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Active Learning Methods for eLearn in g an d On lin e
In s tructionDr. Heidi Watson -Held
h acwatson @gm ail.com
Introductions
Nam eIn s titu tion
Form at You Teach InWh y My Sess ion
Objectives
1. Recall at least 3 active learning strategies that can be used in online (and residence) courses
2. Interpret the use of 2 of these strategies into your own experiences or courses
3. Construct ways to use at least 1 new strategy in your course or instructional design.
4. Reflect on your own practice to identify areas in which active learning could be used, and identifying strategies already being used that can be built upon
DiscussionKWL:● Wh at do you know about Active
Learn in g?● Wh at do you want to kn ow?● Wh at h ave you learned ?
Defining Active Learning
● Active learning is generally defined as any instructional method that engages students in the learning process. In short, active learning requires students to do meaningful learning activities and think about what they are doing” (Prince, 2004).
● The method uses techniques and activities that promote analysis, synthesis, and evaluation that guide students towards achieving learning objectives.
● These techniques and activities are based on ideas about how people learn and engage regardless of content discipline.
Prince, M. (2004). Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. Journal of engineering education, 93(3), 223-231.
25 Strategy Stations
● Mind Mapping● Games and Interactions● Dis cus s ions● Peer Review● Fis h Bowl● Reflection● Minute Paper● Polling● Video Vignettes● Socratic Ques tioning● Exit Tickets● Word Clouds● J igs aw
● Think-Pair-Share● Problem-bas ed Learning● Total Phys ical Res pons e● Flipped Learning ● Role Playing ● Scavenger Hunts ● Peer Teaching ● Demons tration ● Ice Breakers ● Field Trips ● Cas e Studies ● Infographics
Move with the Bell
4-5 m in utes
Mind Mapping Bes t used in : F2F & On lin e
Advantages
Improves critical thinking, reading and writing skills, Increases creativity and productivity
Makes connections between ideas
Personalizable
Condenses lots of information
Disadvantages
Not useful for large chunks of text
Time consuming
Difficult to share with other students
Definition: Allows for simple concept mapping and brainstorming
Games/Interactions Bes t used in : Blen ded & On lin e
Advantages
Provides high levels of engagement and motivation
Offers immediate feedback, clear goals and challenges made to suit the students skill level
Disadvantages
Can decrease student attention span
Can be costly and time consuming to create and use
A link to assessments must be made to be relevant to classwork
Definition: creates a game -like scenarios around course curriculum and objectives
Discussion Bes t used in : F2F & On lin e
Advantages
Students can participate at a time and place that suits them.
Encourages reflection, deep and big picture thinking.
Can reduce the amount of time the teacher has to give to telephone and face-to-face meetings and time in the office.
Effective and efficient means to make whole class communication.
Disadvantages
Requires consistent input from teacher
Students lose motivation to participate unless they perceive ‘value’ in the discussion.
Nonlinear branching structure of online discussion may be insufficient
Needs to be moderated and monitored for inappropriate comments or postings
Definition: promotes conversational modes of learning
Peer Review Bes t used in : F2F & On lin e
Advantages
● Encourages s tudent involvement and res pons ibility.
● Encourages s tudents to reflect on their role and contribution to the proces s of the group work.
● Focus es on the development of s tudent’s judgment s kills .
● Can help reduce the ‘free rider’ problem as s tudents are aware that their contribution will be graded by their peers .
Dis advantages
● The proces s has a degree of ris k with res pect to reliability of grades as peer pres s ure to apply elevated grades or friends hips may influence the as s es s ment, though this can be reduced if s tudents can s ubmit their as s es s ments independent of the group.
● At the other extreme s tudents may be dis criminated agains t if s tudents ‘gang up’ agains t one group member.
Defin ition : Studen ts in dividually as ses s each oth er's con tribution us in g a predeterm in ed lis t of criteria .
Fish Bowl Bes t used in : F2F & On lin e
Advantages
Suitable for large groups, can work in small groups too.
Encourages participation
Teaches observation, listening, and community building
Disadvantages
Introverted students may not want to participate
Observers might have a tough time not interrupting.
Definition: a number of students engage in a discussion while other students observe and write a response.
Reflection Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Makes learning more meaningful for students
Connects new knowledge to existing paradigms
Disadvantages
When graded inappropriately can discourage students honesty.
There is not one right or wrong answer.
Some students have not had practice in reflecting.
