Actinopterygian Relationships IIIBiology of Fishes

10.4.2012

Review (Actinopterygian Relationships II) Actinopterygian Relationships III : Acanthopterygii Exam I Review

Overview

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

-Protacanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha-Paracanthopterygii-Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships III

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Actinopterygian Relationships

Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes)

- Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthomorpha

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthopterygii

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species Two major synapomorphies

Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based

on new muscle and bone attachments Ctenoid scales Physoclistous gas bladder 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed) Pelvic and anal fin spines Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthopterygii

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive

habitats of marine and many freshwater environments Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers, and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Mugilomorpha

Mugilomorpha (mullets) Nearshore, catadromous; ~80 species “primitive” acanthopterygians (cycloid or intermediate

cycloid-ctenoid scales); no pelvic girdle attachment Detritivores, feed on organic silt Important food fish

Actinopterygian Relationships

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Atherinomorpha

Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and relatives) Surface-dwellers, marine and freshwater, ~1500 species Unique protruding upper jaw, superior mouths Internal fertilization and live-bearing in many species Some unisexual (all female) species

Actinopterygian Relationships

Atherinomorpha

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Actinopterygian Relationships

Percomorpha (“perch-shaped” fishes) Most advanced clade of fishes ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful

freshwater Primary synapomorphy is anteriorly placed pelvic girdle

attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) Zeiformes (dories) Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses) Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

Percomorpha(basal groups)

Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

Percomorpha(advanced groups)

Percomorpha

Percomorpha(basal groups)

whalefishes

squirrelfishesdories

seahorses, sticklebacksswamp eels

scorpionfishes, sculpins

Percomorpha(advanced groups)

Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes

Exam Format (multiple choice, short answer, short essay)

Phylogenetic Relationships Terms (monophyletic, synapomorphy, catadromous)

Examples of major concepts, relationships & groups “salmon are anadromous…” “two major factors that have contributed to the success of teleosts” “mobile maxilla is important because…”

Journal Articles

Exam I Review

Phylogeny Complete Craniate Phylogeny Know common and scientific names* Start at Hagfishes (Myxiniformes*) End at Percomorpha* (Perch-shaped fishes) Know some examples of component groups

Group Project topics due Thursday 10.11.2012

Exam I Review

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Vertebrates

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Complete Phylogeny

Hagfishes Vertebrates

Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws)

- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

- Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Complete Phylogeny

Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

Actinopterygii (ray fins)

- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)

- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)

-Holostei (gars, bowfins)

-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Complete Phylogeny

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

-Protacanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha-Paracanthopterygii-Acanthopterygii

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Complete Phylogeny

Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

- Mugilomorpha (mullets)

- Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.)

-Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Complete Phylogeny