insecticide 1986 3. Chlordimeform Insecticide 1986 4. DDT

(Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane)

Agriculture 1986

5. Dibromochloropropane Soil Fumigant 1986 6. Endrin Insecticide 1986 7. Ethylene dibromide Soil Fumigant 1986 8. Heptachlor Insecticide 1986


Common name Use Date Banned 9. Toxaphene (Camphechlor) Insecticide 1986

10. 5 Isomers of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)

Fungicide 1986

11. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide All formulations banned except for capsule suspensions

1988

12. Methyl Parathion Insecticide All formulations banned except for capsule suspensions

1988

13. Captafol Fungicide 1989 14. Aldrin Insecticide 2004 15. Benomyl,

Carbofuran, Thiram combinations

Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of Benomyl above 7%, Carbofuran above 10% and Thiram above 15%

2004

16. Binapacryl Miticide/Fumigant 2004 17. Chlorobenzilate Miticide 2004 18. Dieldrin Insecticide 2004 19. Dinoseb and Dinoseb

salts Herbicide 2004

20. DNOC and its salts (such as Ammonium Salt, Potassium salt & Sodium Salt)

Insecticide, Herbicide

Fungicide,

2004

21. Ethylene Dichloride Fumigant 2004 22. Ethylene Oxide Fumigant 2004 23. Fluoroacetamide Rodenticide 2004 24. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Fungicide 2004 25. Mercury Compounds Fungicides,

treatment seed 2004

26. Pentachlorophenol Herbicide 2004 Phosphamidon Insecticide, Soluble liquid

formulations of the substance that exceed 1000g active ingredient/L

2004

27. Monocrotophos Insecticide/Acaricide 2009 28. All Tributylin

Compounds All compounds including tributyltin oxide, tributyltin benzoate, trybutyltin fluoride, trybutyltin lineoleate, tributyltin methacrylate, tributyltin naphthenate, tributylin chloride

2009


Common name Use Date Banned 29. Alachlor Herbicide. 2011 30. Aldicarb Nematicide/Insecticide/A caricide. 2011

Endosulfan Insecticide. 2011 31. Lindane Insecticide. 2011

Source: Pest Control Products Board (2012)

a) Impact on Health and Safety non- target organisms139. Concerns remain about worker exposure, residues on food and harm to domestic and non-

target wild animals. Fish and invertebrates are frequently vulnerable, especially aquatic arthropods. Stocks of obsolete pesticides and veterinary products have also become a serious health and environmental problem in many countries of Africa and the Near East.

140. The pesticide stockpiles pose a very important problem that requires urgent attention, especially for stocks near urban areas where there is a risk of the pesticides contaminating drinking-water, food or the air. However, in general they lack the resources and technology to mount appropriate disposal campaigns. The use of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides may lead to water pollution, given that water is used for drinking and other domestic purposes.

Pre-Application Exposure Pathway

141. Preparing pesticide and acaricides solutions will involve in some cases pouring and mixing the pesticide and acaricides in cans or other equipment to ensure ample mix with the water or other soluble matters. The process of mixing the pesticide and acaricides can lead to exposures via inhalation, dermal contact, and incidental ingestion, mostly from releases of pesticide and acaricides vapors, and solutions. Vapor releases can occur when liquid concentrated emulsions are diluted. Workers can inhale the vapors or the particulates or be exposed through dermal contact. Spills could also pose significant risk, especially for children who ingest the resulting residues that are left on surfaces such as floors. Figure 5-1 below shows the possible modes of exposure during preparation of pesticides and acaricides.


Figure 5.6. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Preparation of Pesticide

Stirring

Process Exposure Pathway ReceptorAccidental Release

Mixing(dry)

Pouring

Worker

Inhalation

Dermal

Spillage

Splashing

Air emissions

Media

Soil Ingestion Resident

Application Exposure Pathway

142. Inhalation of aerosol vapors during spraying is the main process for worker exposure during pesticide and acaricides application. Farmers, pastoralists or pesticide handlers are mainly exposed through dermal contact with sprayed surfaces and incidental ingestion of pesticides and acaricides. Leaky equipment can also lead to pesticide and acaricides exposure through dermal contact and incidental ingestion by children who may come in contact with the spills before they are cleaned up.

Exposure during Disposal

143. Disposal is a key issue in any intervention that utilizes pesticides, especially during the decontamination process and disposal of the liquid effluent that will arise from washing and progressive rinse. Both burying and dumping can lead to dermal exposure to residents who come in contact with the soil or water in which the pesticide was disposed. Ingestion exposure can occur from drinking contaminated surface water (See Figure 5-2). Both farmers and pastoralist may be exposed to this contaminated water by ingestion or by dermal contact when it is used for cleaning or drinking purposes.

Burying

Process Exposure Pathway ReceptorMedia

Dumping

Surface water

SoilIngestion

DermalResident

Rain event

Groundwater

Figure 5.7. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Disposal of Pesticide and acaricides Formulations

Mitigation Measures


Implement Occupational Health and Safety measures for each sub project/spray operation as part of the sub project IPMP.

Use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that will prevent penetration of the pesticide and acaricides. Personnel (ground spraying) must use a respirator/fresh-air mask. These PPEs will be replaced frequently whenever wear and tear is identified or reported. Below are the PPE to be provided and as guided by WHO and FAO guidelines for PPE in pesticide and acaricides application.

o Broad-brimmed hat/helmeto Face shield or goggles (face shield preferable)o Respirators-disposable and replaced on a single use, o Use of the cotton overalls while undertaking active spraying, o Nitrile rubber, neoprene, PVC or butyl rubber gloves, without inside lining, long

enough to cover forearm and replaced if torn or if wear and tear is noticedo Rubber boots

Washing exposed parts of the body after work and before eating, smoking etc. Training and inductions for the farmers and pastoralists on pesticide and acaricides use

and handling; No eating, smoking and drinking while spraying; and Training on emergency preparedness and awareness of the details of the Material

Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all the farmers and pastoralists on pesticide and acaricides use and handling.

Training

144. Training of all the persons (farmers and pastoralists) on pesticide and acaricides use and handling and ground spraying on safety and the provisions of this IPMP will be conducted. This will be facilitated by state department of crops, the Pest Control Products Board and the Directorate of Veterinary Services in line with the target campaign personnel and topics as depicted on Table 5-2:

Table 5.10.Target campaign personnel and topical training areasTarget Topics

Farmers and pastoralists

Application techniques, equipment use and maintenance Safety measures, PPE, pesticides and acaricides poisoning, first aid,

Rapid assessments (efficacy, occupational health, environment) Proper handling and transport of pesticide containers Environmental precautions, clean-up of spillso Purpose of the pesticides o Toxicity of the pesticides o Security issues, including implications of the pesticides getting

into the publico Steps to take in case of an accident or emergency (according to

FAO standards) Combustibility and combustion by-products of pesticides

Monitoring / Extension Teams

Monitoring techniques, All the above topics (monitoring staff should preferably participate in

the training of all other campaign staff who they may need to evaluate).


5.3.2 Impacts on Ecologically Sensitive Environments145. Application of pesticides to control pesticides through ground spraying are likely to

contaminate ecologically sensitive environments including surface water bodies, wetlands, pasture land and therefore impacting on the aquatic and terrestrial life as well as livelihoods of communities dependent on the resources as sources of food and ecosystem services. However, the subprojects to be implemented are expected to be small-scale and localized. Beneficiaries shall be encouraged to use of organic manure and compost fertilizers, and integrated pest management options while discouraging reliance on chemical / synthetic pesticides. However, it is possible that farmers and pastoralists’ may procure synthetic pesticide to manage pests and or diseases. In addition, restocking activities for the livestock may involve the purchase of livestock from one area to another and need for treatment of livestock diseases as well as the use of acaricides to managing ticks. Improper management and handling during spraying of pesticides may lead to contamination to the environment. Some contents of pesticides could migrate into open water courses i.e. water pans as well as ground water sources. In light of these risks, the application of these pesticides should be carried out in line with the Pest Control Products Act, 2012.

Mitigation Measures Avoidance of sensitive habitats and livelihoods through mapping of spray areas prior to

spraying (screening). Limit animal numbers restocked in relation to the capacity of the available land resources. Implement the Integrated Pest Management Plan1 (IPM) by incorporating crop

management control techniques, biological control and restricted use of pesticide, Safe use of these pesticides / veterinary products by applying the correct amounts of to be

used for various crops, Pesticide should not be applied before raining days/periods, which may wash the

pesticides into surface water bodies, hence, causing water contamination, Buy the pesticides / veterinary products from the approved Dealers, Carry our periodic test for some basic physico-chemical properties / parameters of the

water samples to verify if the parameters have change significantly above the required standards.

Project should train the farmers /pastoralists handling the use of IPM.

5.3.3 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and Other Organisms 146. Pesticide application can have an impact on organisms other than the target pest. Pesticides

are by their nature bio-poisons and whereas they are beneficial against pests (targets) their use may inadvertently harm other organisms (non-targets) leading to significant biodiversity losses. Non-target species of concern also include bees, birds and fish. Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems more vulnerable to changes in the environment, with lower genetic diversity and fewer species to support fundamental ecosystem functions such as pollination. The hazard to non-target organisms is dependent upon a pesticide’s acute and chronic toxicity and is also a function of the rate at which the pesticide breaks down (half-life) under various scenarios (aqueous or in-soil, UV exposure, etc.) in the environment. In addition, many pesticides break down to toxic daughter products that have their own half-life.

Mitigation Measures 1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer/pastoralists -driven, ecologically-based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides (ESF, 2018).


Undertake screening before any spray activities to identify and map out sensitive habitats and avoid spraying in such areas.

Judicious choice of pesticides which includes selection and use of bio-pesticides in/near potentially sensitive areas

Adhere to FAO guidelines and the SOPs for spraying based on location sensitivity and characteristics.

Proper disposal of used containers or other wastes in accordance with FAO Container Disposal Guidelines

Warnings must be given in ample time to beekeepers, owners of adjacent crops, livestock owners and those responsible for nearby environmentally sensitive sites, and

Carry out regular in-depth environmental monitoring of selected organisms, soil and water for pesticides residues during and after the treatment activities.

5.3.4 Storage and Store Siting Impacts147. Poor siting and design of pesticide / veterinary products storage facilities could lead to

exposure and contamination of the bio-physical environment as well as human health risks due to contact.

148. Pesticides / veterinary products should be received and recorded, before storing in a secure and well-ventilated dedicated store away from stores of flammable liquids and any ignition source. Proper pesticide / veterinary products storage and inventory (stock control) practices makes it easier to track pesticide / veterinary products use and avoid overstocking which leads to disposal challenges and obsolete stocks.

Mitigation Measures

All primary pesticide / veterinary products storage facilities will be double-padlocked, Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities, All pesticides / veterinary products will be used and any remnants will be stored under

lock and key until the next round of application. Application of First In/First Out (FIFO) approach in pesticide distribution will be practiced

avoiding accumulation of expired pesticides / veterinary products, and Storage facilities are accessed by authorized personnel only.

5.3.5 Solid Waste Impacts149. The potential solid waste to be generated are empty pesticide / veterinary products

containers, obsolete pesticides / veterinary products, used PPEs and cleaning materials used for the pesticides spills. All these are considered toxic under the Basel Convention and therefore require disposal to conform to toxic waste disposal regimes.

150. Unless these wastes are managed correctly, they are hazardous and present a risk to communities as well as the bio-physical environment if contact and exposure is made. There is a danger that empty containers could be re-used for instance in the storing food and water, which could result in pesticide poisonings (FAO/WHO, 2008). Containers abandoned in the environment can lead to pesticide pollution in soil and groundwater. Empty pesticide containers and small quantities of unused or unwanted pesticides constitute hazardous waste and mechanisms need to be put in place to facilitate sound management of this waste. These mechanisms should be compliant with FAO guidelines (FAO, 1999). The mechanisms ensure that:


Containers are decontaminated directly following the use of their contents by a triple rinse;

Inappropriate use of the empty containers is prevented; Containers are then punctured to avoid re-use and stored awaiting disposal by an

approved waste handler.To avoid the accidental exposure of pesticides / veterinary products to both people and environment, the following mitigation measures are recommended:

Mitigation Measures

Development and implement of Waste Management Plan- A Waste Management Plan has been developed as an Appendix III to this IPMP,

Adopt FAO Guidelines on Management Options for Empty Pesticide / veterinary products Containers).

Provide training on waste management including container disposal methods to all farmers and pastoralists,

Implement the Triple Rinse approach to decontaminating the containers. Before storage and subsequent disposal, the containers must be rinsed thoroughly, and wash water emptied back to the knapsack spraying. Empty pesticide / veterinary products containers should be triple rinsed, punctured and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner in compliance with FAO guidance.

Empty containers must NOT be re-used, and Ensuring adequate pesticide / veterinary products shelf-life prior to purchase to avoid

obsoleteness.

5.3.6 Community Health and Safety151. Community members and specifically farmers and pastoralists could suffer poisoning from

improper handling of pesticide, synthetic pesticide, acaricides and other medicines used in treating sickling animals. It is the duty of all users of pesticides to act responsibly when acquiring, storing and applying pesticides. The users have a duty to prevent waste, avoid contamination and responsibly manage waste pesticides, pesticide residues and empty pesticide containers. Improper handling and use of knapsack sprayers can lead to ingestion of pesticide by farmers, pastoralists and or minors within the household, as well as contamination of the environment.

Mitigation Measures Train farmers/pastoralists in the use of appropriate PPEs while inter-phasing with

pesticides / veterinary products; Train communities, including schools, on the safety aspects of presence of pesticides /

veterinary products in the area; Farmers /pastoralists shall be trained on the handling, transportation, and disposal of the

various waste streams including waste pesticides / veterinary products, residues and empty containers;

Appropriate waste bins and other disposal facilities shall be provided for the various wastes and should be emptied regularly;

Use of fit for work PPEs including gumboots, overall / coverall, safety goggles and safety helmet while using a spray;

Pesticides / veterinary products should only be acquired in quantities that are likely to be needed, to avoid the potential for creating obsolete stocks.


