Acute Occupational Poisoning

Accident Review in Shanghai

from 1997-2008

Xunjun Hu

Xjhu@scdc.sh.cn

Occupational Health and Poisoning Cont

rol Department of Shanghai CDC

Content

• ReviewEducational Experience

and Professional ExperienceWhat’s Propose for the study

in USA

Shanghai Introduction

Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China.

It lies on the west coast of the Pacific,and is in

the middle of China's east coastline

Shanghai occupies a area of 6,341sq. km and

consists of 18 districts and 1 county.

It has a population of 16 million, of which 9.48

million live in the urban areas (Floating popul

ation 25% from 5rd country population census

)

there are 6920 small-scale industries with 459,

540 employees in Shanghai(L Wei and W

Shi-Da. Toxicology, May 2004; 198(1-3): 55-

61)

Shanghai Pudong New District night piece

the Financial Trade Zone of Lujiazui Area

Data Source and Statistical Time

Data Sources:Shanghai Occupational Poisoning Report System and Related Reference

Statistical Time:1997-2008(Oct.---Sep./ each year)

Table 1 Acute Occupational Poisoning Accident , Case and Death from 1997~2008 in Shanghai

Time(Y)

Accident Number Case Number Death Number

NumFrequency

Percent (%)

NumFrequency

Percent (%)

NumDeath Rate(%)

1997 24 7.97 41 6.34 9 21.95

1998 28 9.30 45 6.96 6 13.33

1999 30 9.97 73 11.28 5 6.85

2000 23 7.64 51 7.88 9 17.65

2001 27 8.97 59 9.12 7 11.86

2002 29 9.63 60 9.27 5 8.33

2003 29 9.63 63 9.74 6 9.52

2004 19 6.31 37 5.72 8 21.62

2005 30 9.97 69 10.66 13 18.84

2006 18 5.98 46 7.11 14 30.43

2007 20 6.64 45 6.96 9 20.00

2008 24 7.97 58 8.96 8 13.79

total 301 100.00 647 100.00 99 15.30

Table 2 Acute Occupational Poisoning Accident , Case Area distributing from 1997~2008 in Shanghai

Area(district)

Accident Number Case Number

Num Frequency Percent (%) Num Frequency Percent (%)

Huang pu 1 0.33 2 0.31

Lu wan 4 1.33 9 1.39

Xu hui 7 2.33 11 1.70

Chang ning 12 3.99 20 3.09

Jing an 2 0.66 2 0.31

Pu tuo 14 4.65 20 3.09

Zha bei 5 1.66 15 2.32

Hong kou 6 1.99 10 1.55

Yang pu 7 2.33 13 2.01

Min hang 42 13.95 102 15.77

Bao shan 40 13.29 107 16.54

Jia ding 22 7.31 40 6.18

Pu dong 39 12.96 85 13.14

Nan hui 21 6.98 41 6.34

Feng xian 8 2.66 9 1.39

Song jiang 26 8.64 61 9.43

Jin shan 11 3.65 23 3.55

Qing pu 18 5.98 42 6.49

Chong ming 6 1.99 16 2.47

Mei shan 10 3.32 19 2.94

total 301 100.00 647 100.00

0

50

100

150

200

250case num

0~ 25~ 45~ 65~

age

Graph 1 Acute Occupational Poisoning Case age distributing

case num

Grap 2 Poisoning Frequency Percent (%)from 1997~2008 in Shanghai carbon monoxide

sulfureted hydrogen

Ammon or nitrobenzenecompoundsbenzene

toluene

dimethylbenzene

carbamates

Chlorine

others

Key poisoning chemical of accident rank 1-3: 20.6% by

Carbon monoxide(CO), 15.28% by Sulfureted hydrogen(H2

S), 9.63% by Ammon or nitrobenzene compounds

successively

Graph 3 Poisoning Case Percent(%)from 1997-2008 in Shanghai

sulfureted hydrogen

carbon monoxide

Ammon or nitrobenzenecompounds

carbamates

toluene

dimethylbenzene

benzene

Chlorine

others

Case Rank1-3: 19.94% by sulfureted hydrogen, 18.39 %by

Carbon monoxide, 8.81% by Carbamates successively

Grap 4 Acute Occupational Poisoning Accident Death Num distributingfrom 1997~2008 in Shanghai

sulfureted hydrogen

carbon monoxide

toluene

benzene

ammonia

gasolene

Main Death Cause: 61(83%) death by Sulfureted

Hydrogen(H2S), 7(6%) by Carbon Monoxide(CO),

67(89%)

