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8/3/2019 Actual Report on Weber
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Reporters:
Brodit, Vyel Marie
Ferrer, Angel GraceSolidarios, Peter John
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German sociologist and political economist who was born in Erfurt,Prussia Germany on April 21, 1864.
Best known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic," relatingProtestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy.
In 1882, Weber enrolled at the University of Heidelberg
mid- and late-20s working simultaneously in two totally notremunerative apprenticeships--as a lawyer's assistant and as auniversity assistant--he was financially unable to leave home until theautumn of 1893. At that time he received a temporary position injurisprudence at the University of Berlin
He became a full professor in political economy at Freiburg, and then,
in the following year (1896), at Heidelberg In the months following his father's death in August 1897, an
increasing nervousness plagued the young scholar. His return toteaching in the autumn brought a brief respite, which ended in the firstmonths of 1898 with the first signs of the nervous collapse that was toprostrate him between mid-1898 and 1903
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Weber Family
Mother: Helene Weber, a
sociologist who was raised in
Calvinist orthodoxy
Father: Max Sr. was in the textile
business and went on to become
a National Liberal parliamentarian
of some recognizable influence in
Wilhelmine politics.
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Weber Family
Siblings: Max, Alfred and Karl.
Max was eldest son of an
aspiring liberal politician whose
family had become wealthy in the
German linen industry.
He married Marianne Schnitger, a
second cousin.
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The Max Difference Max Weber conceived of sociology as acomprehensive science ofsocial actionsocial action. In
his analytical focus on individual humanactors he differed from many of his
predecessors whose sociology wasconceived in social-structural terms.
His initial theoretical focus is on thesubjective meaning that humans attach to
their actions and interactions within specificsocial contexts.
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Society for Weber
According to Weber, Society is notstructure, an existing thing, butinterrelated actions. Weber was interested
in behavior and motivation, the subjective(individual perception) as well asthe objective (systematic causality).
He believed that society should NOT beviewed from a single perspective. Instead,
it should be viewed as a mixture ofperspectives that vary according to thegroups that make up the society.
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Social StratificationWeber believed that class divisions as the
most important source of social conflict.Age, race, sex, politics, geography,
willpower, culture, income, education,
religion, physical ability, self-control. I
believe that it is natural for differinggroups to exist.
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Social Institutions
Social institutions provide common feelingsand beliefs that hold the varying groupstogether.
The social institutions most important toWeber were economic (class),political(power),and cultural (status).Weber
believed these social institutions affecthow a person sees the world and howshe/he will act.
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The Industrial Revolution began around1750 in England. Modern bureaucracy
emerged around 1850. It is a way to run
large organizations.
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Max Weber proposed around turn of thecentury an ideal type (what we would call
today a model) of the (then) new form of
organization. He described ideal-typebureaucracy with 6 characteristics. He
contrasted modern bureaucracy with the
traditionalpatrimonialtype of organization
based on family ties.
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Bureaucracy
Weber developed the Principles of
Bureaucracy as a formal system of
organization and administration designed
to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
Bureaucratic administration means
fundamentally domination through
knowledge Max Weber
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6 Principles of Bureaucracy
1. There are principles of officialjurisdictional areas . (Impersonality)
Every bureaucracy has its own special area: firemen do notarrest criminals, doctors do not empty bedpans, professors donot deliver mail.
Bureaucracy works regardless of aparticluarperson. Individualscan come and go, but the position is defined by the workflow
and the rules guiding behavior of occupants in that position.
according to Max Weber
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2. Offices are Hierarchically ordered(Hierarchy of authority )
Creates a clear system of authority, w. superiors andsubordinates. This makes it possible for the governedto appeal, in a regulated manner, the decision ofa lower office to the corresponding authority.Similarly, those in a particular position can always finda boss of their own supervisor (except, of course, atthe highest level), to appeal.
these systems are monocratically organized. Thismeans that any position has only one boss, allowingfor clear lines of authority.
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3. Files & Positions (Written rules of
conduct )
That every bureaucracy has written rules
and files that serve as the organizational
memory of the bureaucracy
This is what allows the continuous fulfillment
of a position.
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4. Positions require specialized training
(Promotion based on achievement)
People are appointed to offices based on
explicit qualifications (which are writtendown).
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5. Official activity demands the full
working capacity of the official
(Efficiency)
An office holder is responsible for
completing the tasks of the office,
regardless of the number of hours it mighttake. Thus, as any of you will discover
when you take on a salary position, you
work to get the job done, not to full theclock.
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6. Office Management follows
exhaustive, stable, written rules, which
can be learned. (Specialized division oflabor)
Every office holder's duties are clear, as arethe responsibilities that each has to the
other. In practice, knowledge of these
rules is a key type of specialized training
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Whenever there is a particular system
containing humans, like e.g. organizations,
there must be some authority acting as a
stabilizing factor making e.g. employees
follow the directions of the leaders.
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Authority
Authority will help to prevent anarchy, and
help to define a clear hierarchy of
decision-making.
A clear hierarchy will potentially lead to an
effective organization, consisting of strong
and legitimate authority relations between
leaders and followers
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authority is only granted leaders if followers
find his or her authority legitimate.