Pesticides / veterinary products must be stored safely and securely, away from food and water supplies. The storage conditions must comply with the instructions on the label, particularly with regard to ventilation, temperature and light.

Keep pesticide (pesticide, acaricides and herbicide among others) in their original package away from reach by children and mature people as well.

Avoid storing pesticides (pesticides, acaricides and herbicides) in mineral water bottles as well as other drink and food processing bottles, including any unmarked containers;

Keep pesticides / veterinary products empty containers away from reach of children; Train famers over the use of the information on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

for agro-chemicals; and The project will use of the existing ELRP Stakeholder Engagement Processes and

communication strategy to reach out and consult stakeholders specifically community members continuously.

Table 5-3 provides the potential impacts of pesticides / veterinary products, mitigation measures and the responsible party in the implementation and monitoring.


Table 5.11: Potential Impacts of Pesticides and Mitigation Measures

IMPACT TYPE IMPACT/ISSUES MITIGATION MEASURES RESPONSIBLE PARTY

Occupational Health and Safety Impacts

Farmers and pastoralists, lack of PPEs, or un-intentional exposure caused by accidents or limited pesticide / veterinary products knowledge.

Ensure PPEs provided to all farmers and pastoralists, and that all such persons receive adequate training on a regular basis on the proper use of PPE.

Ensure that extension workers effectively monitor the spray operations diligently and take action to correct any non-compliance issues noted right away.

Washing exposed parts of the body after work and before eating, smoking etc. Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking during work; Training on steps to take in case of an accident or emergency (according to FAO

standards)

MoALFC / NPCU CPCU County Health

Department Farmers and

pastoralists

Contamination of Ecologically Sensitive Environments

Contamination of surface water bodies directly or indirectly through runoff from soil. Impact on the aquatic life as well as community livelihoods.

Follow the procedures and management practices listed in the Projects’ Integrated Pest Management Plan,

Limit animal numbers restocked in relation to the capacity of the available land resources.

Safe use of these pesticides and acaricides by applying the correct amounts of pesticide and acaricides to be used for various crops,

Pesticide and acaricides should not be applied before raining days/periods, which may wash the pesticides into surface water bodies, hence, causing water contamination,

Buy the pesticides and acaricides from the approved Dealers, Carry our periodic test for some basic physico-chemical properties / parameters of

the water samples to verify if the parameters have change significantly above the required standards.

Project should train the farmers /pastoralists handling the use of IPM. Carrying out environmental monitoring of water bodies.

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU NEMA KALRO PCPB Farmers and

pastoralists

Soil and Pesticides can cause Avoidance of agro-ecological areas and regions with surface water bodies that are MoALFC/NPCU



Ground Water Contamination

beneficial soil microorganisms to decline thereby affecting soil quality. Contamination of soil during the disposal of containers.Contamination of soil is detrimental to food security as it impacts directly on agriculture.

critical to habitats and livelihoods through mapping of spray areas prior to spraying (screening).

Use of pesticide based on screening results Optimum calibration of spraying equipment to reduce excess application of

pesticide Calibration of sprayer nozzles to ensure only required amounts of pesticide are

released Implement EPRP to manage accidental spills during transportation or application Proper management and disposal of obsolete pesticides Proper disposal of pesticide an veterinary products containers

CPCU NEMA KALRO PCPB Farmers and

pastoralists

Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and Other Organisms

Pesticide application can have an impact on organisms other than the target pest. Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems more vulnerable to changes in the environment.

Avoidance of agro-ecological areas and regions with critical to habitats and livelihoods through mapping of spray areas prior to spraying (screening).

Judicious choice of pesticides which includes selection and use of bio-pesticides in/near potentially sensitive areas.

Adhere to FAO the SOPs for spraying based on location sensitivity and characteristics

Proper disposal of used containers or other wastes in accordance with FAO Container Disposal Guidelines

Warnings must be given in ample time to beekeepers, owners of adjacent crops, livestock owners and those responsible for nearby environmentally sensitive sites.

Carry out regular in-depth environmental monitoring of selected organisms, soil and water for pesticides residues during and after the treatment activities, with the support and involvement of multi-disciplinary lead agencies on wildlife, water,

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU KALRO



environment, health and safety etc.

Storage and Store Siting Impacts

Poor siting and design of pesticide and veterinary products storage facilities could lead to exposure and contamination of the bio-physical environment as well as human health risks due to contact.

All primary pesticide and veterinary products storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded

All the storage facilities will be located away from nearby watercourses, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals etc.

Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities, Implement the requirements in the Waste Management Plan- A Waste

Management Plan has been developed as an Appendix III to the IPMP, All pesticides and veterinary products will be used and any remnants will be stored

under lock and key until the next round of application. Application of First In/First Out (FIFO) approach in pesticide and veterinary

products distribution will be practiced avoiding accumulation of expired pesticides and veterinary products, and

Storage facilities are accessed by authorized personnel only

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU NEMA PCPB Farmers and

pastoralists

Solid Waste Impacts

Empty pesticide and veterinary products containers and used PPEs are considered toxic under the Basel Convention and therefore require disposal to conform to toxic waste disposal regimes.

Development and implement of Waste Management Plan- A Waste Management Plan has been developed as an Appendix III to this IPMP,

Adopt FAO Guidelines on Management Options for Empty Pesticide and veterinary products Containers.

Implement the Triple Rinse approach to decontaminate the containers. Before puncturing and disposal in compliance with FAO guidance,

Empty containers must NOT be re-used, Ensuring adequate pesticide and veterinary products shelf-life prior to purchase to

avoid obsoleteness. The remaining shelf-life of procured pesticides and veterinary products should be at sufficient to permit all stock to be used before expiry and within the scope of the project,

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU Farmers and

pastoralists

Community Communities exposed to Train farmers /pastoralists in the use of appropriate PPEs while inter-phasing with MoALFC/NPCU



Health and Safety

pesticides and acaricides may suffer short-term acute health effects such as nausea, headaches, sore eyes, skin rashes and dizziness.

pesticides and acaricides; Train communities, including schools, on the safety aspects of presence of

pesticides and veterinary products in the area; Farmers /pastoralists shall be trained on the handling, and disposal of the various

waste streams including waste pesticides and veterinary products, residues and empty containers;

Pesticides and veterinary products should only be acquired in quantities that are likely to be needed, to avoid the potential for creating obsolete stocks.

Pesticides and veterinary products must be stored safely and securely, away from food and water supplies.

Keep pesticide (pesticide, acaricides and herbicide among others) in their original package away from reach by children.

Train famers over the use of the information on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for agro-chemicals; and

Use of the existing ELRP Stakeholder Engagement Processes and communication strategy to reach out farmers and pastoralists continuously.

CPCU


5.4 Potential risks and impact of the use of Veterinary Products and recommended mitigation measures.

152. The key risks and impact associated with the use of the veterinary products include: Unsightly filthy veterinary waste around vaccination sites, Soil contamination, Surface and Groundwater Contamination, Air Pollution, Harm to Non-target Species, community grievances, community health and safety concerns.

5.4.1 Environmental

a) Unsightly filthy veterinary waste around livestock treatment sites153. Veterinary team may throw or leave all waste in the field creating unsightly scenes and livestock

owners pick the containers and reuse them oblivious of the danger.

Mitigation Measures

Waste segregation at the sources, Implement the requirements of the Veterinary Waste Management Plan (Annex III), Adopt FAO Guidelines on Management Options for Empty veterinary products Containers. Implement the Triple Rinse approach to decontaminate the containers. Before puncturing

and disposal in compliance with FAO guidance, Empty containers must NOT be re-used, Ensuring adequate veterinary products shelf-life prior to purchase to avoid obsoleteness.

The remaining shelf-life of procured veterinary products should be at sufficient to permit all stock to be used before expiry and within the scope of the project,

b) Soil contamination154. Waste materials left on the ground by the Veterinary team will also contaminate the soil through

wash-off or run-off into soil.

Mitigation Measures

Proper care will be taken by qualified personnel in delivering the Veterinary products to the animals and effective waste preventing spillage on the ground.

c) Surface and Groundwater Contamination155. Rainwater surface runoff may transport contents of veterinary products to streams, rivers, and

other surface-water bodies. Groundwater contamination may also occur from veterinary products residue in surface water, such as drainages, streams, and surface wastewater. There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: they may drift outside of the intended area when sprayed, may percolate, or leach, through soil, may be carried to the water as runoff, or may be spilled.

Mitigation Measures

ELRP-Integrated Pest Management Plan – IPMP-Component 2 53

Proper care will be taken by qualified personnel in delivering the veterinary products to the animals, therefore effectively preventing spillage on the surface and ground water.

Location of the crushes will be strategic avoiding marshy and those areas with stagnant water or run-offs.

Optimum calibration of spraying equipment to reduce excess application of acaricides. Calibration of sprayer nozzles to ensure only required amounts of acaricides are released. Proper management and disposal of obsolete veterinary products and. Proper disposal of veterinary products containers.

d) Air Pollution 156. Though most of the veterinary products for the project to be used for the project are not to be

sprayed apart from the acaricides. Whether pesticides are applied by spraying or by surface application, air is the usual medium through which the chemicals move to their intended and unintended targets.

157. Note that, the majority of the veterinary products to be used will not lead to contamination of air since they will be delivered by way of sub-cutaneous injection apart from the spraying of the acaricides that mitigation measure for section 5.4.1 (c) above.

e) Harm to Non-target Species 158. The environmental impact of the use of veterinary products consists of the effects on non-target

species. Runoff can carry contaminants of veterinary products into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application increases resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.

Mitigation Measures

Proper care will be taken by qualified personnel in delivering the veterinary products to the animals, therefore effectively preventing spillage on the surface and ground water.

Location of the crushes will be strategic avoiding marshy and those areas with stagnant water or run-offs.

Optimum calibration of spraying equipment to reduce excess application of acaricides. Calibration of sprayer nozzles to ensure only required amounts of acaricides are released. Proper management and disposal of obsolete veterinary products and. Proper disposal of veterinary products containers.

5.4.2 Social Risks

159. Social risks may arise due to failure by farmers to bring livestock, failure of some marginalized communities to avail animals for the treatment, cultural factors, professional misconduct by the


Veterinary Team, poor handling of community grievances/ complaints arising out of livestock treatment and some of the unforeseen social risks.

Mitigation Measures

Proper publicity and mobilization of the community to agree on dates and sites of livestock treatment will be undertaken,

Use of the nine member team headed by CSO(County Social Officer) -for the County grievances redress committee that will handle complaints/ grievances received from communities before, during and after livestock treatment campaign, and

Vulnerable and marginalized groups will also be identified and purposively targeted in the exercise.

5.4.3 Health & Safety

160. The chemical contents of the veterinary products can enter the body through inhalation of aerosols, accidental self-jabbing or pastoralists, dust and vapour that contaminants; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through skin exposure by direct contact or in some cases as reported from most counties drug abuse by use of veterinary products as human drugs by pastoralists. The effects of veterinary products on human health depend on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure. Farmers, vets, farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to pesticides through direct contact.

161. Children are more susceptible and sensitive to pesticides, because they are still developing and have a weaker immune system than adults. Children may be more exposed due to their closer proximity to the ground and tendency to put unfamiliar objects in their mouth.

162. Consumption of livestock products such as meat and milk from the treated animals before the elapse of the chemical residual period may cause human health problems both within and outside the project area as the products may as well be sold by the beneficiaries.

Injury of the vaccination team by the animals

Mitigation Measures

The supervisors will ensure proper sensitization of the community on potential exposure risk and ensure that children are kept away from livestock crush sites.

The veterinary team will create awareness of the livestock treatment exercise and the side effect of such during the publicity barazas.

Animals shall be restrained in the crushes; worn out crushes will be repaired and new ones constructed in areas without and the provision of first aid kits in case of injury.

Train farmers /pastoralists in the use of appropriate PPEs while inter-phasing with acaricides;


Farmers /pastoralists shall be trained on the handling and disposal of the various waste streams including waste veterinary products, residues and empty containers;

Keep veterinary products in their original package away from reach by children and mature people as well and

Train famers over the use of the information on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 163. A dedicated Waste Management Plan has been developed as Annex III on Table 12.19: Waste

Management Plan.

164. The following are to potential issues and risk associated with veterinary waste handling and disposal:

i. Environmental contamination / pollution,ii. Misuse of the uncollected containers e.g use for drinking water by children,

iii. Breeding grounds for mosquitoes,iv. Refill of containers by unscrupulous people with other substances e.g. water and sold as

counterfeits,v. Potential cause of physical injuries to both human and animals e.g. broken glass vials, glass

barrels, needles,vi. Plastics used as icepacks can be swallowed by children and animals,

vii. Blockage of water ways and poisoning of aquatic ways in case of run off,viii. Needles, disposable syringes and vials left can become a source of disease transmission,

ix. Sharps (vaccination needles, vacutainer needles, scalpel blades, broken glasses), x. Environmental contamination and reuse by people from: Plastics Infectious e.g. vaccine

vials, reconstitution syringes & other drugs vials, xi. Consumed by animals causing intestinal obstructions: Plastics Non-infectious e.g. water

bottles, cartons, gloves, papers, and xii. Biosafety of Vaccination Team /Exposure due to Spillage.

165. Table 5.12 provides the risk factors and mitigation measures associated with handling and disposal of veterinary wastes:


Table 5.12: Risk Factors and Mitigation Measures in handling veterinary wastes

# Handling and Disposal Options for Veterinary Wastes ISSUE/RISK MITIGATION INPUT COST RESPONSIBLE PERSON

1 Environmental contamination / pollution

Sharps immediately placed in bio-hazard containers or sharp receptors.