Definition: students stop to think about their learning
Minute Paper Bes t used in : F2F or Blen ded
Advantages
Quick, formative or summative method of assessment
Provides rapid feedback to teacher on if the instruction was effective.
Good practice for student reflection
Disadvantages
Writing the most relevant questions can be tricky
Students can view as a pro forma exercise in polling.
Definition: Students write for one minute on a specific question in the content.
Polling Bes t used in : F2F & On lin e
Advantages
Allows for quick monitoring of student understanding before and after a lesson
Allows for students to self -monitor
Allows for feedback data to be kept and reused
Clickers or bring your own device.
Disadvantages
Some people limit use to attendance taking
Challenging to write engaging questions
Allows for unwanted answers and a sense of anonymity
Definition: anonymous polling of students using clickers or cell phones.
Video Vignettes Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Captures storytelling, scenarios and examples well
Elevates student interest
Allows for quick review and detailed retelling of difficult concepts
Disadvantages
Creating video is labor intensive
Passive way of providing information
Has best practice technical and copyright considerations
Definition: short (<3m) videos that show part of a lecture
Socratic Questioning Bes t used in : F2F
Advantages
Encourages critical thinking by asking students to think for themselves.
Encourages dialogue
Encourages students to answer their own questions.
Used in all disciplines
Disadvantages
Is a practiced skill to know what the next guiding question is to ask.
The “dead question” is dreaded, when no one can or does answer.
Difficult to handle a diversity of answers
Definition: The instructor replaces lecture by questioning student, always asking the next question in a way that guides the conversation toward a learning outcome
Exit Tickets Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Allows quick feedback that sustains making change to teaching methods on the fly
Points out gaps in mastery
Can be combined with polling.
Less writing than a minute paper.
Allows for data
Disadvantages
Must be linked to classroom objectives or looses meaning
Designing a 3-5 questions (multiple choice, short answer) can be challenging.
Questions must be precise enough to collect the needed data.
Definition: a formative assessment tool that give teachers a way to assess how students understand the material
Word Clouds Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Motivates students to pay attention to keywords
Improves students overall vocabulary
Encourages students to try new technologies
Disadvantages
Time consuming to make
Manipulating words to show up as desired can be tricky
Requires students to be proactive learners
Definition: engages students in identifying and learning key vocabulary
Jigsaw Bes t used in : F2F
Advantages
● Eas y to learn, and enjoyable to us e● Can be us ed with other teaching
s tra tegies● Makes s tudents dependent on each other
to s ucceed.● Promotes s ocial and emotional learning,
and creates empathy in s mall groups
Dis advantages
Some s tudents don't want to participate or are s lower learners
Some groups get an imbalance with one s tudent res earching their portion of the topic, and other s tudents in the group not doing any work
Can become overwhelming if learning is not chunked well
Defin ition : Studen ts are m ade an expert in a topic as part of a group, th en goes to an oth er group to teach th e topic.
Think -Pair-Sh are Bes t used in : F2F
Advantages
Requires thinking on the part of each individual student to critiquing others’ reasoning and to practice constructing their own arguments
Maximizes participation and focuses attention on the topic
Encourages introverted students to voice their thinking
Disadvantages
Requires formulation of strong questions/ problems from the content
Some students will not put in the effort to think and share
Requires structured accountability to be assessed
Definition: Students think about possible answers to a question/problem then share their thoughts with a partner.
Problem -based Learn in g Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
No content is provided up front, students seek information on their own encourage long term knowledge retention
Works for short assignments or unit long
Encourages students to see leadership roles
Applys course content to real work examples
Disadvantages
Students lacking in information literacy, self direction or critical thinking skills will find this difficult
Problem must motivate students to seek out a deeper understanding of concepts
Does not prepare students for traditional or standardized tests
Assessment can be time consuming
Definition: (PBL) is a when students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open -ended problem or scenario
Total Physical Response Best used in: F2F/Online
Advantages
Reduces student inhibitions and lowers stress
Creates a link between speech and action to solidify content to long term memory
Works well in a class of students who have mixed abilities
Changes the dynamics or pace of a lesson
Disadvantages
Does not allow for expression of individual thought
Challenging for introverted students
Boring if over used
Does not apply to all content areas, primarily used in vocabulary or language acquistion
Definition: a method of teaching concepts by using physical movement to react to verbal input.