Cause

Accident Number Case Number Death Number

Num Percent (%)Num

Percent (%)

Num

Rate(%)

No Ventilation systems or Low

Efficiency36 11.96 98 15.15 10 15.87

Equipments escapeand leakage

47 15.62 71 10.97 7 15.22

No personalprotective equipment

or use incorrectly96 31.89 229 35.39 46 40.57

Safety operation procedure issues

32 10.63 56 8.66 11 41.68

No safety training 12 3.99 22 3.40 0 0.00

Others 78 25.91 171 26.43 25 14.62

total 301 100.00 647 100.00 99 15.30

Table 3 Acute Occupational Poisoning Accident Cause distributing from 1997~2008 in Shanghai

Intervention Measures

Educational Experience Sep.1997 - Jul. 2002

• Jiangxi Medical College

• Major: Preventive Medicine

• Degree: B.S.

Sep.2002 - Jul. 2005

• School of Public Health, Fudan University(Pre-Shanghai Medical University)

• Major: Toxicology

• Degree: M.S.

Professional Experience

2005~ Occupational Health and Poisoning

Control Department of Shanghai CDC

Emergency Disposal for occupational

poisoning

Surveillance and Epidemiological

Investigation for occupational poisoning

Current Research

• Occupational Risk Management Toolbox,

Control banding

• The approach groups workplace risks into"

control bands” based on combinations of

hazard and exposure information• It can also be applied to chemicals and non-

chemical workplace hazards

Identify the hazard

Using R-Phrases

Quantity: small,

medium or large

One of 4 broad

Control approaches

Dustiness or

Volatility

Detailed guidance

for each task

How often the task is

Done and for how long

HOW DOES IT WORK?

35KN16 - 20

1 - GENERAL VENTILATIONA good standard of general ventilation

2 - ENGINEERING CONTROLTypically LEV ranging from single point extract close

to the source of hazards, to a ventilated partialenclosure

3 - CONTAINMENTHazard is contained, or enclosed, but small-

scale breaches of containment may be acceptable

4 - SPECIALExpert advice needed - seek further

help

Special helpneeded

Leastreduction inexposure

Greatest reduction in

exposure

THE FOUR CONTROL APPROACHES

What’s Propose?

• Better City, Better Life• 239 Countries and International

Organizations until Jun 4st

70 million People will visit for EXPO by estimation

• Six Months from May to October

• High People Density and Floating People

Safety Issues

Gas diffusion

Poisoning

Accident

Outbreak

Floating

Population

Management

Emergency Treatment Mechanism

• Epidemiological Case Study Method

• The Emergency Treatment Mechanism of Mass Gathering

• Gas Diffusion Model and Its Application in Safety Assessment

• The Public Health Management for Floating Population

• Others: Biomonitoring and Exposure Assessment

References• Lu Wei, et al.Occupational health management

and service for small-scale industries in Shanghai [J]. Toxicology, 2004, 198: 55–61

• HU Zhen-hua et al. Analysis of Acute Sulfureted Hydrogen Poisoning in Shanghai during the period of 1992 to 2004[J].Occupation and health, 2006,22 (1):810-812

• Chen Liang.Analysis of Acute Poisoning Accidents in Shanghai from 2002 to 2005[J]. Shanghai Occupational Safety, 2006, 6:24-26

• Zhang Wei et al.Analysis and Forecasting of Acute Occupational Poisoning in Shanghai [J].Labour Med, 2001, 18(5):282-286