Biohazard sharp containers. 2 sharp containers per group.

@ KSh 10,000

Pastoralists, NEMA and CDVS

2 Misuse of the uncollected containers e.g use for drinking water by children

Receptors used to three-quarter full Training of Pastoralists Variable Pastoralists, and CDVS

3 Breeding grounds for mosquitoes,

All wastes at the vaccination sites to be collected in dust-bins which will later be transported to Veterinary Headquarters for proper disposal

Training of Pastoralists Variable Pastoralists, and CDVS

4 Refill of containers by unscrupulous people with other substances e.g. water and sold as counterfeits

Empty bags should be shaken clean. They may be buried in a sanitary landfill in line with NEMA requirements,

Empty bottles, or cans must be triple- or pressure-rinsed. Refill the container about 1/4–1/5 full with water and rinse thoroughly.

Never reuse a pesticide container for any purpose,

After triple-rinsing, punch holes in the containers to prevent re-use, and

Place the containers in a non-combustible container or ground excavation covered by a metal

Licensed and accredited Incinerators-

Variable Pastoralists, NEMA and CDVS

5 Potential cause of physical injuries to both human and animals e.g. broken glass vials, glass barrels, needles

Transport to disposal site Variable Pastoralists, NEMA and CDVS

6 Plastics used as icepacks can be swallowed by children and animals

N/B- disposal fees-infectious waste per 1kg-100ksh,


7 Blockage of water ways and poisoning of aquatic ways in case of run off

Expired drugs and discarded drugs per 1kg -200ksh



# Handling and Disposal Options for Veterinary Wastes ISSUE/RISK MITIGATION INPUT COST RESPONSIBLE PERSON

grille.8 Needles, disposable syringes

and vials left can become a source of disease transmission.Sharps (vaccination needles, vacutainer needles, scalpel blades, broken glasses)

Segregation, collection , storage of infectious material for incineration

Sharps- Variable Pastoralists, NEMA and CDVS

9 Environmental contamination and reuse by people from: Plastics Infectious e.g. vaccine vials, reconstitution syringes & other drugs vials

Segregation, collection , storage of infectious material for incineration

One plastic receptacle per day per team

@ Package(100) KSh 3,000-to be bought by PCU


10 Consumed by animals causing intestinal obstructions: Plastics Non-infectious e.g. water bottles, cartons, gloves, papers

Segregation, collection, storage of infectious material for incineration

One plastic receptacle per day per team

@ Package(100) Ksh 3,000-to be bought by PCU


11 Biosafety of Vaccination Team /Exposure due to Spillage

Provision of Personal protective clothing to the store man, off-loading staff

Provision of clean water at the store Receptacles for disposal

1) PPEs2) Receptacles for waste disposal3) Subordinate staff responsible for cleanliness

Variable Pastoralists, DOSH and CDVS


6 POTENTIAL PEST RISKS ON SOME OF THE TARGET CROPS AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

166. The priority and the objective of Component 2 is to help protect the poor and vulnerable in locust- affected areas from human capital and asset loss, enhance their access to food, and restore livelihoods that have been damaged or destroyed by swarms for enhanced adaptation and resilience. To ensure these issues are managed in an integrated manner and are mainstreamed across the selected counties and also to comply with national legislation and World Banks Safeguard Standards, it is imperative to have in place an effective and sustainable Pest Management Plan to reduce problems associated with pesticide usage on the target crops.

6.1 Key Crop pests and diseases 167. Crop pest and disease is one of the major constraints to crop production in Kenya Table 6-1

below, shows the common crop pests / disease and their management options:


Table 6.13: Potential Pest and Disease Risks on some of the Target Crops and Management Options

Pest / Diseases Economic importance Management

Cereal crops- Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Millet

Stalkborers (Busseola fusca)

Larvae feed on leaves in the whorl then tunnel into the stalk. This results into deformed stunted plants or death of plant if damage is severe.

Stalks are buried or burned to eliminate diapausing larvae, early sowing reduces infestation, Intercropping with pulses (except rice), Neem (muarobaini) powder (4-5gm i.e. pinch of 3 fingers) per funnel, Neem seed cake (4gm/hole) during planting, use the extract of Neurataneniamitis, a botanical pesticide, use of insecticides.

African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta)

Due to its rapid development, high reproductive capacity and mobility by migration, there is little time to react as infestations often go unnoticed. Degree of damage varies with stage of development of crop, prevailing weather conditions and density of caterpillars and area affected. In areas of erratic rainfall they can wipe out the crop totally.

Scout the crop immediately the forecast warns of expected outbreak in the area

Apply recommended insecticide or botanical extract timely

Grey leaf spots (GLS) Maize

Hybrid maize varieties are more susceptible. The infections can lead to rots, which result in the plants falling over. Maize yields due to grey leaf spot have been said to fall between 20-40%

Crop rotation, Plant recommended resistant varieties, e.g.H6302, UH6010,TMV-2, Observe recommended time of planting, Removal of infected plant debris by deep ploughing

Maize streak virus

Can cause devastating reduction in yields Early planting ,Plant recommended resistant varieties e.g.TMV-1, in areas below 1500m above sea level, Kilima ST and Katumani ST and Staha

Leafrusts (Puccinia spps)

Can lead to complete destruction of a crop like in case of stem rust

Timely planting, Crop rotation, Clean seeds, Reduce density, Allow adequate aeration


Pest / Diseases Economic importance Management Leafblights (Helminthospa riumturcicuma ndmaydis)

Significant yield losses have been reported in susceptible varieties Susceptible varieties

Crop rotation, Deep plough of crop residues

Common smut (Ustilago maydis)- Maize,

Clean seeds, Crop rotation, Removal of plant debris by deep Ploughing

Witch weed (Striga spp)- Maize sugarcane, sorghum, millet

Striga affects through intake of water and minerals from the host causing wilting, reduction in plant size, less yield and lower quality. Mainly found in the western Kenya region, it has been found to cause yield losses of up to 25% in cereal grains

Hand pulling at flowering to avoid seed formation, Use of false host plants e.g. rotation of maize with cotton or legumes, Application of high quantities of farm yard manure

Wireworms (Agriotes spp.).Affected plants Potatoes, Carrots, Alliums, Peas, Field beans, cereals

Wireworms are the soil-inhabiting larvae of click beetles (Elateridae). They are typically found in grassland but can attack a wide range of crops. Wireworm feeding on potatoes can cause significant reductions in tuber marketability, even at low populations. In cereals, wireworms can affect heavy infestations can cause yield losses of up to 0.6 t/ha. The larvae burrow into the roots of crops, such as carrot, and damage vegetable seedlings.

Consolidating seedbeds helps restrict movement of the pest and controlling grass weeds can reduce availability of food sources. In arable rotations, plough based cultivation may help to reduce populations. For potatoes, avoid wireworm-infested fields entirely and consider lifting the crop early if damage is expected. The main natural enemies are fungi and parasitic wasps. Larval stages are attacked by ground beetles and adults are eaten by birds.

Sorghum midge - Stenodiplosiss orghicola

Midge larvae feed on immature seed. This creates a depression in the developing seed and prevents seed kernel development. Sorghum midge damage is evident by white pupal cases that stick out of the tips of glumes. High populations of midge can completely destroy the crop.

The most common means of controlling sorghum midge is through the use of resistant hybrid and use of natural enemies.



Larger grain borer (LGB) Weevils Maize, sorghum, dried cassava roots

Adults bore into cassava or maize grains, tunneling extensively and producing large quantities of dust. They cause considerable losses in stored maize weight losses as high as 35%. Average losses for cassava dried roots of 19% rising to as high as 30% has been observed.

Selection of tolerant varieties, Timely harvest, De-husking and shelling, Proper drying ,Sorting and cleaning of the produce, Cleaning & repair of the storage facilities, Use rodent guards in areas with rat problems, Use improved granaries, Use appropriate natural grain protectants e.g. where applicable or, Use recommended insecticides at recommended dosage and/or, Keep the grain in airtight containers and store these in a shady place, preferably in-doors, Carry out regular inspection of the store and produce. Timely detection of any damage to the grain and/or storage structure is essential to minimize potential loss or damage, Promote biological control of LGB using Teretriosoma nigrescens (Tn) to minimize infestation from wild sources. This is the task of the national plant protection services because the agents have to be reared and released in strategic sites.

Beans and other pulses

Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) Affects field beans, peas, spinach, sugar beet

The black bean aphid can cause significant damage to bean crops. Damage mainly occurs through the direct feeding of the pest, which can result in yield reductions if aphid populations grow large enough. These aphids also transmit viruses, such as Bean Leaf Roll Virus (BLRV), Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV), Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) and Beet Yellows Virus (BYV). The production of honeydew during feeding encourages chocolate spot (caused by Botrytis spp.), which can reduce the yield of the crop.

Lady beetles and their larvae are great beneficial insects to welcome into your garden. Ants tend to be attracted to the honeydew left by aphids, so ant activity can often lead you to aphid colonies spray from the garden hose can help remove aphids from plants. Follow up with two applications of insecticidal soap, one week apart. Be sure to apply the soap spray to leaf undersides and crevices.

Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon Beanspisum)

Pea aphid is a major pest of peas and beans. Attacks by the pest can result in reduced yields by spoiling flowers, causing pod filling to fail and by generally reducing plant efficiency.

Avoid growing peas or beans in fields with nearby concentrations of clover or Lucerne. Predators, such as ladybirds and hoverfly larvae, may help control pest populations. Other natural enemies



Affects Peas, The pea aphid also transmits a number of viruses, including Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV), pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and Bean Leaf Roll Virus (BLRV). PSbMV affects quality in vining peas and the maintenance of disease-free seed stocks. PEMV can cause large yield reductions in severe cases. Honeydew produced by the pest can provide an ideal medium for the growth of saprophytic fungi.

include spiders, fungal pathogens and parasitoids. Virus transmission risk can be minimized by ensuring that seed stock is free of PSbMV.

Bean seed flies (Delia platura and Delia florilega)

Importance Damage can be localised and sporadic, even though the adult flies are common. Usually, the first sign of damage is the patchy emergence of seedlings.

Properly burying any organic debris from previous crops should reduce risk. Natural controls are likely to include generalist predators, such as certain species of beetle, spiders, insect-pathogenic fungi and parasitoids (beetles and wasps).

Bruchid beetle (Bruchus rufimanus)

In field beans, seeds damaged by the bruchid beetle reduce the value of the crop for human consumption, export trade or for seed. In broad beans, the presence of the damage or the larvae makes them unacceptable for processing and may lead to rejection of the crop.

The parasitic wasp, Triaspisluteipes, attacks the beetle larvae. Small emergence holes in the seeds may be due to this natural enemy. control chemical are available

Pea and bean weevil (Sitonalineatus) Affects Peas, Beans

The pea and bean weevil can cause yield reductions in field. Adult feeding does not normally cause significant damage but larval feeding within the root nodules can affect yield. The larvae are difficult to target and pressure from this pest has increased in recent years. Adults can transmit the broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and the broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV), which can affect product quality and result in large yield losses reductions if the infection occurs early.

Avoid cropping in areas that have previously had large pea and bean weevil populations. Natural enemies include spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles, predatory flies and parasitoids.

Pea midge Pea midge attacks can result in loss of yield, which can be very Cultural controls include early spring sowing, the selection of early



(Contarinia pisi) peas

serious where populations have built up in intensive pea-growing areas. Vining peas can be more susceptible than combining peas and yields may be substantially reduced.

varieties, crop rotation and deep ploughing to bury the overwintering larvae. Sowing peas on land adjoining previously infested land should be avoided. A number of parasitoids have been identified and the bright red larvae of the midge, Lestodiplosis pisi, prey on the pea midge larvae

Thrips -Peas, beans,

Field thrips (Thripsangusticeps) attack pea and bean crops at early emergence, feeding inside the tightly rolled leaves of the growing point, and continue to feed throughout the growing season. Pea thrips (Kakothripspisivorus) attack pea crops during and after flowering, causing damage to the pods.

Frequent examinations of the emerging crop should be made. In peas, this should be from the first appearance of pods until the pods are full. Treatment in peas and beans is justified as soon as damage is seen. For field thrips and pea thrips in high-risk areas, sow late-emerging crops.

Cutworms (Noctuid moths, e.g Agrotis segetum affects Oilseeds, Vegetable brassicas, Potatoes, Carrots, Alliums, Peas, Sugar

beet,

Cutworms are the larvae of certain Noctuid moths, in particular the turnip moth. Older larvae feed underground, damaging plant roots and stems, sometimes so badly that the plant stem is severed. Although cutworms are sporadic pests, damage can be severe, leading to the loss of plants and reductions in quality. Roots and onion bulbs can be rendered unmarketable by cutworm

Young larvae are very susceptible to irrigation while feeding above ground on plant foliage and well-timed irrigation can be a very effective method of control.

Biological control with predators or parasitoids Pesticides based on microbial control agents (e.g. Bt) may be effective.

Lettuce Pea moth (Cydianigricana)

Feeding Pea moth larvae feed on peas inside the pod, with the resulting economic damage largely due to contamination and reductions in quality. Reductions in yield are rarely significant

Young larvae are very susceptible to irrigation while feeding above ground on plant foliage and well-timed irrigation can be a very effective method of control. Pesticides based on microbial control agents (e.g. Bt) may be effective.