If authority is to be seen legitimate, therelation between authority and followers
must be balanced, so that the authority
relation is accepted by the followers
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Weber distinguishes three types of
authority:
Traditional authority
This type of authority rests on an established
belief that leaders have a traditional and
legitimate right to exercise authority.
It gives rise to patrimonial systems like e.g.
patriarchal and feudalistic systems and
societies.
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Rational-legal authority
This type of authority rests on the belief in the
"legality" of formal rules and hierarchies, and
in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy
to posses authority and issue commands.
This type of authority is often seen as
legitimate in bureaucratic systems, whichenables impersonal, specific and formal
structures of modern companies.
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Charismatic authority
This type of authority rests on the belief in an
exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary
character of an individual, and on thenormative patterns or orders revealed and
issued by him or her.
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The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of
Capitalism(Die protestantiche Ethik und der Geist desKapitalismus)
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Book Contents
In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism, Weber puts forward thesis that Puritan ethics
and ideas had influenced the development of capitalism.However, religious devotion was accompanied by
rejection of worldly affairs, including the pursuit of wealth
and possessions. Weber addresses this apparent
paradox in the book.
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Book Contents
He defines spirit of capitalism as the ideas and
habits that favor the rational pursuit of economic gain.
Weber points out that such spirit is not limited to western
culture if one considers it as the attitude of individuals---
heroic entrepreneurs, as he calls them---could not by
themselves establish a new economic order(capitalism).
The most common tendencies were greed for profit with
minimum effort and the idea that work was a curse and
burden to be avoided especially when it exceeded what
was enough for modest life.
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Book Contents
Weber shows that certain types of Protestantism
favored rational pursuit of economic gain and the worldly
activities had been given positive spiritual and moral
meaning. It was not the goal of those religious ideas, but
rather a byproduct --- the inherit logic of those doctrines
and the advice based upon them both directly and
indirectly encouraged planning and self-denial in the
pursuit of economic gain.
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Book Contents
Weber traced the origins of the Protestant ethic to
the reformation. In his opinion, under the Roman
Catholic Church, an individual could be assured of
salvation by belief in the churchs sacraments and the
authority of its hierarchy. However, the Reformation had
effectively removed such assurances.
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Book Contents
In the absence of such assurances from religious
authority, Weber argued that Protestants began to look
for other signs that they were saved. Worldly success
became one measure of salvation. Anticipating Adam
Smith(but using very different argument), Luther had
made an early endorsement of division of labor that was
beginning to develop in Europe. Therefore, according to
Webers reading of Luther, a vocation from God was no
longer limited to the clergy or church, but applied to any
occupation or trade.
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Book Contents
However, Weber saw the fulfillment of theProtestant ethic not in Lutheranism, which he dismissed
as a rather servile religion but in Calvinistic forms of
Christianity. The paradox Weber found was, in simple
terms: According to the new Protestant religions, an
individual was religiously compelled to follow a
secular vocation with as much zeal as possible. A
person living according to this world wide view wasmore likely to accumulate money.
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Book Contents
However, Weber saw the fulfillment of theProtestant ethic not in Lutheranism, which he dismissed
as a rather servile religion but in Calvinistic forms of
Christianity. The paradox Weber found was, in simple
terms: However, the new religions(in particular, Calvinism
and other more austere Protestant sects) effectively
forbade any traditional method of actually using any
money gained through this work. The purchasing ofluxuries or items to make ones life more pleasurable
was considered a sin. Donations to an individuals
church or congregation was limited due to the
rejection by certain Protestant sects of icons.
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Book Contents
However, Weber saw the fulfillment of theProtestant ethic not in Lutheranism, which he dismissed
as a rather servile religion but in Calvinistic forms of
Christianity. The paradox Weber found was, in simple
terms: Finally, donation of money to the poor or to charity
was generally frowned on because a lack of worldly
success was seen as a combination of laziness or
divine disfavor.
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Book Contents
The manner in which this paradox was resolved,Weber argued, was the investment of this money which
gave an extreme boost to nascent capitalism.
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Book Contents
Weber maintained that while Puritan Religious ideas had a majorinfluence on the development of economic order in Europe and in
United States, they were not the only factor. In the end, the study of
Protestant ethic, according to Weber, merely explored one phase of the
emancipation from magic, that disenchantment of the world that he
regarded as the distinguishing peculiarity of Western Culture.
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Book Contents
Weber stated in the last the endnotes that he abandonedresearch into Protestantism because his colleague Ernst Troeltsch, a
professional theologian, had initiated work on the book The Social
Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects.Another reason for
Webers decision was that Troeltschs essays had provided the
perspective for a broad comparison of religion and society, which hecontinued in his later works.
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Book Contents
This book is also Webers first brush with the concept ofrationalization. His idea of modern capitalism as growing out of religious
pursuit of wealth. At some point this rational ends outgrew and became
unreliant on the underlying religious movement behind it, leaving only
rational capitalism. In essence then, Webers Spirit of Capitalism is
effectively and more broadly a Spirit of Rationalization.
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Book Contents
The essay can be also interpreted as one of Webers criticismsof Karl Marx and his theories. While Marx held, generally speaking, that
all human institutions-including religion-were based on economic
foundations, The Protestant Ethicturns this theory on its head by
implying that a religious movement fostered capitalism not the other way
around.