Flipped Learning Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
The resulting group space is transformedinto a dynamic, interactive learning environment
Classroom time can be used to deepen learning and develop higher-level cognitive skills
Lesson content is more accessible and can be reviewed as often as needed
Disadvantages
Significant front end development
Students who expect the conventional mode of lecture-based teaching might find the sudden implementation of a new model disorientating.
Setting expectations and priming students for active student-centred learning, in which they will be expected to manage their own learning in a more proactive way, is crucial
Definition: Direct instruction moves from the group learning space to the individual learning space.
Role Playing Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Allows students to immediately apply content as they are put in the role of a decision maker
Allows for Peer to Peer critique
Instructor and students receive immediate feedback with regard to student understanding of the content
Disadvantages
Getting all students to participate and be truly engaged is a challenge
Assessing the interaction is challenging
Definition: Assign roles for a concept, students research their parts at home, and they act it out in class. Observers critique and ask questions.
Scavenger Hunts Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Builds student problem solving skills
Easy to create and customize
To use both body and mind
Can be done in teams
Disadvantages
Can be time consuming for students
When done in person, introverted students may dislike the task
Definition: Ask students to circulate around the physical space or web and locate specific information.
Peer Teaching Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Students receive more time for individualized learning.
Direct interaction between students promotes active learning.
Peer teachers reinforce their own learning by instructing others.
Disadvantages
Some students may feel that being instructed by another makes them inferior to that student.
Lack of confidentiality,
Improper pairing selection
Definition: One student instructs another student in material on which the first is an expert and the second is a novice.
Demonstration Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
By making a prediction, students develop an expectation based on their initial understanding of the concept
Instructor can discuss the incongruities between their initial understanding and what the demonstration actually shows
Video demonstration allows for remediation at will.
Disadvantages
Can be time intensive for teachers to do in class or create on video
Definition: instructor shows students concepts or interactions and asks for predictions
Icebreakers Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Must have relevance to a specific class, are targeted to the appropriate group, and are varied
Allow students to get to know each other or say goodbye at the end of a course
If used at appropriate time, can energize the room
Disadvantages
Take time to find, use and develop
Not all students enjoy this as a social interaction
Can be hard to make inclusive of all participants
Definition: a facilitation exercise intended to help a group to begin the process of forming themselves into a team.
Field Trips Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Facilitates the learning of abstract concepts
Motivates students by making concepts real
Develops students social awareness
Disadvantages
Time consuming to arrange, lots of logistics
If no reflection is done after, the point may be lost
Definition: a visit to a place outside the regular classroom to achieve certain objectives which can only be met elsewhere
Case Studies Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
Encourages real world application of problem solving and critical thinking skills.
Bridges the gap between theory and application of knowledge
Disadvantages
Students don’t always reach the desired insight
Answers dont always generalize to other cases
Finding or writing case studies can be time consuming
Definition: Stories that present realistic, complex, and contextually rich situations and often involve a dilemma, conflict, or problem.
Infographics Bes t used in : F2F/On lin e
Advantages
An eye catching way to blend art and information
Use as visual aid on difficult concepts
Possible discussion starter, or debate
Fun to have students make their own
Disadvantages
Takes time to create
Can be missing information or not the full story
Can appear visually overwhelming
Definition: an image that combines flowchart logic and visual presentation to explain a concept
Think -Pair-Sh are:
Learn in g from Success ; Discuss an example of when one of these worked well for you?
Learning from Failure; Discuss an example of when one of these did not work?
Evaluating and Selecting a Strategy for Use
● Mind Mapping● Games and Interactions● Dis cus s ions● Peer Review● Fis h Bowl● Reflection● Minute Paper● Polling● Video Vignettes● Socratic Ques tioning● Exit Tickets● Word Clouds● J igs aw
● Think-Pair-Share● Problem-bas ed Learning● Total Phys ical Res pons e● Flipped Learning ● Role Playing ● Scavenger Hunts ● Peer Teaching ● Demons tration ● Ice Breakers ● Field Trips ● Cas e Studies ● Infographics
Barrier to Implementation
So why are we not all doing this?
What are 2-3 key barriers you and others on your campus face?
What specifically will you do to address these challenges?
Discussion
KWL:● Wh at do you know about Active
Learn in g?● Wh at do you want to kn ow?● Wh at h ave you learned ?
Dr. Heidi Watson -Held
[email protected]://www.hwhlearningsolutio
nsconsulting.com/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/heidi-watson-held-69803114/