Bean anthracnose Causes stems breakage of affected stems, pod drying and shrinking resulting to crop loss and yields

Practice good crop rotation, Sanitation and crop hygiene, Use certified seed, Observe recommended time of planting, Plant tolerant/resistant varieties

Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)

Yield reduction results from the fungal growth on the leaves Avoid planting beans in high altitude areas, Practice good crop rotation, Sanitation and crop hygiene, Plan tolerant/resistant



varieties, Observe recommended time of planting, Spray with recommended fungicides when necessary

Haloblight (Pseudomona ssp)

Leaf spots cause distorted leaves and pods leading to reduced yield and quality

Plant tolerant/resistant varieties, Spray with recommended fungicide when necessary, Use certified seed

Bean common Mosaic virus (BCMV)

Lead to reduced growth and production Plant tolerant/resistant varieties; Effect good control of aphids

Bean aphids (Aphis fabae)

Causes yellowing and or distorted necrotic spots on leaves and stunted shoots. They secret sticky sugary substance that encourages sooty mould growth.

Practice early planting, Apply recommended insecticides or botanical extracts if necessary

Bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus)

The pest causes quantitative, in the number of seeds or parts of seeds eaten and qualitative, in the grains contaminated by excrement or insect bodies. These losses may be increased by subsequent attacks from fungi or bacteria because larval stage completion elevates temperature and relative humidity, inviting secondary rotting by microorganism attack.

Early harvesting and good drying of the beans, Ensure the beans are dry and well cleaned before storage, Apply recommended storage insecticide/botanical extracts, Storage in airtight containers, Vegetable oil seed coating

Angular leafs pot (Phaeisariopsis griseloa)

Reduced production is as a result of affected leaves and pods. The disease is seed born

Use of clean seed, Burial of infected debris,

Crop rotation. Use of cultivar mixtures,

Intercropping with cereals

Plant tolerant cultivars

Common and Fuscous bacterial Blight (Xanthom onaphaseli)

Water soaked spots brown spots on leaves and pods result to crop and yield loss

Plant resistance or tolerant varieties

Use pathogen free, high quality seed, Field sanitation including burning of crop residues, Rotation sequence with cereals



Cassava

Cassava mealy bugs (Phenococcus manihot)

It causes stunting, leaf distortion; defoliation reduced root formation and hence yields losses.

Improve the soil fertility by manuring mulching and intercropping Practice crop rotation Use clean planting material Resistant varieties, Plant health stem cuttings Plant as the beginning of the wet season

Cassava green mites (Mononychell ustanajaa)

Reduces cassava yields by damaging the photo-synthetically active leaf surface area of the plant. Yield reductions can go as high as 80%

Improve the soil fertility by manuring, mulching and intercropping, Practice crop rotation; Use clean planting material Resistant varieties, Plant health stem cuttings; Plant as the beginning of the wet season

Cassava root scale (Stictococusva yssierra)

Scales affect stems, roots and tubers. Early infection kills plants and prevents production

Plant health stem cuttings Plant at the beginning of the wet season

Cassava white scale (Aonidomytilu salbus)

Leaves wilt and drop from plant, stunted growth lead to poor tuber yields; Cuttings from infected plants do not sprout

Plant health stem cuttings; Plant as the beginning of the wet season

Variegated grasshopper (Zonocerusvar iegates)

The pest defoliates the plants and removes barks leading to plant death and reduced yields

Destroy the breeding sites, Dig egg-laying sites of variegates grasshopper in the wet season to expose and destroy egg pod of the pest, Biological control: use fungal pathogens, e.g. Metarlizium spp.

Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)

Affected plants grow stunted, leaves are distorted resulting to poor root yields and low quality stem cuttings, The disease is spread by cuttings

Improve the soil by manuring, mulching and intercrops, Plant health stem cuttings; after harvesting destroy infected cassava stems, Use resistance varieties that tolerate CMD, Manipulate sowing date and planting spacing to reduce incidence of the disease, Plan resistance Varieties.



Cassava Anthracnose (Colletotrichu mgraminiocola)

Causes drooping of petioles and leaves, wilting and death of plant parts resulting to loss of yields

Plant cuttings from health plants without leaf chlorosis; After harvesting destroy discarded infected cassava stems; cleansing of farm tools ;crop rotation; check field regularly and rogue and destroy affected plants

Cassava brown streak disease

Defoliation, dieback of shoots result to reduced yields. The stems, leaves and petioles may have brown gum

Plant cuttings from health plants without leaf chlorosis; After harvesting destroy discarded infected cassava stems; Cleansing of farm tools, Crop rotation Harvest early, Grow resistance varieties

Cassava root rot disease (Phytophtora, Pithiumand, Fusarium spp)

Leaves wilt, roots dieback and swelling of tubers and plant death Rotting of roots cause foul odour. Quality and yield of the cassava roots is seriously affected.

Harvest early, Plant cuttings from health plants without leaf chlorosis After harvesting destroy discarded infected cassava stems, Cleansing of farm tools

Sweet potatoes

Sweet potato weevil (Cylasbrnneus)

Reduced yields and quality of sweet potato roots. Infestation on storage roots makes them unfit for consumption. The damaged tissue produces terpins giving the flesh an unpleasant odour and bitter taste

Sanitation, Use of clean materials, Crop rotation, Plant varieties that form tubers at a greater depth, Early harvesting of tubers; as soon as weevil damage is observed on tuber tips, harvesting should begin, Keeping distance (at least500m) between successive sweet potato plots, Destroy infected crop residues by burying, Planting of repellent species, such as Tephrosia, tobacco and Mexican, Hilling up twice(a 4thand 8thweek after planting) in the season to cover soil cracks and exposed to minimize eggs laying, Traps with pheromones.

Sweet Potato Sunken Vein Virus (SPSVV)

Yield reductions of up to 30% have been observed Avoid disease plants as a source of planting materials, Use of resistant varieties



Sweet potato virus Disease (SPVD)

Severe stunting of plants. Estimated yield loss is up to 8090%

Sanitation, Use of resistant varieties, Crop rotation

Mangoes Fruit flies (Ceratitis spp)

External damage to fruit is seen as sting marks or bruising to the skin. Once hatched, larvae tunnel through the fruit causing decay of the flesh. Fruit are more likely to be attacked when they start to ripen. Quality of fruits is affected making them inedible and unmarketable

Harvest as much fruit as possible; sort out the edible fruit and bury all those that are infested, Apply chlorpyrifos when necessary, Use toxic bait sprays e.g. yeast products mixed with insecticide around the tree base ,Removal of infested fruits and proper disposal (collect and bury at least10 feet deep) . Fruit harvested at the correct maturity stage are generally not infested.

Mango weevils (Sternochetus mangifera)

At egg laying, fruit may be covered in many spots of oozing sap. By the time fruit is harvested the egg laying scars and tunnels in the fruit flesh are not noticeable. The only damage is to the seed.

Removal of infested fruits at least twice a week and proper disposal(collect and bury at least10 feet deep),Selected less susceptible varieties, such as Ngowe, Boribo, Maintain field sanitation at the end of the season by clearing all seeds under the tree canopy

Mango mealy bug Leaves become distorted, yellow, stunted and may drop. Stems and fruit become covered in white wax and sooty mould grows on the honeydew they secrete This results in reduced quality and yields

Spray contact/systemic insecticides, Control of attendant ants to reduce spread of the pest

Mango anthracnose (Colletratrichumgloesporiodes)

Lesions can occur on twigs and cause tip dieback. Dark lesions may occur on young fruit or on near-mature green fruit affecting fruit quality

Apply available fungicides, Proper pruning to reduce excessive and minimize disease build-up, Use the recommended post-harvesting treatment

Powderymilde w (Oidium spp)

Oidium Mangifera is a serious disease of mango and can cause extremely high reductions in yield, mainly as a result of blossom infection. It can cause yield losses of 20-30% and yield losses of up to 90% have been reported

Pick up and destroy fallen infected leaves as oidia can survive for a period of time on fallen debris. Remove severely infected panicles. Prune mango trees to improve air circulation and remove tall weeds to help reduce incidence of the disease in the orchard.



Intercropping with other fruit trees or forestry species reduces the ease with which the disease can spread. Foliar applications of potassium -phosphate fertilizer, have proved effective in suppressing the disease development; proper use of fungicides like the wettable sulphur or sulphur dusts. Biological control agents including pathogenic fungi and predatory mites can be used; Planting of resistance-Tommy Atkins is one of the more resistant cultivars,

Passion fruits

False spider mites (Brevipalpus ssp)

False spider mites are occasionally seen on the undersides of leaves and on leaf stalks. They do not spin a web. Infestations occur mainly during hot dry weather and cause scarring and discoloration of maturing fruits, which become unmarketable. Generally damage is uncommon, but the mites blemish orange fruits, tending to infest areas of the fruit surface already damaged by other insects.

Predatory mites are usually active amongst false spider mite infestations. Predatory mites usually keep populations in check except when weather conditions are wet. However, if considerable fruit losses are occurring treatment is warranted.

Phytophthora Almost always develops on fruit that are in contact with infested soil. For indeterminate trellis varieties, fruit closest to the ground are at greatest risk of infection if splashed by contaminated soil. Fruit develop a greyish-green to chocolate-brown firm rot with an indefinite, water soaked margin and often with broad, zonate markings. The surface of the rot is generally smooth and the skin is intact. Although the rot progresses well into the flesh, affected fruit are firm initially and only soften at a late stage of infection.

Avoid planting in infested areas, particularly low-lying areas of fields. Choose well-drained sites and plant susceptible crops on mounds. Remove and destroy all fallen fruit and infected plants. Avoid introducing the pathogens into clean areas. Apply recommended fungicides during wet weather in very susceptible crops such as papaya.

Fusarium oxysporum Leaves on infected plants turn yellow and fall. The plant wilts Avoid introducing the pathogen into production areas on



over several days and then dies. A characteristic symptom of fusarium wilt is the reddish brown discoloration of the water conducting tissue of the stem and roots, seen when these parts are cut with a sharp knife. The fungus can spread in contaminated soil, in infected seed and can spread as air-borne spores. Once introduced, the pathogen can survive in the soil for decades, even in the absence of susceptible crops. The fungus infects through the roots, particularly where damage has occurred from cultivation or root- knot nematodes.

contaminated seed, implements, footwear or in contaminated water. Use resistant varieties or rootstocks where available

Anthracnose

In passion fruit, small black dots (spore cases) of the fungus appear on the affected area. These areas later take on a dry parchment-like appearance and the skin easily breaks. This fungus can be seed borne and carry over on crop residue in the soil. It is spread in water droplets and worse in warm, humid weather

Follow a recommended fungicide spray program for your crop from flowering to fruit set. Control fruit-damaging pests such as fruits potting bug and fruit fly. Pay attention to orchard hygiene by pruning out dead wood before flowering, and regularly removing infected fruit and dead leaves entangled in the canopy. Judiciously pruning and tree shaping helps to reduce the severity of infection. Keep nutrient levels, particularly calcium and nitrogen, at adequate levels. Avoid planting susceptible varieties. Treat fruit after harvest with an appropriate chemical. Pre-cool fruit before transport if the time from harvest to delivery at the market exceeds two days. Store fruit until sale at the temperature recommended for that crop. Minimize delays between harvesting and marketing wherever possible.

Lepidopterous Defoliators

Defoliators reduce leaf area, thereby indirectly reducing yield. Others cause damage that is more serious because of its gregarious behavior. Besides defoliation, the caterpillars may feed on the apical buds, flowers or stems

Control measures are crop inspection which includes hand picking and destruction of eggs and cater-pillars for a large-scale cultivation insecticidal sprays are necessary. In passion fruit it is



very important to protect pollinating insects by timing insecticidal treatments when pollinators are not present in the field. Choosing an insecticide that is selective for the pest and less toxic to pollinators, predators and parasitoids is important in these agro-ecosystems.

Passion fruit bug (Diactor bilineatus)

Passion vine bugs migrate from surrounding scrub to infest passion fruit plantations. The young fruit develops dimple-like surface blemishes at the feeding sites. Both immature and adult bugs injure the crop, piercing stems, leaves, and fruits and flowering buds, by sucking plant juices usually resulting in excessive dropping. The adults may also attack leaves, stems and fruits at any stage of ripening. If larger fruits are fed upon, they wilt and show a wrinkled surface.

In small passion fruit producing areas, hand picking and destruction of eggs, nymphs and adults is recommended. Natural Enemies Natural enemies are present for many of the passion vine bugs. Removal of the alternate cucurbit host, preferred host and avoiding the cultivation of chayote and Anisosperma passiflora in adjacent areas can reduce pest densities

Scab-Ladosporium rot (Cladosporiu m oxysporum)

Reduced number of flower buds. Twigs develop cankers, become greenish –grey and branches become weakened and break in the wind. Fruits lesions on fruit skin grow and become corklike, prominent and brownish. Fruits become deformed and stunted The disease mainly affects young tissues of leaves, branches, tendrils, flower buds and fruits, when not controlled cause significant damages. In field conditions it causes death of the twigs, can delay flowering and reduce the commercial quality of fruit.

High densities of seedlings and excessive irrigation are to be avoided in nurseries. Fungicide applications have to be periodically carried out. Adult plants should be provided with adequate ventilation. Pruning and cleaning of plants should be followed by incineration of infected tissues. Fungicide applications have to be carried out especially during periods of intense growth and flowering.

Papaya Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum gleosporoides

Small water-soaked lesions of fruit during ripening; circular sunken lesions with light brown margins

Appropriate protective fungicides should be applied; dipping fruits in hot water at 48°C for 20 minutes reduces the incidence of the



disease Powdery Mildew

Whitish-gray powdery mold or felt like patches on buds, young leaves and twigs. Leaves may crinkle and curl upward. New shoots are stunted.

If black spot is present pick off and bin effected branches. DO NOT put them in the compost, remove them immediately before the effect other plants. Treat the rest of the plant with fungicide Black spot can also effect the surface of the pawpaw fruit, however it is not harmful, just unsightly.

Black rot Fungus Mycosphaerella caricae, Asperisporium caricae

Black sunken rot on young fruits originating from stem end or contact with a leaf; young fruit withering and dropping from plant; small, brown sunken lesions with light brown margins on ripening fruit. Circular water-soaked or brown lesions on older leaves; centers of lesions become bleached as they mature; leaves curling and turning brown; raised lesions on trunks; sunken circular lesions on fruit

Appropriate protective fungicides should be applied; dipping fruits in hot water at 48°C for 20 minutes reduces the incidence of the disease. Disease may require applications of appropriate fungicides for adequate control

Papaya mealybug Insect Paracoccus marginatus

Flattened oval to round disc-like insect covered in cottony substance on tree; chlorosis, plant stunting, leaf deformation, early leaf and fruit drop insects attract ants which may also be present; insect colony may also be associated with growth of sooty mold due to fungal colonization of sugary honeydew excreted by the insect

Mealybugs can potentially be controlled by natural enemies such as lady beetles but are commonly controlled using chemicals; chemical pesticides may also decrease populations of natural enemies leading to mealybug outbreaks

Papaya ring spot Virus Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRV)

Dark green rings on fruit which may be slightly sunken and become less distinct as the fruit ripens; fruits may have uneven bumps; leaves often exhibit a bright yellow mosaic pattern and new leaves are small and plant growth is stunted

Infected plants should be removed and destroyed to prevent spread of the virus; new planting materials should be free of the virus; intercropping papaya with a non-host such as corn can help to reduce the incidence of the disease in papaya orchards by providing aphid vectors with an alternative feeding site

Scale insects (White peach scale) Insect

Scale insects cause damage by feeding on twigs, branches and fruit, injecting toxins into the plant as they do so; if the

Populations are often kept in check by natural enemies, including predacious beetles and some wasps - although broad-spectrum



Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

infestation is heavy, gumming may occur on the bark and twigs or entire branches can be killed; insects are flattened discs, or "scales" with no visible legs; scales produce a white waxy coating which eventually turns black (black cap stage)

insecticides may result in outbreaks of scale by killing off populations of beneficial insects; trees can be sprayed with horticultural oils when dormant which effectively kill scales without damaging natural enemies

Bananas Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) (Temnoschoit adelumbrata)

Destruction of root system may lead to plant death. Reduced plant growth and fruit production leads to reduced yields

Practice crop rotation, intercropping with legume which reduce weevil movement

Sanitation/crop hygiene, Use healthy planting material(use a combination of corm paring and hot water (at550C for20

Minutes or solarisation) treatment, Sequential planting to avoid nematode infested areas; Rational use of weevil trapping using bait(split pseudo stems or discs and corns),Use of repellent botanicals, such as Tephrosia, tobacco, Mexican marigold, Neem and Ibozamultiflora,

Improved soil fertility management and crop husbandry, mulching, Deep planting to discourage egg-laying Application of high quantities of manure to improve soil fertility Harvest hygiene

Panama Disease or Fusarium wilt

Yellowing and wilting of leaves, splitting of leaf sheaths and death of entire canopy leads to crop loss and reduced yields. The larva burrow into pseudo-stems thereby weakening them and making them liable to wind damage

Grow banana cultivars with resistance to pest and disease Fallow or rotation Sanitation/crop hygiene, Planting of clean suckers; Establish new crop on disease free sites; Mulching, Application of high quantities of manure;

Destroy debris of wilted plants by burning

Black and yellow sigatoka (Mycosphaerellafijiensis)

Causes death of leaves and bunch not developing leading to crop loss and yields

Plant resistant cultivars; Uproot and burn the affected parts; Use of large quantities of farmyard manure; Plant and field sanitation, Use disease free seeds; Prune, remove suckers and weed frequently; Avoid close spacing; Avoid transfer of seeds from



affected areas to unaffected areas Burrowing nematodes,e.g. Pratylenchusg oodeyi, Radophilussi milis, Meloidogynes spp and Helichotylenc husmulticintus

The pest can cause crop losses ranging from 30-80% Improved farm management, including sequential replanting and soil fertility; Practice crop rotation Sanitation/crop hygiene; Use healthy planting material; Establish new crop on disease free sites; Mulching to enhance beneficial soil; organisms to suppress nematodes Treatment of infested suckers with hot water; Application of high quantities of manure; Sterilize planting material through solarisation and/or the hot water method as for weevil control

Citrus Scaleinsects The scales cause dropping of leaves, twigs and branches die

back, and/or fruit stunting or distortion. They suck sap from the citrus tree and then produce honeydew. The honeydew is then feasted upon by ant colonies

Use of parasitic wasps (Metaphycusluteolus, M. stanleyi, M. nietneri, M. helvolus, and Coccophagus) use of pesticides, Neem oil is also effective. Eliminate the ant colonies, use ant bait stations which thrive upon the honeydew extruded from the scale. Plant seedlings from certified nursery stock to prevent infestation from the get go.

Mealybugs (Planococuscitri- Risso)

Infestations are usually first noticed as a fluffy white wax produced in the leaf axils or other sheltered places on the plant. Heavy infestations may result in an accumulation of honeydew. This makes plants sticky and encourages the growth of sooty moulds, giving leaf and stem surfaces a blackened appearance. Severe infestations will reduce plant vigour and stunt growth. Heavy infestations may cause premature leaf fall

Inspect new plants carefully before planting them; Dead leaves and prunings should be removed from the orchard as these may have mealy bugs or eggs on them. It can be simpler to dispose of heavily infested plants rather than try to eliminate mealy bugs and therefore trees with dead brown leaves should be uprooted and replaced. Ladybird and Parasitic wasps can be used to control mealy bugs. The ladybird and parasitic wasps are susceptible to most insecticides and should therefore be used as an alternative and control. Due partly to the waxy covering mealy bugs are difficult to control with insecticides. Affected plants should be



sprayed thoroughly. Aphids (Toxptera citricidus)

Leaves curling; leaves and twigs covered in sticky substance which may be growing sooty mold

Aphid numbers tend to naturally decline as leaves harden off but can be a problem on young trees or varieties which continually produce flushes of new growth; pesticides are not generally recommended due to resistance and trees can withstand a high degree of leaf curling Normally ants protect aphids against natural enemies

False codling moth (Cryptophlebi aleucotrata)

Larval feeding and development can affect Fruit development at any stage, causing premature ripening and fruit drop. Larvae are capable of developing in hard green fruit before control measures can be started. Once a fruit is damaged, it becomes vulnerable to fungal organisms and scavengers. Yield losses due to this pest have been as great as 20 percent

Field sanitation (collect all fallen fruits and bury them at least50cm deep), Remove wild castor(“Mbarika”)around the orchard

Orange dog (Pappilio demodercus)

Smaller trees could sustain lasting damage -- a few caterpillars can eat all the leaves from a small potted citrus tree. Large trees won't suffer from losing some leaves to the orange dog,

You can get rid of orange dogs without using chemicals. Look for single eggs on small trees on the leaves' upper surfaces and crush them by hand. Pick orange dog caterpillars off of the leaves by hand or with tweezers and crush them or put them in a jar filled with rubbing alcohol or a mixture of dish soap and water. Sprinkle Bacillus thuringiensis powder onto the affected leaves until they are lightly coated. Apply Bt on all affected foliage. When the caterpillars eat it, they will die within days. Bt is a naturally occurring bacteria, effective in killing leaf eating caterpillars, not dangerous to humans and other beneficial insects

Black flies (Aleurocanthussp)

Citrus blackfly infests over 300 host plants, but citrus is the most suitable for large population development. It damages citrus by sucking nutrients from foliage, which weakens the plants. Citrus

Management of attendant ants to reduce spread and facilitate the efficacy of natural bio-control agents. While this species is found in very low numbers in most groves, it is normally under effective



blackflies excrete honeydew on which sooty molds develop. Sooty molds coat citrus leaves, causing them to appear black. Sooty molds can severely impair leaf respiration and photosynthesis.

biological control and pest populations rarely require treatment Citrus black fly has several natural enemies like the parasitic wasps, larva will support two and occasionally three or four parasites while a male citrus black fly larva will support only one parasite

Citrus leaf miner The larvae mine inside the lower or upper surface of newly emerging leaves, causing them to curl and look distorted. Young trees with more flush year-round ear likely to experience a reduction in growth when infested.

Citrus leaf miner rarely causes serious damage and management is normally limited to practices that limit succulent growth and protect natural enemies. Very young trees are more vulnerable to injury and insecticide treatment may occasionally be justified. Insecticides products however leave residues that kill natural enemies; Pheromone traps are available for detecting leaf miner moths.

Greening disease (Liberobactera fricana)

Leaf symptoms of citrus greening include yellowing of one limb or one area of canopy, yellowing of leaf veins; blotchy mottling and/or green islands (spots) surrounded by completely yellow leaf tissue; twig and limbs begin to die back; fruits may drop prematurely and are often mishappen and lopsided; fruit has a bitter, salty taste

Propagation of disease free planting materials, Eliminate all Infested trees, Strict quarantining to prevent the introduction of citrus psyllids through restrictions on the movement of citrus plants, fruit, equipment and items made from citrus. Quick removal and destruction of infected trees from plantations Control of citrus psyllids by chemical sprays

Gummosis (Phytophthora spp)

Sap oozing from cracks in bark; bark cracking, drying and falling off; lesions girdling trunk; severely infected trees have pale green leaves with yellow veins

Budded at least 20cm from ground should be chosen, Cut infected trees, Affected orchards should not be excessively irrigated, Only plant disease-free nursery stock; plant trees in well-draining soil and avoid injuries to bark on trunk

Tristeza (Virus Localized in phloem tissue)

Light green foliage; poor new growth; leaves may be dropping from tree; young trees blooming early; severely infected trees are stunted and bushy in appearance with chlorotic leaves and

Use disease free bud wood Quarantine procedures are used to control tristeza and prevent the pathogen from entering areas which are currently free of the disease



brittle twigs; some strains of the virus cause elongated pits in the trunk and branches which give the wood a rope-like appearance

Tomatoes

American boll worm (Helicoverpa armigera)

Larvae cause severe damage, to reproductive organs, although vegetative organs may also be attacked. Fruits are the most seriously damaged as the larvae bore into fruits and consume them from within

Destroy infected crop residues and fruit after harvesting, Encourage natural enemies (parasites, ants, Anthocorid-bugs and egg predators), Inspect the crop regularly for new infestations, Use botanicals like Neem extract, Apply recommended

insecticides at recommended dosage rate Cutworms (Agrotis spp)

They cut newly established seedlings at the base. Damage is most serious after thinning or transplanting

Early ploughing to expose cut worms to predators, Apply wood ash around plants, Inspect the crop regularly soon after transplanting because this is the most susceptible age of the crop, Mechanical (hand collect and crush them),Use appropriate trapping methods. Crush the caterpillars or feed them to chicken, Use repellent botanicals,

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne)

Causes stunting and yellowing of plants resulting in plant deaths when infestations are heavy. This leads to loss of crops and yields

recommended insecticide if necessary, Optimal rotation and fallow, Deep ploughing, Avoid Contaminated water,

Plant tolerant/resistant varieties, Sterilize the seed bed before sowing, Avoid planting a new crop on infested areas

Red spidermites (Tetranychus spp)

It is the most important dry season pest of tomato in Kenya. In dry seasons plants are heavily damaged and it can kill plants very rapidly if not controlled

Rogue infected plants, Avoid dusty conditions during extreme dry season, Encourage moist microclimate by frequent irrigation, Hedge planting to reduce dust, invasion by mites blown by wind, Encourage natural enemies by mulching and hedging, Use neem as alternatives prays, Observer recommended time of planting, Application of irrigation, Plant tolerant/resistant varieties, Sanitation and crop hygiene, Use healthy planting material, Frequent weeding, Inspect the crop regularly for new infestations,



Use neem oil with cow urine, Apply a recommended miticides if necessary.

Late blight (Phytophthora infestants)

Affects plant foliage but the leaves do not fall off, the fruits are affected at all stages of growth. If not controlled infestation it can wipe out the whole crop

Regular crop scouting to detect early attack, Field sanitation after harvest by removal of infected plant parts, Crop rotation Avoid moist micro-climate at shady places, Use wide spacing (wet season), Observe recommended time of planting, Plant at correct spacing, Shade management, Decrease humidity through pruning, de-suckering, staking and weeding, Avoiding the humid season and mulch to avoid rain splash causing infections insecticides.

Tutu absolute - The Tomato Leaf miner or Tomato Borer

Infestation of tomato plants occurs throughout the entire crop cycle. Feeding damage is caused by all larval instars and throughout the whole plant. On leaves, the larvae feed on the mesophyll tissue forming irregular leaf mines which may later become necrotic. Larvae can form extensive galleries in the stems which affect the development of the plants. Fruit are also attacked by the larvae, and the entry-ways are used by secondary pathogens, leading to fruit rot. The extent of infestation is partly dependent on the variety. Potential yield loss in tomatoes (quantity and quality) is significant and can reach up to 100% if the pest is not managed.

Allow a minimum of 6 weeks from crop destruction to planting the next crop to prevent carry-over of the pest from previous crop. Between planting cycles, cultivate the soil and cover with plastic mulch or perform solarisation. Control weeds to prevent multiplication in alternative weed host (especially Solanum, Matura, Nicotine). Prior to transplanting, install sticky traps. Use pest-free transplants. Seal greenhouse with high quality nets suitable for T. absolute. Place pheromone-baited traps to monitor all stages of tomato production, i.e. nurseries, farms, packaging, processing and distribution centers. Start monitoring 2 weeks before planting. Inspect the crop to detect the first signs of damage.

Onions Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci)

The most important insect pest of onions. It causes significant economic losses by reducing yields by up to 60%

Sanitation, Scouting, Separate seedbed and field to reduce danger of carrying over thrips from one site to the other, Crop rotation, Mixed cropping of carrots and onions, Observe recommended time of planting, Field sanitation and crop hygiene Transplant clean seedlings, Mulching reduces thrips infestation considerably,



Plough deep after the harvest to bury the pupae Irrigation/adequate watering, Enhance beneficial (predatory mites, bugs, fungal pathogens like Metarhizium), Inspect the crop regularly ,Use botanical extract like Neem oil, Tephrosia, tobacco, etc.

Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor)

Downy mildew can infect both onions and garlic. The first evidence of disease is a fine, furry, grayish white to purple growth on the surface of older leaves. Leaf tissue under the growth becomes pale green, then yellow, and finally collapses

Use resistant varieties (red creole) and crop rotation for at least five years, Sanitation :remove crop remains after harvest, do not leave volunteer plants in the field and avoid over fertilization, Wide spacing and good drainage to decrease humidity in the plants and, apply mulch to avoid rains plash, Inspect the crop regularly

Purple blotch (Alternariaporri ssp)

The diseases affects older leaves but later spreads to the younger leaves and bulbs too become affected through the neck. Yield reduction occur due to undersized bulbs and bulb rotting in storage

Sanitation: remove crop remains after harvest, do not leave volunteer plants in the field, Crop rotation, Mulching to avoid rain splash, Plant at recommended spacing, Inspect the crop regularly, Apply recommended fungicide at correct dosage

Storage rots (Bortytis, Erwinia, Mucor, Fusarium)

Fusarium rot causes minor losses, but rotten onions in a bag can cause other onions to deteriorate. In warm climates of 28-32oC, the rot normally starts in the field at the base of the onion and progresses into the bulb causing a soft watery rot. Bacterial rots (slippery skin, sour skin) is favoured by high field temperatures, greater than 30oC, Bulbs may look sound but when cut open, the main scales are brown and water soaked. When pressure is applied, the inner core may be forced from the onion. Infected bulbs have a pungent smell and rot very rapidly.

Use of netted bamboo baskets, Avoid heaps exceeding 30 cm depth and use racks of 1m high, Ventilated stores, Minimize damage during handling, Drying of onions before storage, Remove tops, Avoid thick neck/split

BrassicasDiamond back moth (Plutellaxy lostella)

Damage is inflicted through the larval feeding and can affect the crop at all development stages and all above ground plant parts.

Scouting, Use botanical and other control agents, Observe recommended time of planting Transplant healthy seedlings,



Severe damage of the pest can cause extreme yield losses Inspect the crop regularly to detect early attacks, Encourage natural enemies(predatory hoverfly larvae coccinellids, parasitic wasps) by enhancing diversity, Application of fermented cow urine(10-14days fermentation), Use botanicals (Neem oil, chillies, etc.)

Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) Sawflies Cabbage web worms

The aphid is a serious pest of vegetable brassicas, where infestation leads to distorted foliage and contamination of produce by aphids, wax, cast skins and honeydew. Severe infestations reduce yield and may even kill young plants. In vegetable brassicas, it is also an important vector of several viruses, including turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV).

Natural enemies include parasitic wasps (e.g., Diaeretiella rapae), ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, and a range of predatory flies, spiders, and insect-pathogenic fungi. Providing habitats that encourage the presence of these may help control aphid numbers. They may not be effective in preventing virus transmission, as this can occur even at low aphid densities. Use of Bio pesticides.

Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris)

X.c. pv campestris is a bacterium that plugs the water-conducting tissue of the plant with xanthan, a mucilaginous sugar. Its most important means of transmission is on seed and as little as 0.03% infection can cause epidemics. The bacteria can persist in infected plant debris for up to two years; it survives in the soil for 40-60 days It can cause epidemics resulting in total crop loss. Loss of photosynthetic area in moderate cases causes loss of vigor, wilt, and yield.

Seed dressing with Bacillus bacteria, Seed treatment with hot water, Mulching, Deep ploughing, 3-Year crop rotation, Field and crop hygiene, Transplant only healthy seedlings, Plant certified seeds, Plant tolerant/resistant varieties like Glory, Amigo FI, Sterilise the seed bed before sowing, Good drainage, and mulch to avoid infections from rain splash

Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor)

Losses from downy mildews can be considerable. Damage caused by downy mildews is usually associated with the sporulation of the fungus. Sporulation of Peronospora destructor can cause up to 55% reduction in the dry weight of onion leaves and on spinach 48%, respectively.

Practice good crop rotation, Observe recommended time of planting, Transplant only healthy seedlings, Plant at recommended spacing

Alternaria leaf spot (Alternatira spp)

The most common symptom of Alternaria diseases is yellow, dark brown to black circular leaf spots which coalesce into Lesions on petioles, stems, flowers,

Control of Alternaria leaf spot on cabbage heads in the field is necessary for long-term storage. Avoid overhead irrigation, Practice good crop rotation Observe



flower pedicels, and seed pods. Infection can be result in crop rejection by distributors and customers. Infection of broccoli and cauliflower heads can lead to complete deterioration of the heads and result in total loss of marketability. Affected cabbage do not store well as lesions provide entry for secondary soft-rotting organisms. Heavy infections of foliage reduce plant vigor and yield. Pod infections cause distortion, premature shattering, and shriveled, diseased seed that germinate poorly.

recommended time of planting, Transplant only healthy seedlings, Plant at recommended spacing

Cabbage club rot (Plasmodiaph orabrassicae)

When infection occurs at an early stage of growth, young plants are stunted and may die, whereas plants infected in a later stage fail to make marketable heads or growth. When diseased plants are pulled from the soil, the roots are usually swollen and distorted

Always use plants that are certified. Carefully choose sites for crucifer seedbeds that do not have a history of clubroot. Do not use irrigation water from sources that may be contaminated. Seedbed areas may be fumigated with appropriate fumigants; infested field soil pH should be adjusted to pH 6.8 with ground limestone (CaC03); always thoroughly clean farm equipment after working in a field suspected of having the clubroot fungus; a rotation of at least 7 years out of susceptible crucifers may be effective; Plant resistant varieties

Cauliflower mosaic Virus (CaMV)

The virus induces mosaic and mottle diseases of many cruciferous crop plant cultivars of Brassica campestris and B. oleracea. Often found in mixed infections with turnip mosaic virus. Infected leaves show initial vein-clearing, gradually replaced by green vein-banding

Remove brassica weeds, Rogue young plants showing disease symptoms and immediately burns them

Dumping off (Fusarium Spp, Rhizoctonia spp. Pytium spp and Phytophthora spp)

Seedling brassicas attacked by DO, which covers a range of fungi that cause plant death and gaps in establishing crops. Young plants wilt and die from lesions at and below soil level. Infections of R. solani at later growth stages result in young plants turning purple and surviving only by the vascular strands (or wire stem), eventually dying. Infection is common in second

Provide good soil structure and drainage, Avoid overwatering Apply wood ash in seedbed, Sterilized seedbed, Use treated beds, Pricking excessive seedlings (thinning)



year brassica crops where gaps in establishment occur


6.2 Key livestock pests and diseases 168. Livestock disease is one of the major constraints to animal production in Africa (Table 6-2

below). This is in addition to inadequate nutrition, poor management practices and socio- economic constraints. Vector-borne diseases, particularly trypanosomiasis transmitted by the Tsetse Flies and Tick-Borne Diseases (TBDs) seriously limit livestock production and improvement in much of African countries south of the Sahara. In addition the tsetse flies also transmit the fatal human sleeping sickness. Table 6.2 below shows the major livestock pests and diseases in Kenya:


Table 6.14: Major livestock pests and diseases in KenyaPe

st &

Di

seas Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability

Foot

and

Mou

nt D

isea

se Caused by a virus of the

family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus with seven immunologically distinct serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1. The virus is resistance to physical and chemical action. It survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH.

Epidemiologically, foot and mouth disease is one of the most contagious animal diseases, with important economic losses. Though it exhibits low mortality rate in adult animals, but often high mortality in young due to myocarditis

Cattle Zebus Sheep Goats Swine All wild ruminants

Direct or indirect contact (droplets), animate vectors (humans, etc.), inanimate vectors (vehicles, implements), and airborne, especially temperate zones (up to 60 km overland and 300 km by sea).

Resistance to physical and chemical action. (virus persists in the oropharynx for up to 30 months in cattle or and 9 months in sheep FMD is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America Sporadic outbreaks in free areas Survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH.

Rind

erpe

st Caused by virus family

Paramyxoviridae, genus

Morbillivirus

High morbidity rate, mortality rate is high with virulent strains but variable with mild strains

Cattle,

zebus. Sheep Goats

By direct or close indirect contacts

Resistance to physical and chemical action Remains viable for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues In Africa it has been eradicated from several countries and sub-regions, and is normally absent from the northern and southern parts of the continent


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability Lu

mpy

Ski

n Di

seas

e

Virus family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus

Morbidity rate 5- 85% Mortality rate very variable

Cattle Bostaurus Zebus, domestic buffaloes)

Transmission may occur via infected saliva in the absence of an insect vector. Though no specific vector has been identified to date, mosquitoes (e.g. Culex mirificens and Aedes natrionus) and flies (e.g. Stomoxys calcitrans and Biomyia fasciata) could play a major role

Endemism: LSD was confined to sub- Saharan Africa strict quarantine to avoid introduction of infected animals in to safe herds in cases of outbreaks, isolation and prohibition of animal movements slaughtering of all sick and infected animals (as far as possible) correct disposal of dead animals (e.g. incineration) disinfection of premises and implements vector control in premises and on animals


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability Ri

ft Va

lley

Feve

r Virus family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus

High mortality rate in young animals High abortion rate in ruminants

Cattle

Sheep Goats Dromedaries Several rodents

Haematophagous mosquitoes of many genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Eretmapodites,

Mansonia, etc., can transmit fever as biological, competent vectors. Mosquitoes (Aedes) are the reservoir host Direct contamination: occurs in humans when handling infected animals and meat

Resistance to physical and chemical action Survives in dried discharges and multiplies in some arthropod vectors. Can survive contact with 0.5% phenol at 4°C for 6 months For animals: wild fauna and vectors For humans: nasal discharge, blood, vaginal secretions after abortion in animals, mosquitoes, and infected meat. Possibly also by aerosols and consumption of raw milk RVF has been recognized exclusively in African countries, with an underlying association with high rainfall and dense populations of vector mosquitoes


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability Sh

eep

Pox

and

Goat

Pox

Virus family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus

Morbidity rate: Endemic areas 70- 90% Mortality rate: Endemic areas 5- 10%, although can approach 100% in imported animals

Sheep and goats (breed-linked predisposition and dependent on strain of capripoxvirus)

Direct contact and Indirect transmission by contaminated implements vehicles or products (litter, fodder) Indirect transmission by insects (mechanical vectors) has been established (minor role) Contamination by inhalation, intradermal or subcutaneous inoculation, or by respiratory, transcutaneous and transmucosal routes

Resistance to physical and chemical action Survive for many years in dried scabs at ambient temperatures. Virus remains viable in wool for 2 months and in premises for as long as 6 months


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability Hi

ghly

Pat

hoge

nic A

vian

Influ

enza

Virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Influenzavirus A, B. To date, all highly pathogenic isolates have been influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7

Highly contagious to assume all avian species are susceptible to infection

Direct contact with secretions from infected birds, especially faeces Contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing Clinically normal waterfowl and sea birds may introduce the virus into flocks Broken Contaminated eggs may infect chicks in the incubator

Resistance to physical and chemical action Remains viable for long periods in tissues, faeces and also in water Highly pathogenic viruses may remain viable for long periods of time in infected faeces, but also in tissues and water


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability N

ew C

astle

Dise

ases Virus family

Paramyxoviridae, genusRubulavirus

Many species of birds, both domestic and wild The mortality and morbidity rates vary among species, and with the strain of virus

Chickens are the most susceptible poultry,

ducks and geese are the least susceptible poultry A carrier state may exist in psittacine and some other wild birds

Direct contact withsecretions, especially faeces,from infected birdsContaminated feed, water,Implements, premises, human clothing, etc.Sources of virus Respiratory discharges, faecesAll parts of the carcass Virusis shed during the incubationperiod and for a limited period during convalescenceSome psittacine birds havebeen demonstrated to shedND virus intermittently forover 1 year

Survives for long periods at ambient temperature, especially in faeces

Strict isolation of outbreaks Destruction of all infected and exposed birds Thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises Proper carcass disposal Pest control in flocks Depopulation followed by 21 days before restocking Avoidance of contact with birds of unknown health status Control of human traffic. One age group per farm ('all in-all out') breeding is recommended Medical prophylaxis Vaccination with live and/or oil emulsion vaccines can markedly reduce the losses in poultry flocks Live B1 and La Sota strains are administrated in drinking water or as a coarse spray. Sometimes administered intra-nasally or intra-ocularly.


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability Ea

st C

oast

Fev

er Apicomplexan parasite

Theileria parvaAgro ecological zone (AEZ), livestock production system (LPS)

white blood cells (lymphocytes) and red blood cells of its mammalian host

Tick-borne disease The degree of vulnerability perceived by mothers will affect their offspring’s. It is expensive treatment and control option

Cont

agio

us b

ovin

e pl

euro

pneu

mon

ia The causal organism is Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides small colony type

Characterised by the occurrence of sub-acute and symptomless infections, and the persistence of chronic carriers. Spread of the disease is associated with cattle movement

Bos taurus and Bos indicus, are the main hosts

Movement of infected animals

In susceptible cattle populations, the disease can spread surprisingly rapidly and cause high mortality rates. The disease is spread with the movement of infected animals, including acute cases and chronic carriers


Pest

&

Dise

as Aetiology Epidemiology Hosts Transmission Sources of Vulnerability M

astiti

s Mastitis occurs when bacteria found on skin or saliva enter breast tissue through a milk duct or crack in the skin. All genders have milk ducts and can get mastitis

It is also commonly termed lactational mastitis or puerperal mastitis. Lactational mas-titis has been estimated to occur in approximately 2–10% of all breastfeeding animals.

Occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial

Transmitted by repetitive contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands or materials

The disease is related to hygiene and is common where hygiene in the livestock pens is not maintained

Nag

ana The disease is caused by

trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as Trypanosoma brucei.

The disease is transmitted by male and female tsetse flies through a bite that is painful and does not go unnoticed

Natural environment

Tsetse Fly, trypanosome parasite

The hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human and animal African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, it is transmitted by tsetse fly.


7 PMP IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT AND MONITORING

169. Component 2 project will be implemented by the MoALFC through a two-tiered institutional arrangement: National, and County levels. This IPMP will be implemented by the coordination units established at the national and county levels.

National Project Coordination Unit: -A National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) has been established comprising of officers responsible for day-to-day implementation of activities under the leadership of the National Project Coordinator (NPC). These include for component 2, the National Project Coordinator, Component 2 Leader, Environmental Specialist, Social Standards Specialists, GBV Expert, Grievance Redress Expert, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Financial and Procurement Specialists.

County Project Coordination Unit: - The Project will use the existing implementation structures at the community County Project Coordinating Units (CPCUs) for P154784-KCSAP and P153349 NARIG that are established headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC) who also double as either the Crops or Livestock Specialist. The CPCU members include, the CPC, Livestock/Crops Specialists, Environment and Social Standards Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Finance and Procurement Officers. The project will engage services of technical experts on need basis.

Table 7-1 below summarizes the roles of the other various actors to be involved in the IPMP implementation.

Table 7.15: Institutional arrangement for Desert Control and Implementing the PMP

Institution Roles/Responsibilities

MoALFC Lead agency responsible for coordination, capacity building and resource mobilization

Also leads on implementing this IPMP

PCPB Registration and recommendation of pest control products

Testing and certification of imported pesticides

DVS Tasked with regulating the manufacture, importation, exportation, registration, distribution, prescription and dispensing of veterinary medicines and other animal health products.

County governments

Surveillance/ monitoring, sensitization and provision of control personnel

World Bank Financial support

7.1 Capacity Building 170. MoALFC has experience in implementing different projects supported by the World Bank

financing which used the Environmental and Social Operational Policies including Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project, the National Agriculture and Rural Inclusive Growth Project and the Regional Pastoral Livelihood Resilience Project and others.

171. Capacity building will be achieved through farmers/pastoralists -based collaborative management mechanisms where all key stakeholders shall be regarded as equal partners. Beneficiary farmers /pastoralists shall be the principal actors facilitated by other actor such as from research institutes, academic institutions, sector ministries, NGOs, etc. as partners whose role will be to facilitate the process and provide technical direction and any other support


necessary for the implementation of IPMP. The pilot PMP should be designed to build on, and to some extent strengthen existing national capacities for the promotion and implementation of IPM.

The major actors and partners will include the following: 172. National Project Coordination Unit: -A National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) has been

established comprising of officers responsible for day-to-day implementation of activities under the leadership of the National Project Coordinator (NPC). These include for component 2, the National Project Coordinator, Component 2 Leader, Environmental Specialist, Social Standards Specialists, GBV Expert, Grievance Redress Expert, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Financial and Procurement Specialists.

173. County Project Coordination Unit: - The Project will use the existing implementation structures at the community County Project Coordinating Units (CPCUs) for P154784-KCSAP and P153349 NARIG that are established headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC) who also double as either the Crops or Livestock Specialist. The CPCU members include, the CPC, Livestock/Crops Specialists, Environment and Social Standards Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Finance and Procurement Officers. The project will engage services of technical experts on need basis.

174. The programme beneficiary farmers/pastoralists: as the principal beneficiaries they will be organized into Farmer /Pastoralists Groups for training and adoption of IPM practices.

175. Agricultural sector ministries have the national mandates in implementation of crop protection and pest management research. The two projects will provide logistical and technical support to the Implementing Agencies and other stakeholders to be trained as IPM trainers and to exploit their experiences in the implementation of IPM and management of outbreak and migratory pest. ELRP will thus provide capacity and policy guidance and/or oversight for implementation of the two projects at regional/county level. The IPM commodity team will serve as resource persons at FFS, counties or any other mechanism deemed suitable for conducting IPM Trainers and Farmer /Pastoralists Group training sessions. The team will also be a major partner to farmer groups in the planning and execution of farmer participatory research activities related to IPM.

176. The sector ministries within the ELRP counties should provide staff for training at FFSs and should play major role with NGOs/CBOs in the public awareness campaign, production of extension materials, radio and television programmes in the respective counties. They should also monitor the prevalence of inputs supply by the dealers.

177. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): will collaborate with the counties natural resources management offices of the counties on training beneficiary farmers /pastoralists in environmental management.

178. Pesticide Control Products Board (PCPB): Registration and recommendation of pest control products. Testing and certification of imported pesticides,


179. The Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS) is tasked with regulating the manufacture, importation, exportation, registration, distribution, prescription and dispensing of veterinary medicines and other animal health products in Kenya.

Partners will include the following: 180. World Bank: to be a valuable sources of technical information and to provide technical support

for training, planning and field implementation of IPM in Farmer / Pastoralists Groups. The ELRP programmes will also build on the knowledge, structures, facilities, and lessons learnt in other related projects in Africa and elsewhere.

181. Agriculture Service Providers and NGOs that are working on providing services to farmers / pastoralists and improving agricultural productivity, environmental management and rural health matters will be identified to provide services and technical support to the field implementation of IPM and other pilot PMP.

182. In order to strengthen the capacity of the NPCU, CPCU and other implementing agencies, the following capacity building efforts are recommended. The World Bank will train the NPCU on topics highlighted in the table below. The NPCU will thereafter provide training to the CPCU and sub county technical teams on the topics outlined below. To ensure that the message and quality of training is assured, NPCU will engage consultants familiar with Bank’s ESF, ESS and the other relevant instruments to support the county-based trainings (see Table 7-2).

Table 7.16. Capacity Building

Training Topic Target TrainersApplication techniques, equipment use and maintenance


Safety measures, PPE, pesticides / veterinary products poisoning, first aid, Rapid assessments (efficacy, occupational health, and environment).


Proper handling of pesticide / veterinary products containers


Environmental precautions, clean-up of spills:


County Project Coordinating UnitIPMP CPCU NPCUMonitoring of impacts of pesticides / veterinary products on soil, water, biodiversity, livestock etc

CPCU NPCU

Sub County Technical TeamsMonitoring of impacts of pesticides / veterinary products on soil, water, biodiversity, livestock etc

Sub County Technical Teams

NPCU and CPCU

IPMP Sub County Technical Teams

NPCU and CPCU


7.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS FOR THE VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

7.2.1 NPCU Environmental and Social Specialists

183. The MoALFC/NPCU has recruited 1 environmental specialist and 1 social specialist who will provide oversight, review of screening reports, review of IPMPs, monitoring and evaluation of all the control activities. The specialists will ensure that monitoring of the spray operations are undertaken and findings reported periodically so that needed technical assistance to ensure compliance is provided.

7.2.2 CPCU Environmental and Social Specialists

184. The Project will use the existing implementation structures at the community County Project Coordinating Units (CPCUs) for P154784-KCSAP and P153349 NARIG that are established and headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC) who also double as either the Crops or Livestock Specialist. The CPCU members include, the CPC, Livestock/Crops Specialists, Environment and Social Standards Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Finance and Procurement Officers. The CPCU will engage services of technical experts on need basis.

7.2.3 National Environment Management Authority

185. The EMCA 1999 and (amendment) Act 2015, places the responsibility of environmental protection on NEMA as the coordinating agency. NEMA is charged with the overall role of providing oversight in regard to monitoring for all project activities that have potential impacts on the environment in Kenya. NEMA will undertake periodic monitoring of the projects by making regular site inspection visits to determine compliance with environmental requirements.

7.2.4 Dedicated Operational Monitoring

186. The safeguards team of ELRP and a support team comprising of relevant Government agencies (State departments of crops, livestock, fisheries & irrigation, KALRO, WRA, NEMA, PCPB, KEPHIS, DVS and World Bank will monitor the operations.

187. The successful implementation of the ELRP in the 15 Counties will require regular monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken by the CIGs. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the build-up of IPM capacity in the Farmer /Pastoralists Groups and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in agricultural production, and the economic benefits that farmers /pastoralists derive by adopting IPM. It is also crucial to evaluate the prevailing trends in the benefits of reducing pesticide / veterinary products distribution, application and misuse. The indicators that require regular monitoring and evaluation during the programme implementation are as shown on Table 7.3:


Table 7.17: MONITORING INDICATORS

IMPACT TYPE IMPACT/ISSUES MONITORING INDICATORS MONITORING FREQUENCY RESPONSIBLE PARTY

Occupational Health and Safety Impacts

Farmers and pastoralists exposure due to negligence, lack of PPEs, or un-intentional exposure caused by accidents

Record indicating training has been conducted on use of PPE use

Ability to respond as required when exposure incidents are encountered.

Availability and level of utilization of PPE

All non-compliance documented for corrective action,

Training to be undertaken once during the overall spraying period

Daily monitoring of farmers and pastoralists by team leaders to ensure full use of PPE

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU County Health

Department, DVS Farmers and

pastoralists

Surface Water Contamination

Contamination of surface water bodies directly or indirectly through runoff from soil. Impact on the aquatic life as well as community livelihoods

Analysis of water for pesticide residues (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)

Done once before and once after field monitoring activities

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU NEMA DVS KALRO

Soil and Ground Water Contamination

Pesticides can cause beneficial soil microorganisms to decline thereby affecting soil quality. Contamination of soil during the disposal of containers Contamination of soil is detrimental to food security as it impacts directly on agriculture.

Sampling and analysis of soil samples for pesticide residue (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)

Done once before and once after field monitoring activities

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU NEMA DVS KALRO

Impacts on Ecological Sensitive Habitats

Application of pesticides can create a potential risk of polluting ecologically sensitive

Maps showing sensitive areas and choice of pesticide used

Monitoring of biota for pesticide

Mapping done before, field control activities

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU DVS

96


habitats such as wetlands, national parks reserves, forests, pasture grasslands, and water bodies.

residues (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL))

Analysis of biota done after spraying

NEMA KALRO

Solid Waste Impacts Empty pesticide / veterinary products containers are considered toxic under the Basel Convention and therefore require disposal to conform to toxic waste disposal regimes.

Training records on waste handling Empty containers decontaminated

(triple rinse) and punctured Waste collected by a licensed waste

handler Monitoring of soil, water and biota

for pesticide / veterinary products residues (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)

Check on training records before activities

Reconciliation of inventory for remaining stock of pesticides/ veterinary products and empty containers after field monitoring activities

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU DVS NEMA

Community Health and Safety

People exposed to pesticides / veterinary products may suffer short-term acute health effects such as nausea, headaches, sore eyes, skin rashes and dizziness.

Routine weekly checks of waste management arrangements should be undertaken.

Analysis of soil, water and biota for pesticide / veterinary products residues (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)

Availability of exposure treatment medicine in the hospitals

Percentage of treatment medicines available at health facilities

Availability of first aid kits in storage facilities and hired vehicles

Public awareness (communications) campaigns

Records of the GRM

Analysis for MRLs. Periodically monitor

availability and expiry dates of the medicines

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU DOSH, DVS NEMA KALRO

97


Livelihood and Food Security Impacts

Pesticide can poison aquatic resources if they find their way into ecosystems. The contamination pathways are through surface run offs, deposit on off target organisms, bioaccumulation also builds the contamination in the animals through their feeding pathways and water intake.

Agro-ecological zones mapped out and pesticide selected for those areas

Socio-economic status of community before and after field control activities

Before and after commencement field control activities

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU NEMA KALRO

Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and Other Organisms

Pesticide / acaricides application can have an impact on organisms other than the target pest. Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems more vulnerable to changes in the environment.

Sensitive habitats mapped out before spraying

Monitoring of biota for pesticide / acaricides residues (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)

Before and after commencement of project implementation

MoALFC/NPCU CPCU DVS NEMA KALRO

98

8 IPMP IMPLEMENTATION AND BUDGET

188. The ELRP programme management team of will be responsible in the implementation of this IPMP and estimated costs of 255,000 USD (see Table 8-1) for the various activities under these projects will be built in the budget. The core activities will be:- Coordination; Development of IPM packages for the ELRP counties; IPM orientation workshops; Training of trainers and Farmer /pastoralists groups training; Field guides / IPM materials, Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices; Livestock spraying activities, Farmer’s /pastoralists field days; Field visits and study tours; Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt; Monitoring and evaluation.

8.1 Implementation 189. During every 6 months all interested in IPM activities will meet to discuss the progress report and

activities plan for the following 12 months. The extension staff, cooperatives/POs extension staff sponsored and none sponsored by ELRP PCU and representative of farmers/pastoralists responsible for IPM execution will give periodic reports and planned activities for the following quarter, and should reflect the approved work program for each in PO or cooperative. This would include: Name of crop and area under demonstration, Activities performed during this period (1 to 3 months), Number of farmers /pastoralists involved, Dates of various activities, Inputs used, Pest and diseases observed and control methods Person hours or days spent on each activity, Field days and number of people attended, Farmer to farmer / pastoralists to pastoralists visits done and number of participants, Leaders invited and attended any of IPM events, Lessons learnt and problems during the month, Other activities done by the group, Future plans, Observation and suggestions.

8.2 Budget 190. A tentative cost estimates of budgetary requirements is represented on Table 8-1:

Table 8.18: Budget element for implementation of IPMP- ELRP (in USD)

Line item Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Total

1. Capacity building Development of IPM packages 5000 3000 3000 11000 TOT 15000 15000 10000 40000

CIG / FG Training 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 50000 Orientation Workshop 4000 5000 6000 8000 23000 Field guides / IPM materials 5000 3000 4000 12000 Public awareness 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 20000 Livestock Spraying Activities 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 15000

M&E 10000 50000 5000 5000 4000 74000 Coordination 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 10000 Grand total 255,000

99

9 REFERENCE

1. 6th Report of FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management and 8th Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Management, 9 – 12 October 2012.

2. Davis, M., The global problem of obsolete pesticides and the FAO strategy for solutions FAO, Geneva, May 2011.

3. FAO (1985a) Guidelines for Packaging and Storage of Pesticides 4. FAO (1985b) Guideline on Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides 5. FAO (1985c) Guideline for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticide Containers on the

Farm 6. Food and Agriculture Organization (2001b): Guidelines on good practice for ground

application of pesticides.7. Government of Kenya (2016a); Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project (KCSAP)

Environmental and Social Management Frameworks (ESMF)8. Government of Kenya (2016b); The National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Project

(NARIGP) Environmental and Social Management Frameworks (ESMF)9. Government of Kenya (2019); Registered Pest Control Products for use in Kenya, publication

by Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) 10. Government of Kenya (2020); Draft Locust Contingency response project11. Government of Kenya Constitution12. Government of Kenya Draft Wildlife Policy 2007-Draft13. Government of Kenya Environmental Management and Coordination Act 199914. Government of Kenya Forest Act15. Government of Kenya Forest Policy 200516. Government of Kenya National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy-July 200717. Government of Kenya National Policy on Environment and Development Sessional Paper

No. 6 of 1999, 18. Government of Kenya Occupational Health and Safety Act19. Government of Kenya Public Health Act20. Government of Kenya The Employment Act21. Government of Kenya The Lakes and Rivers Act Chapter 409 Laws of Kenya 22. Government of Kenya Vision 203023. Government of Kenya Water Act 200224. Government of Kenya Wildlife Conservation and Management Act25. World Bank (2006), Pest Management Guidebook26. World Bank (2018), Environmental and Social Framework 27. World Bank Project Appraisal Document (PAD), ELRP28. World Bank Project ESCP/ELRP29. World Bank Project ESRS/ELRP30. World Health Organization (2005); The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by

hazard and guidelines to classification: 2004.

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10 Appendix I: Questionnaire on Pest Management

This questionnaire will be used with the farmers / pastoralist groups for purpose of implementing the IPMP.

1) Pest Control Practices a) Do you use any pesticides to control pests (Insects, diseases, weeds) of crops each season?

Yes No If yes, name them:

Name of pesticide / veterinary products

Name of pest, disease, weed controlled

Number of times applied/season

When did you apply (growth stage or month) Quantitypurchased

If No, WHY?

b) If you use any of the above pesticide / veterinary products types, do you keep records of the: Application location Yes…………. No ………….

Date of application Yes…………. No …………. Pesticide / veterinary products product trade name

Yes…………. No ………….

Operator name Yes…………. No …………. If No, WHY?

c) How do you decide when to use the pesticides /acaricides (tick all that apply)? We use at regular intervals throughout the season (calendar) We use when we see pests in the field (control)

We use after field sampling and finding a certain number of pests or a certain level of damage (scouting

Told by someone to apply (specify who)

Other (specify)

d) Do you use a knapsack sprayer? Yes No If yes, do you own it Yes No Do you rent it Yes No Do you borrow it Yes No

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e) From your experience, are there any negative/harmful effects of using pesticides/ veterinary products?

Yes………. No ………….

f) If yes, list the negative effects: 1. ………………………………………………………………

2.................................................................................................

3. ……………………………………………………………… 4. ……………………………………………………………… 5. ……………………………………………………………… g) Do you use any kind of protective clothing while applying or handling pesticides / acaricides? Yes

No Why? h) If YES, what kind? 2. Knowledge of pesticide / acaricides handling and storage (tick one in each row)

a) Do you read labels on the pesticide/ acaricides container before using? Sometimes Always Never

b) How often do you wear protective clothing and other accessories like nasal mask, eye goggles, and boots when applying?

Sometimes Always Never

c) Do you mix pesticides / acaricides with your hands? Sometimes Always Never

d) Do you observe the pre-harvest waiting periods after applying the pesticides? Sometimes Always Never

e) After spraying, do you wait 12 hours before entering the field? Sometimes Always Never

f) Do you store pesticides / acaricides in a secure, sound and well-ventilated location? Sometimes Always Never

g) Do you make a cocktail before applying the pesticides / acaricides? (i.e., mix more than one chemical and apply them at once?)


h) Where do you store your pesticides / veterinary products? Why do you store them there?

i) What do you do with your pesticide / veterinary products containers after they are empty?

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j) Do you know of any beneficial insects (insects that eat harmful insects)? Yes…………. No ………….

k) If yes, name them: i) ii) iii)

3. Pesticides / veterinary products and Health

a) Do you find that pesticide / acaricides application is affecting the health of: Persons regularly applying pesticides /acaricides


Persons working in fields sprayed with pesticides / acaricides


Persons harvesting the produce


4. Options to Pesticides / acaricides

a) From your experience, are you aware of other methods for controlling insects diseases and/or weeds besides pesticides / acaricides?

Yes……….. No …………

b) If yes, describe these practices: i) ii) iii) iv)

5. Information

a) What information do you think you need for improving your crop / livestock production and marketing?

6. Training

a) Have you ever received any training on any of the following topics related to crop production / livestock rearing?

Integrated Pest Management

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Yes…………. No ………….

No. of times/past yr. ………….

Pesticide / Acaricide Usage Yes…………. No …………. No. of times/past yr. ………….

Pesticide / acaricide Safety Yes…………. No ………….


Insect Identification Yes…………. No ………….


Disease Identification Yes…………. No ………….


Quality aspects of production

Yes…………. No ………….

No. of times/past yr.………….

7) Is there anything else that you want us to know about your crop production?

Thank you for your time

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11 Appendix II: Stakeholders Consulted

-MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK FISHERIES AND COOPERATIVE

EMERGENCY LOCUST RESPONSE PROJECTPublic Consultation on Draft Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) Meeting held on Tuesday 7th, July 2020 Virtual on Webex.In Attendance:

# NAME DESIGNATION ORGANIZATION 1. Dr. Joseph Kamau KELRP Coordinator PCU 2. Johnson Ndolo Social safeguards specialist PCU 3. Boniface Mutua M & E PCU4. Esther Wambua Crop specialist PCU 5. Catherine Kinyanjui Socio-economist PCU 6. Douglas Indetie Livestock Specialist ELRP PCU7. Josephine Emase Livestock Specialist Turkana County 8. Ambrose Ngetich Field Officer FAO Isiolo Base 9. Mary Njeri GBV Consultant Asilia Consultancy 10. Vinay Kumar Vutukuru TTL Bank11. Julius Mutua Environment safeguards PCU12. Fredrick Otieno Odera Consultant African Beekeeping Resource

Centre13. Jane Waitituh County Apiculture and

Emerging livestock officerNakuru County

14. Ednah Songol ASDSP II Programme Baringo County15. Albert Lemasulani, Coordinator Cooperation for

Peace and DevelopmentAmaya Triangle Initiative-Isiolo County

16. Ebenyo Joyce Livestock production officer Turkana Central Sub County17. Dr. Zachary Kinyua, Assistant Director & Head, Crop

Health Research, KALRO

18. Atane James Ekwam NARIGH Turkana County 19. Eric Kaindi Livestock Specialist Kitui county 20. Francis Toroitich Nooseiya Self Help group chair Baringo county 21. Agnes Yvonne Bank 22. Tito Kodiaga Component 1 ESMF Consultant EMC Consultants23. Ratemo Sammy Component 2. ESMF Consultant Ecofix Consultancy Ltd 24. Ken Orumo Component 3 Leader ELRP25. John Nginyangi MOALF&C KCSAP, Nyeri26. Daniel Leisagor Community leader Samburu27. Gustavus Muli Master Trainer Farmers field school (FFS) Kitui

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12 APPENDIX III: PESTICIDE AND VETERINARY WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR EMERGENCY LOCUST RESPONSE PROGRAM

Background191. This Pesticide and Veterinary Waste Management Plan has been prepared for the Emergency Locust

Response Program (ELRP) which will use pesticides and veterinary products including vaccination to enhance community livelihoods restoration to rebuild their crop and livestock assets at the individual level and also restoration of communally owned assets. The ELRP is a World Bank financed project to Government of Kenya’s (GoK), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Cooperatives (MoALFC).

192. The project envisage the use of the common pesticide and veterinary products that have been permitted for use in Kenya. The conditional grants received by the community investment groups and pastoralist may be used by the beneficiaries to acquire these pesticides. Farmers and pastoralist could buy the permitted pesticides in line with the Pest Control Products Act, Cap 346, and Laws of Kenya with adherence to the Pest Control Product Registered for use in Kenya (2010) (see the link: http://projects.nri.org/adappt/docs/McKnight/6thPestControlProductsList.pdf) and the Directorate of Veterinary Services for crops and livestock respectively.

Statutory Requirements for Waste Management in Kenya193. Kenya has waste management regulations cited as the Environmental Management and Co-

ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006. These regulations govern the transportation and disposal of wastes including hazardous wastes which pesticide wastes are categorized as such. The management of pesticide wastes from the ELRP will comply with the regulations as cited. Acknowledging that there are international regulations for management of pesticide wastes including FAO and WHO guidelines and for which Kenya is a signatory to, the ELRP will use these regulations as and when needed and in particular when the Kenyan regulations are less stringent.

194. Improper disposal of pesticide / veterinary products waste, such as unused chemicals and empty containers, can create serious harm to humans and animals; it may also lead to irreversible environmental damage. Six types of pesticide wastes that will be generated by the ELRP and will require proper disposal are:

Empty containers / Sachets. Excess mixture is the diluted pesticide that is left over in your spray tank after a pesticide

application. Excess product: is unused pesticide that is no longer needed. Rinse water from containers and application equipment / sprayers. Pesticide-Contaminated Clothing, and Obsolete Pesticides.

Dedicated Waste Management Plan has been developed to offer guidance in the management of the wastes generated from the project (see Table 12.19: Waste Management Plan):

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http://projects.nri.org/adappt/docs/McKnight/6thPestControlProductsList.pdf

Table 12.19: Waste Management Plan

# ISSUE / RISK MITIGATION INPUT COST RESPONSIBLE PERSON1 Empty containers /

Sachets, Empty bags should be shaken clean. They may

be buried in a sanitary landfill in line with NEMA requirements,

Empty bottles, or cans must be triple- or pressure-rinsed. Refill the container about 1/4–1/5 full with water and rinse thoroughly.

Never reuse a pesticide container for any purpose,

After triple-rinsing, punch holes in the containers to prevent re-use, and

Place the containers in a non-combustible container or ground excavation covered by a metal grille.

Training of Farmers & pastoralists

Variable MoALFC/NPCU CPCU, and Farmers &

pastoralists

2 Excess mixture is the diluted pesticide / acaricides that is left over in your spray tank after a pesticide application

Avoid the problem of excess mixture by: Measure and calibrate carefully. Fill the knapsack sprayer with only the amount

required to do the job. Do not generate excess mixture. Dispose the excess mixture on a labelled site.

It usually cannot be stored


Variable MoALFC/NPCU CPCU, DVS and Farmers &

pastoralists

3 Excess product: is unused pesticide / veterinary products that is no longer needed

To avoid the problem of excess product, Buy only what can be used in one season. Dispose of pesticides as instructed on the

product label. Look for the "Storage and Disposal" statement on your pesticide label.

Donate pesticide / vet products to the neighbour in need,



pastoralists

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# ISSUE / RISK MITIGATION INPUT COST RESPONSIBLE PERSON The donated pesticide / vet products must be

in its original, fully-labelled container. (Make sure the person who receives it can read and follow the label directions).

Find someone who can use it, Check with the approved supplier to

determine if it can be taken back.4 Rinse water from

containers and application equipment / sprayers

Do not discharge rinse water to the ground, Do not discharge rinse water to septic

systems, Do not discharge rinse water to ditches or

streams, Do not bury rinse water—it may contaminate

groundwater. Do minimize rinse water—wash out

equipment only when necessary. Do re-apply rinse water to a labeled site for

spraying and Do re-use rinse water to dilute the next batch of formulation.



pastoralists

5 Pesticide / vet products Contaminated Clothing

Clothing contaminated is classified as hazardous waste must be disposed of as hazardous waste: if it is contaminated as a result of a spill or leak. If the clothing is contaminated as a result of a normal, legal application of the pesticide, then the clothing can be handled as normal solid waste.



pastoralists

6 Obsolete Pesticides Avoid purchasing excess pesticides / vet products that cannot be used before they

Training of Farmers &

Variable MoALFC/NPCU CPCU, and

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# ISSUE / RISK MITIGATION INPUT COST RESPONSIBLE PERSONexpire,

Buy the correct pesticide / vet products for the project.

Store pesticide / vet product properly to avoid damages to pesticide caused by poor storage or handling.

Regularly check condition of the pesticides / vet products and their storage containers.

Ensure proper labeling of pesticides / vet products so that they are not incorrectly considered to be obsolete.

Check with supplier or manufacturer of product to see if they will take product back,

Check with the relevant government agency if there is a waste collection program where the agency collects excess products.

If unable to return product, dig a hole of 50 cm deep and cover the bottom of the pit with a 25 to 40 mm layer of hydrated lime. Then pour the unwanted pesticide into the hole and cover the hole with soil. This may apply for small quantities of pesticides.

pastoralists Farmers & pastoralists

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Documents

Acronyms and Abbreviations · Web viewThe arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) account for about 80 percent of Kenya’s land surface. Much of the land falls under the lowlands, which